1
|
Kong Y, Yang G, Feng X, Ji Z, Wang X, Shao Y, Meng J, Yao G, Ren C, Yang G. CTBP1 links metabolic syndrome to polycystic ovary syndrome through interruption of aromatase and SREBP1. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1174. [PMID: 39294274 PMCID: PMC11411056 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Some patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) suffered from metabolic syndrome (MetS) including dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Although C-terminal Binding Protein 1 (CTBP1) is a transcriptional co-repressor frequently involved in hormone secretion disorders and MetS-associated diseases, the role of CTBP1 in PCOS is rarely reported. In the present study, we found that CTBP1 expression was significantly elevated in primary granulosa cells (pGCs) derived from the PCOS with MetS patients and was positively associated with serum triglyceride, but negatively correlated with serum estradiol (E2) or high-density lipoprotein. Mechanistic study suggested that CTBP1 physically bound to the promoter II of cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1) to inhibit the aromatase gene transcription and expression, resulting in the reduced E2 synthesis. Moreover, CTBP1 interacted with the phosphorylated SREBP1a at S396 in nuclei, leading to the FBXW7-dependent protein degradation, resulting in the reduced lipid droplets formation in pGCs. Therefore, we conclude that CTBP1 in GCs dysregulates the synthesis of steroid hormones and lipids through suppression of aromatase expression and promotion of SREBP1a protein degradation in PCOS patients, which may offer some fresh insights into the potential pathological mechanism for this tough disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kong
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaodong Ji
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guidong Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Chunxia Ren
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Gong Yang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Central Laboratory, the Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dudka W, Salo VT, Mahamid J. Zooming into lipid droplet biology through the lens of electron microscopy. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1127-1142. [PMID: 38726814 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM), in its various flavors, has significantly contributed to our understanding of lipid droplets (LD) as central organelles in cellular metabolism. For example, EM has illuminated that LDs, in contrast to all other cellular organelles, are uniquely enclosed by a single phospholipid monolayer, revealed the architecture of LD contact sites with different organelles, and provided near-atomic resolution maps of key enzymes that regulate neutral lipid biosynthesis and LD biogenesis. In this review, we first provide a brief history of pivotal findings in LD biology unveiled through the lens of an electron microscope. We describe the main EM techniques used in the context of LD research and discuss their current capabilities and limitations, thereby providing a foundation for utilizing suitable EM methodology to address LD-related questions with sufficient level of structural preservation, detail, and resolution. Finally, we highlight examples where EM has recently been and is expected to be instrumental in expanding the frontiers of LD biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Dudka
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veijo T Salo
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Griseti E, Bello AA, Bieth E, Sabbagh B, Iacovoni JS, Bigay J, Laurell H, Čopič A. Molecular mechanisms of perilipin protein function in lipid droplet metabolism. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1170-1198. [PMID: 38140813 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Perilipins are abundant lipid droplet (LD) proteins present in all metazoans and also in Amoebozoa and fungi. Humans express five perilipins, which share a similar domain organization: an amino-terminal PAT domain and an 11-mer repeat region, which can fold into amphipathic helices that interact with LDs, followed by a structured carboxy-terminal domain. Variations of this organization that arose during vertebrate evolution allow for functional specialization between perilipins in relation to the metabolic needs of different tissues. We discuss how different features of perilipins influence their interaction with LDs and their cellular targeting. PLIN1 and PLIN5 play a direct role in lipolysis by regulating the recruitment of lipases to LDs and LD interaction with mitochondria. Other perilipins, particularly PLIN2, appear to protect LDs from lipolysis, but the molecular mechanism is not clear. PLIN4 stands out with its long repetitive region, whereas PLIN3 is most widely expressed and is used as a nascent LD marker. Finally, we discuss the genetic variability in perilipins in connection with metabolic disease, prominent for PLIN1 and PLIN4, underlying the importance of understanding the molecular function of perilipins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Griseti
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | - Abdoul Akim Bello
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire - IPMC, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Eric Bieth
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
- Departement de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Bayane Sabbagh
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier - CRBM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, France
| | - Jason S Iacovoni
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | - Joëlle Bigay
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire - IPMC, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Valbonne, France
| | - Henrik Laurell
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires - I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | - Alenka Čopič
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier - CRBM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taskinen JH, Ruhanen H, Matysik S, Käkelä R, Olkkonen VM. Systemwide effects of ER-intracellular membrane contact site disturbance in primary endothelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 232:106349. [PMID: 37321512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) make up a crucial route of inter-organelle non-vesicular transport within the cell. Multiple proteins are involved in this process, which includes the ER-resident proteins vesicle associated membrane protein associated protein A and -B (VAPA/B) that form MCS between the ER and other membrane compartments. Currently most functional data on VAP depleted phenotypes have shown alterations in lipid homeostasis, induction of ER stress, dysfunction of UPR and autophagy, as well as neurodegeneration. Literature on concurrent silencing of VAPA/B is still sparse; therefore, we investigated how it affects the macromolecule pools of primary endothelial cells. Our transcriptomics results showed significant upregulation in genes related to inflammation, ER and Golgi dysfunction, ER stress, cell adhesion, as well as Coat Protein Complex-I and -II (COP-I, COP-II) vesicle transport. Genes related to cellular division were downregulated, as well as key genes of lipid and sterol biosynthesis. Lipidomics analyses revealed reductions in cholesteryl esters, very long chain highly unsaturated and saturated lipids, whereas increases in free cholesterol and relatively short chain unsaturated lipids were evident. Furthermore, the knockdown resulted in an inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro. We speculate that ER MCS depletion has led to multifaceted outcomes, which include elevated ER free cholesterol content and ER stress, alterations in lipid metabolism, ER-Golgi function and vesicle transport, which have led to a reduction in angiogenesis. The silencing also induced an inflammatory response, consistent with upregulation of markers of early atherogenesis. To conclude, ER MCS mediated by VAPA/B play a crucial role in maintaining cholesterol traffic and sustain normal endothelial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juuso H Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silke Matysik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, PO BOX 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Plewes MR, Talbott HA, Saviola AJ, Woods NT, Schott MB, Davis JS. Luteal Lipid Droplets: A Novel Platform for Steroid Synthesis. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad124. [PMID: 37586092 PMCID: PMC10445418 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is an essential steroid hormone that is required to initiate and maintain pregnancy in mammals and serves as a metabolic intermediate in the synthesis of endogenously produced steroids, including sex hormones and corticosteroids. Steroidogenic luteal cells of the corpus luteum have the tremendous capacity to synthesize progesterone. These specialized cells are highly enriched with lipid droplets that store lipid substrate, which can be used for the synthesis of steroids. We recently reported that hormone-stimulated progesterone synthesis by luteal cells requires protein kinase A-dependent mobilization of cholesterol substrate from lipid droplets to mitochondria. We hypothesize that luteal lipid droplets are enriched with steroidogenic enzymes and facilitate the synthesis of steroids in the corpus luteum. In the present study, we analyzed the lipid droplet proteome, conducted the first proteomic analysis of lipid droplets under acute cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated conditions, and determined how specific lipid droplet proteins affect steroidogenesis. Steroidogenic enzymes, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B), were highly abundant on lipid droplets of the bovine corpus luteum. High-resolution confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of active HSD3B on the surface of luteal lipid droplets. We report that luteal lipid droplets have the capacity to synthesize progesterone from pregnenolone. Lastly, we analyzed the lipid droplet proteome following acute stimulation with cAMP analog, 8-Br-cAMP, and report increased association of HSD3B with luteal lipid droplets following stimulation. These findings provide novel insights into the role of luteal lipid droplets in steroid synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele R Plewes
