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Craven A, Todd‐Donato A, Stokol T, Liepman R, Glasberg I, Wilkins P, Luethy D, Wong D, Schoster A, van den Brom ‐ Spierenburg AJ, Tomlinson JE. Clinical findings and outcome predictors for multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in horses: 46 cases (2009-2019). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1842-1857. [PMID: 38619130 PMCID: PMC11099712 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic indicators for equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF), an interstitial fibrosing lung disease, are poorly described. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Describe diagnostic findings and outcome predictors for EMPF. ANIMALS Forty-six adult horses with EMPF. METHODS Retrospective multicenter case series from 2009 to 2019. Radiographic (n = 27) and ultrasonographic studies (n = 19) from EMPF horses and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology from 6 EMPF and 13 asthma cases were independently reviewed and blinded to diagnosis and outcome. Associations between predictor variables and survival were assessed by predictor screening followed by Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. RESULTS Primary clinical findings were weight loss (36/46, 78%), increased respiratory effort (33/46, 72%), tachypnea (32/46, 70%), and fever (18/46, 39%). Macrophage atypia was seen in more EMPF than asthmatic horse BALF (67% vs. 8%; P = .02). Equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) was detected in 24 of 30 (80%) and hyperfibrinogenemia in 25 of 28 (89%) cases. Twenty-seven of 46 horses (59%) and 11 of 45 (24%) survived to discharge and to 3 months, respectively. Three-month survival was associated with lower median (range) respiratory rates (30 [24-36] vs. 41 [30-60] breaths per minute; P = .04), and higher BALF lymphocyte:neutrophil ratios (4.7 [1.4-22] vs. 0.47 [0.11-1.9]; P = .01) and blood lymphocyte counts (1.25 [0.93-2.55] vs. 0.90 [0.70-1.24] × 109/L; P = .03). Imaging findings, EHV-5 detection, and corticosteroid treatment were not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Fever is not a sensitive clinical sign of EMPF. Diagnostic testing should be pursued for horses with increased respiratory rate and effort and weight loss. The prognosis for EMPF horses is poor. Corticosteroid treatment does not improve 3-month survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Craven
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Todd‐Donato
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Ilana Glasberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois College of Veterinary MedicineUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Present address:
Desert Pines Equine Medical and Surgical CenterLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | - Pamela Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of Illinois College of Veterinary MedicineUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Daniela Luethy
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - David Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State University College of Veterinary MedicineAmesIowaUSA
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine DepartmentUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Joy E. Tomlinson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
- Baker Institute for Animal HealthCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
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2
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Bianchessi L, Flach E, Monacchia G, Dagleish M, Maley M, Turin L, Rocchi MS. Identification and characterisation of Gamma-herpesviruses in zoo artiodactyla. Virol J 2024; 21:49. [PMID: 38395934 PMCID: PMC10893651 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses within the γ-herpesviruses subfamily include the causative agents of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) in several species of the order Artiodactyla. MCF is a usually fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting non-adapted host species. In adapted host species these viruses become latent and recrudesce and transmit during times of stress or immunosuppression. The undetected presence of MCF-causing viruses (MCFVs) is a risk to non-adapted hosts, especially within non-sympatric zoological collections. This study investigated the presence of MCFVs in six different zoological collections in the UK, to evaluate the presence of subclinical/latent MCFVs in carrier animals. METHODS One-hundred and thirty eight samples belonging to 54 different species of Artiodactyla were tested by Consensus Pan-herpes PCR. The positive samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses to understand their own evolutionary relationships and those with their hosts. RESULTS Twenty-five samples from 18 different species tested positive. All viruses but one clustered in the γ-herpesvirus family and within the Macavirus as well as the non-Macavirus groups (caprinae and alcelaphinae/hippotraginae clusters, respectively). A strong association between virus and host species was evident in the Macavirus group and clustering within the caprinae group indicated potential pathogenicity. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic MCFVs, as well as other γ-herpesviruses, in Artiodactyla species of conservation importance and allowed the identification of new herpesviruses in some non-adapted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bianchessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy
| | - Edmund Flach
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London (retired), Regents Park, NW1 4RY, London, UK
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- CIRM Italian Malaria Network, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mark Dagleish
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Investigation, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell'Università 6, 26900, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mara Silvia Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, EH26 OPZ, Penicuik, UK
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3
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Onasanya AE, El-Hage C, Diaz-Méndez A, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Devlin JM, Hartley CA. Genomic diversity and natural recombination of equid gammaherpesvirus 5 isolates. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 115:105517. [PMID: 37879385 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equid gammaherpesvirus 5 (EHV5) is closely related to equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV2). Detection of EHV5 is frequent in horse populations worldwide, but it is often without a clear and significant clinical impact. Infection in horses can often present as subclinical disease; however, it has been associated with respiratory disease, including equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Genetic heterogeneity within small regions of the EHV5 glycoprotein B (gB) sequences have been reported and multiple genotypes of this virus have been identified within individual horses, but full genome sequence data for these viruses is limited. The primary focus of this study was to assess the genomic diversity and natural recombination among EHV5 isolates. RESULTS The genome size of EHV5 prototype strain and the five EHV5 isolates cultured for this study, including four isolates from the same horse, ranged from 181,929 to 183,428 base pairs (bp), with the sizes of terminal repeat regions varying from 0 to 10 bp. The nucleotide sequence identity between the six EHV5 genomes ranged from 95.5 to 99.1%, and the estimated average nucleotide diversity between isolates was 1%. Individual genes displayed varying levels of nucleotide diversity that ranged from 0 to 19%. The analysis of nonsynonymous substitution (Ka > 0.025) revealed high diversity in eight genes. Genome analysis using RDP4 and SplitsTree programs detected evidence of past recombination events between EHV5 isolates. CONCLUSION Genomic diversity and recombination hotspots were identified among EHV5 strains. Recombination can drive genetic diversity, particularly in viruses that have a low rate of nucleotide substitutions. Therefore, the results from this study suggest that recombination is an important contributing factor to EHV5 genomic diversity. The findings from this study provide additional insights into the genetic heterogeneity of the EHV5 genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepeju E Onasanya
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles El-Hage
- Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paola K Vaz
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alistair R Legione
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Carol A Hartley
- The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Equine Infectious Disease, Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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Acevedo HD, Hassebroek AM, Leventhal HR, Duhamel GE, Carvallo FR. Colonic T-cell-rich, large B-cell lymphoma associated with equid herpesvirus 5 infection and secondary trans-colonic fistula in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:272-277. [PMID: 36786313 PMCID: PMC10185988 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231155414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A 17-y-old Rocky Mountain gelding was presented to the Virginia-Maryland Veterinary Teaching Hospital because of a 4-wk history of anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, and fever of unknown origin. Abdominal ultrasound revealed lymphadenomegaly of the abdominal and colonic lymph nodes, thickening of the wall of the large colon, and a mass associated with the large colon. The horse was euthanized given a poor prognosis. On autopsy, an ~20-cm diameter mass was found within the mesocolon between the right ventral and right dorsal colon. The mass had invaded through the colonic walls and formed a fistula between the 2 involved lumina. On histologic evaluation, the mass consisted of small numbers of large neoplastic lymphocytes, numerous small lymphocytes, and many foamy macrophages. A diagnosis of T-cell-rich, large B-cell lymphoma was made based on immunohistochemical staining for CD79a, CD3, and Iba1; concurrent infection with equid herpesvirus 5 was confirmed with in-situ hybridization (ISH). To our knowledge, neither a trans-colonic fistula resulting from alimentary lymphoma in a horse nor detection of intralesional equid herpesvirus 5 in equine alimentary lymphoma by ISH has been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando D. Acevedo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima (UT), Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Anna M. Hassebroek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Gerald E. Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Francisco R. Carvallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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5
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Lauteri E, Tortereau A, Peyrecave X, Pin D, Desjardins I. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis and presumed corticosteroid‐induced side effects in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lauteri
