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Panela RA, Copelli F, Herrmann B. Reliability and generalizability of neural speech tracking in younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 134:165-180. [PMID: 38103477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Neural tracking of spoken speech is considered a potential clinical biomarker for speech-processing difficulties, but the reliability of neural speech tracking is unclear. Here, younger and older adults listened to stories in two sessions while electroencephalography was recorded to investigate the reliability and generalizability of neural speech tracking. Speech tracking amplitude was larger for older than younger adults, consistent with an age-related loss of inhibition. The reliability of neural speech tracking was moderate (ICC ∼0.5-0.75) and tended to be higher for older adults. However, reliability was lower for speech tracking than for neural responses to noise bursts (ICC >0.8), which we used as a benchmark for maximum reliability. Neural speech tracking generalized moderately across different stories (ICC ∼0.5-0.6), which appeared greatest for audiobook-like stories spoken by the same person. Hence, a variety of stories could possibly be used for clinical assessments. Overall, the current data are important for developing a biomarker of speech processing but suggest that further work is needed to increase the reliability to meet clinical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Panela
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, M6A 2E1 North York, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, M5S 1A1 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Francesca Copelli
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, M6A 2E1 North York, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, M5S 1A1 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Björn Herrmann
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Academy for Research and Education, M6A 2E1 North York, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, M5S 1A1 Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Pirzad Jahromi G, Gharaati Sotoudeh H, Mostafaie R, Khaleghi A. Auditory Steady-State Evoked Potentials in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Introduction of a Potential Biomarker. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2024; 19:238-246. [PMID: 38686307 PMCID: PMC11055967 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v19i2.15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The lack of steady-state evoked potential (SSEP) studies on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has led to undiscovered useful information about the pathophysiology of the disorder. Thus, we explored SSEP patterns in PTSD patients during a stop-signal task to disclose possible impairments in these informative brain potentials. Method : 25 adult patients with PTSD and 25 healthy adults participated in this research. Subjects were assessed with electroencephalography while the tone signal stimuli at 40 Hz were used to evoke SSEPs and subjects performed a stop-signal task. The amplitude and phase of SSEPs were then computed in different brain regions. The subjects were also evaluated using the Mississippi PTSD questionnaire. Appropriate statistical methods such as repeated measure ANOVA were used to compare the two groups, and the correlation between SSEPs and clinical symptoms was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Patients showed considerably poorer performance in the cognitive task (P < 0.01), accompanied by raised SSEP phase and amplitude in the anterior and midline regions compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). The Mississippi total score was positively correlated with the SSEP amplitude in the midline region (r = 0.62, P < 0.05). Furthermore, based on ROC analysis, the SSEP amplitude in the midline region provided an excellent AUC value (AUC = 0.850) for distinguishing patients with PTSD from normal subjects. Conclusion: Current findings suggest that abnormalities in the anterior and midline cortical neural networks are involved in the pathophysiology of PTSD. Importantly, midline abnormalities may provide a clinically-relevant measure for researchers wishing to assess the use of biomarkers for early diagnosis of PTSD as well as to evaluate new therapeutic and management approaches in the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Gharaati Sotoudeh
- Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Romina Mostafaie
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Aknoon Institute of Psychology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychology, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran
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3
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Kumar N, Jaiswal A, Roy D, Banerjee A. Effective networks mediate right hemispheric dominance of human 40 Hz auditory steady-state response. Neuropsychologia 2023; 184:108559. [PMID: 37040848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are induced from the brainstem to the neocortex when humans hear periodic amplitude-modulated tonal signals. ASSRs have been argued to be a key marker of auditory temporal processing and pathological reorganization of ASSR - a biomarker of neurodegenerative disorders. However, most of the earlier studies reporting the neural basis of ASSRs were focused on looking at individual brain regions. Here, we seek to characterize the large-scale directed information flow among cortical sources of ASSR entrained by 40 Hz external signals. Entrained brain rhythms with power peaking at 40 Hz were generated using both monaural and binaural tonal stimulation. First, we confirm the presence of ASSRs and their well-known right hemispheric dominance during binaural and both monaural conditions. Thereafter, reconstruction of source activity employing individual anatomy of the participant and subsequent network analysis revealed that while the sources are common among different stimulation conditions, differential levels of source activation and differential patterns of directed information flow using Granger causality among sources underlie processing of binaurally and monaurally presented tones. Particularly, we show bidirectional interactions involving the right superior temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus underlie right hemispheric dominance of 40 Hz ASSR during both monaural and binaural conditions. On the other hand, for monaural conditions, the strength of inter-hemispheric flow from left primary auditory areas to right superior temporal areas followed a pattern that comply with the generally observed contralateral dominance of sensory signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122052, India.
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122052, India
| | - Dipanjan Roy
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122052, India
| | - Arpan Banerjee
- Cognitive Brain Dynamics Lab, National Brain Research Centre, NH 8, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122052, India.
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4
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Han C, Zhao X, Li M, Haihambo N, Teng J, Li S, Qiu J, Feng X, Gao M. Enhancement of the neural response during 40 Hz auditory entrainment in closed-eye state in human prefrontal region. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:399-410. [PMID: 37007205 PMCID: PMC10050539 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-band activity was thought to be related to several high-level cognitive functions, and Gamma ENtrainment Using Sensory stimulation (GENUS, 40 Hz sensory combined visual and auditory stimulation) was found to have positive effects on patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Other studies found, however, that neural responses induced by single 40 Hz auditory stimulation were relatively weak. To address this, we included several new experimental conditions (sounds with sinusoidal or square wave; open-eye and closed-eye state) combined with auditory stimulation with the aim of investigating which of these induces a stronger 40 Hz neural response. We found that when participant´s eyes were closed, sounds with 40 Hz sinusoidal wave induced the strongest 40 Hz neural response in the prefrontal region compared to responses in other conditions. More interestingly, we also found there is a suppression of alpha rhythms with 40 Hz square wave sounds. Our results provide potential new methods when using auditory entrainment, which may result in a better effect in preventing cerebral atrophy and improving cognitive performance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-022-09834-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Han
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Modulation and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen–Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Xixi Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Meijia Li
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naem Haihambo
- Faculty of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jiayi Teng
- WM Therapeutics Ltd, Beijing, 100013 China
- School of Psychology, Philosophy and Language Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Sixiao Li
- WM Therapeutics Ltd, Beijing, 100013 China
- School of Music, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultures, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Jinyi Qiu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michel Gao
- WM Therapeutics Ltd, Beijing, 100013 China
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Mockevičius A, Yokota Y, Tarailis P, Hasegawa H, Naruse Y, Griškova-Bulanova I. Extraction of Individual EEG Gamma Frequencies from the Responses to Click-Based Chirp-Modulated Sounds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23052826. [PMID: 36905030 PMCID: PMC10007152 DOI: 10.3390/s23052826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Activity in the gamma range is related to many sensory and cognitive processes that are impaired in neuropsychiatric conditions. Therefore, individualized measures of gamma-band activity are considered to be potential markers that reflect the state of networks within the brain. Relatively little has been studied in respect of the individual gamma frequency (IGF) parameter. The methodology for determining the IGF is not well established. In the present work, we tested the extraction of IGFs from electroencephalogram (EEG) data in two datasets where subjects received auditory stimulation consisting of clicks with varying inter-click periods, covering a 30-60 Hz range: in 80 young subjects EEG was recorded with 64 gel-based electrodes; in 33 young subjects, EEG was recorded using three active dry electrodes. IGFs were extracted from either fifteen or three electrodes in frontocentral regions by estimating the individual-specific frequency that most consistently exhibited high phase locking during the stimulation. The method showed overall high reliability of extracted IGFs for all extraction approaches; however, averaging over channels resulted in somewhat higher reliability scores. This work demonstrates that the estimation of individual gamma frequency is possible using a limited number of both the gel and dry electrodes from responses to click-based chirp-modulated sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Mockevičius
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Yusuke Yokota
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Saka University, Kobe 651-2492, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Povilas Tarailis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hatsunori Hasegawa
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Saka University, Kobe 651-2492, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Naruse
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Saka University, Kobe 651-2492, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Inga Griškova-Bulanova