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
- Department of Research Services, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Heather A Talbott
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045USA
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | - Micah B Schott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-3255, USA
- Department of Research Services, Veterans Affairs Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center,Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dalen KT, Li Y. Regulation of lipid droplets and cholesterol metabolism in adrenal cortical cells. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:79-136. [PMID: 38408810 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is composed of two distinctly different endocrine moieties. The interior medulla consists of neuroendocrine chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline, while the exterior cortex consists of steroidogenic cortical cells that produce steroid hormones, such as mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol) and androgens. Synthesis of steroid hormones in cortical cells requires substantial amounts of cholesterol, which is the common precursor for steroidogenesis. Cortical cells may acquire cholesterol from de novo synthesis and uptake from circulating low- and high-density lipoprotein particles (LDL and HDL). As cholesterol is part of the plasma membrane in all mammalian cells and an important regulator of membrane fluidity, cellular levels of free cholesterol are tightly regulated. To ensure a robust supply of cholesterol for steroidogenesis and to avoid cholesterol toxicity, cortical cells store large amounts of cholesterol as cholesteryl esters in intracellular lipid droplets. Cortical steroidogenesis relies on both mobilization of cholesterol from lipid droplets and constant uptake of circulating cholesterol to replenish lipid droplet stores. This chapter will describe mechanisms involved in cholesterol uptake, cholesteryl ester synthesis, lipid droplet formation, hydrolysis of stored cholesteryl esters, as well as their impact on steroidogenesis. Additionally, animal models and human diseases characterized by altered cortical cholesteryl ester storage, with or without abnormal steroidogenesis, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Tomas Dalen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Transgenic Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yuchuan Li
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Y, Heng J, Liu F, Zhang S, Liu P. Isolation and proteomic study of fish liver lipid droplets. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2023; 9:120-133. [PMID: 38028150 PMCID: PMC10648235 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2023.230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are a neutral lipid storage organelle that is conserved in almost all species. Excessive storage of neutral lipids in LDs is directly associated with many metabolic syndromes. Zebrafish is a better model animal for the study of LD biology due to its transparent embryonic stage compared to other organisms. However, the study of LDs in fish has been difficult due to the lack of specific LD marker proteins and the limitation of purification technology. In this paper, the purification and proteomic analysis of liver LDs of fish including zebrafish and Carassius auratus were performed for the first time. 259 and 267 proteins were identified respectively. Besides most of the identified proteins were reported in previous LD proteomes of mammals, indicating the similarity between mammal and fish LDs. We also identified many unique proteins of liver LDs in fish that are involved in the regulation of LD dynamics. Through morphological and biochemical analysis, we found that the marker protein Plin2 of zebrafish LD was located on LDs in Huh7 cells. These results will facilitate further study of LDs in fish and liver metabolic diseases using fish as a model animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ventura AE, Pokorna S, Huhn N, Santos TCB, Prieto M, Futerman AH, Silva LC. Cell lipid droplet heterogeneity and altered biophysical properties induced by cell stress and metabolic imbalance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023:159347. [PMID: 37271251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LD) are important regulators of lipid metabolism and are implicated in several diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the roles of LD in cell pathophysiology remain elusive. Hence, new approaches that enable better characterization of LD are essential. This study establishes that Laurdan, a widely used fluorescent probe, can be used to label, quantify, and characterize changes in cell LD properties. Using lipid mixtures containing artificial LD we show that Laurdan GP depends on LD composition. Accordingly, enrichment in cholesterol esters (CE) shifts Laurdan GP from ~0.60 to ~0.70. Moreover, live-cell confocal microscopy shows that cells present multiple LD populations with distinctive biophysical features. The hydrophobicity and fraction of each LD population are cell type dependent and change differently in response to nutrient imbalance, cell density, and upon inhibition of LD biogenesis. The results show that cellular stress caused by increased cell density and nutrient overload increased the number of LD and their hydrophobicity and contributed to the formation of LD with very high GP values, likely enriched in CE. In contrast, nutrient deprivation was accompanied by decreased LD hydrophobicity and alterations in cell plasma membrane properties. In addition, we show that cancer cells present highly hydrophobic LD, compatible with a CE enrichment of these organelles. The distinct biophysical properties of LD contribute to the diversity of these organelles, suggesting that the specific alterations in their properties might be one of the mechanisms triggering LD pathophysiological actions and/or be related to the different mechanisms underlying LD metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Ventura
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sarka Pokorna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Huhn
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia C B Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel Prieto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liana C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan MQ, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu XH, Yang YM, Duan XY, Sun H, Liu XM. Mitoguardin2 Is Associated With Hyperandrogenism and Regulates Steroidogenesis in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad034. [PMID: 36936714 PMCID: PMC10016062 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries, in which hyperandrogenism manifests by excess androgen and other steroid hormone abnormalities. Mitochondrial fusion is essential in steroidogenesis, while the role of mitochondrial fusion in granulosa cells of hyperandrogenic PCOS patients remains unclear. In this study, mRNA expression of mitochondrial fusion genes mitoguardin1, -2 (MIGA 1, -2) was significantly increased in granulosa cells of hyperandrogenic PCOS but not PCOS with normal androgen levels, their mRNA expression positively correlated with testosterone levels. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment in mice led to high expression of MIGA2 in granulosa cells of ovulating follicles. Testosterone or forskolin/ phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatments increased expression of MIGA2 and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in KGN cells. MIGA2 interacted with StAR and induced StAR localization on mitochondria. Furthermore, MIGA2 overexpression significantly increased cAMP-activated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) at T172 but inhibited StAR protein expression. However, MIGA2 overexpression increased CYP11A1, HSD3B2, and CYP19A1 mRNA expression. As a result, MIGA2 overexpression decreased progesterone but increased estradiol synthesis. Besides the androgen receptor, testosterone or DHT might also regulate MIGA2 and pAMPK (T172) through LH/choriogonadotropin receptor-mediated PKA signaling. Taken together, these findings indicate that testosterone regulates MIGA2 via PKA/AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in ovarian granulosa cells. It is suggested mitochondrial fusion in ovarian granulosa cells is associated with hyperandrogenism and potentially leads to abnormal steroidogenesis in PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qi Yan