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Antonin Tortereau
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Xavier Peyrecave
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Didier Pin
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
| | - Isabelle Desjardins
- Vetagro‐sup University of Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, Marcy l'Etoile Lyon 69280 France
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6
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Detection of Equine Papillomaviruses and Gamma-Herpesviruses in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020179. [PMID: 36839451 PMCID: PMC9958655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) seriously compromises the health and welfare of affected horses. Although robust evidence points to equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) causing genital lesions, the etiopathogenesis of equine SCC is still poorly understood. We screened a series of SCCs from the head-and-neck (HN), (peri-)ocular and genital region, and site-matched controls for the presence of EcPV2-5 and herpesvirus DNA using type-specific EcPV PCR, and consensus nested herpesvirus PCR followed by sequencing. EcPV2 DNA was detected in 45.5% of HN lesions, 8.3% of (peri-)ocular SCCs, and 100% of genital tumors, whilst control samples from tumor-free horses except one tested EcPV-negative. Two HNSCCs harbored EcPV5, and an ocular lesion EcPV4 DNA. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in 63.6%, 66.6%, 47.2%, and 14.2% of horses with HN, ocular, penile, and vulvar SCCs, respectively, and mainly identified as equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2), 5 (EHV5) or asinine herpesvirus 5 (AsHV5) DNA. In the tumor-free control group, 9.6% of oral secretions, 46.6% of ocular swabs, 47% of penile samples, and 14.2% of vaginal swabs scored positive for these herpesvirus types. This work further highlights the role of EcPV2 as an oncovirus and is the first to provide information on the prevalence of (gamma-)herpesviruses in equine SCCs.
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7
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Holley LC, Medina‐Torres CE. Systematic review of the putative role of herpesviruses in pulmonary fibrosis in horses and humans. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Holley
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
| | - C. E. Medina‐Torres
- School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Gatton Queensland Australia
- Pferdeklinik Leichlingen GmbH Leichlingen Germany
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8
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Rahman A, Uzal FA, Hassebroek AM, Carvallo FR. Retrospective study of pneumonia in non-racing horses in California. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:587-593. [PMID: 35535386 PMCID: PMC9266512 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221094273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a significant disease of horses. Although pneumonia has traditionally been studied in racehorses, little information is available for non-racing horses. Non-racing horses that died with pulmonary lesions (n = 156) were available from cases submitted for autopsy from January 2015 to June 2020. Bronchopneumonia (35%), interstitial pneumonia (29%), embolic pneumonia (21%), granulomatous pneumonia (13%), and pleuritis (2%) were observed in the examined horses. Seventy-four horses died or were euthanized because of pulmonary diseases, and 82 horses died or were euthanized because of non-pulmonary causes but had lung lesions. Of the horses that died from pulmonary causes, the most common finding was bronchopneumonia, with abscesses and/or necrosis in the cranioventral aspect of the lung. Bacteria isolated from cases of bronchopneumonia were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (48.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.1%), and Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus (9.1%). The most common extrapulmonary lesions responsible for death in horses that also had lesions in the lung were mainly in the gastrointestinal system (30%), multiple systems (septicemia and/or toxemia; 27%), and musculoskeletal system (12%). The main postmortem findings in cases of bronchopneumonia of non-racing horses were similar to those reported previously in racehorses. However, some non-racing horses also had interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia, patterns not described previously in racehorses in California, likely as a result of the inclusion of extended age categories for non-racing horses. We also found that the equine lung was frequently affected in cases of sepsis and gastrointestinal problems of infectious origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Rahman
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Anna M Hassebroek
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Francisco R Carvallo
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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9
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Kawano-Dourado L, Glassberg MK, Assayag D, Borie R, Johannson KA. Sex and gender in interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/210105. [PMID: 34789464 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0105-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex and gender differences influence key domains of research, lung health, healthcare access and healthcare delivery. In interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis are clearly influenced by sex hormones. Additionally, short telomeres, a biomarker of telomere regulation gene mutations, are impacted by sex, while heritability unexplained by genetic variation may be attributable to gendered environmental factors that drive epigenetic control. Diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, occupational ILDs, connective tissue-associated ILDs and lymphangioleiomyomatosis have different prevalence and prognosis between men and women. These differences arise from a complex interplay between biological sex and sociocultural gender influencing genetics, epigenomic modifiers, hormones, immune function, response to treatment and interaction with healthcare systems. Much work remains to be done to systematically integrate sex and gender analysis into relevant domains of science and clinical care in ILD, from strategic considerations for establishing research priorities to guidelines for establishing best clinical practices. Accounting for sex and gender in ILD is essential to the practice of individualised, patient-centred medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Kawano-Dourado
- HCor Research Institute, Hospital do Coracao, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,INSERM 1152, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Division, Dept of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Raphaël Borie
- Pulmonary Division, Hospital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Kerri A Johannson
- Depts of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada .,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Association of Equine Herpesvirus 5 with Mild Respiratory Disease in a Survey of EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 in 407 Australian Horses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123418. [PMID: 34944194 PMCID: PMC8697987 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious respiratory diseases in horses represent a major health and welfare problem. Although equine influenza is well reported as a cause of respiratory disease in most continents, Australia is free of EIV despite an outbreak in two states in 2007. Horses in Victoria were tested to demonstrate proof of freedom from EIV, hence samples were able to be subsequently tested for this study with the knowledge that EIV was not present as a potential cause of any disease. The equine alphaherpesviruses, EHV1 and -4 are well known agents of equine respiratory disease. The gammaherpesviruses EHV2 and -5 on the other hand are often isolated from clinically healthy horses despite a known association in some disease processes. The consequences of infection with these enigmatic viruses remains unknown. The investigation of several hundred horses with and without respiratory disease provided valuable information in terms of association. The salient findings of this study determined that a large proportion of normal horses were positive for the gammaherpesviruses EHV2 and -5 using PCR methods. However, horses shedding EHV5 were more likely to have had signs of respiratory disease. Like EHV2, EHV5 is a gammaherpesvirus commonly found in horses: its significance is unclear, though it is closely related to the Epstein–Barr virus, the agent responsible for glandular fever in humans. These viruses are known to interfere with the immune response and have potentially wide-ranging effects on infected hosts. This study has added to our awareness of these equine herpesviruses and should stimulate further studies to determine exact causation and consequences of infection. Abstract Equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are common respiratory pathogens in horses; whilst the alphaherpesviruses are better understood, the clinical importance of the gammaherpesviruses remains undetermined. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of, and any association between, equine respiratory herpesviruses EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 infection in horses with and without clinical signs of respiratory disease. Nasal swabs were collected from 407 horses in Victoria and included clinically normal horses that had been screened for regulatory purposes. Samples were collected from horses during Australia’s equine influenza outbreak in 2007; however, horses in Victoria required testing for proof of freedom from EIV. All horses tested in Victoria were negative for EIV, hence archived swabs were available to screen for other pathogens such as EHVs. Quantitative PCR techniques were used to detect EHVs. Of the 407 horses sampled, 249 (61%) were clinically normal, 120 (29%) presented with clinical signs consistent with mild respiratory disease and 38 (9%) horses had an unknown clinical history. Of the three horses detected shedding EHV1, and the five shedding EHV4, only one was noted to have clinical signs referable to respiratory disease. The proportion of EHV5-infected horses in the diseased group (85/120, 70.8%) was significantly greater than those not showing signs of disease (137/249, 55%). The odds of EHV5-positive horses demonstrating clinical signs of respiratory disease were twice that of EHV5-negative horses (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.16). No quantitative difference between mean loads of EHV shedding between diseased and non-diseased horses was detected. The clinical significance of respiratory gammaherpesvirus infections in horses remains to be determined; however, this survey adds to the mounting body of evidence associating EHV5 with equine respiratory disease.
