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Oktavianawati I, Santoso M, Fatmawati S. The chemical profiles and cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil from Borneo's Gonystylus bancanus wood. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12064. [PMID: 38802441 PMCID: PMC11130223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaharu bouya oil obtained from distillation of the woods from Gonystylus genus has attracted essential oil industry interest. However, the information about gaharu bouya essential oil profile is limited. The presence of Gonystylus species is also critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, exploring the -omics profiles of Gonystylus bancanus, a native plant from Borneo Island, is important for Indonesia to conserve the population. This research investigated the metabolite profiling of G. bancanus oil, especially the volatile components of its essential oils. Distillations were performed in two technical ways: hydrodistillation on a laboratory scale and steam distillation on an industrial scale. According to LC-MS and GC-MS profiles, both essential oils displayed similar chemical compositions. This article also discusses the similarity of the chemical contents of gaharu bouya oil and agarwood oil from the gaharu superior type (Aquilaria) to support the value of the oil. This research also investigated the cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil against three cell lines: HeLa, MCF-7, and HT-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Oktavianawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Sciences, Universitas Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Mardi Santoso
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Sri Fatmawati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
- Agrifood and Biotechnology Research Center, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Chen FY, Mu QY, Xu BY, Lei YC, Liu HY, Fang X. Functional analysis of CYP71AV1 reveals the evolutionary landscape of artemisinin biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1361959. [PMID: 38576787 PMCID: PMC10991709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1361959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Artemisinin biosynthesis, unique to Artemisia annua, is suggested to have evolved from the ancestral costunolide biosynthetic pathway commonly found in the Asteraceae family. However, the evolutionary landscape of this process is not fully understood. The first oxidase in artemisinin biosynthesis, CYP71AV1, also known as amorpha-4,11-diene oxidase (AMO), has specialized from ancestral germacrene A oxidases (GAOs). Unlike GAO, which exhibits catalytic promiscuity toward amorpha-4,11-diene, the natural substrate of AMO, AMO has lost its ancestral activity on germacrene A. Previous studies have suggested that the loss of the GAO copy in A. annua is responsible for the abolishment of the costunolide pathway. In the genome of A. annua, there are two copies of AMO, each of which has been reported to be responsible for the different product profiles of high- and low-artemisinin production chemotypes. Through analysis of their tissue-specific expression and comparison of their sequences with those of other GAOs, it was discovered that one copy of AMO (AMOHAP) exhibits a different transcript compared to the reported artemisinin biosynthetic genes and shows more sequence similarity to other GAOs in the catalytic regions. Furthermore, in a subsequent in vitro enzymatic assay, the recombinant protein of AMOHAP unequivocally demonstrated GAO activity. This result clearly indicates that AMOHAP is a GAO rather than an AMO and that its promiscuous activity on amorpha-4,11-diene has led to its misidentification as an AMO in previous studies. In addition, the divergent expression pattern of AMOHAP compared to that of the upstream germacrene A synthase may have contributed to the abolishment of costunolide biosynthesis in A. annua. Our findings reveal a complex evolutionary landscape in which the emergence of a new metabolic pathway replaces an ancestral one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yan Chen
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bing-Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Chen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Draga S, Gabelli G, Palumbo F, Barcaccia G. Genome-Wide Datasets of Chicories ( Cichorium intybus L.) for Marker-Assisted Crop Breeding Applications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11663. [PMID: 37511422 PMCID: PMC10380310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cichorium intybus L. is the most economically important species of its genus and among the most important of the Asteraceae family. In chicory, many linkage maps have been produced, several sets of mapped and unmapped markers have been developed, and dozens of genes linked to traits of agronomic interest have been investigated. This treasure trove of information, properly cataloged and organized, is of pivotal importance for the development of superior commercial products with valuable agronomic potential in terms of yield and quality, including reduced bitter taste and increased inulin production, as well as resistance or tolerance to pathogens and resilience to environmental stresses. For this reason, a systematic review was conducted based on the scientific literature published in chicory during 1980-2023. Based on the results obtained from the meta-analysis, we created two consensus maps capable of supporting marker-assisted breeding (MAB) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. By taking advantage of the recently released genome of C. intybus, we built a 639 molecular marker-based consensus map collecting all the available mapped and unmapped SNP and SSR loci available for this species. In the following section, after summarizing and discussing all the genes investigated in chicory and related to traits of interest such as reproductive barriers, sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis, inulin metabolism and stress response, we produced a second map encompassing 64 loci that could be useful for MAS purposes. With the advent of omics technologies, molecular data chaos (namely, the situation where the amount of molecular data is so complex and unmanageable that their use becomes challenging) is becoming far from a negligible issue. In this review, we have therefore tried to contribute by standardizing and organizing the molecular data produced thus far in chicory to facilitate the work of breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabio Palumbo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment, Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment, Campus of Agripolis, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.D.); (G.G.)
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Zhang Z, Wu QY, Ge Y, Huang ZY, Hong R, Li A, Xu JH, Yu HL. Hydroxylases involved in terpenoid biosynthesis: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:39. [PMID: 38647640 PMCID: PMC10992849 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are pervasive in nature and display an immense structural diversity. As the largest category of plant secondary metabolites, terpenoids have important socioeconomic value in the fields of pharmaceuticals, spices, and food manufacturing. The biosynthesis of terpenoid skeletons has made great progress, but the subsequent modifications of the terpenoid framework are poorly understood, especially for the functionalization of inert carbon skeleton usually catalyzed by hydroxylases. Hydroxylase is a class of enzymes that plays an important role in the modification of terpenoid backbone. This review article outlines the research progress in the identification, molecular modification, and functional expression of this class of enzymes in the past decade, which are profitable for the discovery, engineering, and application of more hydroxylases involved in the plant secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qing-Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yue Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ran Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Aitao Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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6
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Global metabolic rewiring of the nonconventional yeast Ogataea polymorpha for biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid β-elemene. Metab Eng 2023; 76:225-231. [PMID: 36828231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioproduction of natural products via microbial cell factories is a promising alternative to traditional plant extraction. Recently, nonconventional microorganisms have emerged as attractive chassis hosts for biomanufacturing. One such microorganism, Ogataea polymorpha is an industrial yeast used for protein expression with numerous advantages, such as thermal-tolerance, a wide substrate spectrum and high-density fermentation. Here, we systematically rewired the cellular metabolism of O. polymorpha to achieve high-level production of the sesquiterpenoid β-elemene by optimizing the mevalonate pathway, enhancing the supply of NADPH and acetyl-CoA, and downregulating competitive pathways. The engineered strain produced 509 mg/L and 4.7 g/L of β-elemene under batch and fed-batch fermentation, respectively. Therefore, this study identified the potential industrial application of O. polymorpha as a good microbial platform for producing sesquiterpenoids.