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Department of Infection Control, Jen Ching Memorial Hospital, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Yu-Meng Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Duan
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cells store excess energy in the form of lipid droplets (LDs), a specialized sub-compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network. The lipodystrophy protein seipin is a key player in LD biogenesis and ER-LD contact site maintenance. Recent structural and in silico studies have started to shed light on the molecular function of seipin as a LD nucleator in early LD biogenesis, whilst new cell biological work implies a role for seipin in ER-mitochondria contact sites and calcium metabolism. In this minireview, I discuss recent insights into the molecular function of seipin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veijo T. Salo
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen WJ, Cortez Y, Singh A, Chen W, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. Mice deficient in ER protein seipin have reduced adrenal cholesteryl ester lipid droplet formation and utilization. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100309. [PMID: 36332685 PMCID: PMC9703635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesteryl ester (CE)-rich lipid droplets (LDs) accumulate in steroidogenic tissues under physiological conditions and constitute an important source of cholesterol as the precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones. The mechanisms specifically involved in CE-rich LD formation have not been directly studied and are assumed by most to occur in a fashion analogous to triacylglycerol-rich LDs. Seipin is an endoplasmic reticulum protein that forms oligomeric complexes at endoplasmic reticulum-LD contact sites, and seipin deficiency results in severe alterations in LD maturation and morphology as seen in Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2. While seipin is critical for triacylglycerol-rich LD formation, no studies have directly addressed whether seipin is important for CE-rich LD biogenesis. To address this issue, mice with deficient expression of seipin specifically in adrenal, testis, and ovary, steroidogenic tissues that accumulate CE-rich LDs under normal physiological conditions, were generated. We found that the steroidogenic-specific seipin-deficient mice displayed a marked reduction in LD and CE accumulation in the adrenals, demonstrating the pivotal role of seipin in CE-rich LD accumulation/formation. Moreover, the reduction in CE-rich LDs was associated with significant defects in adrenal and gonadal steroid hormone production that could not be completely reversed by addition of exogenous lipoprotein cholesterol. We conclude that seipin has a heretofore unappreciated role in intracellular cholesterol trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Yuan Cortez
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Amar Singh
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rogers S, Gui L, Kovalenko A, Zoni V, Carpentier M, Ramji K, Ben Mbarek K, Bacle A, Fuchs P, Campomanes P, Reetz E, Speer NO, Reynolds E, Thiam AR, Vanni S, Nicastro D, Henne WM. Triglyceride lipolysis triggers liquid crystalline phases in lipid droplets and alters the LD proteome. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213472. [PMID: 36112368 PMCID: PMC9485706 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are reservoirs for triglycerides (TGs) and sterol-esters (SEs), but how these lipids are organized within LDs and influence their proteome remain unclear. Using in situ cryo-electron tomography, we show that glucose restriction triggers lipid phase transitions within LDs generating liquid crystalline lattices inside them. Mechanistically this requires TG lipolysis, which decreases the LD's TG:SE ratio, promoting SE transition to a liquid crystalline phase. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal TG depletion promotes spontaneous TG and SE demixing in LDs, additionally altering the lipid packing of the PL monolayer surface. Fluorescence imaging and proteomics further reveal that liquid crystalline phases are associated with selective remodeling of the LD proteome. Some canonical LD proteins, including Erg6, relocalize to the ER network, whereas others remain LD-associated. Model peptide LiveDrop also redistributes from LDs to the ER, suggesting liquid crystalline phases influence ER-LD interorganelle transport. Our data suggests glucose restriction drives TG mobilization, which alters the phase properties of LD lipids and selectively remodels the LD proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Rogers
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Long Gui
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anastasiia Kovalenko
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Valeria Zoni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École normale supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kamran Ramji
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École normale supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kalthoum Ben Mbarek
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École normale supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amelie Bacle
- Institute Jacques Monod, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Fuchs
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UFR Sciences du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Pablo Campomanes
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Evan Reetz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Natalie Ortiz Speer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Emma Reynolds
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École normale supérieure, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - W Mike Henne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Windham IA, Cohen S. Lipid droplets go through a (liquid crystalline) phase. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202210008. [PMID: 36264229 PMCID: PMC9587377 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are key organelles for fat storage and trafficking. In this issue, Rogers et al. (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202205053) show that glucose restriction triggers liquid crystalline lattice formation within LDs, which in turn alters the recruitment of proteins to the LD surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Windham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Braun RJ, Swanson JMJ. Capturing the Liquid-Crystalline Phase Transformation: Implications for Protein Targeting to Sterol Ester-Rich Lipid Droplets. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:949. [PMID: 36295707 PMCID: PMC9607156 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are essential organelles that store and traffic neutral lipids. The phospholipid monolayer surrounding their neutral lipid core engages with a highly dynamic proteome that changes according to cellular and metabolic conditions. Recent work has demonstrated that when the abundance of sterol esters increases above a critical concentration, such as under conditions of starvation or high LDL exposure, the lipid droplet core can undergo an amorphous to liquid-crystalline phase transformation. Herein, we study the consequences of this transformation on the physical properties of lipid droplets that are thought to regulate protein association. Using simulations of different sterol-ester concentrations, we have captured the liquid-crystalline phase transformation at the molecular level, highlighting the alignment of sterol esters in alternating orientations to form concentric layers. We demonstrate how ordering in the core permeates into the neutral lipid/phospholipid interface, changing the magnitude and nature of neutral lipid intercalation and inducing ordering in the phospholipid monolayer. Increased phospholipid packing is concomitant with altered surface properties, including smaller area per phospholipid and substantially reduced packing defects. Additionally, the ordering of sterol esters in the core causes less hydration in more ordered regions. We discuss these findings in the context of their expected consequences for preferential protein recruitment to lipid droplets under different metabolic conditions.