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11
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Maboni G, Kelly EJ, Clancy CS, De Luca E, Baldwin TJ, Van Wettere AJ, Kane AJ, Peterson S, Warr VG, Bastian DA, Sanchez S. Detection of asinine gammaherpesviruses in association with pulmonary fibrosis in free-ranging donkeys. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:167-171. [PMID: 34689632 PMCID: PMC8688973 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211052998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A mortality event among recently captured feral donkeys (Equus asinus) occurred in south-central Utah in 2016. The deaths were sporadic, and clinical signs were indicative of respiratory disease, likely associated with an infectious etiology. Ten of 13 donkeys autopsied had moderate-to-severe interstitial fibrosing pneumonia, and one had pyogranulomatous pneumonia. Consensus PCRs directed toward the DNA polymerase and DNA packaging terminase subunit 1 for herpesviruses were performed followed by sequencing of the PCR amplicons and phylogenetic analysis. Asinine herpesvirus 4 (AsHV4) and 5 (AsHV5) were consistently identified in lung tissues of affected donkeys. No other herpesviruses were identified, and herpesviral DNA was not detected in lung tissues of 2 donkeys without evidence of respiratory disease. The detection of asinine gammaherpesviruses may have been associated with the lesions described. AsHV4 and AsHV5 have been reported in previous studies as novel gammaherpesviruses based on sequences obtained from donkeys with interstitial pneumonia and marked syncytial cell formation. Our findings suggest that the association of asinine gammaherpesviruses with respiratory conditions in equids deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - E Jane Kelly
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Chad S Clancy
- Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eliana De Luca
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Albert J Kane
- USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - V Gus Warr
- Utah Wild Horse and Burro Program, Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dona A Bastian
- Utah Wild Horse and Burro Program, Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Easton-Jones C. Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:11-23. [PMID: 34519074 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.
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Duckworth A, Longhurst HJ, Paxton JK, Scotton CJ. The Role of Herpes Viruses in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:704222. [PMID: 34368196 PMCID: PMC8339799 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.704222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a serious lung disease which can result from known genetic or environmental exposures but is more commonly idiopathic (IPF). In familial PF (FPF), the majority of identified causal genes play key roles in the maintenance of telomeres, the protective end structures of chromosomes. Recent evidence suggests that short telomeres may also be implicated causally in a significant proportion of idiopathic cases. The possible involvement of herpes viruses in PF disease incidence and progression has been examined for many years, with some studies showing strong, statistically significant associations and others reporting no involvement. Evidence is thus polarized and remains inconclusive. Here we review the reported involvement of herpes viruses in PF in both animals and humans and present a summary of the evidence to date. We also present several possible mechanisms of action of the different herpes viruses in PF pathogenesis, including potential contributions to telomere attrition and cellular senescence. Evidence for antiviral treatment in PF is very limited but suggests a potential benefit. Further work is required to definitely answer the question of whether herpes viruses impact PF disease onset and progression and to enable the possible use of targeted antiviral treatments to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Duckworth
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary J. Longhurst
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) Action, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane K. Paxton
- Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) Action, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Scotton
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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14
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Genetic Variation in the Glycoprotein B Sequence of Equid Herpesvirus 5 among Horses of Various Breeds at Polish National Studs. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030322. [PMID: 33803246 PMCID: PMC7998979 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) is one of two γ-herpesviruses that commonly infect horses worldwide. The objective of the study was to estimate the genetic variability within EHV-5 viruses circulating among horses in Poland. Partial glycoprotein B (gB) sequences from 92 Polish horses from 13 studs throughout Poland were compared to each other and to three EHV-5 sequences from other countries. Despite the overall high level of conservation, considerable variability was observed around the putative furin cleavage site. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the viruses clustered within two major lineages (A and B), with further sub-clustering within group A. The clustering of EHV-5 sequences was independent of age or geographical origin of the sampled horses. Recombination was identified as one of the factors contributing to the genomic heterogeneity. Viruses from unweaned foals were more similar to viruses from other foals at the same stud than to viruses form their dams, suggesting the horizontal transfer and/or evolution of EHV-5 within individual hosts. Our data indicate that the gB sequence is not suitable for tracking the source of EHV-5 infection. Further research is needed to elucidate the importance of the sequence variability around the EHV-5 gB furin cleavage site on the biology of the virus.