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Arutiunian V, Arcara G, Buyanova I, Davydova E, Pereverzeva D, Sorokin A, Tyushkevich S, Mamokhina U, Danilina K, Dragoy O. Neuromagnetic 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response in the left auditory cortex is related to language comprehension in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110690. [PMID: 36470421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Language impairment is comorbid in most children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but its neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. Some studies hypothesize that the atypical low-level sensory perception in the auditory cortex accounts for the abnormal language development in these children. One of the potential non-invasive measures of such low-level perception can be the cortical gamma-band oscillations registered with magnetoencephalography (MEG), and 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response (40 Hz ASSR) is a reliable paradigm for eliciting auditory gamma response. Although there is research in children with and without ASD using 40 Hz ASSR, nothing is known about the relationship between this auditory response in children with ASD and their language abilities measured directly in formal assessment. In the present study, we used MEG and individual brain models to investigate 40 Hz ASSR in primary-school-aged children with and without ASD. It was also used to assess how the strength of the auditory response is related to language abilities of children with ASD, their non-verbal IQ, and social functioning. A total of 40 children were included in the study. The results demonstrated that 40 Hz ASSR was reduced in the right auditory cortex in children with ASD when comparing them to typically developing controls. Importantly, our study provides the first evidence of the association between 40 Hz ASSR in the language-dominant left auditory cortex and language comprehension in children with ASD. This link was domain-specific because the other brain-behavior correlations were non-significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Buyanova
- Center for Language and Brain, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Davydova
- Federal Resource Center for ASD, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia; Chair of Differential Psychology and Psychophysiology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya Pereverzeva
- Federal Resource Center for ASD, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Sorokin
- Federal Resource Center for ASD, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Tyushkevich
- Federal Resource Center for ASD, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Uliana Mamokhina
- Federal Resource Center for ASD, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamilla Danilina
- Federal Resource Center for ASD, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Dragoy
- Center for Language and Brain, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Liu Y, Liu S, Tang C, Tang K, Liu D, Chen M, Mao Z, Xia X. Transcranial alternating current stimulation combined with sound stimulation improves cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1068175. [PMID: 36698862 PMCID: PMC9869764 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1068175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide is increasing yearly, but the existing treatment methods have poor efficacy. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a new treatment for AD, but the offline effect of tACS is insufficient. To prolong the offline effect, we designed to combine tACS with sound stimulation to maintain the long-term post-effect. Materials and methods To explore the safety and effectiveness of tACS combined with sound stimulation and its impact on the cognition of AD patients. This trial will recruit 87 patients with mild to moderate AD. All patients were randomly divided into three groups. The change in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) scores from the day before treatment to the end of treatment and 3 months after treatment was used as the main evaluation index. We will also explore the changes in the brain structural network, functional network, and metabolic network of AD patients in each group after treatment. Discussion We hope to conclude that tACS combined with sound stimulation is safe and tolerable in 87 patients with mild to moderate AD under three standardized treatment regimens. Compared with tACS alone or sound alone, the combination group had a significant long-term effect on cognitive improvement. To screen out a better treatment plan for AD patients. tACS combined with sound stimulation is a previously unexplored, non-invasive joint intervention to improve patients' cognitive status. This study may also identify the potential mechanism of tACS combined with sound stimulation in treating mild to moderate AD patients. Clinical Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05251649. Registered on February 22, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | | | - Can Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Keke Tang
- Guangzhou Kangzhi Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Liu
- Guangzhou Kangzhi Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Meilian Chen
- Guangzhou Kangzhi Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqi Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhiqi Mao, ; Xuewei Xia,
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China,*Correspondence: Zhiqi Mao, ; Xuewei Xia,
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8
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hou P, Dong G, Shi L, Li W, Wei R, Li X. Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2023; 792:136960. [PMID: 36372094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been widely studied for its ability to regulate motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions. Given the unique frequency specificity of tACS, it is expected to directly target rhythmic activity in the typical electroencephalogram (EEG) range. After tACS stimulation, changes in stimulation-induced and evoked activities can be inspected. Detecting changes in auditory evoked activity after different frequencies of tACS stimulation will be helpful for further revealing the influence of tACS on the excitation/inhibition of γ activity in the auditory cortex. Using a randomized repeated measures design, this study assessed the effects of alpha(α)-tACS and gamma(γ)-tACS on the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) in 11 normal-hearing participants. Participants attended four sessions held at least one week apart, receiving tACS or sham treatment. The results indicated that α-tACS had an inhibitory effect on 40-Hz ASSR compared to both γ-tACS and sham tACS, which occurred 30 min after stimulation. Taken together, these findings contribute to the understanding of tACS-induced excitability changes in the human auditory cortex, helping reveal the neurophysiological changes after tACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering Tianjin University, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Peiyun Hou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Gaoyuan Dong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Limeng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Detection of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response with optically pumped magnetometers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17993. [PMID: 36289267 PMCID: PMC9606299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique that noninvasively detects the brain magnetic field from neuronal activations. Conventional MEG measures brain signals using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). SQUID-MEG requires a cryogenic environment involving a bulky non-magnetic Dewar flask and the consumption of liquid helium, which restricts the variability of the sensor array and the gap between the cortical sources and sensors. Recently, miniature optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have been developed and commercialized. OPMs do not require cryogenic cooling and can be placed within millimeters from the scalp. In the present study, we arranged six OPM sensors on the temporal area to detect auditory-related brain responses in a two-layer magnetically shielded room. We presented the auditory stimuli of 1 kHz pure-tone bursts with 200 ms duration and obtained the M50 and M100 components of auditory-evoked fields. We delivered the periodic stimuli with a 40 Hz repetition rate and observed the gamma-band power changes and inter-trial phase coherence of auditory steady-state responses at 40 Hz. We found that the OPM sensors have a performance comparable to that of conventional SQUID-MEG sensors, and our results suggest the feasibility of using OPM sensors for functional neuroimaging and brain-computer interface applications.
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Viktorin V, Griškova-Bulanova I, Voicikas A, Dojčánová D, Zach P, Bravermanová A, Andrashko V, Tylš F, Korčák J, Viktorinová M, Koudelka V, Hájková K, Kuchař M, Horáček J, Brunovský M, Páleníček T. Psilocybin—Mediated Attenuation of Gamma Band Auditory Steady-State Responses (ASSR) Is Driven by the Intensity of Cognitive and Emotional Domains of Psychedelic Experience. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12061004. [PMID: 35743788 PMCID: PMC9225116 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psilocybin is a classical serotoninergic psychedelic that induces cognitive disruptions similar to psychosis. Gamma activity is affected in psychosis and is tightly related to cognitive processing. The 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are frequently used as indicators to test the ability to generate gamma activity. Based on previous literature, we studied the impact of psilocybin on 40 Hz ASSR in healthy volunteers. The study was double blind and placebo controlled with a crossover design. A sample of 20 healthy subjects (10M/10F) received psilocybin orally 0.26 mg/kg or placebo. Participants were measured four times in total, one time before ingestion of psilocybin/placebo and one time after ingestion, during the peak of intoxication. A series of 500 ms click trains were used for stimulation. Psilocybin induced a psychedelic effect and decreased 40 Hz ASSR phase-locking index compared to placebo. The extent of the attenuation was related to Cognition and Affect on the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. The current study shows that psilocybin lowers the synchronization level and the amplitude of 40 Hz auditory steady-state responses, which yields further support for the role of gamma oscillations in cognitive processing and its disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Viktorin
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Inga Griškova-Bulanova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Saulėtekio Ave, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (I.G.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Aleksandras Voicikas
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 7 Saulėtekio Ave, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Dominika Dojčánová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Zach
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Bravermanová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Andrashko
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Tylš
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Korčák
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michaela Viktorinová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Koudelka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Brunovský
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; (V.V.); (D.D.); (P.Z.); (A.B.); (V.A.); (F.T.); (J.K.); (M.V.); (V.K.); (J.H.); (M.B.)
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 2411, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.G.-B.); (T.P.)