Collapse
|
15
|
de Macêdo LB, Magalhães MDS, Dias LC, Lemos KKDA, Borges RSDM, Saraiva MVA, de Oliveira MF, de Assis AC, de Moura CEB. Morphology and immunolocalization of intertubular steroidogenic cell in mesonephros of Podocnemis expansa during gonadal differentiation. Anim Reprod 2022; 19:e20220011. [PMID: 36156880 PMCID: PMC9484262 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones are critical in gonadal differentiation in turtles. The gonads are not the only organs responsible for producing these hormones during this phase. Mesonephros play an important role in steroidogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of steroidogenic cells in mesonephros of Podocnemis expansa during gonadal differentiation and to evaluate their morphology and ultrastructure. Ten embryos of P. expansa were collected from 5 nests on day 36 of incubation, during spawning period on an artificial beach. Embryos were extracted from eggs by slicing the shell and euthanized. They were dissected under a stereoscopic microscope to collect the gonad-mesonephro complex, in which were fixed and subsequently processed for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy analysis. During histological analysis was observed mesonephros has typical morphological structure. Immunohistochemistry showed immunoreaction to aromatase in cells of intertubular space. Confirming these findings, it was possible to observe a type of intertubular cell in several regions of mesonephro, being more predominant in region close to blood vessels, distal and proximal tubules. In ultrastructural analysis these cells were characterized by having a clear, large, and rounded nucleus with evident nucleolus and cytoplasm rich in electron-dense droplets. This study demonstrated for the first time the presence of cells with morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics similar to steroid-producing cells in P. expansa mesonephrons, suggesting that this organ may contribute to gonadal differentiation in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luã Barbalho de Macêdo
- Departamento de Ciências Animais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - Marcela dos Santos Magalhães
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil,Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antônio Chaves de Assis
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao P, Han H, Wu X, Wu J, Ren Z. ARP2/3 Regulates Fatty Acid Synthesis by Modulating Lipid Droplets' Motility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158730. [PMID: 35955862 PMCID: PMC9368945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of lipid droplets (LDs) provides energy and contributes to the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Recent studies have suggested that motility plays a key role in LD breakdown. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LD motility were poorly characterized. In this study, we examined the function of microfilament-associated proteins 2 and 3 (ARP2 and ARP3) in regulating LDs’ motility in Hela cells. ARP2/3 mediated the LDs’ physical contact with F-actin and promoted the recruitment of Myosin Heavy Chain 9 (MYH9). MYH9 regulated the LD content by binding with LDs and ARP2/3. The number of LDs and TG content was increased after MYH9 interfered. The genes related to FA-related genes and neutral lipid synthesis-related genes were significantly increased (p < 0.05) when ARP2 and ARP3 were overexpressed. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that the high expression of ARP2/3 was associated with a poorer prognosis in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). This study showed the effect of cytoskeletal filaments on LD metabolism in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yıldırım A, Avcı C. A simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of cholesterol esters of long-chain saturated fatty acids by using Ph 3P·SO 3 as a versatile organocatalyst. Steroids 2022; 183:109011. [PMID: 35381272 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl esters are more nonpolar compounds formed by the conjugation of cholesterol with fatty acids containing a long hydrocarbon chain. These ester molecules do not participate in the composition of the cell membranes and are found in lipid droplets. Because this form of cholesterol can be packaged in a larger amount in lipoproteins, the transport of cholesterol is more effective, and also, these esters play an important role in cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, some of their hydroperoxide derivatives are biologically active components of minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL). In recent years, these esters have attracted attention in many industrial and medical applications. In this study, a triphenylphosphine-sulfur trioxide adduct efficiently catalyzed the esterification reactions between homologous long-chain saturated monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic fatty acids and cholesterol molecule in toluene. In these reactions, the triphenylphosphine-based adduct acts as a source of sulfur trioxide. Reactions were performed at 110 °C with equimolar amounts of the reagents except in the case of dicarboxylic acids, and two equimolar of cholesterol was used to afford the corresponding homologous cholesteryl esters in good to excellent yields. The present developed method has advantages such as being simpler, practical, and less toxic than the existing ones as well as enabling the synthesis of the related esters with higher yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Yıldırım
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Cansu Avcı
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of Fatty Acids Involved in Heart Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030210. [PMID: 35323653 PMCID: PMC8950543 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) have structural and functional diversity. FAs in the heart are closely associated with cardiac function, and their qualitative or quantitative abnormalities lead to the onset and progression of cardiac disease. FAs are important as an energy substrate for the heart, but when in excess, they exhibit cardio-lipotoxicity that causes cardiac dysfunction or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. FAs also play a role as part of phospholipids that compose cell membranes, and the changes in mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin and the FA composition of plasma membrane phospholipids affect cardiomyocyte survival. In addition, FA metabolites exert a wide variety of bioactivities in the heart as lipid mediators. Recent advances in measurement using mass spectrometry have identified trace amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-derived bioactive metabolites associated with heart disease. n-3 PUFAs have a variety of cardioprotective effects and have been shown in clinical trials to be effective in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure. This review outlines the contributions of FAs to cardiac function and pathogenesis of heart diseases from the perspective of three major roles and proposes therapeutic applications and new medical perspectives of FAs represented by n-3 PUFAs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou X, Mo Z, Li Y, Huang L, Yu S, Ge L, Hu Y, Shi S, Zhang L, Wang L, Gao L, Yang G, Chu G. Oleic acid reduces steroidogenesis by changing the lipid type stored in lipid droplets of ovarian granulosa cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:27. [PMID: 35130983 PMCID: PMC8822748 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oleic acid is an abundant free fatty acid present in livestock that are in a negative energy-balance state, and it may have detrimental effects on female reproduction and fertility. Oleic acid induces lipid accumulation in bovine granulosa cells, which leads to a foam cell-like morphology and reduced steroidogenesis. However, why oleic acid increases lipid accumulation but decreases steroidogenesis remains unclear. This study focused on oleic acid’s effects on lipid type and steroidogenesis. Results Oleic acid increased the lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner and mainly increased the triglyceride level and decreased the cholesterol ester level. Oleic acid also led to a decline in estradiol and progesterone production in porcine granulosa cells in vitro. In addition, oleic acid up-regulated the expression of CD36 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, but down-regulated the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, scavenger receptor class B member 1 and acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2, as well as steroidogenesis-related genes, including cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 and 3 as well as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein at the mRNA and protein levels. An oleic acid-rich diet also enhanced the triglyceride levels and reduced the cholesterol levels in ovarian tissues of female mice, which resulted in lower estradiol levels than in control-fed mice. Compared with the control, decreases in estrus days and the numbers of antral follicles and corpora lutea, as well as an increase in the numbers of the atretic follicles, were found in the oleic acid-fed female mice. Conclusions Oleic acid changed the lipid type stored in lipid droplets of ovarian granulosa cells, and led to a decrease in steroidogenesis. These results improve our understanding of fertility decline in livestock that are in a negative energy-balance state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhaoyi Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yankun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Sihai Yu