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15
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Carrillo MF, Kemper D, Woods LW, Carvallo FR. Chronic interstitial pneumonia with features of organizing pneumonia in an adult horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:621-625. [PMID: 32687009 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720936251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 22-y-old American Quarter Horse gelding was presented with a history of chronic progressive respiratory problems and a diffuse pulmonary nodular pattern in thoracic radiographs. The horse was euthanized, and 4 formalin-fixed samples of lung were submitted for histopathology. There were multifocal areas of marked thickening of alveolar septa as a result of proliferation of myofibroblasts embedded in fibromyxoid matrix (interpreted as "Masson bodies"), focal areas of fibrosis, and numerous papillary projections of connective tissue into bronchioles. A diagnosis of organizing pneumonia was reached. No etiology was found for this lesion. It is important to consider causes of chronic interstitial pneumonia with fibrosis in horses other than equid herpesvirus 5, such as complicated viral or bacterial pneumonia or chronic toxicoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Carrillo
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Carrillo).,West Coast Equine Hospital, Somis, CA (Kemper).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Woods).,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Carvallo)
| | - Deborah Kemper
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Carrillo).,West Coast Equine Hospital, Somis, CA (Kemper).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Woods).,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Carvallo)
| | - Leslie W Woods
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Carrillo).,West Coast Equine Hospital, Somis, CA (Kemper).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Woods).,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Carvallo)
| | - Francisco R Carvallo
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay (Carrillo).,West Coast Equine Hospital, Somis, CA (Kemper).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Woods).,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA (Carvallo)
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16
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Abade dos Santos FA, Monteiro M, Pinto A, Carvalho CL, Peleteiro MC, Carvalho P, Mendonça P, Carvalho T, Duarte MD. First description of a herpesvirus infection in genus Lepus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231795. [PMID: 32302375 PMCID: PMC7164596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the necropsies of Iberian hares obtained in 2018/2019, along with signs of the nodular form of myxomatosis, other unexpected external lesions were also observed. Histopathology revealed nuclear inclusion bodies in stromal cells suggesting the additional presence of a nuclear replicating virus. Transmission electron microscopy further demonstrated the presence of herpesvirus particles in the tissues of affected hares. We confirmed the presence of herpesvirus in 13 MYXV-positive hares by PCR and sequencing analysis. Herpesvirus-DNA was also detected in seven healthy hares, suggesting its asymptomatic circulation. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated partial sequences of DNA polymerase gene and glycoprotein B gene enabled greater resolution than analysing the sequences individually. The hare’ virus was classified close to herpesviruses from rodents within the Rhadinovirus genus of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. We propose to name this new virus Leporid gammaherpesvirus 5 (LeHV-5), according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses standards. The impact of herpesvirus infection on the reproduction and mortality of the Iberian hare is yet unknown but may aggravate the decline of wild populations caused by the recently emerged natural recombinant myxoma virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Abade dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Monteiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - A Pinto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
- EM Suite, Royal Brompton Hospital and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C L Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M C Peleteiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - P Mendonça
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - T Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M D Duarte
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Easton‐Jones CA, Cissell DD, Mohr FC, Chigerwe M, Pusterla N. Prognostic indicators and long‐term survival in 14 horses with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D. D. Cissell
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences DavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - F. C. Mohr
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA
| | - M. Chigerwe
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology DavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - N. Pusterla
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology DavisCaliforniaUSA
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18
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Ochi A, Sekiguchi M, Tsujimura K, Kinoshita T, Ueno T, Katayama Y. Two Cases of Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis in Japan. J Comp Pathol 2019; 170:46-52. [PMID: 31375158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF) is a recently described form of interstitial pneumonia associated with equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV-5). This disease has been reported in North and South America, Europe and Oceania but not, to our knowledge, in horses in Japan. We diagnosed EMPF in two Thoroughbred horses in Japan on the basis of gross and histopathological findings. In both cases, significant gross lesions, restricted to the lungs, consisted of numerous firm and coalescing nodules widely distributed throughout the lung. The nodules were <3 cm in diameter and pale white to tan in colour. Microscopically, they showed severe interstitial fibrosis and infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and a few eosinophils. The residual alveoli were lined by cuboidal epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) and filled with many macrophages, which rarely displayed oval eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses identified the glycoprotein H gene of EHV-5, and in-situ hybridization detected EHV-5 in the alveolar macrophages in the lesions. In one case, electron microscopy revealed herpesvirus-like particles and EHV-5 was isolated from pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ochi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - M Sekiguchi
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Office of Chiba Prefecture, 497 Iwatomi-machi, Sakura, Chiba, Japan.
| | - K Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kinoshita
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Office of Chiba Prefecture, 497 Iwatomi-machi, Sakura, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Ueno
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Y Katayama
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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19
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Dall Agnol AM, Beuttemmuller EA, Pilz D, Leme RA, Saporiti V, Headley SA, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Detection of Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 DNA in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic horses from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:875-878. [PMID: 31187445 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) and 5 (EHV-5) are members of the Herpesviridae family and have been reported in horse populations worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of herpesvirus DNA in the upper respiratory tract of horses. Twenty-six nasal swabs were collected from asymptomatic adult horses of two different horse farms (A, n = 18; B, n = 8), both located in Southern Brazil. The EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, and EHV-5 DNA analyses were performed using nested PCR assays targeting the glycoprotein B gene. Four (15.3%) and 12 (46.1%) of the 26 nasal swab samples were positive for the EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. Four (15.3%) horses were detected with both viruses simultaneously. DNA of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in both single and mixed infections was identified in horses from both herds. All swab samples were negative for EHV-1 and EHV-4. This study reports the first detection of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in the upper respiratory tracts of horses in Brazil. The high detection rate of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in asymptomatic adult horses demonstrates that these gammaherpesviruses are circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edsel Alves Beuttemmuller
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pilz
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Viviane Saporiti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.
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20
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Hendrikse LD, Kambli A, Kayko C, Canuti M, Rodrigues B, Stevens B, Vashon J, Lang AS, Needle DB, Troyer RM. Identification of a Novel Gammaherpesvirus in Canada lynx ( Lynx canadensis). Viruses 2019; 11:v11040363. [PMID: 31010021 PMCID: PMC6520957 DOI: 10.3390/v11040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) infect many animal species and are associated with lymphoproliferative disorders in some. Previously, we identified several novel GHVs in North American felids; however, a GHV had never been identified in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). We, therefore, hypothesized the existence of an unidentified GHV in lynx. Using degenerate nested and subsequently virus-specific PCR, we amplified and sequenced 3.4 kb of DNA from a novel GHV in lynx, which we named Lynx canadensis gammaherpesvirus 1 (LcaGHV1). Phylogenetic analysis determined that LcaGHV1 is a distinct GHV species belonging to the genus Percavirus. We then estimated the prevalence of LcaGHV1 in lynx by developing a PCR-based assay and detected LcaGHV1 DNA in 36% (95% CI: 22-53%) of lynx spleen DNA samples from Maine, USA and 17% (95% CI: 8-31%) from Newfoundland, Canada. The LcaGHV1 DNA sequences from Maine and Newfoundland lynx were nearly identical to each other (two nucleotide substitutions in 3.4 kb), suggesting that the unique lynx subspecies present on the island of Newfoundland (Lynx canadensis subsolanus) is infected with virus that very closely resembles virus found in mainland lynx. The potential ecologic and pathologic consequences of this novel virus for Canada lynx populations warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Hendrikse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Ankita Kambli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Caroline Kayko
- Map and Data Centre, Western Libraries, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Bruce Rodrigues
- Wildlife Division, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Fisheries and Land Resources, P.O. Box 2007, Corner Brook, NF A2H 7S1, Canada.
| | - Brian Stevens
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 21 Botanical Lane, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative⁻Ontario/Nunavut, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Vashon
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, 650 State St., Bangor, ME 04401, USA.