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11
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Yokoyama H, Kitajo K. Detecting changes in dynamical structures in synchronous neural oscillations using probabilistic inference. Neuroimage 2022; 252:119052. [PMID: 35247547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroscience studies have suggested that cognitive functions and learning capacity are reflected in the time-evolving dynamics of brain networks. However, an efficient method to detect changes in dynamical brain structures using neural data has yet to be established. To address this issue, we developed a new model-based approach to detect change points in dynamical network structures by combining the model-based network estimation with a phase-coupled oscillator model and sequential Bayesian inference. By giving the model parameter as the prior distribution, applying Bayesian inference allows the extent of temporal changes in dynamic brain networks to be quantified by comparing the prior distribution with the posterior distribution using information theoretical criteria. For this, we used the Kullback-Leibler divergence as an index of such changes. To validate our method, we applied it to numerical data and electroencephalography data. As a result, we confirmed that the Kullback-Leibler divergence only increased when changes in dynamical network structures occurred. Our proposed method successfully estimated both directed network couplings and change points of dynamical structures in the numerical and electroencephalography data. These results suggest that our proposed method can reveal the neural basis of dynamic brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Division of Neural Dynamics, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Kitajo
- Division of Neural Dynamics, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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12
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Jiao X, Hu Q, Tang Y, Qian Z, Tong S, Wang J, Sun J. Test-retest reliability of mismatch negativity and gamma-band auditory steady-state response in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 240:165-174. [PMID: 35030446 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show widespread impairments in clinical, cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and gamma-band auditory steady-state response (ASSR) are two neurophysiological biomarkers widely used to inform diagnosis, guide treatments and track response to interventions in schizophrenia. However, evidence for the test-retest reliability of these indices across multiple sessions in schizophrenia patients remains scarce. In the present study, we included 34 schizophrenia patients (17 females) and obtained duration MMN (dMMN), frequency MMN (fMMN) and 40-Hz ASSR data across three sessions with intervals of 2 days. Event-related spectrum perturbation (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC) were calculated following Morlet wavelet time-frequency decomposition of ASSR data. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to quantify the reliability of MMN and ASSR measures among the three sessions. We found fair to good reliability for dMMN amplitudes but poor reliability for fMMN amplitudes. For the ASSR measures, ERSP showed good to excellent test-retest reliability while ITC had poor to fair test-retest reliability. In addition, the average of dMMN amplitudes was significantly correlated with that of ERSP across the three sessions. In summary, we established for the first time the short-term test-retest reliability of MMN and ASSR measures in schizophrenia patients. These findings demonstrate that dMMN amplitudes and ERSP of ASSR are reliable indices which may be used in longitudinal observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Jiao
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhenying Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shanbao Tong
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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13
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Kumar WS, Manikandan K, Murty DVPS, Ramesh RG, Purokayastha S, Javali M, Rao NP, Ray S. Stimulus-induced narrowband gamma oscillations are test–retest reliable in human EEG. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgab066. [PMID: 35088052 PMCID: PMC8790174 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual stimulus-induced gamma oscillations in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings have been recently shown to be compromised in subjects with preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), suggesting that gamma could be an inexpensive biomarker for AD diagnosis provided its characteristics remain consistent across multiple recordings. Previous magnetoencephalography studies in young subjects have reported consistent gamma power over recordings separated by a few weeks to months. Here, we assessed the consistency of stimulus-induced slow (20–35 Hz) and fast gamma (36–66 Hz) oscillations in subjects (n = 40) (age: 50–88 years) in EEG recordings separated by a year, and tested the consistency in the magnitude of gamma power, its temporal evolution and spectral profile. Gamma had distinct spectral/temporal characteristics across subjects, which remained consistent across recordings (average intraclass correlation of ~0.7). Alpha (8–12 Hz) and steady-state-visually evoked-potentials were also reliable. We further tested how EEG features can be used to identify 2 recordings as belonging to the same versus different subjects and found high classifier performance (AUC of ~0.89), with temporal evolution of slow gamma and spectral profile being most informative. These results suggest that EEG gamma oscillations are reliable across sessions separated over long durations and can also be a potential tool for subject identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simran Purokayastha
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 560012
| | - Mahendra Javali
- MS Ramaiah Medical College & Memorial Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Supratim Ray
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 560012
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14
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Metzner C, Steuber V. The beta component of gamma-band auditory steady-state responses in patients with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20387. [PMID: 34650135 PMCID: PMC8516862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying circuit dysfunctions in schizophrenia (SCZ) remain poorly understood. Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs), especially in the gamma and beta band, have been suggested as a potential biomarker for SCZ. While the reduction of 40 Hz power for 40 Hz drive has been well established and replicated in SCZ patients, studies are inconclusive when it comes to an increase in 20 Hz power during 40 Hz drive. There might be several factors explaining the inconsistencies, including differences in the sensitivity of the recording modality (EEG vs MEG), differences in stimuli (click-trains vs amplitude-modulated tones) and large differences in the amplitude of the stimuli. Here, we used a computational model of ASSR deficits in SCZ and explored the effect of three SCZ-associated microcircuit alterations: reduced GABA activity, increased GABA decay times and NMDA receptor hypofunction. We investigated the effect of input strength on gamma (40 Hz) and beta (20 Hz) band power during gamma ASSR stimulation and saw that the pronounced increase in beta power during gamma stimulation seen experimentally could only be reproduced in the model when GABA decay times were increased and only for a specific range of input strengths. More specifically, when the input was in this specific range, the rhythmic drive at 40 Hz produced a strong 40 Hz rhythm in the control network; however, in the 'SCZ-like' network, the prolonged inhibition led to a so-called 'beat-skipping', where the network would only strongly respond to every other input. This mechanism was responsible for the emergence of the pronounced 20 Hz beta peak in the power spectrum. The other two microcircuit alterations were not able to produce a substantial 20 Hz component but they further narrowed the input strength range for which the network produced a beta component when combined with increased GABAergic decay times. Our finding that the beta component only existed for a specific range of input strengths might explain the seemingly inconsistent reporting in experimental studies and suggests that future ASSR studies should systematically explore different amplitudes of their stimuli. Furthermore, we provide a mechanistic link between a microcircuit alteration and an electrophysiological marker in schizophrenia and argue that more complex ASSR stimuli are needed to disentangle the nonlinear interactions of microcircuit alterations. The computational modelling approach put forward here is ideally suited to facilitate the development of such stimuli in a theory-based fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Metzner
- Neural Information Processing Group, Institute of Software Engineering and Theoretical Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Volker Steuber
- School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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15
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Raza MU, Sivarao DV. Test-retest reliability of tone- and 40 Hz train-evoked gamma oscillations in female rats and their sensitivity to low-dose NMDA channel blockade. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2325-2334. [PMID: 33944972 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia patients consistently show deficits in sensory-evoked broadband gamma oscillations and click-evoked entrainment at 40 Hz, called the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Since such evoked oscillations depend on cortical N-methyl D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-mediated network activity, they can serve as pharmacodynamic biomarkers in the preclinical and clinical development of drug candidates engaging these circuits. However, there are few test-retest reliability data in preclinical species, a prerequisite for within-subject testing paradigms. OBJECTIVE We investigated the long-term psychometric stability of these measures in a rodent model. METHODS Female rats with chronic epidural implants were used to record tone- and 40 Hz click-evoked responses at multiple time points and across six sessions, spread over 3 weeks. We assessed reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Separately, we used mixed-effects ANOVA to examine time and session effects. Individual subject variability was determined using the coefficient of variation (CV). Lastly, to illustrate the importance of long-term measure stability for within-subject testing design, we used low to moderate doses of an NMDA antagonist MK801 (0.025-0.15 mg/kg) to disrupt the evoked response. RESULTS We found that 40-Hz ASSR showed good reliability (ICC=0.60-0.75), while the reliability of tone-evoked gamma ranged from poor to good (0.33-0.67). We noted time but no session effects. Subjects showed a lower variance for ASSR over tone-evoked gamma. Both measures were dose-dependently attenuated by NMDA antagonism. CONCLUSION Overall, while both evoked gamma measures use NMDA transmission, 40-Hz ASSR showed superior psychometric properties of higher ICC and lower CV, relative to tone-evoked gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ummear Raza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, VA Building 7, Room 324, Maple Ave, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA
| | - Digavalli V Sivarao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, VA Building 7, Room 324, Maple Ave, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA.
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Test-Retest Variability in the Characteristics of Envelope Following Responses Evoked by Speech Stimuli. Ear Hear 2021; 41:150-164. [PMID: 31136317 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to evaluate the between-session test-retest variability in the characteristics of envelope following responses (EFRs) evoked by modified natural speech stimuli in young normal hearing adults. DESIGN EFRs from 22 adults were recorded in two sessions, 1 to 12 days apart. EFRs were evoked by the token /susa∫ i/ (2.05 sec) presented at 65 dB SPL and recorded from the vertex referenced to the neck. The token /susa∫ i/, spoken by a male with an average fundamental frequency [f0] of 98.53 Hz, was of interest because of its potential utility as an objective hearing aid outcome measure. Each vowel was modified to elicit two EFRs simultaneously by lowering the f0 in the first formant while maintaining the original f0 in the higher formants. Fricatives were amplitude-modulated at 93.02 Hz and elicited one EFR each. EFRs evoked by vowels and fricatives were estimated using Fourier analyzer and discrete Fourier transform, respectively. Detection of EFRs was determined by an F-test. Test-retest variability in EFR amplitude and phase coherence were quantified using correlation, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and the repeatability coefficient. The repeatability coefficient, computed as twice the standard deviation (SD) of test-retest differences, represents the ±95% limits of test-retest variation around the mean difference. Test-retest variability of EFR amplitude and phase coherence were compared using the coefficient of variation, a normalized metric, which represents the ratio of the SD of repeat measurements to its mean. Consistency in EFR detection outcomes was assessed using the test of proportions. RESULTS EFR amplitude and phase coherence did not vary significantly between sessions, and were significantly correlated across repeat measurements. The repeatability coefficient for EFR amplitude ranged from 38.5 nV to 45.6 nV for all stimuli, except for /∫/ (71.6 nV). For any given stimulus, the test-retest differences in EFR amplitude of individual participants were not correlated with their test-retest differences in noise amplitude. However, across stimuli, higher repeatability coefficients of EFR amplitude tended to occur when the group mean noise amplitude and the repeatability coefficient of noise amplitude were higher. The test-retest variability of phase coherence was comparable to that of EFR amplitude in terms of the coefficient of variation, and the repeatability coefficient varied from 0.1 to 0.2, with the highest value of 0.2 for /∫/. Mismatches in EFR detection outcomes occurred in 11 of 176 measurements. For each stimulus, the tests of proportions revealed a significantly higher proportion of matched detection outcomes compared to mismatches. CONCLUSIONS Speech-evoked EFRs demonstrated reasonable repeatability across sessions. Of the eight stimuli, the shortest stimulus /∫/ demonstrated the largest variability in EFR amplitude and phase coherence. The test-retest variability in EFR amplitude could not be explained by test-retest differences in noise amplitude for any of the stimuli. This lack of explanation argues for other sources of variability, one possibility being the modulation of cortical contributions imposed on brainstem-generated EFRs.