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7
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Xu Z, Zeng T, Li J, Zhou L, Li J, Luo J, Zheng R, Wang Y, Hu H, Wang C. TcbZIP60 positively regulates pyrethrins biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133912. [PMID: 36890888 PMCID: PMC9986458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrins, synthesized in the perennial plant Tanacetum cinerariifolium, are a class of terpene mixtures with high insecticidal activity and low human toxicity, which are widely used in plant-derived pesticides. Numerous studies have identified multiple pyrethrins biosynthesis enzymes, which can be enhanced by exogenous hormones such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, the mechanism by which hormone signaling regulates pyrethrins biosynthesis and the potential involvement of certain transcription factors (TFs) remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression level of a TF in T. cinerariifolium was significantly increased after treatment with plant hormones (MeJA, abscisic acid). Subsequent analysis identified this TF as a member of the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) family and was thus named TcbZIP60. TcbZIP60 was localized in the nucleus, suggesting that it is involved in the transcription process. The expression profiles of TcbZIP60 were similar to those of pyrethrins synthesis genes in different flower organs and at different flowering stages. Furthermore, TcbZIP60 could directly bind to the E-box/G-box motifs in the promoters of the pyrethrins synthesis genes TcCHS and TcAOC to activate their expression. Transient overexpression of TcbZIP60 increased the expression levels of pyrethrins biosynthesis genes, leading to the significant accumulation of pyrethrins. Silencing of TcbZIP60 significantly downregulated pyrethrins accumulation and the expression of related genes. Overall, our results reveal a novel TF, TcbZIP60, that regulates both the terpenoid and jasmonic acid pathways of pyrethrins biosynthesis in T. cinerariifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Hu, ; Caiyun Wang,
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Hu, ; Caiyun Wang,
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8
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Kim HY, Kim JH. Sesquiterpenoids Isolated from the Rhizomes of Genus Atractylodes. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200703. [PMID: 36323637 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atractylodes plants have been used in traditional herbal medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases and contain various chemical compounds. Sesquiterpenoids are the most important therapeutic compounds in Atractylodes rhizomes. Based on studies reported from 2000 to 2022, we classified sesquiterpenoids by their chemical skeletons and original resources. Moreover, we discussed their biosynthesis and physicochemical and pharmacological features. We reported sesquiterpenoids with skeletal moieties, such as monocyclic sesquiterpenes (bisabolene- and elemene-type), bicyclic sesquiterpenes (eudesmane-, isopterocarpolone-, hydroxycarissone-, eremophilane-, bisesquiterpenoid-, guaiane- and spirovetivane-type and eudesmane lactones) and tricyclic sesquiterpenes (cyperene- and patchoulene-type), with their biosynthetic pathways, chemical modifications and in vivo metabolites. The pharmacological activities of sesquiterpenoids as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial and for treating gastrointestinal disorders have been reported for this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Young Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
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9
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Seth R, Devi A, Sharma B, Masand M, Singh G, Pal P, Holkar A, Sharma S, Sharma V, Negi S, Sharma RK. An Integrative Transcriptional Network Revealed Spatial Molecular Interplay Underlying Alantolactone and Inulin Biosynthesis in Inula racemosa Hook f. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911213. [PMID: 36232516 PMCID: PMC9570477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inula racemosa Hook. f. (Pushkarmula), a perennial Himalayan herb known for its aromatic and phytopharmaceutical attributes, is not yet explored at genomic/transcriptomic scale. In this study, efforts were made to unveil the global transcriptional atlas underlying organ-specific specialized metabolite biosynthesis by integrating RNA-Seq analysis of 433 million sequenced reads with the phytochemical analysis of leaf, stem, and root tissues. Overall, 7242 of 83,772 assembled nonredundant unigenes were identified exhibiting spatial expression in leaf (3761), root (2748), and stem (733). Subsequently, integration of the predicted transcriptional interactome network of 2541 unigenes (71,841 edges) with gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed isoprenoid, terpenoid, diterpenoid, and gibberellin biosynthesis with antimicrobial activities in root tissue. Interestingly, the root-specific expression of germacrene-mediated alantolactone biosynthesis (GAS, GAO, G8H, IPP, DMAP, and KAO) and antimicrobial activities (BZR1, DEFL, LTP) well-supported with both quantitative expression profiling and phytochemical accumulation of alantolactones (726.08 μg/10 mg) and isoalantolactones (988.59 μg/10 mg), which suggests “roots” as the site of alantolactone biosynthesis. A significant interaction of leaf-specific carbohydrate metabolism with root-specific inulin biosynthesis indicates source (leaf) to sink (root) regulation of inulin. Our findings comprehensively demonstrate the source-sink transcriptional regulation of alantolactone and inulin biosynthesis, which can be further extended for upscaling the targeted specialized metabolites. Nevertheless, the genomic resource created in this study can also be utilized for development of genome-wide functionally relevant molecular markers to expedite the breeding strategies for genetic improvement of I. racemosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romit Seth
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amna Devi
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balraj Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta Masand
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Pal
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashlesha Holkar
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shivanti Negi
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: or
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10
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Zhang B, Wang Z, Han X, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang J, Zhao H, Tang J, Luo K, Zhai Z, Zhou J, Liu P, He W, Luo H, Yu S, Gao Q, Zhang L, Li D. The chromosome-scale assembly of endive (Cichorium endivia) genome provides insights into the sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. Genomics 2022; 114:110400. [PMID: 35691507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) is a leafy vegetable in the Asteraceae family. Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) in endive leaves bring a bitter taste that varies between varieties. Despite their importance in breeding varieties with unique flavours, sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis pathways in endive are poorly understood. We assembled a chromosome-scale endive genome of 641 Mb with a contig N50 of 5.16 Mb and annotated 46,711 protein-coding genes. Several gene families, especially terpene synthases (TPS) genes, expanded significantly in the C. endivia genome. STLs biosynthesis-related genes and TPS genes in more bitter varieties have shown a higher level of expression, which could be attributed to genomic variations. Our results penetrate the origin and diversity of bitter taste and facilitate the molecular breeding of endive varieties with unique bitter tastes. The high-quality endive assembly would provide a reference genome for studying the evolution and diversity of Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Xue Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Hong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Kangsheng Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Zhaodong Zhai
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Pangyuan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Weiming He
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Shuancang Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Dayong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P. R. China, Beijing 100097, PR China.
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Matos MS, Anastácio JD, Nunes dos Santos C. Sesquiterpene Lactones: Promising Natural Compounds to Fight Inflammation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070991. [PMID: 34208907 PMCID: PMC8309091 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial and complex process that reestablishes the physiological state after a noxious stimulus. In pathological conditions the inflammatory state may persist, leading to chronic inflammation and causing tissue damage. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are composed of a large and diverse group of highly bioactive plant secondary metabolites, characterized by a 15-carbon backbone structure. In recent years, the interest in SLs has risen due to their vast array of biological activities beneficial for human health. The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds results from their ability to target and inhibit various key pro-inflammatory molecules enrolled in diverse inflammatory pathways, and prevent or reduce the inflammatory damage on tissues. Research on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SLs has thrived over the last years, and numerous compounds from diverse plants have been studied, using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. Besides their anti-inflammatory potential, their cytotoxicity, structure–activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics have been investigated. This review aims to gather the most relevant results and insights concerning the anti-inflammatory potential of SL-rich extracts and pure SLs, focusing on their effects in different inflammatory pathways and on different molecular players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S. Matos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.D.A.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José D. Anastácio
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.D.A.)
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes dos Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (M.S.M.); (J.D.A.)
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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12
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Singh A, Panwar R, Mittal P, Hassan MI, Singh IK. Plant cytochrome P450s: Role in stress tolerance and potential applications for human welfare. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:874-886. [PMID: 34175340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are a versatile group of enzymes and one of the largest families of proteins, controlling various physiological processes via biosynthetic and detoxification pathways. CYPs perform multiple roles through a critical irreversible enzymatic reaction in which an oxygen atom is inserted within hydrophobic molecules, converting them into the reactive and hydro soluble components. During evolution, plants have acquired significantly more number of CYPs and represent about 1% of the encoded genes . CYPs are highly conserved proteins involved in growth, development and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, CYPs reinforce plants' molecular and chemical defense mechanisms by regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and controlling biosynthesis and homeostasis of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates. Thus, they are the critical targets of metabolic engineering for enhancing plant defense against environmental stresses. Additionally, CYPs are also used as biocatalysts in the fields of pharmacology and phytoremediation. Herein, we highlight the role of CYPs in plant stress tolerance and their applications for human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Ruby Panwar
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pooja Mittal
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India.
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13
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Jiang S, Wang M, Jiang Z, Zafar S, Xie Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Yuan H, Jian Y, Wang W. Chemistry and Pharmacological Activity of Sesquiterpenoids from the Chrysanthemum Genus. Molecules 2021; 26:3038. [PMID: 34069700 PMCID: PMC8161347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants from the Chrysanthemum genus are rich sources of chemical diversity and, in recent years, have been the focus of research on natural products chemistry. Sesquiterpenoids are one of the major classes of chemical constituents reported from this genus. To date, more than 135 sesquiterpenoids have been isolated and identified from the whole genus. These include 26 germacrane-type, 26 eudesmane-type, 64 guaianolide-type, 4 bisabolane-type, and 15 other-type sesquiterpenoids. Pharmacological studies have proven the biological potential of sesquiterpenoids isolated from Chrysanthemum species, reporting anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, insecticidal, and antiviral activities for these interesting molecules. In this paper, we provide information on the chemistry and bioactivity of sesquiterpenoids obtained from the Chrysanthemum genus which could be used as the scientific basis for their future development and utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Jiang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Mengyun Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Zichen Jiang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 95101, USA;
| | - Salman Zafar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Qian Xie
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yupei Yang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yang Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuqing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (S.J.); (M.W.); (Q.X.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (Y.J.)