| | - Andrew S Lang
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NF A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - David B Needle
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, 21 Botanical Lane, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Ryan M Troyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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21
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Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Laval K, Nauwynck HJ. Unravelling the first key steps in equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV5) pathogenesis using ex vivo and in vitro equine models. Vet Res 2019; 50:13. [PMID: 30777128 PMCID: PMC6380010 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV5) is a ubiquitous, yet obscure pathogen in the horse population and is commonly associated with fatal equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). To date, little is known about the precise pathogenesis of EHV5. Here, we evaluated the dynamics of EHV5 infection in representative ex vivo and in vitro equine models, using immunofluorescence staining and virus titration. EHV5 was unable to infect epithelial cells lining the mucosa of nasal and tracheal explants. Similarly, primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) were not susceptible to EHV5 following inoculation at the apical or basolateral surfaces. Upon direct delivery of EHV5 particles to lung explants, few EHV5-positive cell clusters were observed at 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi). These EHV5-positive cells were identified as cytokeratin-positive alveolar cells. Next, we examined the potential of EHV5 to infect three distinct equine PBMC populations (CD172a+ monocytes, CD3+ T lymphocytes and Ig light chain+ B lymphocytes). Monocytes did not support EHV5 replication. In contrast, up to 10% of inoculated equine T and B lymphocytes synthetized intracellular viral antigens 24 hpi and 72 hpi, respectively. Still, the production of mature virus particles was hampered, as we did not observe an increase in extracellular virus titer. After reaching a peak, the percentage of infected T and B lymphocytes decayed, which was partly due to the onset of apoptosis, but not necrosis. Based on these findings, we propose a model for EHV5 pathogenesis in the horse. Uncovering EHV5 pathogenesis is the corner step to finally contain or even eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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22
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Barnes T, Brown KK, Corcoran B, Glassberg MK, Kervitsky DJ, Limper AH, McGuire K, Williams K, Roman J. Research in Pulmonary Fibrosis Across Species: Unleashing Discovery Through Comparative Biology. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:399-404. [PMID: 30879739 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Barnes
- Independent Research and Patient Advocacy, Westie Foundation of America Board of Directors, formerly with the Coalition for Pulmonary Fibrosis, Culver City, California
| | | | - Brendan Corcoran
- The Royal School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kurt Williams
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jesse Roman
- Jane & Leonard Korman Respiratory Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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23
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Sorel O, Dewals BG. The Critical Role of Genome Maintenance Proteins in Immune Evasion During Gammaherpesvirus Latency. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3315. [PMID: 30687291 PMCID: PMC6333680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are important pathogens that establish latent infection in their natural host for lifelong persistence. During latency, the viral genome persists in the nucleus of infected cells as a circular episomal element while the viral gene expression program is restricted to non-coding RNAs and a few latency proteins. Among these, the genome maintenance protein (GMP) is part of the small subset of genes expressed in latently infected cells. Despite sharing little peptidic sequence similarity, gammaherpesvirus GMPs have conserved functions playing essential roles in latent infection. Among these functions, GMPs have acquired an intriguing capacity to evade the cytotoxic T cell response through self-limitation of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation, further ensuring virus persistence in the infected host. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the main functions of gammaherpesvirus GMPs during latency with an emphasis on their immune evasion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Sorel
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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24
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Le Corre S, Thomas-Cancian A, Peyrecave X, Leblond A, Cadoré JL. Cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary fibrosis in a 16-year-old mare. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Le Corre
- Equine Department; VetAgroSup; Veterinary School of Lyon; Université de Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - A. Thomas-Cancian
- Equine Department; VetAgroSup; Veterinary School of Lyon; Université de Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - X. Peyrecave
- Equine Department; VetAgroSup; Veterinary School of Lyon; Université de Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - A. Leblond
- Equine Department; VetAgroSup; Veterinary School of Lyon; Université de Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - J. L. Cadoré
- Equine Department; VetAgroSup; Veterinary School of Lyon; Université de Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
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25
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Easton-Jones CA, Madigan JE, Barnum S, Maxwell LK, Taylor SD, Arnesen T, Pusterla N. Effect of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral kinetics in horses with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1763-1767. [PMID: 30221792 PMCID: PMC6189341 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus-5 is commonly isolated from the lungs of horses with EMPF, suggesting an etiological link. Valacyclovir is used empirically to treat EMPF; however, no data is available concerning its impact on EHV-5 viral kinetics. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of oral administration of valacyclovir on EHV-5 viral load measured by qPCR in blood, nasal secretions (NS) and BALF in horses with EMPF. ANIMALS Six horses diagnosed with EMPF. METHODS A prospective clinical trial was performed. Horses received 10 days of PO administered valacyclovir (loading dose 30 mg/kg, maintenance dose 20 mg/kg). Blood, NS, and BALF were collected for EHV-5 viral kinetics analyses during treatment. Blood and NS were collected every other day. BALF was collected on day 0 and day 10. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in median EHV-5 viral load between day 0 and day 10 for all samples tested. In blood median EHV-5 viral load was 7676 (range 575-39 781) on day 0 and 6822 (range 1136-18 635) glycoprotein B (gB) gene copies per million cells on day 10. For NS median EHV-5 viral load was 2.944 × 106 (range 184 691-3.394 × 109 ) on day 0 and 8.803 × 106 (range 251 186-9.868 × 108 ) gB gene copies per million cells on day 10. For BALF median EHV-5 viral load was 59,842 (range 61-315 655) on day 0 and 185 083 (range 3562-542 417) gB gene copies per million cells on day 10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Valacyclovir might not be an effective short-term antiviral treatment but efficacy in treatment of EMPF is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Easton-Jones
- Willian R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, California
| | - John E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Lara K Maxwell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN
| | - Terry Arnesen
- Stillwater Equine Veterinary Clinic, Stillwater, Minnesota
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California
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Caswell JL, Bassel LL, Rothenburger JL, Gröne A, Sargeant JM, Beck AP, Ekman S, Gibson-Corley KN, Kuiken T, LaDouceur EEB, Meyerholz DK, Origgi FC, Posthaus H, Priestnall SL, Ressel L, Sharkey L, Teixeira LBC, Uchida K, Ward JM, Webster JD, Yamate J. Observational Study Design in Veterinary Pathology, Part 1: Study Design. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:607-621. [PMID: 30071806 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818785705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies are the basis for much of our knowledge of veterinary pathology and are highly relevant to the daily practice of pathology. However, recommendations for conducting pathology-based observational studies are not readily available. In part 1 of this series, we offer advice on planning and conducting an observational study with examples from the veterinary pathology literature. Investigators should recognize the importance of creativity, insight, and innovation in devising studies that solve problems and fill important gaps in knowledge. Studies should focus on specific and testable hypotheses, questions, or objectives. The methodology is developed to support these goals. We consider the merits and limitations of different types of analytic and descriptive studies, as well as of prospective vs retrospective enrollment. Investigators should define clear inclusion and exclusion criteria and select adequate numbers of study subjects, including careful selection of the most appropriate controls. Studies of causality must consider the temporal relationships between variables and the advantages of measuring incident cases rather than prevalent cases. Investigators must consider unique aspects of studies based on archived laboratory case material and take particular care to consider and mitigate the potential for selection bias and information bias. We close by discussing approaches to adding value and impact to observational studies. Part 2 of the series focuses on methodology and validation of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Caswell
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura L Bassel
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- 2 Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Gröne
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- 4 Department of Population Medicine and Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda P Beck
- 5 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stina Ekman
- 6 Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katherine N Gibson-Corley
- 7 Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- 8 Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David K Meyerholz
- 10 University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Francesco C Origgi
- 11 Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- 12 Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- 13 Deparment Pathobiology & Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- 14 Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Sharkey
- 15 Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, N. Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- 16 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- 17 Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jyoji Yamate
- 20 Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano City, Osaka, Japan
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Thirumalapura NR, Feria W, Tewari D. Comparison of three DNA extraction methods for molecular confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the VersaTrek™ liquid cultures of bovine fecal samples. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:27-30. [PMID: 30031737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated three DNA extraction methods for confirmation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from liquid cultures of bovine feces. Use of DNA Extract All Reagents Kit™ resulted in efficient extraction of amplifiable DNA from higher proportion (96.29%) of known positive samples compared to Chelex-100 resin (25.92%) and polyethylene glycol (0%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraja R Thirumalapura
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, United States.
| | - Willard Feria
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, United States
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 17110, United States.