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Yagura H, Tanaka H, Kinoshita T, Watanabe H, Motomura S, Sudoh K, Nakamura S. Selective Attention Measurement of Experienced Simultaneous Interpreters Using EEG Phase-Locked Response. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:581525. [PMID: 34163336 PMCID: PMC8215497 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.581525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantified the electroencephalogram signals associated with the selective attention processing of experienced simultaneous interpreters and calculated the phase-locked responses evoked by a 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (40-Hz ASSR) and the values of robust inter-trial coherence (ITC) for environmental changes. Since we assumed that an interpreter's attention ability improves with an increase in the number of years of experience of simultaneous interpretation, we divided the participants into two groups based on their simultaneous interpretation experience: experts with more than 15 years of experience (E group; n = 7) and beginners with <1 year (B group; n = 15). We also compared two conditions: simultaneous interpretation (SI) and shadowing (SH). We found a significant interaction in the ITC between years of SI experience (E and B groups) and tasks (SI and SH). This result demonstrates that the number of years of SI experience influences selective attention during interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Yagura
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Taiki Kinoshita
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Shunnosuke Motomura
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Sudoh
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Division of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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18
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Gamma power abnormalities in a Fmr1-targeted transgenic rat model of fragile X syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18799. [PMID: 33139785 PMCID: PMC7608556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characteristically displayed intellectual disability, hyperactivity, anxiety, and abnormal sensory processing. Electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities are also observed in subjects with FXS, with many researchers paying attention to these as biomarkers. Despite intensive preclinical research using Fmr1 knock out (KO) mice, an effective treatment for FXS has yet to be developed. Here, we examined Fmr1-targeted transgenic rats (Fmr1-KO rats) as an alternative preclinical model of FXS. We characterized the EEG phenotypes of Fmr1-KO rats by measuring basal EEG power and auditory steady state response (ASSR) to click trains of stimuli at a frequency of 10–80 Hz. Fmr1-KO rats exhibited reduced basal alpha power and enhanced gamma power, and these rats showed enhanced locomotor activity in novel environment. While ASSR clearly peaked at around 40 Hz, both inter-trial coherence (ITC) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) were significantly reduced at the gamma frequency band in Fmr1-KO rats. Fmr1-KO rats showed gamma power abnormalities and behavioral hyperactivity that were consistent with observations reported in mouse models and subjects with FXS. These results suggest that gamma power abnormalities are a translatable biomarker among species and demonstrate the utility of Fmr1-KO rats for investigating drugs for the treatment of FXS.
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19
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Seymour RA, Rippon G, Gooding-Williams G, Sowman PF, Kessler K. Reduced auditory steady state responses in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2020; 11:56. [PMID: 32611372 PMCID: PMC7329477 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) are elicited by clicktrains or amplitude-modulated tones, which entrain auditory cortex at their specific modulation rate. Previous research has reported reductions in ASSRs at 40 Hz for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) participants and first-degree relatives of people diagnosed with ASD (Mol Autism. 2011;2:11, Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:192-197). METHODS Using a 1.5 s-long auditory clicktrain stimulus, designed to elicit an ASSR at 40 Hz, this study attempted to replicate and extend these findings. Magnetencephalography (MEG) data were collected from 18 adolescent ASD participants and 18 typically developing controls. RESULTS The ASSR localised to bilateral primary auditory regions. Regions of interest were thus defined in left and right primary auditory cortex (A1). While the transient gamma-band response (tGBR) from 0-0.1 s following presentation of the clicktrain stimulus was not different between groups, for either left or right A1, the ASD group had reduced oscillatory power at 40 Hz from 0.5 to 1.5 s post-stimulus onset, for both left and right A1. Additionally, the ASD group had reduced inter-trial coherence (phase consistency over trials) at 40 Hz from 0.64-0.82 s for right A1 and 1.04-1.22 s for left A1. LIMITATIONS In this study, we did not conduct a clinical autism assessment (e.g. the ADOS), and therefore, it remains unclear whether ASSR power and/or ITC are associated with the clinical symptoms of ASD. CONCLUSION Overall, our results support a specific reduction in ASSR oscillatory power and inter-trial coherence in ASD, rather than a generalised deficit in gamma-band responses. We argue that this could reflect a developmentally relevant reduction in non-linear neural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Seymour
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - G Rippon
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - G Gooding-Williams
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - P F Sowman
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109, Australia
| | - K Kessler
- Aston Neuroscience Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Jones KT, Johnson EL, Tauxe ZS, Rojas DC. Modulation of auditory gamma-band responses using transcranial electrical stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2504-2514. [PMID: 32459551 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00003.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Auditory gamma-band (>30 Hz) activity is a biomarker of cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. We provide a comprehensive account of the effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on gamma responses. Forty-five healthy young adults listened to 40-Hz auditory click trains while electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected to measure stimulus-related gamma activity immediately before and after 10 min of 1 mA tACS (40 Hz), tDCS, or sham stimulation to left auditory cortex. tACS, but not tDCS, increased gamma power and phase locking to the auditory stimulus. However, both tACS and tDCS strengthened the gamma phase connectome, and effects persisted beyond the stimulus. Finally, tDCS strengthened the coupling of gamma activity to alpha oscillations after termination of the stimulus. No effects were observed in prestimulus gamma power, the gamma amplitude connectome, or any band-limited alpha measure. Whereas both stimulation techniques synchronize gamma responses between regions, tACS also tunes the magnitude and timing of gamma responses to the stimulus. Results reveal dissociable neurophysiological changes following tACS and tDCS and demonstrate that clinical biomarkers can be altered with noninvasive neurostimulation, especially frequency-tuned tACS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gamma frequency-tuned transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) adjusts the magnitude and timing of auditory gamma responses, as compared with both sham stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). However, both tACS and tDCS strengthen the gamma phase connectome, which is disrupted in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. These findings reveal dissociable neurophysiological changes following two noninvasive neurostimulation techniques commonly applied in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Jones
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Fort Collins, Colorado.,University of California-San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Neuroscape, San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth L Johnson
- University of California-Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, California.,Wayne State University, Institute of Gerontology, Life-Span Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zoe S Tauxe
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Fort Collins, Colorado.,University of California-San Diego, Department of Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Donald C Rojas
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Fort Collins, Colorado
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21
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Binaural summation of amplitude modulation involves weak interaural suppression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3560. [PMID: 32103139 PMCID: PMC7044261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain combines sounds from the two ears, but what is the algorithm used to achieve this summation of signals? Here we combine psychophysical amplitude modulation discrimination and steady-state electroencephalography (EEG) data to investigate the architecture of binaural combination for amplitude-modulated tones. Discrimination thresholds followed a ‘dipper’ shaped function of pedestal modulation depth, and were consistently lower for binaural than monaural presentation of modulated tones. The EEG responses were greater for binaural than monaural presentation of modulated tones, and when a masker was presented to one ear, it produced only weak suppression of the response to a signal presented to the other ear. Both data sets were well-fit by a computational model originally derived for visual signal combination, but with suppression between the two channels (ears) being much weaker than in binocular vision. We suggest that the distinct ecological constraints on vision and hearing can explain this difference, if it is assumed that the brain avoids over-representing sensory signals originating from a single object. These findings position our understanding of binaural summation in a broader context of work on sensory signal combination in the brain, and delineate the similarities and differences between vision and hearing.