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14
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Xu H, Dickschat JS. Germacrene A-A Central Intermediate in Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis. Chemistry 2020; 26:17318-17341. [PMID: 32442350 PMCID: PMC7821278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises known sesquiterpenes whose biosyntheses proceed through the intermediate germacrene A. First, the occurrence and biosynthesis of germacrene A in Nature and its peculiar chemistry will be highlighted, followed by a discussion of 6-6 and 5-7 bicyclic compounds and their more complex derivatives. For each compound the absolute configuration, if it is known, and the reasoning for its assignment is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Xu
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Jeroen S. Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGerhard-Domagk-Straße 153121BonnGermany
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15
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Arciniegas A, Pérez-Castorena AL, Villaseñor JL, Romo de Vivar A. Cadinenes and other metabolites from Verbesina sphaerocephala A. Gray. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Frey M, Klaiber I, Conrad J, Spring O. CYP71BL9, the missing link in costunolide synthesis of sunflower. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 177:112430. [PMID: 32516579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive research in recent years, the biosynthetic route to costunolide in sunflower so far remained obscured. Additional P450 sequences from public sunflower transcriptomic database were screened to search for candidate enzymes which are able to introduce the 6α-hydroxy-group required for the esterification with the carboxy group of germacarane A acid, the final step in costunolide formation. CYP71BL9, a new P450 enzyme from sunflower was shown to catalyze this hydroxylation, hence being identified as HaCOS. Phylogentically, HaCOS is closer related to HaG8H than to any other known costunolide synthase in Asteraceae.The enzyme was successfully employed to reconstruct the sunflower biosynthesis of costunolide in transformed tobacco. Contrary, in yeast, only minor amounts of sesquiterpene lactone was produced, while 5-hydroxyfarnesylic acid was formed instead. HaCOS in combination with HaG8H produced 8β-hydroxycostunolide (eupatolide) in transformed plants, thus indicating that sunflower possesses two independent modes of eupatolide synthesis via HaCOS and via HaES. The lack of HaCOS expression and of costunolide in trichomes suggests that the enzyme triggers the costunolied synthesis of the inner tissues of sunflower and might be linked to growth regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frey
- Institute of Biology, Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (190b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Iris Klaiber
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 12, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Biology, Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (190b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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Puglia GD, Prjibelski AD, Vitale D, Bushmanova E, Schmid KJ, Raccuia SA. Hybrid transcriptome sequencing approach improved assembly and gene annotation in Cynara cardunculus (L.). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:317. [PMID: 32819282 PMCID: PMC7441626 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of transcriptome profiles using short reads in non-model organisms, which lack of well-annotated genomes, is limited by partial gene reconstruction and isoform detection. In contrast, long-reads sequencing techniques revealed their potential to generate complete transcript assemblies even when a reference genome is lacking. Cynara cardunculus var. altilis (DC) (cultivated cardoon) is a perennial hardy crop adapted to dry environments with many industrial and nutraceutical applications due to the richness of secondary metabolites mostly produced in flower heads. The investigation of this species benefited from the recent release of a draft genome, but the transcriptome profile during the capitula formation still remains unexplored. In the present study we show a transcriptome analysis of vegetative and inflorescence organs of cultivated cardoon through a novel hybrid RNA-seq assembly approach utilizing both long and short RNA-seq reads. Results The inclusion of a single Nanopore flow-cell output in a hybrid sequencing approach determined an increase of 15% complete assembled genes and 18% transcript isoforms respect to short reads alone. Among 25,463 assembled unigenes, we identified 578 new genes and updated 13,039 gene models, 11,169 of which were alternatively spliced isoforms. During capitulum development, 3424 genes were differentially expressed and approximately two-thirds were identified as transcription factors including bHLH, MYB, NAC, C2H2 and MADS-box which were highly expressed especially after capitulum opening. We also show the expression dynamics of key genes involved in the production of valuable secondary metabolites of which capitulum is rich such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones. Most of their biosynthetic genes were strongly transcribed in the flower heads with alternative isoforms exhibiting differentially expression levels across the tissues. Conclusions This novel hybrid sequencing approach allowed to improve the transcriptome assembly, to update more than half of annotated genes and to identify many novel genes and different alternatively spliced isoforms. This study provides new insights on the flowering cycle in an Asteraceae plant, a valuable resource for plant biology and breeding in Cynara and an effective method for improving gene annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D Puglia
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy.
| | - Andrey D Prjibelski
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Domenico Vitale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Bushmanova
- Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Karl J Schmid
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Salvatore A Raccuia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (CNR-ISAFOM) U.O.S. Catania, Via Empedocle, 58, 95128, Catania, Italy
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Chemical Defense of Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) Leaves against Phytophagous Insects: Insect Antifeedants from Yacón Leaf Trichomes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070848. [PMID: 32640580 PMCID: PMC7412168 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Yacón is a perennial crop with high insect resistance. Its leaves have many glandular trichomes, which may be related to pest resistance. In order to collect the constituents of glandular trichomes, leaves were rinsed using dichloromethane (DCM) to obtain the rinsate, and the plant residues were subsequently extracted by DCM to obtain a DCM extract containing the internal constituents of yacón leaves. Biologic evaluations revealed that insect antifeedant activity was stronger for the rinsate than for the DCM extract against the common cutworm. The major constituents of rinsate were isolated by silica gel flash chromatography and were identified as sesquiterpene lactones (SLs), uvedalin (1) and enhydrin (2) and uvedalin aldehyde (3), collectively known as melampolides. Although SLs 1 and 2 exhibited remarkably strong insect antifeedant activity, SL 3 and reduced corresponding derivatives (4 and 5) of 1 and 2 exhibited moderate insect antifeedant activity. Additionally, the two analogs, parthenolide (6) and erioflorin (7) showed moderate insect antifeedant activity. The results indicate that the substituent patterns of SLs may be related to the insect antifeedant activities. The insect antifeedant activities of SLs 1 and 2 were similar to that of the positive control azadirachtin A (8), and thus these natural products may function in chemical defense against herbivores.