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28
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Smith FL, Watson JL, Spier SJ, Kilcoyne I, Mapes S, Sonder C, Pusterla N. Frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in horses recently imported to the United States. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1436-1441. [PMID: 29761571 PMCID: PMC6060314 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imported horses that have undergone recent long distance transport might represent a serious risk for spreading infectious respiratory pathogens into populations of horses. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of shedding of respiratory pathogens in recently imported horses. ANIMALS All imported horses with signed owner consent (n = 167) entering a USDA quarantine for contagious equine metritis from October 2014 to June 2016 were enrolled in the study. METHODS Prospective observational study. Enrolled horses had a physical examination performed and nasal secretions collected at the time of entry and subsequently if any horse developed signs of respiratory disease during quarantine. Samples were assayed for equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus type-1, -2, -4, and -5 (EHV-1, -2, -4, -5), equine rhinitis virus A (ERAV), and B (ERBV) and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) using quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Equine herpesviruses were detected by qPCR in 52% of the study horses including EHV-2 (28.7%), EHV-5 (40.7%), EHV-1 (1.2%), and EHV-4 (3.0%). Clinical signs were not correlated with being qPCR-positive for EHV-4, EHV-2, or EHV-5. None of the samples were qPCR-positive for EIV, ERAV, ERBV, and S. equi. The qPCR assay failed quality control for RNA viruses in 25% (46/167) of samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Clinical signs of respiratory disease were poorly correlated with qPCR positive status for EHV-2, -4, and -5. The importance of γ-herpesviruses (EHV-2 and 5) in respiratory disease is poorly understood. Equine herpesvirus type-1 or 4 (EHV-1 or EHV-4) were detected in 4.2% of horses, which could have serious consequences if shedding animals entered a population of susceptible horses. Biosecurity measures are important when introducing recently imported horses into resident US populations of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna Leah Smith
- Willian R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Johanna L Watson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sharon J Spier
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Isabelle Kilcoyne
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Samantha Mapes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Claudia Sonder
- Center for Equine Heath, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating disease and is often fatal. It may be the consequence of direct lung injury or the result of genetic defects and occupational, environmental, or drug-related exposures. In many cases the etiology is unknown. The pathogenesis of all forms of pulmonary fibrosis regardless of type of injury or etiology is incompletely understood. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung interstitium with a loss of lung compliance and impaired gas exchange that ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have become indispensable in the improved understanding of these disorders. Multiple models have been developed each with advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter we discuss the application of two of the most commonly employed direct lung instillation models, namely, the induction of pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). We provide details on design, materials, and methods and describe how these models can be best undertaken. We also discuss methods to induce fibrosis in aged mice using murine gamma-herpesvirus (γHV-68) and approaches to exacerbate bleomycin- or FITC-induced fibrosis using γHV-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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30
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Pennington MR, Cossic BGA, Perkins GA, Duffy C, Duhamel GE, Van de Walle GR. First demonstration of equid gammaherpesviruses within the gastric mucosal epithelium of horses. Virus Res 2017; 242:30-36. [PMID: 28870469 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Horses commonly develop gastric mucosal ulcers, similar to humans, a condition known as equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) that can lead to poor performance and lost training time and care expenses. Unlike humans, however, an infectious bacterial cause of ulcers has not been conclusively identified. Herpesviruses, while well-established causative agents of diseases such as cold sores, genital lesions, and certain types of cancer, have also been implicated in the development of a subset of gastric ulcers in humans. The presence of equid herpesviruses in the gastrointestinal tract and their potential contribution to EGUS has not been evaluated. Here, we provide the first evidence of equid gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5 (EHV-2 and -5) within the epithelium of the gastric mucosa of horses. These viruses were initially detected by a nested PCR screen of gastric tissue samples obtained from client- and university-owned horses with and without ulcers; however, no association with EGUS was found in this limited sample set. We then validated a highly sensitive in situ hybridization (ISH) assay and used this assay to characterize the distribution of these viruses in necropsy gastric tissue samples from five racehorses. Analyses revealed frequent EHV-2 and EHV-5 co-infections within the gastric mucosal epithelium, regardless of the ulcer status. These results are the first to demonstrate the presence of equid gammaherpesviruses in the gastric mucosa of horses and warrants further investigation to determine the contribution of these viruses to the development of EGUS and/or other gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pennington
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brieuc G A Cossic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gillian A Perkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carol Duffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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31
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Jenkins RG, Moore BB, Chambers RC, Eickelberg O, Königshoff M, Kolb M, Laurent GJ, Nanthakumar CB, Olman MA, Pardo A, Selman M, Sheppard D, Sime PJ, Tager AM, Tatler AL, Thannickal VJ, White ES. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Use of Animal Models for the Preclinical Assessment of Potential Therapies for Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:667-679. [PMID: 28459387 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0096st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous compounds have shown efficacy in limiting development of pulmonary fibrosis using animal models, yet few of these compounds have replicated these beneficial effects in clinical trials. Given the challenges associated with performing clinical trials in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), it is imperative that preclinical data packages be robust in their analyses and interpretations to have the best chance of selecting promising drug candidates to advance to clinical trials. The American Thoracic Society has convened a group of experts in lung fibrosis to discuss and formalize recommendations for preclinical assessment of antifibrotic compounds. The panel considered three major themes (choice of animal, practical considerations of fibrosis modeling, and fibrotic endpoints for evaluation). Recognizing the need for practical considerations, we have taken a pragmatic approach. The consensus view is that use of the murine intratracheal bleomycin model in animals of both genders, using hydroxyproline measurements for collagen accumulation along with histologic assessments, is the best-characterized animal model available for preclinical testing. Testing of antifibrotic compounds in this model is recommended to occur after the acute inflammatory phase has subsided (generally after Day 7). Robust analyses may also include confirmatory studies in human IPF specimens and validation of results in a second system using in vivo or in vitro approaches. The panel also strongly encourages the publication of negative results to inform the lung fibrosis community. These recommendations are for preclinical therapeutic evaluation only and are not intended to dissuade development of emerging technologies to better understand IPF pathogenesis.