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Nissen TD, Laursen B, Viardot G, l'Hostis P, Danjou P, Sluth LB, Gram M, Bastlund JF, Christensen SR, Drewes AM. Effects of Vortioxetine and Escitalopram on Electroencephalographic Recordings – A Randomized, Crossover Trial in Healthy Males. Neuroscience 2020; 424:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hirano Y, Nakamura I, Tamura S, Onitsuka T. Long-Term Test-Retest Reliability of Auditory Gamma Oscillations Between Different Clinical EEG Systems. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:876. [PMID: 32982810 PMCID: PMC7492637 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing interest in the utility of gamma-band activity for assessing various brain functions, including perception, language, memory, and cognition. The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) involves neural activity in the brain elicited by trains of a click sound, and its maximum response is obtained at 40 Hz (40-Hz ASSR). Abnormalities of the 40-Hz ASSR are also widely reported in patients with schizophrenia. Thus, the test-retest reliability of the ASSR is important for its clinical and translational application. However, there are only limited studies reporting the short-term reliability between acquisitions at two time points made using the same electroencephalogram (EEG) system. Furthermore, the long-term reliability between multiple EEG systems and the reliability of spontaneous gamma activity are unknown but are crucial for multicenter collaborative research. METHODS We examined the long-term test-retest reliability of 40-Hz ASSR oscillatory activities indexed by the phase locking factor (PLF), evoked power, and (non-phase-locked) induced power between two clinical 19-electrode EEG systems [recorded twice for EEG-1 (time1 and time2) and EEG-2 (time3 and time4)] at four time points from 14 healthy controls over a duration of 5 months. Test-retest reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS Both PLF and evoked power showed good to excellent ICCs (>0.60), mainly in the Fz-electrode, both within each EEG system-EEG-1 [(time1 vs. time2) PLF: ICC = 0.66, evoked power: ICC = 0.88] and EEG-2 [(time3 vs. time4) PLF: ICC = 0.82, evoked power: ICC = 0.77]-and between the two EEG systems [(EEG-1 vs. EEG-2) PLF: ICC = 0.73, evoked power: ICC = 0.84]. In contrast, induced power showed the highest (excellent) ICC between the two EEG systems (ICC = 0.95) mainly in the Cz-electrode. For PLF, the Fz-electrode showed better test-retest reliability across all EEG recordings than the Cz-electrode (Fz: ICC = 0.67, Cz: ICC = 0.63), whereas we found similar excellent reproducibility across all EEG recordings from both electrodes for evoked power (Fz: ICC = 0.79, Cz: ICC = 0.77) and induced power (Fz: ICC = 0.79, Cz: ICC = 0.80). CONCLUSION The 40-Hz ASSR oscillatory activities, including induced power, showed excellent test-retest reliability, even when using different EEG systems over a duration of 5 months. These findings confirm the utility of the 40-Hz ASSR as a reliable clinical and translatable biomarker for multicenter collaborative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Itta Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ethridge LE, De Stefano LA, Schmitt LM, Woodruff NE, Brown KL, Tran M, Wang J, Pedapati EV, Erickson CA, Sweeney JA. Auditory EEG Biomarkers in Fragile X Syndrome: Clinical Relevance. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:60. [PMID: 31649514 PMCID: PMC6794497 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hypersensitivities are common and distressing features of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). While there are many drug interventions that reduce behavioral deficits in Fmr1 mice and efforts to translate these preclinical breakthroughs into clinical trials for FXS, evidence-based clinical interventions are almost non-existent potentially due to lack of valid neural biomarkers. Local circuit function in sensory networks is dependent on the dynamic balance of activity in inhibitory/excitatory synapses. Studies are needed to examine the association of electrophysiological alterations in neural systems with sensory and other clinical features of FXS to establish their clinical relevance. Adolescents and adults with FXS (n = 38, Mean age = 25.5, std = 10.1; 13 females) and age matched typically developing controls (n = 40, Mean age = 27.7, std = 12.1; 17 females) completed auditory chirp and auditory habituation tasks while undergoing dense array electroencephalography (EEG). Amplitude, latency, and percent change (habituation) in N1 and P2 event-related potential (ERP) components were characterized for the habituation task; time-frequency calculations using Morlet wavelets characterized phase-locking and single trial power for the habituation and chirp tasks. FXS patients showed increased amplitude but some evidence for reduced habituation of the N1 ERP, and reduced phase-locking in the low and high gamma frequency range and increased low gamma power to the chirp stimulus. FXS showed increased theta power in both tasks. While the habituation finding was weaker than previously found, the remaining findings replicate our previous work in a new sample of patients with FXS. Females showed less deficit in the chirp task but not the habituation task. Abnormal increases in gamma power were related to more severe behavioral and psychiatric features as well as reductions in neurocognitive abilities. Replicating electrophysiological deficits in a new group of patients using different EEG equipment at a new data collection site with differing levels of environmental noise that were robust to data processing techniques utilizing multiple researchers, indicates a potential for scalability to multi-site clinical trials. Given the robust replicability, relevance to clinical measures, and preclinical evidence for sensitivity of these EEG measures to pharmacological intervention, the observed abnormalities may provide novel translational markers of target engagement and potentially outcome measures in large-scale studies evaluating new treatments targeting neural hyperexcitability in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Ethridge
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Lisa A De Stefano
- Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas E Woodruff
- Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Kara L Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Morgan Tran
- Department of Psychology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ernest V Pedapati
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Craig A Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Quantitative Evaluation in Estimating Sources Underlying Brain Oscillations Using Current Source Density Methods and Beamformer Approaches. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0170-19.2019. [PMID: 31311804 PMCID: PMC6709228 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0170-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain oscillations from EEG and MEG shed light on neurophysiological mechanisms of human behavior. However, to extract information on cortical processing, researchers have to rely on source localization methods that can be very broadly classified into current density estimates such as exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), minimum norm estimates (MNE), and beamformers such as dynamic imaging of coherent sources (DICS) and linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV). These algorithms produce a distributed map of brain activity underlying sustained and transient responses during neuroimaging studies of behavior. On the other hand, there are very few comparative analyses that evaluates the “ground truth detection” capabilities of these methods. The current article evaluates the reliability in estimation of sources of spectral event generators in the cortex using a two-pronged approach. First, simulated EEG data with point dipoles and distributed dipoles are used to validate the accuracy and sensitivity of each one of these methods of source localization. The abilities of the techniques were tested by comparing the localization error, focal width, false positive (FP) ratios while detecting already known location of neural activity generators under varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Second, empirical EEG data during auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) in human participants were used to compare the distributed nature of source localization. All methods were successful in recovery of point sources in favorable signal to noise scenarios and could achieve high hit rates if FPs are ignored. Interestingly, focal activation map is generated by LCMV and DICS when compared to eLORETA while control of FPs is much superior in eLORETA. Subsequently drawbacks and strengths of each method are highlighted with a detailed discussion on how to choose a technique based on empirical requirements.
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Roach BJ, D'Souza DC, Ford JM, Mathalon DH. Test-retest reliability of time-frequency measures of auditory steady-state responses in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101878. [PMID: 31228795 PMCID: PMC6587022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Auditory steady-state response (ASSR) paradigms have consistently demonstrated gamma band abnormalities in schizophrenia at a 40-Hz driving frequency with both electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Various time-frequency measures have been used to assess the 40-Hz ASSR, including evoked power, single trial total power, phase-locking factor (PLF), and phase-locking angle (PLA). While both EEG and MEG studies have shown power and PLF ASSR measures to exhibit excellent test-retest reliability in healthy adults, the reliability of these measures in patients with schizophrenia has not been determined. Methods ASSRs were obtained by recording EEG data during presentation of repeated 20-Hz, 30-Hz and 40-Hz auditory click trains from nine schizophrenia patients (SZ) and nine healthy controls (HC) tested on two occasions. Similar ASSR data were collected from a separate group of 30 HC on two to three test occasions. A subset of these HC subjects had EEG recordings during two tasks, passively listening and actively attending to click train stimuli. Evoked power, total power, PLF, and PLA were calculated following Morlet wavelet time-frequency decomposition of EEG data and test-retest generalizability (G) coefficients were calculated for each ASSR condition, time-frequency measure, and subject group. Results G-coefficients ranged from good to excellent (> 0.6) for most 40-Hz time-frequency measures and participant groups, whereas 20-Hz G-coefficients were much more variable. Importantly, test-retest reliability was excellent for the various 40-Hz ASSR measures in SZ, similar to reliabilities in HC. Active attention to click train stimuli modestly reduced G-coefficients in HC relative to the passive listening condition. Discussion The excellent test-retest reliability of 40-Hz ASSR measures replicates previous EEG and MEG studies. PLA, a relatively new time-frequency measure, was shown for the first time to have excellent reliability, comparable to power and PLF measures. Excellent reliability of 40 Hz ASSR measures in SZ supports their use in clinical trials and longitudinal observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Roach
- Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Judith M Ford
- Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Psychiatry Service, San Francisco VA, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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27
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) are used in clinical practice for objective hearing assessments. The response is called steady state because it is assumed to be stable over time, and because it is evoked by a stimulus with a certain periodicity, which will lead to discrete frequency components that are stable in amplitude and phase over time. However, the stimuli commonly used to evoke ASSRs are also known to be able to induce loudness adaptation behaviorally. Researchers and clinicians using ASSRs assume that the response remains stable over time. This study investigates (1) the stability of ASSR amplitudes over time, within one recording, and (2) whether loudness adaptation can be reflected in ASSRs. DESIGN ASSRs were measured from 14 normal-hearing participants. The ASSRs were evoked by the stimuli that caused the most loudness adaptation in a previous behavioral study, that is, mixed-modulated sinusoids with carrier frequencies of either 500 or 2000 Hz, a modulation frequency of 40 Hz, and a low sensation level of 30 dB SL. For each carrier frequency and participant, 40 repetitions of 92 sec recordings were made. Two types of analyses were used to investigate the ASSR amplitudes over time: with the more traditionally used Fast Fourier Transform and with a novel Kalman filtering approach. Robust correlations between the ASSR amplitudes and behavioral loudness adaptation ratings were also calculated. RESULTS Overall, ASSR amplitudes were stable. Over all individual recordings, the median change of the amplitudes over time was -0.0001 μV/s. Based on group analysis, a significant but very weak decrease in amplitude over time was found, with the decrease in amplitude over time around -0.0002 μV/s. Correlation coefficients between ASSR amplitudes and behavioral loudness adaptation ratings were significant but low to moderate, with r = 0.27 and r = 0.39 for the 500 and 2000 Hz carrier frequency, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in amplitude of ASSRs over time (92 sec) is small. Consequently, it is safe to use ASSRs in clinical practice, and additional correction factors for objective hearing assessments are not needed. Because only small decreases in amplitudes were found, loudness adaptation is probably not reflected by the ASSRs.