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Thakur V, Bains S, Pathania S, Sharma S, Kaur R, Singh K. Comparative transcriptomics reveals candidate transcription factors involved in costunolide biosynthesis in medicinal plant-Saussurea lappa. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:52-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Guaouguaou FE, Ahl Bebaha MA, Yadlapalli S, Taghzouti K, Es-Safi NE. Structural characterization of bioactive compounds in Cotula cinerea extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry detectors. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8695. [PMID: 31830329 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cotula cinerea of the Asteraceae family is a traditional Moroccan plant with various biological activities such as analgesic, cytotoxic and antioxidant effects which are often related to the presence of secondary metabolites. The present work aims to screen and identify the main phytochemicals compounds of Cotula cinerea extracts. METHODS A method was developed that coupled a rapid and simple ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system with both photodiode array and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry detectors (UHPLC-PDA/TOF-HRMS) for the identification of the main secondary metabolites of three investigated extracts (hexane, AcOEt and n-BuOH). RESULTS A total of 30 phytocomponents pertaining to phenolic compounds and terpenoids have been detected, identified and quantified. Among these were previously reported free and conjugated coumaric and caffeic acids along with free and conjugated flavones and flavonols with kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin aglycones. In addition, sulfated flavonoids were identified in the investigated extracts and are reported in this work for the first time in Cotula cinerea. The obtained results have been discussed in relation to the biological activities of the corresponding extracts. CONCLUSIONS This study proposed a practical strategy for rapidly screening and identifying secondary metabolites of Cotula cinerea and provided new information on the phytochemicals of this Saharan plant. This work has therefore provided useful results for further pharmacological studies and the design of new drugs based on this species and will facilitate the utilization of Cotula cinerea in the clinic and its safety evaluation. It is also hoped that the information presented here might stimulate further studies that will possibly lead to development of therapeutic agents from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Ezzahrae Guaouguaou
- LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Mohammed V University in Rabat, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Alien Ahl Bebaha
- LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Mohammed V University in Rabat, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sudhakar Yadlapalli
- FirstSource Laboratory Solutions LLP (Analytical Services), First Floor, Plot No- A1/B, IDA Nacharam Cross Road, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Khalid Taghzouti
- Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nour Eddine Es-Safi
- LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Mohammed V University in Rabat, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco
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Frey M. Traps and Pitfalls-Unspecific Reactions in Metabolic Engineering of Sesquiterpenoid Pathways. Molecules 2020; 25:E1935. [PMID: 32331245 PMCID: PMC7221646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of plant enzymes by expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic (yeast and plants) heterologous hosts has widely been used in recent decades to elucidate metabolic pathways in plant secondary metabolism. Yeast and plant systems provide the cellular environment of a eukaryotic cell and the subcellular compartmentalization necessary to facilitate enzyme function. The expression of candidate genes in these cell systems and the identification of the resulting products guide the way for the identification of enzymes with new functions. However, in many cases, the detected compounds are not the direct enzyme products but are caused by unspecific subsequent reactions. Even if the mechanisms for these unspecific reactions are in many cases widely reported, there is a lack of overview of potential reactions that may occur to provide a guideline for researchers working on the characterization of new enzymes. Here, an across-the-board summary of rearrangement reactions of sesquiterpenes in metabolic pathway engineering is presented. The different kinds of unspecific reactions as well as their chemical and cellular background are explained and strategies how to spot and how to avoid these unspecific reactions are given. Also, a systematic approach of classification of unspecific reactions is introduced. It is hoped that this mini-review will stimulate a discussion on how to systematically classify unspecific reactions in metabolic engineering and to expand this approach to other classes of plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frey
- Institute of Biology, Dept. of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism (190b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Harmange Magnani CS, Thach DQ, Haelsig KT, Maimone TJ. Syntheses of Complex Terpenes from Simple Polyprenyl Precursors. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:949-961. [PMID: 32202757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From structure elucidation and biogenesis to synthetic methodology and total synthesis, terpene natural products have profoundly influenced the development of organic chemistry. Moreover, their myriad functional attributes range from fragrance to pharmaceuticals and have had great societal impact. Ruzicka's formulation of the "biogenetic isoprene rule," a Nobel Prize winning discovery now over 80 years old, allowed for identification of higher order terpene (aka "isoprenoid") structures from simple five-carbon isoprene fragments. Notably, the isoprene rule still holds pedagogical value to students of organic chemistry today. Our laboratory has completed syntheses of over two dozen terpene and meroterpene structures to date, and the isoprene rule has served as a key pattern recognition tool for our synthetic planning purposes. At the strategic level, great opportunity exists in finding unique and synthetically simplifying ways to connect the formal C5 isoprene fragments embedded in terpenes. Biomimetic cationic polyene cyclizations represent the earliest incarnation of this idea, which has facilitated expedient routes to certain terpene polycycle classes. Nonetheless, a large swath of terpene chemical space remains inaccessible using this approach.In this Account, we describe strategic insight into our endeavors in terpene synthesis published over the last five years. We show how biosynthetic understanding, combined with a desire to utilize abundant and inexpensive [C5]n building blocks, has led to efficient, abiotic syntheses of multiple complex terpenes with disparate ring systems. Informed by nature, but unconstrained by its processes, our synthetic assembly exploits chemical reactivity across diverse reaction types-including radical, anionic, pericyclic, and metal-mediated transformations.First, we detail an eight-step synthesis of the cembrane diterpene chatancin from dihydrofarnesal using a bioinspired-but not -mimetic-cycloaddition. Next, we describe the assembly of the antimalarial cardamom peroxide using a polyoxygenation cascade to fuse multiple units of molecular oxygen onto a dimeric skeleton. This three-to-four-step synthesis arises from (-)-myrtenal, an inexpensive pinene oxidation product. We then show how a radical cyclization cascade can forge the hallmark cyclooctane ring system of the complex sesterterpene 6-epi-ophiobolin N from two simple polyprenyl precursors, (-)-linalool and farnesol. To access the related, more complex metabolite 6-epi-ophiobolin A, we exploited the plasticity of our synthetic route and found that use of geraniol (C10) rather than farnesol (C15) gave us the flexibility needed to address the additional oxidation found in this congener. Following this work, we describe two strategies to access several guaianolide sesquiterpenes. Retrosynthetic disconnection to monoterpenes, carvone or (-)-linalool, coupled with a powerful allylation strategy allowed us to address guaianolides with disparate stereochemical motifs. Finally, we examine a semisynthetic approach to the illicium sesquiterpenes from the abundant 15-carbon feedstock terpene (+)-cedrol using an abiotic ring shift and multiple C-H oxidation reactions inspired by a postulated biosynthesis of this natural product class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny Q. Thach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karl T. Haelsig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Yamashiro T, Shiraishi A, Satake H, Nakayama K. Draft genome of Tanacetum cinerariifolium, the natural source of mosquito coil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18249. [PMID: 31796833 PMCID: PMC6890757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), which is a perennial Asteraceae plant with white daisy-like flowers, is the original source of mosquito coils and is known for the biosynthesis of the pyrethrin class of natural insecticides. However, the molecular basis of the production of pyrethrins by T. cinerariifolium has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we present the 7.1-Gb draft genome of T. cinerariifolium, consisting of 2,016,451 scaffolds and 60,080 genes predicted with high confidence. Notably, analyses of transposable elements (TEs) indicated that TEs occupy 33.84% of the genome sequence. Furthermore, TEs of the sire and oryco clades were found to be enriched in the T. cinerariifolium-specific evolutionary lineage, occupying a total of 13% of the genome sequence, a proportion approximately 8-fold higher than that in other plants. InterProScan analysis demonstrated that biodefense-related toxic proteins (e.g., ribosome inactivating proteins), signal transduction-related proteins (e.g., histidine kinases), and metabolic enzymes (e.g., lipoxygenases, acyl-CoA dehydrogenases/oxygenases, and P450s) are also highly enriched in the T. cinerariifolium genome. Molecular phylogenetic analysis detected a variety of enzymes with genus-specific multiplication, including both common enzymes and others that appear to be specific to pyrethrin biosynthesis. Together, these data identify possible novel components of the pyrethrin biosynthesis pathway and provide new insights into the unique genomic features of T. cinerariifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamashiro
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0827, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0827, Japan.
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24
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Potential Applications of Guayulins to Improve Feasibility of Guayule Cultivation. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is an interesting alternative and renewable source of rubber/latex which has been used in the past. Guayule rubber and latex products are not available in the market largely because the raw material cost is higher than the current sources produced in South-East Asia and other tropical countries (Hevea brasiliensis). Guayule contains many other compounds whose joint exploitation could make guayule cultivation profitable, especially in semi-desert areas where cultivation of other crops is difficult or impossible. Guayulins A–D, sesquiterpene esters, appear to have some commercial promise. Despite being accumulated in relatively high concentrations (its majority representative, guayulin A, can account for up to 13.7% of the resin content of this plant, which itself ranges from 6%–12%), guayulins have received little direct attention from scientists. This review presents the current knowledge about the activity of these compounds and, based on known activities of similar compounds from other species, potential uses as fungicides, miticides and insecticides are suggested.