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32
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Tashiro J, Rubio GA, Limper AH, Williams K, Elliot SJ, Ninou I, Aidinis V, Tzouvelekis A, Glassberg MK. Exploring Animal Models That Resemble Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:118. [PMID: 28804709 PMCID: PMC5532376 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large multicenter clinical trials have led to two recently approved drugs for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); yet, both of these therapies only slow disease progression and do not provide a definitive cure. Traditionally, preclinical trials have utilized mouse models of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis—though several limitations prevent direct translation to human IPF. Spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis occurs in other animal species, including dogs, horses, donkeys, and cats. While the fibrotic lungs of these animals share many characteristics with lungs of patients with IPF, current veterinary classifications of fibrotic lung disease are not entirely equivalent. Additional studies that profile these examples of spontaneous fibroses in animals for similarities to human IPF should prove useful for both human and animal investigators. In the meantime, studies of BLM-induced fibrosis in aged male mice remain the most clinically relevant model for preclinical study for human IPF. Addressing issues such as time course of treatment, animal size and characteristics, clinically irrelevant treatment endpoints, and reproducibility of therapeutic outcomes will improve the current status of preclinical studies. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrosis and disrepair associated with aging through a collaborative approach between researchers will promote the development of models that more accurately represent the realm of interstitial lung diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tashiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Gustavo A Rubio
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kurt Williams
- Department Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigations, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sharon J Elliot
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Abstract
Since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. Drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. Oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for EHV-5 infection in the therapy of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Other antiherpetic drugs are promising but require further investigation. Several topical drugs are also empirically used in the therapy of equine viral keratitis.
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Development and application of a quantitative PCR assay to study equine herpesvirus 5 invasion and replication in equine tissues in vitro and in vivo. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:44-53. [PMID: 28455133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) infection is associated with pulmonary fibrosis in horses, but further studies on EHV-5 persistence in equine cells are needed to fully understand viral and host contributions to disease pathogenesis. Our aim was to develop a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to measure EHV-5 viral copy number in equine cell cultures, blood lymphocytes, and nasal swabs of horses. Furthermore, we used a recently developed equine primary respiratory cell culture system to study EHV-5 pathogenesis at the respiratory tract. PCR primers and a probe were designed to target gene E11 of the EHV-5 genome. Sensitivity and repeatability were established, and specificity was verified by testing multiple isolates of EHV-5, as well as DNA from other equine herpesviruses. Four-week old fully differentiated (mature), newly seeded (immature) primary equine respiratory epithelial cell (ERECs), and equine dermal cell cultures were inoculated with EHV-5 and the cells and supernatants collected daily for 14days. Blood lymphocytes and nasal swabs were collected from horses experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). The qPCR assay detected EHV-5 at stable concentrations throughout 14days in inoculated mature EREC and equine dermal cell cultures (peaking at 202 and 5861 viral genomes per 106 cellular β actin, respectively). EHV-5 copies detected in the immature EREC cultures increased over 14days and reached levels greater than 10,000 viral genomes per 106 cellular β actin. Moreover, EHV-5 was detected in the lymphocytes of 76% of horses and in the nasal swabs of 84% of horses experimentally infected with EHV-1 pre-inoculation with EHV-1. Post-inoculation with EHV-1, EHV-5 was detected in lymphocytes of 52% of horses while EHV-5 levels in nasal swabs were not significantly different from pre-inoculation levels. In conclusion, qPCR was a reliable technique to investigate viral load in in vivo and in vitro samples, and EHV-5 replication in equine epithelial cells may be influenced by cellular stages of differentiation.
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36
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Viruses in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Etiology and Exacerbation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 12 Suppl 2:S186-92. [PMID: 26595738 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201502-088aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are important contributors to exacerbation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is less clear. This likely reflects that fact that IPF acute exacerbations are defined clinically as "noninfectious," and little attention has been paid to the outcomes of patients with IPF with diagnosed infections. However, accumulating evidence suggests that infections (both bacterial and viral) may influence disease outcomes either as exacerbating agents or initiators of disease. Support for a viral role in disease initiation comes from studies demonstrating the presence of herpesviral DNA and epithelial cell stress in the lungs of asymptomatic relatives at risk for developing familial IPF. In addition, the number of studies that can associate viral (especially herpesviral) signatures in the lung with the development of IPF is steadily growing, and activated leukocyte signatures in patients with IPF provide further support for infectious processes driving IPF progression. Animal modeling has been used to better understand how a gamma herpesvirus infection can modulate the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and has demonstrated that preceding infections appear to reprogram lung epithelial cells during latency to produce profibrotic factors, making the lung more susceptible to subsequent fibrotic insult, whereas exacerbations of existing fibrosis, or infections in susceptible hosts, involve active viral replication and are influenced by antiviral therapy. In addition, there is new evidence that bacterial burden in the lungs of patients with IPF may predict a poor prognosis.
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37
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Williams K, Roman J. Studying human respiratory disease in animals--role of induced and naturally occurring models. J Pathol 2016; 238:220-32. [PMID: 26467890 DOI: 10.1002/path.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disorders like asthma, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis affect millions of Americans and many more worldwide. Despite advancements in medical research that have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions and sometimes to new therapeutic interventions, these disorders are for the most part chronic and progressive; current interventions are not curative and do not halt disease progression. A major obstacle to further advancements relates to the absence of animal models that exactly resemble the human condition, which delays the elucidation of relevant mechanisms of action, the unveiling of biomarkers of disease progression, and identification of new targets for intervention in patients. There are currently many induced animal models of human respiratory disease available for study, and even though they mimic features of human disease, discoveries in these models have not always translated into safe and effective treatments in humans. A major obstacle relates to the genetic, anatomical, and functional variations amongst species, which represents the major challenge to overcome when searching for appropriate models of respiratory disease. Nevertheless, rodents, in particular mice, have become the most common species used for experimentation, due to their relatively low cost, size, and adequate understanding of murine genetics, among other advantages. Less well known is the fact that domestic animals also suffer from respiratory illnesses similar to those found in humans. Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis are among the many disorders occurring naturally in dogs, cats, and horses, among other species. These models might better resemble the human condition and are emphasized here, but further investigations are needed to determine their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center and Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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38
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Brandenberger C, Ochs M, Mühlfeld C. Assessing particle and fiber toxicology in the respiratory system: the stereology toolbox. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:35. [PMID: 26521139 PMCID: PMC4628359 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhalation of airborne particles can lead to pathological changes in the respiratory tract. For this reason, toxicology studies on effects of inhalable particles and fibers often include an assessment of histopathological alterations in the upper respiratory tract, the trachea and/or the lungs. Conventional pathological evaluations are usually performed by scoring histological lesions in order to obtain "quantitative" information and an estimation of the severity of the lesion. This approach not only comprises a potential subjective bias, depending on the examiner's judgment, but also conveys the risk that mild alterations escape the investigator's eye. The most accurate way of obtaining unbiased quantitative information about three-dimensional (3D) features of tissues, cells, or organelles from two-dimensional physical or optical sections is by means of stereology, the gold standard of image-based morphometry. Nevertheless, it can be challenging to express histopathological changes by morphometric parameters such as volume, surface, length or number only. In this review we therefore provide an overview on different histopathological lesions in the respiratory tract associated with particle and fiber toxicology and on how to apply stereological methods in order to correctly quantify and interpret histological lesions in the respiratory tract. The article further aims at pointing out common pitfalls in quantitative histopathology and at providing some suggestions on how respiratory toxicology can be improved by stereology. Thus, we hope that this article will stimulate scientists in particle and fiber toxicology research to implement stereological techniques in their studies, thereby promoting an unbiased 3D assessment of pathological lesions associated with particle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH (From Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy), Hannover, Germany.