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28
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Electrophysiological assessment methodology of sensory processing dysfunction in schizophrenia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:70-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Prado-Gutierrez P, Martínez-Montes E, Weinstein A, Zañartu M. Estimation of auditory steady-state responses based on the averaging of independent EEG epochs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206018. [PMID: 30677031 PMCID: PMC6345467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amplitude of auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) generated in the brainstem of rats exponentially decreases over the sequential averaging of EEG epochs. This behavior is partially due to the adaptation of the ASSR induced by the continuous and monotonous stimulation. In this study, we analyzed the potential clinical relevance of the ASSR adaptation. ASSR were elicited in eight anesthetized adult rats by 8-kHz tones, modulated in amplitude at 115 Hz. We called independent epochs to those EEG epochs acquired with sufficiently long inter-stimulus interval, so the ASSR contained in any given epoch is not affected by the previous stimulation. We tested whether the detection of ASSRs is improved when the response is computed by averaging independent EEG epochs, containing only unadapted auditory responses. The improvements in the ASSR detection obtained with standard, weighted and sorted averaging were compared. In the absence of artifacts, when the ASSR was elicited by continuous acoustic stimulation, the computation of the ASSR amplitude relied upon the averaging method. While the adaptive behavior of the ASSR was still evident after the weighting of epochs, the sorted averaging resulted in under-estimations of the ASSR amplitude. In the absence of artifacts, the ASSR amplitudes computed by averaging independent epochs did not depend on the averaging procedure. Averaging independent epochs resulted in higher ASSR amplitudes and halved the number of EEG epochs needed to be acquired to achieve the maximum detection rate of the ASSR. Acquisition protocols based on averaging independent EEG epochs, in combination with appropriate averaging methods for artifact reduction might contribute to develop more accurate hearing assessments based on ASSRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Prado-Gutierrez
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alejandro Weinstein
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Biomedical Engineering School, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Matías Zañartu
- Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
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30
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Ip CT, Ganz M, Ozenne B, Sluth LB, Gram M, Viardot G, l'Hostis P, Danjou P, Knudsen GM, Christensen SR. Pre-intervention test-retest reliability of EEG and ERP over four recording intervals. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 134:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Low and medium frequency auditory steady-state responses decrease during NREM sleep. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 135:44-54. [PMID: 30452935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) demonstrated sensitivity of 40 Hz ASSR to changes in the level of arousal, both in sleep and in general anaesthesia. In this study we extended the range of stimulation frequencies, using also low and medium stimulation frequencies (4, 6, 8, 12, 20, 40 Hz) and studied their susceptibility to the loss of consciousness in NREM sleep (N2 and N3 stages). Effects of NREM sleep were examined in power domain with relative power (RP), and in phase domain using inter-trial phase coherence (PC) parameter. The activity in power domain was also compared to no-stimulation data. Regions displaying significant waking-NREM sleep differences were selected using non-parametric suprathreshold cluster test. For 4, 6, 20 and 40 Hz stimulation relative power of ASSRs was lower in NREM sleep, with maximal change for 40 Hz stimulation. This decrease was not seen in no-stimulation condition. For all stimulation frequencies (except 12 Hz) we observed decrease of phase coherence of ASSR during NREM sleep. Our results demonstrate that low and medium frequency ASSRs are state-sensitive, thus susceptible to loss of consciousness during NREM sleep. Diminishing of power and phase coherence may result from cortical down states and/or thalamic inhibition. Our results support possible use of low- and medium-frequency ASSRs for discrimination between states of altered consciousness and emphasize the role of the auditory system in determining these variations.
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Wang J, Tang Y, Curtin A, Chan RCK, Wang Y, Li H, Zhang T, Qian Z, Guo Q, Li Y, Liu X, Tang X, Wang J. Abnormal auditory-evoked gamma band oscillations in first-episode schizophrenia during both eye open and eye close states. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 86:279-286. [PMID: 29705712 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal auditory steady state response (ASSR) is a typical finding among schizophrenia patients, which is thought to directly reflect deficient gamma band oscillations in the brain. However, whether these ASSR alterations are state dependent, e.g. during eye-open or eye-closed conditions, has not yet been carefully elucidated in schizophrenia. Our study aimed to explore whether the abnormality of ASSR in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FEP) is altered under eye-open (EO) and eye-closed (EC) states. ASSR was elicited using 40 Hz click trains under EO and EC states. Twenty-eight healthy control subjects (HC) and thirty-three FEP individuals, 17 of whom were medication-naïve, were recruited. The event-related spectrum perturbation (ERSP) and intertrial coherence (ITC) in response to 40 Hz click sounds were quantified. Compared to HC group, FEP group showed a lower ITC and ERSP during EO state, as well as a decreased ITC during EC state. Our results suggest that abnormalities in gamma band oscillations among first-episode schizophrenia patients are present under both eye open and eye close states. Although differences in gamma band oscillations between EO and EC states within the FEP group were not observed, exploratory results suggest that state-sensitivity may be contingent on medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Adrian Curtin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University University, Shanghai 200300, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhenying Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Global field synchronization of 40 Hz auditory steady-state response: Does it change with attentional demands? Neurosci Lett 2018; 674:127-131. [PMID: 29559420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) are increasingly used in research of neuropsychiatric disorders and for brain-computer interface applications. However, results on attentional modulation of ASSRs are inconclusive. The evaluation of large-scale effects of task-related modulation on ASSRs might give better estimation of the induced changes. The aim of the study was to test global field synchronization - a reference-independent evaluation of the amount of phase-locking among all active regions at a given frequency - during tasks differing in attentional demands to 40 Hz auditory stimulation. Twenty seven healthy young males participated in the EEG study with concurrent 40 Hz binaural click stimulation and three experimental tasks: 1) to count presented stimuli (focused attention); 2) to silently read a text (distraction); 3) to stay awake with closed eyes (resting). We showed that during auditory 40 Hz stimulation, the global field synchronization of the EEG increased as compared to the silent baseline period and the largest increase was observed when subjects counted stimuli or rested with closed eyes. Our results provide insights that depending on the method of assessment, the 40 Hz ASSR might be an indicator of both local and complex synchronization processes that are affected by the state (task performed or psychopathology) of the participants.