- College of veterinary medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lan Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yamei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shengjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lutong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China.,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Guiyan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, 712100, China. .,Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dawa S, Menon D, Arumugam P, Bhaskar AK, Mondal M, Rao V, Gandotra S. Inhibition of Granuloma Triglyceride Synthesis Imparts Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Through Curtailed Inflammatory Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722735. [PMID: 34603294 PMCID: PMC8479166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays a complex and dynamic role in host-pathogen interaction during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. While bacterial lipid metabolism is key to the success of the pathogen, the host also offers a lipid rich environment in the form of necrotic caseous granulomas, making this association beneficial for the pathogen. Accumulation of the neutral lipid triglyceride, as lipid droplets within the cellular cuff of necrotic granulomas, is a peculiar feature of pulmonary tuberculosis. The role of triglyceride synthesis in the TB granuloma and its impact on the disease outcome has not been studied in detail. Here, we identified diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) to be essential for accumulation of triglyceride in necrotic TB granulomas using the C3HeB/FeJ murine model of infection. Treatment of infected mice with a pharmacological inhibitor of DGAT1 (T863) led to reduction in granuloma triglyceride levels and bacterial burden. A decrease in bacterial burden was associated with reduced neutrophil infiltration and degranulation, and a reduction in several pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and IFNβ. Triglyceride lowering impacted eicosanoid production through both metabolic re-routing and via transcriptional control. Our data suggests that manipulation of lipid droplet homeostasis may offer a means for host directed therapy in Tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanzin Dawa
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Menon
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhakar Arumugam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Akash Kumar Bhaskar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Moumita Mondal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Rao
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Cholesterol is present within the cell nucleus, where it associates with chromatin, but to date, a direct role for cholesterol in nuclear processes has not been identified. We demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1) directly interacts with cholesterol within the cell nucleus through a consensus cholesterol interaction motif. BASP1 recruits cholesterol to the promoter region of target genes, where it is required to mediate chromatin remodeling and transcriptional repression. Our work demonstrates that cholesterol plays a direct role in transcriptional regulation. Lipids are present within the cell nucleus, where they engage with factors involved in gene regulation. Cholesterol associates with chromatin in vivo and stimulates nucleosome packing in vitro, but its effects on specific transcriptional responses are not clear. Here, we show that the lipidated Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) transcriptional corepressor, brain acid soluble protein 1 (BASP1), interacts with cholesterol in the cell nucleus through a conserved cholesterol interaction motif. We demonstrate that BASP1 directly recruits cholesterol to the promoter region of WT1 target genes. Mutation of BASP1 to ablate its interaction with cholesterol or the treatment of cells with drugs that block cholesterol biosynthesis inhibits the transcriptional repressor function of BASP1. We find that the BASP1–cholesterol interaction is required for BASP1-dependent chromatin remodeling and the direction of transcription programs that control cell differentiation. Our study uncovers a mechanism for gene-specific targeting of cholesterol where it is required to mediate transcriptional repression.
Collapse
|
22
|
Amen T, Kaganovich D. Stress granules inhibit fatty acid oxidation by modulating mitochondrial permeability. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109237. [PMID: 34133922 PMCID: PMC8220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of stress granules (SGs) is an essential aspect of the cellular response to many kinds of stress, but its adaptive role is far from clear. SG dysfunction is implicated in aging-onset neurodegenerative diseases, prompting interest in their physiological function. Here, we report that during starvation stress, SGs interact with mitochondria and regulate metabolic remodeling. We show that SG formation leads to a downregulation of fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) through the modulation of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs), which import fatty acids (FAs) into mitochondria. The subsequent decrease in FAO during long-term starvation reduces oxidative damage and rations FAs for longer use. Failure to form SGs, whether caused by the genetic deletion of SG components or an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated mutation, translates into an inability to downregulate FAO. Because metabolic dysfunction is a common pathological element of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, our findings provide a direction for studying the clinical relevance of SGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- 1Base Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grachan JJ, Kery M, Giaccia AJ, Denko NC, Papandreou I. Lipid droplet storage promotes murine pancreatic tumor growth. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:21. [PMID: 33649859 PMCID: PMC8889526 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia Inducible Lipid Droplet Associated (HILPDA) is frequently overexpressed in tumors and promotes neutral lipid storage. The impact of Hilpda on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor growth is not known. In order to evaluate Hilpda‑dependent lipid storage mechanisms, expression of Hilpda in murine pancreatic cells (KPC) was genetically manipulated. Lipid droplet (LD) abundance and triglyceride content in vitro were measured, and model tumor growth in nu/nu mice was determined. The results showed that excess lipid supply increased triglyceride storage and LD formation in KPC cells in a HILPDA‑dependent manner. Contrary to published results, inhibition of Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) did not ameliorate the triglyceride abundance differences between Hilpda WT and KO cells. Hilpda ablation significantly decreased the growth rate of model tumors in immunocompromised mice. In conclusion, Hilpda is a positive regulator of triglyceride storage and lipid droplet formation in murine pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and lipid accumulation and tumor growth in vivo. Our data suggest that deregulated ATGL is not responsible for the absence of LDs in KO cells in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Grachan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Martin Kery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence to: Dr Ioanna Papandreou, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 420 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lagrutta LC, Layerenza JP, Bronsoms S, Trejo SA, Ves-Losada A. Nuclear-lipid-droplet proteome: carboxylesterase as a nuclear lipase involved in lipid-droplet homeostasis. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06539. [PMID: 33817385 PMCID: PMC8010399 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear-lipid droplets (nLD)—a dynamic cellular organelle that stores neutral lipids, within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells—consists of a hydrophobic triacylglycerol –cholesterol-ester core enriched in oleic acid (OA) surrounded by a monolayer of polar lipids, cholesterol, and proteins. nLD are probably involved in nuclear-lipid homeostasis serving as an endonuclear buffer that provides or incorporates lipids and proteins participating in signaling pathways, as transcription factors and enzymes of lipid metabolism and nuclear processes. In the present work, we analyzed the nLD proteome and hypothesized that nLD-monolayer proteins could be involved in processes similar as the ones occurring in the cLD including lipid metabolism and other cellular functions. We evaluated the rat-liver–nLD proteome under physiological and nonpathological conditions by GeLC-MS2. Since isolated nLD are highly diluted, a protein-concentrating isolation protocol was designed. Thirty-five proteins were identified within the functional categories: cytoskeleton and structural, transcription and translation, histones, protein-folding and posttranslational modification, cellular proliferation and/or cancer, lipid metabolism, and transport. Purified nLD contained an enzyme from the lipid-metabolism pathway, carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d/Ces3). Nuclear Carboxylesterase localization was confirmed by Western blotting. By in-silico analyses rat Ces1d/Ces3 secondary and tertiary structure predicted would be equivalent to human CES1. These results—the first nLD proteome—demonstrate that a tandem-GeLC-MS2-analysis protocol facilitates studies like these on rat-liver nuclei. A diversity of cellular-protein function was identified indicating the direct or indirect nLD participation and involving Ces1d/Ces3 in the LD-population homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía C. Lagrutta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata “Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner” (INIBIOLP-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan P. Layerenza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata “Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner” (INIBIOLP-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Silvia Bronsoms
- Servei de Proteómica i Biología Estructural de la Universitat Autonma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián A. Trejo
- Servei de Proteómica i Biología Estructural de la Universitat Autonma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ana Ves-Losada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata “Profesor Doctor Rodolfo R. Brenner” (INIBIOLP-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Robichaud S, Fairman G, Vijithakumar V, Mak E, Cook DP, Pelletier AR, Huard S, Vanderhyden BC, Figeys D, Lavallée-Adam M, Baetz K, Ouimet M. Identification of novel lipid droplet factors that regulate lipophagy and cholesterol efflux in macrophage foam cells. Autophagy 2021; 17:3671-3689. [PMID: 33590792 PMCID: PMC8632324 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1886839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage autophagy is a highly anti-atherogenic process that promotes the catabolism of cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) to maintain cellular lipid homeostasis. Selective autophagy relies on tags such as ubiquitin and a set of selectivity factors including selective autophagy receptors (SARs) to label specific cargo for degradation. Originally described in yeast cells, "lipophagy" refers to the degradation of LDs by autophagy. Yet, how LDs are targeted for autophagy is poorly defined. Here, we employed mass spectrometry to identify lipophagy factors within the macrophage foam cell LD proteome. In addition to structural proteins (e.g., PLIN2), metabolic enzymes (e.g., ACSL) and neutral lipases (e.g., PNPLA2), we found the association of proteins related to the ubiquitination machinery (e.g., AUP1) and autophagy (e.g., HMGB, YWHA/14-3-3 proteins). The functional role of candidate lipophagy factors (a total of 91) was tested using a custom siRNA array combined with high-content cholesterol efflux assays. We observed that knocking down several of these genes, including Hmgb1, Hmgb2, Hspa5, and Scarb2, significantly reduced cholesterol efflux, and SARs SQSTM1/p62, NBR1 and OPTN localized to LDs, suggesting a role for these in lipophagy. Using yeast lipophagy assays, we established a genetic requirement for several candidate lipophagy factors in lipophagy, including HSPA5, UBE2G2 and AUP1. Our study is the first to systematically identify several LD-associated proteins of the lipophagy machinery, a finding with important biological and therapeutic implications. Targeting these to selectively enhance lipophagy to promote cholesterol efflux in foam cells may represent a novel strategy to treat atherosclerosis.Abbreviations:ADGRL3: adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3; agLDL: aggregated low density lipoprotein; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APOA1: apolipoprotein A1; ATG: autophagy related; AUP1: AUP1 lipid droplet regulating VLDL assembly factor; BMDM: bone-marrow derived macrophages; BNIP3L: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CIRBP: cold inducible RNA binding protein; COLGALT1: collagen beta(1-O)galactosyltransferase 1; CORO1A: coronin 1A; DMA: deletion mutant array; Faa4: long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FUS: fused in sarcoma; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HMGB2: high mobility group box 2: HSP90AA1: heat shock protein 90: alpha (cytosolic): class A member 1; HSPA5: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; HSPA8: heat shock protein 8; HSPB1: heat shock protein 1; HSPH1: heat shock 105kDa/110kDa protein 1; LDAH: lipid droplet associated hydrolase; LIPA: lysosomal acid lipase A; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MACROH2A1: macroH2A.1 histone; MAP1LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCOLN1: mucolipin 1; NBR1: NBR1, autophagy cargo receptor; NPC2: NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2; OPTN: optineurin; P/S: penicillin-streptomycin; PLIN2: perilipin 2; PLIN3: perilipin 3; PNPLA2: patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2; RAB: RAB, member RAS oncogene family; RBBP7, retinoblastoma binding protein 7, chromatin remodeling factor; SAR: selective autophagy receptor; SCARB2: scavenger receptor class B, member 2; SGA: synthetic genetic array; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 (human T cell leukemia virus type I) binding protein 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TOLLIP: toll interacting protein; UBE2G2: ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 G2; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated gene; VDAC2: voltage dependent anion channel 2; VIM: vimentin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Robichaud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Garrett Fairman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Viyashini Vijithakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Esther Mak
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David P Cook
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander R Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Huard