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
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Back H, Ullman K, Leijon M, Söderlund R, Penell J, Ståhl K, Pringle J, Valarcher JF. Genetic variation and dynamics of infections of equid herpesvirus 5 in individual horses. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:169-178. [PMID: 26518010 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) is related to the human Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4) and has frequently been observed in equine populations worldwide. EHV-5 was previously assumed to be low to non-pathogenic; however, studies have also related the virus to the severe lung disease equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Genetic information of EHV-5 is scanty: the whole genome was recently described and only limited nucleotide sequences are available. In this study, samples were taken twice 1 year apart from eight healthy horses at the same professional training yard and samples from a ninth horse that was diagnosed with EMPF with samples taken pre- and post-mortem to analyse partial glycoprotein B (gB) gene of EHV-5 by using next-generation sequencing. The analysis resulted in 27 partial gB gene sequences, 11 unique sequence types and five amino acid sequences. These sequences could be classified within four genotypes (I-IV) of the EHV-5 gB gene based on the degree of similarity of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, and in this work horses were shown to be identified with up to three different genotypes simultaneously. The observations showed a range of interactions between EHV-5 and the host over time, where the same virus persists in some horses, whereas others have a more dynamic infection pattern including strains from different genotypes. This study provides insight into the genetic variation and dynamics of EHV-5, and highlights that further work is needed to understand the EHV-5 interaction with its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Back
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Ullman
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Söderlund
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Penell
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Karl Ståhl
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Pringle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Gillet L, Frederico B, Stevenson PG. Host entry by gamma-herpesviruses--lessons from animal viruses? Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:34-40. [PMID: 26246389 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenicity of gamma-herpesviruses (γHVs) motivates efforts to control them and their persistence makes early events key targets for intervention. Human γHVs are often assumed to enter naive hosts orally and infect B cells directly. However, neither assumption is supported by direct evidence, and vaccination with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350, to block virion binding to B cells, failed to reduce infection rates. Thus, there is a need to re-evaluate assumptions about γHV host entry. Given the difficulty of analysing early human infections, potentially much can be learned from animal models. Genomic comparisons argue that γHVs colonized mammals long before humans speciation, and so that human γHVs are unlikely to differ dramatically in behaviour from those of other mammals. Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), which like EBV and the Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) persists in memory B cells, enters new hosts via olfactory neurons and exploits myeloid cells to spread. Integrating these data with existing knowledge of human and veterinary γHVs suggests a new model of host entry, with potentially important implications for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gillet
- Immunology/Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Frederico
- Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland and Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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41
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Abstract
Interstitial pneumonias encompass a wide variety of acute and chronic respiratory diseases and include the specific diseases equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis and acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress. These diseases have been diagnosed in all age groups of horses, and numerous agents have been identified as potential causes of interstitial pneumonia. Despite the varied causes, interstitial pneumonia is uniformly recognized by the severity of respiratory disease and often poor clinical outcome. This article reviews the causal agents that have been associated with the development of interstitial pneumonia in horses. Pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Wilkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kara M Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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42
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Marenzoni ML, Stefanetti V, Danzetta ML, Timoney PJ. Gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:91-101. [PMID: 30155436 PMCID: PMC6065615 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s39473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the first equine gammaherpesvirus was identified over 50 years ago, the isolation and characterization of other members of this virus group has been relatively recent. Even so, numerous clinical syndromes have been identified in equid species in association with these viruses. Equid gammaherpesviruses are a genetically heterogeneous viral subfamily, the function of which in host immune modulation and disease pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. While they share similarities with gammaherpesviruses in humans, the role they play in their relationship with the host is the subject of continued interest and research. Their widespread presence in horses and other equid species provides a considerable challenge in linking them with particular clinical and pathological conditions and in defining their significance from a diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoint. The present review provides an update on the taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical syndromes, especially respiratory, reported in association with gammaherpesvirus infection in horses, donkeys, and other equid species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Joseph Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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43
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Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on Viral Diseases of the Equine Respiratory Tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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44
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Abstract
We resequenced the genome of equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV2) strain 86/67 and sequenced the genomes of EHV2 strain G9/92 and equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV5) strain 2-141/67. The most prominent genetic differences are the dissimilar locations of the interleukin-10 (IL-10)-like genes and the presence of an OX-2-like gene in EHV5 only.
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45
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Marenzoni ML, Sforna M, Stefanetti V, Casagrande Proietti P, Brignone L, Del Sero A, Falcioni F, Orvieto S, Tamantini C, Tiburzi A, Valentini S, Coletti M, Timoney PJ, Passamonti F. Detection of Equid herpesvirus type 2 and 5 DNA in uterine flushings of mares with reproductive disorders. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:570-576. [PMID: 25455084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the potential pathogenic significance of equine gammaherpesviruses in the horse. In humans, cattle and mice, gammaherpesviruses have already been associated with uterine infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gammaherpesviruses in uterine flushings of mares with reproductive problems and to evaluate if there was a possible statistical association with clinical and laboratory findings in these cases. A total of 80 uterine flushings were collected from 61 mares with different reproductive problems and these were tested for equine herpesviruses (EHV) 1-5 by PCR. In the case of each mare in the study, the age, history of infertility, presence of anatomical defects in the reproductive tract, presence of systemic or local disease at time of sampling, phase in the oestrous cycle, post-partum interval, nature of uterine lavage performed (low versus large volume lavage), cytological and bacteriological examination results from the uterine flushing, and PCR herpesvirus results were recorded. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify possible statistical associations and risk factors. Nine out of 61 mares (14.7%) had EHV-5 DNA in their uterine flushings. Co-infections with EHV-1 and EHV-2 were present in two cases. Of all the variables analyzed, only the cytological examination findings were associated with EHV-5 PCR positive results, both on univariate and multivariable analysis, especially in cases with an inflammation score of 3. It is postulated that presence of EHV-5 infection in the non-pregnant uterus may have a role to play in reproductive dysfunction and have a negative consequence on the pregnant uterus. Additional studies involving both healthy mares and mares with reproductive problems need to be performed, however, to elucidate whatever role equine gammaherpesviruses may play in the reproductive tract. This would be very worthwhile, since reproductive problems can have a significant impact on the equine breeding industry. Gaining a greater understanding of its causes could lead to new approaches for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Brignone
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Sero
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcioni
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Orvieto
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tamantini
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tiburzi
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Valentini
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, United States
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Abstract
Progressive lung fibrosis in humans, typified by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in people. Similar diseases have been described in dogs, cats, and horses. The cause and pathogenesis of such diseases in all species is poorly understood. There is growing evidence in human medicine that IPF is a manifestation of abnormal wound repair in response to epithelial injury. Because viruses can contribute to epithelial injury, there is increasing interest in a possible role of viruses, particularly gammaherpesviruses, in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. This review provides background information on progressive fibrosing lung disease in human and veterinary medicine and summarizes the evidence for an association between gammaherpesvirus infection and pulmonary fibrosis, especially Epstein-Barr virus in human pulmonary fibrosis, and equine herpesvirus 5 in equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Data derived from experimental lung infection in mice with the gammaherpesvirus murine herpesvirus are presented, emphasizing the host and viral factors that may contribute to lung fibrosis. The experimental data are considered in the context of the pathogenesis of naturally occurring pulmonary fibrosis in humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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47
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An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Comparative Pathobiology of Fibrosing Lung Disorders in Humans and Domestic Animals. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10:S224-9. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201309-321st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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