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Tan X, Fu Q, Yuan H, Ding L, Wang T. Improved Transient Response Estimations in Predicting 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response Using Deconvolution Methods. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:697. [PMID: 29311778 PMCID: PMC5732975 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is one of the main approaches in clinic for health screening and frequency-specific hearing assessment. However, its generation mechanism is still of much controversy. In the present study, the linear superposition hypothesis for the generation of ASSRs was investigated by comparing the relationships between the classical 40 Hz ASSR and three synthetic ASSRs obtained from three different templates for transient auditory evoked potential (AEP). These three AEPs are the traditional AEP at 5 Hz and two 40 Hz AEPs derived from two deconvolution algorithms using stimulus sequences, i.e., continuous loop averaging deconvolution (CLAD) and multi-rate steady-state average deconvolution (MSAD). CLAD requires irregular inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) in the sequence while MSAD uses the same ISIs but evenly-spaced stimulus sequences which mimics the classical 40 Hz ASSR. It has been reported that these reconstructed templates show similar patterns but significant difference in morphology and distinct frequency characteristics in synthetic ASSRs. The prediction accuracies of ASSR using these templates show significant differences (p < 0.05) in 45.95, 36.28, and 10.84% of total time points within four cycles of ASSR for the traditional, CLAD, and MSAD templates, respectively, as compared with the classical 40 Hz ASSR, and the ASSR synthesized from the MSAD transient AEP suggests the best similarity. And such a similarity is also demonstrated at individuals only in MSAD showing no statistically significant difference (Hotelling's T2 test, T2 = 6.96, F = 0.80, p = 0.592) as compared with the classical 40 Hz ASSR. The present results indicate that both stimulation rate and sequencing factor (ISI variation) affect transient AEP reconstructions from steady-state stimulation protocols. Furthermore, both auditory brainstem response (ABR) and middle latency response (MLR) are observed in contributing to the composition of ASSR but with variable weights in three templates. The significantly improved prediction accuracy of ASSR achieved by MSAD strongly supports the linear superposition mechanism of ASSR if an accurate template of transient AEPs can be reconstructed. The capacity in obtaining both ASSR and its underlying transient components accurately and simultaneously has the potential to contribute significantly to diagnosis of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Tan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyang Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Yuan
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Lei Ding
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
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McDermott B, Porter E, Hughes D, McGinley B, Lang M, O’Halloran M, Jones M. Gamma Band Neural Stimulation in Humans and the Promise of a New Modality to Prevent and Treat Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:363-392. [PMID: 30040729 PMCID: PMC6130417 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Existing treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have questionable efficacy with a need for research into new and more effective therapies to both treat and possibly prevent the condition. This review examines a novel therapeutic modality that shows promise for treating AD based on modulating neuronal activity in the gamma frequency band through external brain stimulation. The gamma frequency band is roughly defined as being between 30 Hz-100 Hz, with the 40 Hz point being of particular significance. The epidemiology, diagnostics, existing pathological models, and related current treatment targets are initially briefly reviewed. Next, the concept of external simulation triggering brain activity in the gamma band with potential demonstration of benefit in AD is introduced with reference to a recent important study using a mouse model of the disease. The review then presents a selection of relevant studies that describe the neurophysiology involved in brain stimulation by external sources, followed by studies involving application of the modality to clinical scenarios. A table summarizing the results of clinical studies applied to AD patients is also reported and may aid future development of the modality. The use of a therapy based on modulation of gamma neuronal activity represents a novel non-invasive, non-pharmacological approach to AD. Although use in clinical scenarios is still a relatively recent area of research, the technique shows good signs of efficacy and may represent an important option for treating AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry McDermott
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Emily Porter
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Diarmaid Hughes
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian McGinley
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Computer Science & Applied Physics, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mark Lang
- Centre for Astronomy, School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin O’Halloran
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marggie Jones
- Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Griskova-Bulanova I, Dapsys K, Melynyte S, Voicikas A, Maciulis V, Andruskevicius S, Korostenskaja M. 40Hz auditory steady-state response in schizophrenia: Sensitivity to stimulation type (clicks versus flutter amplitude-modulated tones). Neurosci Lett 2017; 662:152-157. [PMID: 29051085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Auditory steady-state response (ASSR) at 40Hz has been proposed as a potential biomarker for schizophrenia. The ASSR studies in patients have used click stimulation or amplitude-modulated tones. However, the sensitivity of 40Hz ASSRs to different stimulation types in the same group of patients has not been previously evaluated. Two stimulation types for ASSRs were tested in this study: (1) 40Hz clicks and (2) flutter-amplitude modulated tones. The mean phase-locking index, evoked amplitude and event-related spectral perturbation values were compared between schizophrenia patients (n=26) and healthy controls (n=20). Both stimulation types resulted in the observation of impaired phase-locking and power measures of late (200-500ms) 40Hz ASSR in patients compared to healthy controls. The early-latency (0-100ms) 40Hz ASSR part was diminished in the schizophrenia group in response to clicks only. The late-latency 40Hz ASSR parameters obtained through different stimulation types correlated in healthy subjects but not in patients. We conclude that flutter amplitude-modulated tone stimulation, due to its potential to reveal late-latency entrainment deficits, is suitable for use in clinical populations. Careful consideration of experimental stimulation settings can contribute to the interpretation of ASSR deficits and utilization as a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kastytis Dapsys
- Department of Electrophysiological Treatment and Investigation Methods, Vilnius Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Melynyte
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Valentinas Maciulis
- Department of Electrophysiological Treatment and Investigation Methods, Vilnius Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sergejus Andruskevicius
- Department of Electrophysiological Treatment and Investigation Methods, Vilnius Republican Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Milena Korostenskaja
- Milena's Functional Brain Mapping and Brain Computer Interface Lab, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA; MEG Lab, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Neural Hyperexcitability in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100129. [PMID: 29027913 PMCID: PMC5664056 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress that has been made in research on autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the understanding of the biological basis of ASD to identify targets for novel, effective treatment remains limited. One of the leading biological theories of autism is a model of cortical hyperexcitability. While numerous genetic and epigenetic studies support this model, how this particular biological alteration relates to known phenotypes in ASD is not well established. Using examples of sensory processing alterations, this review illustrates how cortical excitability may affect neural processes to result eventually in some core clinical phenotypes in ASD. Applications of the cortical excitability model for translational research and drug development are also discussed.
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Port RG, Gajewski C, Krizman E, Dow HC, Hirano S, Brodkin ES, Carlson GC, Robinson MB, Roberts TPL, Siegel SJ. Protocadherin 10 alters γ oscillations, amino acid levels, and their coupling; baclofen partially restores these oscillatory deficits. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:324-338. [PMID: 28844789 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one in 45 children have been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which is characterized by social/communication impairments. Recent studies have linked a subset of familial ASD to mutations in the Protocadherin 10 (Pcdh10) gene. Additionally, Pcdh10's expression pattern, as well as its known role within protein networks, implicates the gene in ASD. Subsequently, the neurobiology of mice heterozygous for Pcdh10 (Pcdh10+/-) has been investigated as a proxy for ASD. Male Pcdh10+/- mice have demonstrated sex-specific deficits in social behavior, recapitulating the gender bias observed in ASD. Furthermore, in vitro slice preparations of these Pcdh10+/- mice demonstrate selective decreases to high frequency electrophysiological responses, mimicking clinical observations. The direct in vivo ramifications of such decreased in vitro high frequency responses are unclear. As such, Pcdh10+/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates underwent in vivo electrocorticography (ECoG), as well as ex vivo amino acid concentration quantification using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Similar to the previously observed reductions to in vitro high frequency electrophysiological responses in Pcdh10+/- mice, male Pcdh10+/- mice exhibited reduced gamma-band (30-80Hz), but not lower frequency (10 and 20Hz), auditory steady state responses (ASSR). In addition, male Pcdh10+/- mice exhibited decreased signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for high gamma-band (60-100Hz) activity. These gamma-band perturbations for both ASSR and SNR were not observed in females. Administration of a GABAB agonist remediated these electrophysiological alterations among male Pcdh10+/-mice. Pcdh10+/- mice demonstrated increased concentrations of GABA and glutamine. Of note, a correlation of auditory gamma-band responses with underlying GABA concentrations was observed in WT mice. This correlation was not present in Pcdh10+/- mice. This study demonstrates the role of Pcdh10 in the regulation of excitatory-inhibitory balance as a function of GABA in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G Port
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Gajewski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Krizman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatric, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Holly C Dow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shinji Hirano
- Department of Cell Biology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Edward S Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gregory C Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael B Robinson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatric, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Systems Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy P L Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven J Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Legget KT, Hild AK, Steinmetz SE, Simon ST, Rojas DC. MEG and EEG demonstrate similar test-retest reliability of the 40Hz auditory steady-state response. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 114:16-23. [PMID: 28161286 PMCID: PMC5348916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is increasingly being used as a biomarker in neuropsychiatric disorders, but research investigating the test-retest reliability of this measure is needed. We previously reported ASSR reliability, measured by electroencephalography (EEG), to 40Hz amplitude-modulated white noise and click train stimuli. The purpose of the current study was to (a) assess the reliability of the MEG-measured ASSR to 40Hz amplitude-modulated white noise and click train stimuli, and (b) compare test-retest reliability between MEG and EEG measures of ASSR, which has not previously been investigated. Additionally, impact of stimulus parameter choice on reliability was assessed, by comparing responses to white noise and click train stimuli. Test-retest reliability, across sessions approximately one week apart, was assessed in 17 healthy adults. On each study day, participants completed two passive listening tasks (white noise and click train stimuli) during separate MEG and EEG recordings. Between-session correlations for evoked power and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) were assessed following source-space projection. Overall, the MEG-measured ASSR was significantly correlated between sessions (p<0.05, FDR corrected), suggesting acceptable test-retest reliability. Results suggest greater response reproducibility for ITPC compared to evoked responses and for click train compared to white noise stimuli, although further study is warranted. No significant differences in reliability were observed between MEG and EEG measures, suggesting they are similarly reliable. This work supports use of the ASSR as a biomarker in clinical interventions with repeated measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Allison K Hild
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarah E Steinmetz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Steven T Simon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Donald C Rojas
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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40Hz auditory steady-state responses in patients with disorders of consciousness: Correlation between phase-locking index and Coma Recovery Scale-Revised score. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:799-806. [PMID: 28319881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate whether 40Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) could be sensitive to the state of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) as estimated with Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) diagnostic tool. METHODS Fifteen DOC patients and 24 healthy controls took part in the study. The 40Hz click trains were used to evoke ASSRs. Mean evoked amplitude (EA) and phase-locking index (PLI) within 38-42Hz window were calculated for 100ms bins, starting from -200 to 700ms relative to stimulus onset. RESULTS The PLI values from the patient group in the period of 200-500ms after the stimulus onset positively correlated with the CRS-R total score and with the scores of the Auditory and Visual subscales. CONCLUSIONS The phase-locking index of 40Hz auditory steady-state responses can be an indicator of the level of dysfunction of the central nervous system in DOC. SIGNIFICANCE Our results emphasize the role of central auditory system integrity in determining the level of functioning of DOC patients and suggest the possibility to use the ASSR protocol as an objective diagnostic method in DOC patients.