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin Baetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Patteson AE, Vahabikashi A, Goldman RD, Janmey PA. Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Functions of Filamentous and Non-Filamentous Vimentin. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000078. [PMID: 32893352 PMCID: PMC8349470 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) formed by vimentin are less understood than their cytoskeletal partners, microtubules and F-actin, but the unique physical properties of IFs, especially their resistance to large deformations, initially suggest a mechanical function. Indeed, vimentin IFs help regulate cell mechanics and contractility, and in crowded 3D environments they protect the nucleus during cell migration. Recently, a multitude of studies, often using genetic or proteomic screenings show that vimentin has many non-mechanical functions within and outside of cells. These include signaling roles in wound healing, lipogenesis, sterol processing, and various functions related to extracellular and cell surface vimentin. Extracellular vimentin is implicated in marking circulating tumor cells, promoting neural repair, and mediating the invasion of host cells by viruses, including SARS-CoV, or bacteria such as Listeria and Streptococcus. These findings underscore the fundamental role of vimentin in not only cell mechanics but also a range of physiological functions. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/YPfoddqvz-g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Patteson
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Talbott HA, Plewes MR, Krause C, Hou X, Zhang P, Rizzo WB, Wood JR, Cupp AS, Davis JS. Formation and characterization of lipid droplets of the bovine corpus luteum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11287. [PMID: 32647143 PMCID: PMC7347867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy depends on progesterone synthesized by luteal tissue in the ovary. Our objective was to identify the characteristics of lipid droplets (LDs) in ovarian steroidogenic cells. We hypothesized that LDs are a major feature of steroidogenic luteal cells and store cholesteryl esters. Whole bovine tissues, isolated ovarian steroidogenic cells (granulosa, theca, small luteal, and large luteal), and isolated luteal LDs were assessed for LD content, LD-associated proteins and lipid analyses. Bovine luteal tissue contained abundant lipid droplets, LD-associated perilipins 2/3/5, hormone-sensitive lipase, and 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5. Luteal tissue was enriched in triglycerides (TGs) compared to other tissues, except for adipose tissue. Luteal cells were distinguishable from follicular cells by the presence of LDs, LD-associated proteins, and increased TGs. Furthermore, LDs from large luteal cells were numerous and small; whereas, LDs from small luteal cells were large and less numerous. Isolated LDs contained nearly all of the TGs and cholesteryl esters present in luteal tissue. Isolated luteal LDs were composed primarily of TG, with lesser amounts of cholesteryl esters, diglyceride and other phospholipids. Bovine luteal LDs are distinct from LDs in other bovine tissues, including follicular steroidogenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Talbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-9450, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA.,Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon Health Sciences University/Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Michele R Plewes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-9450, USA.,Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA
| | - Crystal Krause
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-9450, USA.,Surgery Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3280, USA
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-9450, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-9450, USA
| | - William B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5940, USA
| | - Jennifer R Wood
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - Andrea S Cupp
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Olson Center for Women's Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-9450, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5870, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fernández-García M, Rey-Stolle F, Boccard J, Reddy VP, García A, Cumming BM, Steyn AJC, Rudaz S, Barbas C. Comprehensive Examination of the Mouse Lung Metabolome Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using a Multiplatform Mass Spectrometry Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2053-2070. [PMID: 32285670 PMCID: PMC7199213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires the host metabolism in vivo are surprisingly unexplored. Here, we used three high-resolution mass spectrometry platforms to track altered lung metabolic changes associated with Mtb infection of mice. The multiplatform data sets were merged using consensus orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (cOPLS-DA), an algorithm that allows for the joint interpretation of the results from a single multivariate analysis. We show that Mtb infection triggers a temporal and progressive catabolic state to satisfy the continuously changing energy demand to control infection. This causes dysregulation of metabolic and oxido-reductive pathways culminating in Mtb-associated wasting. Notably, high abundances of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced by the host from the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine upon infection, suggest that Mtb could exploit TMAO as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. Overall, these new pathway alterations advance our understanding of the link between Mtb pathogenesis and metabolic dysregulation and could serve as a foundation for new therapeutic intervention strategies. Mass spectrometry data has been deposited in the Metabolomics Workbench repository (data-set identifier: ST001328).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Vineel P. Reddy
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Antonia García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Africa
Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- UAB
Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fan J, Campioli E, Sottas C, Zirkin B, Papadopoulos V. Amhr2-Cre-Mediated Global Tspo Knockout. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa001. [PMID: 32099945 PMCID: PMC7031085 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in cholesterol transport in steroid-synthesizing cells has been studied extensively, recent studies of TSPO genetic depletion have questioned its role. Amhr2-Cre mice have been used to generate Leydig cell-specific Tspo conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Using the same Cre line, we were unable to generate Tspo cKO mice possibly because of genetic linkage between Tspo and Amhr2 and coexpression of Amhr2-Cre and Tspo in early embryonic development. We found that Amhr2-Cre is expressed during preimplantation stages, resulting in global heterozygous mice (gHE; Amhr2-Cre+/–,Tspo–/+). Two gHE mice were crossed, generating Amhr2-Cre–mediated Tspo global knockout (gKO; Tspo–/–) mice. We found that 33.3% of blastocysts at E3.5 to E4.5 showed normal morphology, whereas 66.7% showed delayed development, which correlates with the expected Mendelian proportions of Tspo+/+ (25%), Tspo–/– (25%), and Tspo+/– (50%) genotypes from crossing 2 Tspo–/+ mice. Adult Tspo gKO mice exhibited disturbances in neutral lipid homeostasis and reduced intratesticular and circulating testosterone levels, but no change in circulating basal corticosterone levels. RNA-sequencing data from mouse adrenal glands and lungs revealed transcriptome changes in response to the loss of TSPO, including changes in several cholesterol-binding and transfer proteins. This study demonstrates that Amhr2-Cre can be used to produce Tspo gKO mice instead of cKO, and can serve as a new global “Cre deleter.” Moreover, our results show that Tspo deletion causes delayed preimplantation embryonic development, alters neutral lipid storage and steroidogenesis, and leads to transcriptome changes that may reflect compensatory mechanisms in response to the loss of function of TSPO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Enrico Campioli
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Sottas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, US
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, US
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, US