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25
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Nguyen TD, Kwon M, Kim SU, Fischer C, Ro DK. Catalytic Plasticity of Germacrene A Oxidase Underlies Sesquiterpene Lactone Diversification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:945-960. [PMID: 31534022 PMCID: PMC6836840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution of enzymes benefits from catalytic promiscuity. Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) have diverged extensively in the Asteraceae, and studies of the enzymes for two representative STLs, costunolide and artemisinin, could provide an insight into the adaptive evolution of enzymes. Costunolide appeared early in Asteraceae evolution and is widespread, whereas artemisinin is a unique STL appearing in a single Asteraceae species, Artemisia annua Therefore, costunolide is a ubiquitous STL, while artemisinin is a specialized one. In costunolide biosynthesis, germacrene A oxidase (GAO) synthesizes germacrene A acid from germacrene A. Similarly, in artemisinin biosynthesis, amorphadiene oxidase (AMO) synthesizes artemisinic acid from amorphadiene. GAO promiscuity is suggested to drive the diversification of STLs. To examine the degree of GAO promiscuity, we expressed six sesquiterpene synthases from cotton (Gossypium arboretum), goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), agarwood (Aquilaria crassna), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and orange (Citrus sinensis) in yeast to produce seven distinct sesquiterpene substrates (germacrene D, 5-epi-aristolochene, valencene, δ-cadinene, α- and δ-guaienes, and valerenadiene). GAO or AMO was coexpressed in these yeasts to evaluate the promiscuities of GAO and AMO. Remarkably, all sesquiterpenes tested were oxidized to sesquiterpene acids by GAO, but negligible activities were found from AMO. Hence, GAO apparently has catalytic potential to evolve into different enzymes for synthesizing distinct STLs, while the recently specialized AMO demonstrates rigid substrate specificity. Mutant GAOs implanted with active site residues of AMO showed substantially reduced stability, but their per enzyme activities to produce artemisinic acid increased by 9-fold. Collectively, these results suggest promiscuous GAOs can be developed as novel catalysts for synthesizing unique sesquiterpene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh-Don Nguyen
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Institute of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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26
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Hu X, Musacchio AJ, Shen X, Tao Y, Maimone TJ. Allylative Approaches to the Synthesis of Complex Guaianolide Sesquiterpenes from Apiaceae and Asteraceae. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14904-14915. [PMID: 31448610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With hundreds of unique members isolated to date, guaianolide lactones represent a particularly prolific class of terpene natural products. Given their extensive documented therapeutic properties and fascinating chemical structures, these metabolites have captivated the synthetic chemistry community for many decades. As a result of divergent biosynthetic pathways, which produce a wide array of stereochemical and oxidative permutations, a unifying synthetic pathway to this broad family of natural products is challenging. Herein we document the evolution of a chiral-pool-based synthetic program aimed at accessing an assortment of guaianolides, particularly those from the plant family Apiaceae as well as Asteraceae, members of which possess distinct chemical substructures and necessitate deviating synthetic platforms. An initial route employing the linear monoterpene linalool generated a lower oxidation state guaianolide but was not compatible with the majority of family members. A double-allylation disconnection using a carvone-derived fragment was then developed to access first an Asteraceae-type guaianolide and then various Apiaceae congeners. Finally, using these findings in conjunction with a tandem polyoxygenation cascade, we developed a pathway to highly oxygenated nortrilobolide. A variety of interesting observations in metal-mediated aldehyde allylation and alkene polyoxygenation are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , 826 Latimer Hall , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Xu H, Li W, Schilmiller AL, van Eekelen H, de Vos RCH, Jongsma MA, Pichersky E. Pyrethric acid of natural pyrethrin insecticide: complete pathway elucidation and reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:751-765. [PMID: 30920667 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the natural pesticides known as pyrethrins, which are esters produced in flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Asteraceae), the monoterpenoid acyl moiety is pyrethric acid or chrysanthemic acid. We show here that pyrethric acid is produced from chrysanthemol in six steps catalyzed by four enzymes, the first five steps occurring in the trichomes covering the ovaries and the last one occurring inside the ovary tissues. Three steps involve the successive oxidation of carbon 10 (C10) to a carboxylic group by TcCHH, a cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Two other steps involve the successive oxidation of the hydroxylated carbon 1 to give a carboxylic group by TcADH2 and TcALDH1, the same enzymes that catalyze these reactions in the formation of chrysanthemic acid. The ultimate result of the actions of these three enzymes is the formation of 10-carboxychrysanthemic acid in the trichomes. Finally, the carboxyl group at C10 is methylated by TcCCMT, a member of the SABATH methyltransferase family, to give pyrethric acid. This reaction occurs mostly in the ovaries. Expression in N. benthamiana plants of all four genes encoding aforementioned enzymes, together with TcCDS, a gene that encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of chrysanthemol, led to the production of pyrethric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Henriëtte van Eekelen
- Business unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C H de Vos
- Business unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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28
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Rotundo G, Paventi G, Barberio A, De Cristofaro A, Notardonato I, Russo MV, Germinara GS. Biological activity of Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter extracts against adult Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) and identification of active compounds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6429. [PMID: 31015563 PMCID: PMC6478880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter, a perennial weed of the Mediterranean area, was reported to be source of active substances. Here, by means of both ingestion and contact assays, the biological activity of three different extracts (n-hexane, methanol, and distilled water) of D. viscosa aerial part has been evaluated against Sitophilus granarius (L.) adults, an important pest of stored grains. Ingestion assays showed negligible mortality and food deterrence for all the extracts, whereas only a slight reduction of some nutritional parameters (relative growth rate, relative consumption rate, food efficiency conversion) was recorded for water extract. High contact toxicity was found only for the n-hexane extract (24 h median lethal dose LD50 = 53.20 μg/adult). This extract was further subfractioned by silica gel column chromatography and then by thin layer chromatography. Further contact toxicity bioassays highlighted two active subfractions which were analyzed by GC-MS. This revealed the occurrence, in both subfractions, of two major peaks that were identified as α- and γ- costic acid isomers. Moreover, D. viscosa active subfractions, did not cause acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition; therefore, in the light of progressive limitation of compounds acting by this mechanism of action, D. viscosa represents a promising eco-sustainable source of natural products for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rotundo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Antonia Barberio
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mario V Russo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giacinto S Germinara
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100, Foggia, Italy
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29
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Liu Y, Jing SX, Luo SH, Li SH. Non-volatile natural products in plant glandular trichomes: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:626-665. [PMID: 30468448 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00077h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation methods, chemistry, bioactivities, and biosynthesis of non-volatile natural products involving 489 compounds in plant glandular trichomes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Xi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Shenyang Agricultural University
- Shenyang
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China
- Kunming Institute of Botany
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming 650201
- P. R. China
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30
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Bains S, Thakur V, Kaur J, Singh K, Kaur R. Elucidating genes involved in sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in Saussurea lappa by de novo leaf transcriptome analysis. Genomics 2018; 111:1474-1482. [PMID: 30343181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saussurea lappa (family Asteraceae) possesses immense pharmacological potential mainly due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones. In spite of its medicinal importance, S. lappa has been poorly explored at the molecular level. We initiated leaf transcriptome sequencing of S. lappa using the illumina highseq 2000 platform and generated 62,039,614 raw reads. Trinity assembler generated 122,434 contigs with an N50 value of 1053 bp. The assembled transcripts were compared against the non-redundant protein database at NCBI. The Blast2GO analysis assigned gene ontology (GO) terms, categorized into molecular functions (3132), biological processes (4477) and cellular components (1.927). Using KEGG, around 476 contigs were assigned to 39 pathways. For secondary metabolic pathways, we identified transcripts encoding genes involved in sesquiterpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis. Relatively low number of transcripts were also found encoding for genes involved in the alkaloid pathway. Our data will contribute to functional genomics and metabolic engineering studies in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Bains
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Vasundhara Thakur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block I, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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31