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40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response Is a Pharmacodynamic Biomarker for Cortical NMDA Receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2232-40. [PMID: 26837462 PMCID: PMC4946051 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients exhibit dysfunctional gamma oscillations in response to simple auditory stimuli or more complex cognitive tasks, a phenomenon explained by reduced NMDA transmission within inhibitory/excitatory cortical networks. Indeed, a simple steady-state auditory click stimulation paradigm at gamma frequency (~40 Hz) has been reproducibly shown to reduce entrainment as measured by electroencephalography (EEG) in patients. However, some investigators have reported increased phase locking factor (PLF) and power in response to 40 Hz auditory stimulus in patients. Interestingly, preclinical literature also reflects this contradiction. We investigated whether a graded deficiency in NMDA transmission can account for such disparate findings by administering subanesthetic ketamine (1-30 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle to conscious rats (n=12) and testing their EEG entrainment to 40 Hz click stimuli at various time points (~7-62 min after treatment). In separate cohorts, we examined in vivo NMDA channel occupancy and tissue exposure to contextualize ketamine effects. We report a robust inverse relationship between PLF and NMDA occupancy 7 min after dosing. Moreover, ketamine could produce inhibition or disinhibition of the 40 Hz response in a temporally dynamic manner. These results provide for the first time empirical data to understand how cortical NMDA transmission deficit may lead to opposite modulation of the auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Importantly, our findings posit that 40 Hz ASSR is a pharmacodynamic biomarker for cortical NMDA function that is also robustly translatable. Besides schizophrenia, such a functional biomarker may be of value to neuropsychiatric disorders like bipolar and autism spectrum where 40 Hz ASSR deficits have been documented.
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Voicikas A, Niciute I, Ruksenas O, Griskova-Bulanova I. Effect of attention on 40 Hz auditory steady-state response depends on the stimulation type: Flutter amplitude modulated tones versus clicks. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Oliveira AS, Schlink BR, Hairston WD, König P, Ferris DP. Proposing Metrics for Benchmarking Novel EEG Technologies Towards Real-World Measurements. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:188. [PMID: 27242467 PMCID: PMC4861738 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in electroencephalographic (EEG) acquisition allow for recordings using wet and dry sensors during whole-body motion. The large variety of commercially available EEG systems contrasts with the lack of established methods for objectively describing their performance during whole-body motion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to introduce methods for benchmarking the suitability of new EEG technologies for that context. Subjects performed an auditory oddball task using three different EEG systems (Biosemi wet—BSM, Cognionics Wet—Cwet, Conionics Dry—Cdry). Nine subjects performed the oddball task while seated and walking on a treadmill. We calculated EEG epoch rejection rate, pre-stimulus noise (PSN), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and EEG amplitude variance across the P300 event window (CVERP) from a subset of 12 channels common to all systems. We also calculated test-retest reliability and the subject’s level of comfort while using each system. Our results showed that using the traditional 75 μV rejection threshold BSM and Cwet epoch rejection rates are ~25% and ~47% in the seated and walking conditions respectively. However, this threshold rejects ~63% of epochs for Cdry in the seated condition and excludes 100% of epochs for the majority of subjects during walking. BSM showed predominantly no statistical differences between seated and walking condition for all metrics, whereas Cwet showed increases in PSN and CVERP, as well as reduced SNR in the walking condition. Data quality from Cdry in seated conditions were predominantly inferior in comparison to the wet systems. Test-retest reliability was mostly moderate/good for these variables, especially in seated conditions. In addition, subjects felt less discomfort and were motivated for longer recording periods while using wet EEG systems in comparison to the dry system. The proposed method was successful in identifying differences across systems that are mostly caused by motion-related artifacts and usability issues. We conclude that the extraction of the selected metrics from an auditory oddball paradigm may be used as a benchmark method for testing the performance of different EEG systems in mobile conditions. Moreover dry EEG systems may need substantial improvements to meet the quality standards of wet electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S Oliveira
- Human Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bryan R Schlink
- Human Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W David Hairston
- Translational Neuroscience, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of OsnabrückOsnabrück, Germany; Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- Human Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Griskova-Bulanova I, Hubl D, van Swam C, Dierks T, Koenig T. Early- and late-latency gamma auditory steady-state response in schizophrenia during closed eyes: Does hallucination status matter? Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2214-21. [PMID: 27072092 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Auditory steady-state responses are larger in patients experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) than in never hallucinating subjects (NH) when recorded with open eyes. Compensatory effects were shown for schizophrenic patients when recorded with closed eyes. This effect has not been evaluated in respect to hallucination status. METHODS Gamma responses to 40Hz stimulation were recorded in 15AVH patients, 25 healthy controls and 11NH patients with closed eyes. Mean and peak evoked amplitude and phase-locking index, peak time and maximal frequency were extracted for early- and late-latency responses and compared between groups. RESULTS Phase-locking of early, but not late-latency gamma was diminished in schizophrenic patients independently on hallucination status. Peak entrainment time was delayed in hallucinating patients. Magnitude and frequency of early-latency response correlated to negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In AVH patients, entrainment at gamma frequency was "normal" when eyes were closed. In contrast to never hallucinating subjects, entrainment to stimulation was delayed in AVH. The early-latency gamma response, standing for early sensory stimulus processing, on the contrary, was impaired in SZ irrespective of prevalence of hallucinations and was not modulated by subjects' general state; however its magnitude might be related to the expression of negative symptomatology. SIGNIFICANCE Evaluation of auditory entrainment in both open eyes and closed eyes conditions is informative. Frequency and timing information of both early-latency and late-latency responses helps to uncover different aspects of impairment in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Griskova-Bulanova
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Daniela Hubl
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia van Swam
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Koenig
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Korostenskaja M, Ruksenas O, Pipinis E, Griskova-Bulanova I. Phase-locking index and power of 40-Hz auditory steady-state response are not related to major personality trait dimensions. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:711-9. [PMID: 26586270 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have demonstrated state-related dependence of auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs), the investigations assessing trait-related ASSR changes are limited. Five consistently identified major trait dimensions, also referred to as "big five" (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness), are considered to account for virtually all personality variances in both healthy people and those with psychiatric disorders. The purpose of the present study was, for the first time, to establish the link between 40-Hz ASSR and "big five" major personality trait dimensions in young healthy adults. Ninety-four young healthy volunteers participated (38 males and 56 females; mean age ± SD 22.180 ± 2.75). The 40-Hz click trains were presented for each subject 30 times with an inter-train interval of 1-1.5 s. The EEG responses were recorded from F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4 locations according to 10/20 electrode placement system. Phase-locking index (PLI) and event-related power perturbation (ERSP) were calculated, each providing the following characteristics: peak time, entrainment frequency, peak value and mean value. For assessing "big five" personality traits, NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) was used. No significant correlation between 40-Hz ASSR PLI or ERSP and "big five" personality traits was observed. Our results indicate that there is no dependence between 40-Hz ASSR entrainment and personality traits, demonstrating low individual 40-Hz variability in this domain. Our results support further development of 40-Hz ASSR as a neurophysiological marker allowing distinguishing between healthy population and patients with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Korostenskaja
- Milena's Functional Brain Mapping and Brain-Computer Interface Lab, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA
- MEG Lab, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
- Comprehensive Pediatric Epilepsy Center, Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio 21/27, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Pipinis
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio 21/27, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Inga Griskova-Bulanova
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio 21/27, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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MEG—measured auditory steady-state oscillations show high test–retest reliability: A sensor and source-space analysis. Neuroimage 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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47
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Baltus A, Herrmann CS. Auditory temporal resolution is linked to resonance frequency of the auditory cortex. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 98:1-7. [PMID: 26268810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A brief silent gap embedded in an otherwise continuous sound is missed by a human listener when it falls below a certain threshold: the gap detection threshold. This can be interpreted as an indicator that auditory perception is a non-continuous process, during which acoustic input is fragmented into a discrete chain of events. Current research provides evidence for a covariation between rhythmic properties of speech and ongoing rhythmic activity in the brain. Therefore, the discretization of acoustic input is thought to facilitate speech processing. Ongoing oscillations in the auditory cortex are suggested to represent a neuronal mechanism which implements the discretization process and leads to a limited auditory temporal resolution. Since gap detection thresholds seem to vary considerably between individuals, the present study addresses the question of whether individual differences in the frequency of underlying ongoing oscillatory mechanisms can be associated with auditory temporal resolution. To address this question we determined an individual gap detection threshold and a preferred oscillatory frequency for each participant. The preferred frequency of the auditory cortex was identified using an auditory steady state response (ASSR) paradigm: amplitude-modulated sounds with modulation frequencies in the gamma range were presented binaurally; the frequency which elicited the largest spectral amplitude was considered the preferred oscillatory frequency. Our results show that individuals with higher preferred auditory frequencies perform significantly better in the gap detection task. Moreover, this correlation between oscillation frequency and gap detection was supported by high test-retest reliabilities for gap detection thresholds as well as preferred frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Baltus
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Siegfried Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.
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