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Frey M, Schmauder K, Pateraki I, Spring O. Biosynthesis of Eupatolide-A Metabolic Route for Sesquiterpene Lactone Formation Involving the P450 Enzyme CYP71DD6. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1536-1543. [PMID: 29758164 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones are a class of natural compounds well-known for their bioactivity and are characteristic for the Asteraceae family. Most sesquiterpene lactones are considered derivatives of germacrene A acid (GAA). GAA can be stereospecifically hydroxylated by the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) Lactuca sativa costunolide synthase CYP71BL2 (LsCOS) and Helianthus annuus GAA 8β-hydroxylase CYP71BL1 (HaG8H) at C6 (in α-orientation) or C8 (in β-orientation), respectively. Spontaneous subsequent lactonization of the resulting 6α-hydroxy-GAA leads to costunolide, whereas 8β-hydroxy-GAA has not yet been reported to cyclize to a sesquiterpene lactone. Sunflower and related species of the Heliantheae tribe contain sesquiterpene lactones mainly derived from inunolide (7,8-cis lactone) and eupatolide (8β-hydroxy-costunolide) precursors. However, the mechanism of 7,8-cis lactonization in general, and the 6,7-trans lactone formation in the sunflower tribe, remain elusive. Here, we show that, in plant cells, heterologous expression of CYP71BL1 leads to the formation of inunolide. Using a phylogenetic analysis of enzymes from the CYP71 family involved in sesquiterpenoid metabolism, we identified the CYP71DD6 gene, which was able to catalyze the 6,7-trans lactonization in sunflowers, using as a substrate 8β-hydroxy-GAA. Consequently, CYP71DD6 resulted in the synthesis of eupatolide, thus called HaES ( Helianthus annuus eupatolide synthase). Thus, our study shows the entry point for the biosynthesis of two distinct types of sesquiterpene lactones in sunflowers: the 6,7-trans lactones derived from eupatolide and the 7,8-cis lactones derived from inunolide. The implications for tissue-specific localization, based on expression studies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Frey
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmauder
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Plant and Environment al Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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32
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Álvarez-Calero JM, Ruiz E, López-Pérez JL, Jaraíz M, Rubio JE, Jorge ZD, Suárez M, Massanet GM. 15-Hydroxygermacranolides as Sources of Structural Diversity: Synthesis of Sesquiterpene Lactones by Cyclization and Rearrangement Reactions. Experimental and DFT Study. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5480-5495. [PMID: 29694044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A study on the electrophile-induced rearrangement of two 15-hydroxygermacranolides, salonitenolide and artemisiifolin, was carried out. These compounds underwent electrophilic intramolecular cyclizations or acid-mediated rearrangements to give sesquiterpene lactones with different skeletons such as eudesmanolides, guaianolides, amorphanolides, or other germacranolides. The cyclization that gives guaianolides can be considered a biomimetic route to this type of sesquiterpene lactones. The use of acetone as a solvent changes the reactivity of the two starting germacranolides to the acid catalysts, with a 4,15-diol acetonide being the main product obtained. The δ-amorphenolide obtained by intramolecular cyclization of this acetonide is a valuable intermediate for accessing the antimalarials artemisinin and its derivatives. Mechanistic proposals for the transformations are raised, and to provide support them, quantum chemical calculations [DFT B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level] were undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Álvarez-Calero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510 , Spain
| | - Enrique Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM) , Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara , Portoviejo , Manabí 130103 , Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química , Universidad de La Habana , La Habana 10400 , Cuba
| | - José Luis López-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Panamá , Ciudad de Panamá 3366 , República de Panamá.,Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, IBSAL-CIETUS , Universidad de Salamanca , Avda. Campo Charro s/n , Salamanca 37007 , Spain
| | - Martín Jaraíz
- Departamento de Electrónica , Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15 , Valladolid 47011 , Spain
| | - José E Rubio
- Departamento de Electrónica , Universidad de Valladolid , Paseo Belén 15 , Valladolid 47011 , Spain
| | - Zacarías D Jorge
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510 , Spain
| | - Margarita Suárez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química , Universidad de La Habana , La Habana 10400 , Cuba
| | - Guillermo M Massanet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Cádiz , Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510 , Spain
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33
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Xu H, Moghe GD, Wiegert-Rininger K, Schilmiller AL, Barry CS, Last RL, Pichersky E. Coexpression Analysis Identifies Two Oxidoreductases Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Monoterpene Acid Moiety of Natural Pyrethrin Insecticides in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:524-537. [PMID: 29122986 PMCID: PMC5761793 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium produce a set of compounds known collectively as pyrethrins, which are commercially important pesticides that are strongly toxic to flying insects but not to most vertebrates. A pyrethrin molecule is an ester consisting of either trans-chrysanthemic acid or its modified form, pyrethric acid, and one of three alcohols, jasmolone, pyrethrolone, and cinerolone, that appear to be derived from jasmonic acid. Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS), the first enzyme involved in the synthesis of trans-chrysanthemic acid, was characterized previously and its gene isolated. TcCDS produces free trans-chrysanthemol in addition to trans-chrysanthemyl diphosphate, but the enzymes responsible for the conversion of trans-chrysanthemol to the corresponding aldehyde and then to the acid have not been reported. We used an RNA sequencing-based approach and coexpression correlation analysis to identify several candidate genes encoding putative trans-chrysanthemol and trans-chrysanthemal dehydrogenases. We functionally characterized the proteins encoded by these genes using a combination of in vitro biochemical assays and heterologous expression in planta to demonstrate that TcADH2 encodes an enzyme that oxidizes trans-chrysanthemol to trans-chrysanthemal, while TcALDH1 encodes an enzyme that oxidizes trans-chrysanthemal into trans-chrysanthemic acid. Transient coexpression of TcADH2 and TcALDH1 together with TcCDS in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves results in the production of trans-chrysanthemic acid as well as several other side products. The majority (58%) of trans-chrysanthemic acid was glycosylated or otherwise modified. Overall, these data identify key steps in the biosynthesis of pyrethrins and demonstrate the feasibility of metabolic engineering to produce components of these defense compounds in a heterologous host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Gou J, Hao F, Huang C, Kwon M, Chen F, Li C, Liu C, Ro DK, Tang H, Zhang Y. Discovery of a non-stereoselective cytochrome P450 catalyzing either 8α- or 8β-hydroxylation of germacrene A acid from the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:92-106. [PMID: 29086444 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are C15 terpenoid natural products with α-methylene γ-lactone moiety. A large proportion of STLs in Asteraceae species is derived from the central precursor germacrene A acid (GAA). Formation of the lactone rings depends on the regio-(C6 or C8) and stereoselective (α- or β-)hydroxylations of GAA, producing STLs with four distinct stereo-configurations (12,6α-, 12,6β-, 12,8α-, and 12,8β-olide derivatives of GAA) in nature. Curiously, two configurations of STLs (C12,8α and C12,8β) are simultaneously present in the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. However, how these related yet distinct STL stereo-isomers are co-synthesized in I. hupehensis remains unknown. Here, we describe the functional identification of the I. hupehensis cytochrome P450 (CYP71BL6) that can catalyze the hydroxylation of GAA in either 8α- or 8β-configuration, resulting in the synthesis of both 8α- and 8β-hydroxyl GAAs. Of these two products, only 8α-hydroxyl GAA spontaneously lactonizes to the C12,8α-STL while the 8β-hydroxyl GAA remains stable without lactonization. Chemical structures of the C12,8α-STL, named inunolide, and 8β-hydroxyl GAA were fully elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and mass spectrometry. The CYP71BL6 displays 63-66% amino acid identity to the previously reported CYP71BL1/2 catalyzing GAA 6α- or 8β-hydroxylation, indicating CYP71BL6 shares the same evolutionary lineage with other stereoselective cytochrome P450s, but catalyzes hydroxylation in a non-stereoselective manner. We observed that the CYP71BL6 transcript abundance correlates closely to the accumulation of C12,8-STLs in I. hupehensis. The identification of CYP71BL6 provides an insight into the biosynthesis of STLs in Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Gou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chongyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fangfang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Tian N, Liu F, Wang P, Zhang X, Li X, Wu G. The molecular basis of glandular trichome development and secondary metabolism in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Tan Y, Li D, Hua J, Luo S, Liu Y, Li S. Localization of a defensive volatile 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one in the capitate glandular trichomes of Oenothera glazioviana. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:154-159. [PMID: 30159506 PMCID: PMC6112281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes of plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites which are considered as major defensive chemicals. The capitate glandular trichomes of Oenothera glazioviana (Onagraceae) were collected with laser microdissection and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile compound 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one (1) was identified. We found that compound 1 displays antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic activities. These results suggest that compound 1 might function as a defensive compound in the capitate glandular trichomes of O. glazioviana against pathogens, insect herbivores, and presumably competitive plants as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Desen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Juan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shihong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, PR China
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Hu Y, Zhou YJ, Bao J, Huang L, Nielsen J, Krivoruchko A. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of germacrene A, a precursor of beta-elemene. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 44:1065-1072. [PMID: 28547322 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Beta-elemene, a sesquiterpene and the major component of the medicinal herb Curcuma wenyujin, has antitumor activity against various types of cancer and could potentially serve as a potent antineoplastic drug. However, its current mode of production through extraction from plants has been inefficient and suffers from limited natural resources. Here, we engineered a yeast cell factory for the sustainable production of germacrene A, which can be transformed to beta-elemene by a one-step chemical reaction in vitro. Two heterologous germacrene A synthases (GASs) converting farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to germacrene A were evaluated in yeast for their ability to produce germacrene A. Thereafter, several metabolic engineering strategies were used to improve the production level. Overexpression of truncated 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fusion of FPP synthase with GAS, led to a sixfold increase in germacrene A production in shake-flask culture. Finally, 190.7 mg/l of germacrene A was achieved. The results reported in this study represent the highest titer of germacrene A reported to date. These results provide a basis for creating an efficient route for further industrial application re-placing the traditional extraction of beta-elemene from plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yongjin J Zhou
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jichen Bao
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
| | - Anastasia Krivoruchko
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Andersen TB, Martinez-Swatson KA, Rasmussen SA, Boughton BA, Jørgensen K, Andersen-Ranberg J, Nyberg N, Christensen SB, Simonsen HT. Localization and in-Vivo Characterization of Thapsia garganica CYP76AE2 Indicates a Role in Thapsigargin Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:56-72. [PMID: 28275147 PMCID: PMC5411132 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica (dicot, Apiaceae), also known as deadly carrot, produces the highly toxic compound thapsigargin. This compound is a potent inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase calcium pump in mammals and is of industrial importance as the active moiety of the anticancer drug mipsagargin, currently in clinical trials. Knowledge of thapsigargin in planta storage and biosynthesis has been limited. Here, we present the putative second step in thapsigargin biosynthesis, by showing that the cytochrome P450 TgCYP76AE2, transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, converts epikunzeaol into epidihydrocostunolide. Furthermore, we show that thapsigargin is likely to be stored in secretory ducts in the roots. Transcripts from TgTPS2 (epikunzeaol synthase) and TgCYP76AE2 in roots were found only in the epithelial cells lining these secretory ducts. This emphasizes the involvement of these cells in the biosynthesis of thapsigargin. This study paves the way for further studies of thapsigargin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Bundgaard Andersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Karen Agatha Martinez-Swatson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Silas Anselm Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Berin Alain Boughton
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Johan Andersen-Ranberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Nils Nyberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.)
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.)
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (T.B.A., K.J., J.A.-R.);
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark (K.A.M.);
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark (K.A.M., S.A.R., H.T.S.);
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (B.A.B.); and
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (N.N., S.B.C.)
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Testone G, Mele G, Di Giacomo E, Gonnella M, Renna M, Tenore GC, Nicolodi C, Frugis G, Iannelli MA, Arnesi G, Schiappa A, Giannino D. Insights into the Sesquiterpenoid Pathway by Metabolic Profiling and De novo Transcriptome Assembly of Stem-Chicory ( Cichorium intybus Cultigroup "Catalogna"). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1676. [PMID: 27877190 PMCID: PMC5099503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Stem-chicory of the "Catalogna" group is a vegetable consumed for bitter-flavored stems. Type and levels of bitter sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) participate in conferring bitterness in vegetables. The content of lactucin-and lactucopocrin-like STLs was higher in "Molfettese" than "Galatina" landrace stalks, regardless of the cultivation sites, consistently with bitterness scores and gustative differences. The "Galatina" transcriptome assembly resulted in 58,872 unigenes, 77% of which were annotated, paving the way to molecular investigation of the STL pathway. Comparative transcriptome analysis allowed the identification of 69,352 SNPs and of 1640 differentially expressed genes that maintained the pattern independently of the site. Enrichment analyses revealed that 4 out of 29 unigenes were up-regulated in "Molfettese" vs "Galatina" within the sesquiterpenoid pathway. The expression of two germacrene A -synthase (GAS) and one -oxidase (GAO) genes of the costunolide branch correlated positively with the contents of lactucin-like molecules, supporting that STL biosynthesis regulation occurs at the transcriptional level. Finally, 46 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) maintained a differential expression pattern between the two varieties regardless of the growth site; correlation analyses among TFs, GAS, GAO gene expressions and STLs contents suggest that one MYB and one bHLH may act in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Testone
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mele
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giacomo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Maria Gonnella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research CouncilBari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Renna
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research CouncilBari, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Donato Giannino
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research CouncilRome, Italy
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Rasool S, Mohamed R. Plant cytochrome P450s: nomenclature and involvement in natural product biosynthesis. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1197-209. [PMID: 26364028 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s constitute the largest family of enzymatic proteins in plants acting on various endogenous and xenobiotic molecules. They are monooxygenases that insert one oxygen atom into inert hydrophobic molecules to make them more reactive and hydro-soluble. Besides for physiological functions, the extremely versatile cytochrome P450 biocatalysts are highly demanded in the fields of biotechnology, medicine, and phytoremediation. The nature of reactions catalyzed by P450s is irreversible, which makes these enzymes attractions in the evolution of plant metabolic pathways. P450s are prime targets in metabolic engineering approaches for improving plant defense against insects and pathogens and for production of secondary metabolites such as the anti-neoplastic drugs taxol or indole alkaloids. The emerging examples of P450 involvement in natural product synthesis in traditional medicinal plant species are becoming increasingly interesting, as they provide new alternatives to modern medicines. In view of the divergent roles of P450s, we review their classification and nomenclature, functions and evolution, role in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and use as tools in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiema Rasool
- Forest Biotech Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozi Mohamed
- Forest Biotech Laboratory, Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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41
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Benelli G, Pavela R, Canale A, Mehlhorn H. Tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: a green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases? Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2545-60. [PMID: 27146901 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods are dangerous vectors of agents of deadly diseases, which may hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and animals. Among them, ticks transmit more pathogen species than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide. Thus, the effective and eco-friendly control of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. A number of novel routes have been attempted to prevent and control tick-borne diseases, including the development of (i) vaccines against viruses vectored by ticks; (ii) pheromone-based control tools, with special reference to the "lure and kill" techniques; (iii) biological control programmes relying on ticks' natural enemies and pathogens; and (iv) the integrated pest management practices aimed at reducing tick interactions with livestock. However, the extensive employment of acaricides and tick repellents still remains the two most effective and ready-to-use strategies. Unfortunately, the first one is limited by the rapid development of resistance in ticks, as well as by serious environmental concerns. On the other hand, the exploitation of plants as sources of effective tick repellents is often promising. Here, we reviewed current knowledge concerning the effectiveness of plant extracts as acaricides or repellents against tick vectors of public health importance, with special reference to Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Amblyomma cajennense, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Eighty-three plant species from 35 botanical families were selected. The most frequent botanical families exploited as sources of acaricides and repellents against ticks were Asteraceae (15 % of the selected studies), Fabaceae (9 %), Lamiaceae (10 %), Meliaceae (5 %), Solanaceae (6 %) and Verbenaceae (5 %). Regression equation analyses showed that the literature grew by approximately 20 % per year (period: 2005-2015). Lastly, in the final section, insights for future research are discussed. We focused on some caveats for future data collection and analysis. Current critical points mainly deal with (a) not uniform methods used, which prevent proper comparison of the results; (b) inaccurate tested concentrations, frequently 100 % concentration corresponded to the gross extract, where the exact amounts of extracted substances are unknown; and (c) not homogeneous size of tested tick instars and species. Overall, the knowledge summarized in this review may be helpful for comparative screening among extensive numbers of plant-borne preparations, in order to develop newer and safer tick control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Angelo Canale
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Heinz Mehlhorn
- Department of Parasitology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Production of 3-Oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic Acid in the Fungus Aspergillus oryzae: A Step Towards Heterologous Production of Pyrethrins in Fungi. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:172-8. [PMID: 26718544 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethrins are natural insecticides, which accumulate to high concentrations in pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) flowers. Synthetic pyrethroids are more stable, more efficacious and cheaper, but contemporary requirements for safe and environmentally friendly pesticides encourage a return to the use of natural pyrethrins, and this would be favoured by development of an efficient route to their production by microbial fermentation. The biosynthesis of pyrethrins involves ester linkage between an acid moiety (chrysanthemoyl or pyrethroyl, synthesised via the mevalonic acid pathway from glucose), and an alcohol (pyrethrolone). Pyrethrolone is generated from 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid, which originates from α-linolenic acid via the jasmonic acid biosynthetic cascade. The first four genes in this cascade, encoding lipoxygenase 2, allene-oxide synthase, allene-oxide cyclase 2 and 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase 3, were amplified from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library, cloned in a purpose-built fungal multigene expression vector and expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. HPLC-MS analysis of the transgenic fungus homogenate gave good evidence for the presence of 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid.
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Eljounaidi K, Comino C, Moglia A, Cankar K, Genre A, Hehn A, Bourgaud F, Beekwilder J, Lanteri S. Accumulation of cynaropicrin in globe artichoke and localization of enzymes involved in its biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:128-36. [PMID: 26398797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) belongs to the Asteraceae family, in which one of the most biologically significant class of secondary metabolites are sesquiterpene lactones (STLs). In globe artichoke the principal STL is the cynaropicrin, which contributes to approximately 80% of its characteristic bitter taste. Cynaropicrin content was assessed in globe artichoke tissues and was observed to accumulate in leaves of different developmental stages. In the receptacle, a progressive decrease was observed during inflorescence development, while the STL could not be detected in the inflorescence bracts. Almost undetectable amounts were found in the roots and inflorescence stems at the commercial stage. Cynaropicrin content was found to correlate with expression of genes encoding CcGAS, CcGAO and CcCOS, which are involved in the STL biosynthesis. A more detailed study of leaf material revealed that cynaropicrin predominantly accumulates in the trichomes, and not in the apoplastic cavity fluids. Analysis of the promoter regions of CcGAO and CcCOS revealed the presence of L1-box motifs, which confers trichome-specific expression in Arabidopsis, suggesting that cynaropicrin is not only stored but also synthesized in trichomes. A transient expression of GFP fusion proteins was performed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants: the CcGAS fluorescence signal was located in the cytoplasm while the CcGAO and CcCOS localized to the endoplasmatic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eljounaidi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Comino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - A Moglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - K Cankar
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - A Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - F Bourgaud
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - J Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Lanteri
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Kutsumura N, Matsubara Y, Honjo T, Ohgiya T, Nishiyama S, Saito T. Total synthesis of (−)-5,6-seco-germacrane lactone. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Irmisch S, Jiang Y, Chen F, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. Terpene synthases and their contribution to herbivore-induced volatile emission in western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:270. [PMID: 25303804 PMCID: PMC4197230 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a response to caterpillar feeding, poplar releases a complex mixture of volatiles which comprises several classes of compounds. Poplar volatiles have been reported to function as signals in plant-insect interactions and intra- and inter-plant communication. Although the volatile blend is dominated by mono- and sesquiterpenes, there is much to be learned about their formation in poplar. RESULTS Here we report the terpene synthase (TPS) gene family of western balsam poplar (Populus trichocarpa) consisting of 38 members. Eleven TPS genes (PtTPS5-15) could be isolated from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)-damaged P. trichocarpa leaves and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli revealed TPS activity for ten of the encoded enzymes. Analysis of TPS transcript abundance in herbivore-damaged leaves and undamaged control leaves showed that seven of the genes, PtTPS6, PtTPS7, PtTPS9, PtTPS10, PtTPS12, PtTPS13 and PtTPS15, were significantly upregulated after herbivory. Gypsy moth-feeding on individual leaves of P. trichocarpa trees resulted in induced volatile emission from damaged leaves, but not from undamaged adjacent leaves. Moreover, the concentration of jasmonic acid and its isoleucine conjugates as well as PtTPS6 gene expression were exclusively increased in the damaged leaves, suggesting that no systemic induction occurred within the tree. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the formation of herbivore-induced volatile terpenes in P. trichocarpa is mainly regulated by transcript accumulation of multiple TPS genes and is likely mediated by jasmonates. The specific local emission of volatiles from herbivore-damaged leaves might help herbivore enemies to find their hosts or prey in the tree canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yifan Jiang
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- />Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- />Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Eljounaidi K, Cankar K, Comino C, Moglia A, Hehn A, Bourgaud F, Bouwmeester H, Menin B, Lanteri S, Beekwilder J. Cytochrome P450s from Cynara cardunculus L. CYP71AV9 and CYP71BL5, catalyze distinct hydroxylations in the sesquiterpene lactone biosynthetic pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 223:59-68. [PMID: 24767116 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cynara cardunculus (Asteraceae) is a cross pollinated perennial crop which includes the two cultivated taxa globe artichoke and cultivated cardoon. The leaves of these plants contain high concentrations of sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) among which cynaropicrin is the most represented, and has recently attracted attention because of its therapeutic potential as anti-tumor and anti-photoaging agent. Costunolide is considered the common precursor of the STLs and three enzymes are involved in its biosynthetic pathway: i.e. the germacrene A synthase (GAS), the germacrene A oxidase (GAO) and the costunolide synthase (COS). Here we report on the isolation of two P450 genes, (i.e. CYP71AV9 and CYP71BL5), in a set of ∼19,000 C. cardunculus unigenes, and their functional characterization in yeast and in planta. The metabolite analyses revealed that the co-expression of CYP71AV9 together with GAS resulted in the biosynthesis of germacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-12-oic acid in yeast. The co-expression of CYP71BL5 and CYP71AV9 with GAS led to biosynthesis of the free costunolide in yeast and costunolide conjugates in Nicotiana benthamiana, demonstrating their involvement in STL biosynthesis as GAO and COS enzymes. The substrate specificity of CYP71AV9 was investigated by testing its ability to convert amorpha-4,11-diene, (+)-germacrene D and cascarilladiene to their oxidized products when co-expressed in yeast with the corresponding terpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouthar Eljounaidi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 658, 6700AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cinzia Comino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alain Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1121 Agronomie et Environnement, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 658, 6700AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Menin
- PTP/Rice Genomics Unit, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Torino, Via L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Chen F, Hao F, Li C, Gou J, Lu D, Gong F, Tang H, Zhang Y. Identifying three ecological chemotypes of Xanthium strumarium glandular trichomes using a combined NMR and LC-MS method. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76621. [PMID: 24098541 PMCID: PMC3788720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthanolides, as the sesquiterpene lactones, are reportedly the major components for the pharmacological properties of X. strumarium L. species. Phytochemical studies indicated that the glandular structures on the surface of plant tissues would form the primary sites for the accumulation of this class of the compounds. As the interface between plants and their natural enemies, glandular trichomes may vary with respect to which of their chemicals are sequestered against different herbivores in different ecologies. However, to date, no data are available on the chemical characterisation of X. strumarium glandular cells. In this study, the trichome secretions of the X. strumarium species originating from nineteen unique areas across eleven provinces in China, were analysed by HPLC, LC-ESI-MS and NMR. For the first time three distinct chemotypes of X. strumarium glandular trichomes were discovered along with the qualitative and quantitative evaluations of their presence of xanthanolides; these were designated glandular cell Types I, II, and III, respectively. The main xanthanolides in Type I cells were 8-epi-xanthatin and xanthumin while no xanthatin was detected. Xanthatin, 8-epi-xanthatin, and xanthumin dominated in Type II cells with comparable levels of each being present. For Type III cells, significantly higher concentrations of 8-epi-xanthatin or xanthinosin (relative to xanthatin) were detected with xanthinosin only being observed in this type. Further research will focus on understanding the ecological and molecular mechanism causing these chemotype differences in X. strumarium glandular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuhua Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Changfu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junbo Gou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fujun Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiru Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (HT)
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (HT)
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