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:281-334. [PMID: 33263877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semi-autonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show a striking level of diversification. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the architecture, dynamics, and multitude of functions of the lipid droplets in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes deriving from primary and secondary endosymbiosis events.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abobaker H, Hu Y, Omer NA, Hou Z, Idriss AA, Zhao R. Maternal betaine suppresses adrenal expression of cholesterol trafficking genes and decreases plasma corticosterone concentration in offspring pullets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:87. [PMID: 31827786 PMCID: PMC6862747 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laying hens supplemented with betaine demonstrate activated adrenal steroidogenesis and deposit higher corticosterone (CORT) in the egg yolk. Here we further investigate the effect of maternal betaine on the plasma CORT concentration and adrenal expression of steroidogenic genes in offspring pullets. Results Maternal betaine significantly reduced (P < 0.05) plasma CORT concentration and the adrenal expression of vimentin that is involved in trafficking cholesterol to the mitochondria for utilization in offspring pullets. Concurrently, voltage-dependent anion channel 1 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, the two mitochondrial proteins involved in cholesterol influx, were both down-regulated at mRNA and protein levels. However, enzymes responsible for steroid syntheses, such as cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 and cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A member 2, were significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated at mRNA or protein levels in the adrenal gland of pullets derived from betaine-supplemented hens. Furthermore, expression of transcription factors, such as steroidogenic factor-1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and cAMP response element-binding protein, was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced, together with their downstream target genes, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, LDL receptor and sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein. The promoter regions of most steroidogenic genes were significantly (P < 0.05) hypomethylated, although methyl transfer enzymes, such as AHCYL, GNMT1 and BHMT were up-regulated. Conclusions These results indicate that the reduced plasma CORT in betaine-supplemented offspring pullets is linked to suppressed cholesterol trafficking into the mitochondria, despite the activation of cholesterol and corticosteroid synthetic genes associated with promoter hypomethylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halima Abobaker
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Nagmeldin A Omer
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,3College of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Nyala, 155 Nyala, Sudan
| | - Zhen Hou
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Abdulrahman A Idriss
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- 1MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tan Y, Jin Y, Wu X, Ren Z. PSMD1 and PSMD2 regulate HepG2 cell proliferation and apoptosis via modulating cellular lipid droplet metabolism. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 31703613 PMCID: PMC6842266 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are well-known risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The lipid-rich environment enhances the proliferation and metastasis abilities of tumor cells. Previous studies showed the effect of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) on tumor cell proliferation. However, the underlying mechanism of UPS in regulating the proliferation of lipid-rich tumor cells is not totally clear. Results Here, we identify two proteasome 26S subunits, non-ATPase 1 and 2 (PSMD1 and PSMD2), which regulate HepG2 cells proliferation via modulating cellular lipid metabolism. Briefly, the knockdown of PSMD1 and/or PSMD2 decreases the formation of cellular lipid droplets, the provider of the energy and membrane components for tumor cell proliferation. Mechanically, PSMD1 and PSMD2 regulate the expression of genes related to de novo lipid synthesis via p38-JNK and AKT signaling. Moreover, the high expression of PSMD1 and PSMD2 is significantly correlated with poor prognosis of HCC. Conclusion We demonstrate that PSMD1 and PSMD2 promote the proliferation of HepG2 cells via facilitating cellular lipid droplet accumulation. This study provides a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of lipid-rich tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China. .,Bio-Medical Center of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Monocytes and macrophages are key players in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and dictate atherogenesis growth and stability. The heterogeneous nature of myeloid cells concerning their metabolic and phenotypic function is increasingly appreciated. This review summarizes the recent monocyte and macrophage literature and highlights how differing subsets contribute to atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Monocytes are short-lived cells generated in the bone marrow and released to circulation where they can produce inflammatory cytokines and, importantly, differentiate into long-lived macrophages. In the context of cardiovascular disease, a myriad of subtypes, exist with each differentially contributing to plaque development. Herein we describe recent novel characterizations of monocyte and macrophage subtypes and summarize the recent literature on mediators of myelopoiesis. SUMMARY An increased understanding of monocyte and macrophage phenotype and their molecular regulators is likely to translate to the development of new therapeutic targets to either stem the growth of existing plaques or promote plaque stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Amengual
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Tessa J. Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cave E, Crowther NJ. Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase mediates the accumulation of cholesterol esters in the murine Y1 adrenal cortex cell line. Ann Anat 2019; 227:151420. [PMID: 31563571 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol esters (CEs) accumulate in the cells of the adrenal cortex and are used for the synthesis of steroid hormones. The full molecular pathways involved in mediating the accumulation of CEs within the adrenal cortex are yet to be elucidated. Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is needed for intracellular lipid accumulation of triglycerides in adipocytes and is also expressed in the cortical cells of the adrenal gland. Therefore we aimed to determine if TNAP is needed for the accumulation of CEs within the murine Y1 adrenal cortex cell line. METHODS Y1 cells were induced to accumulate lipids. Lipid accumulation and TNAP activity and expression were determined throughout intracellular lipid accumulation. The location of TNAP within the cell was determined through immunohistochemical analysis. Lipid accumulation in the cells was associated with a rise in TNAP activity and TNAP was localised to lipid droplets within the Y1 cells. Inhibition of TNAP with a specific inhibitor (levamisole) resulted in the cessation of CE accumulation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that TNAP plays a role in the control of lipid accumulation in this adrenal cortex cell line. Therefore, in both triglyceride and CE storing cell types TNAP would seem to be essential for intra-cellular lipid storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Cave
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yu J, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhu X, Xu S, Zhou XM, Wang H, Zhang H, Liang B, Liu P. The Adrenal Lipid Droplet is a New Site for Steroid Hormone Metabolism. Proteomics 2019; 18:e1800136. [PMID: 30358111 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play essential roles for living organisms. It has been long and well established that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are essential sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis because several steroidogenic enzymes are located in these organelles. The adrenal gland lipid droplet (LD) proteomes from human, macaque monkey, and rodent are analyzed, revealing that steroidogenic enzymes are also present in abundance on LDs. The enzymes found include 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B) and estradiol 17β-dehydrogenase 11 (HSD17B11). Analyses by Western blot and subcellular localization consistently demonstrate that HSD3B2 is localized on LDs. Furthermore, in vitro experiments confirm that the isolated LDs from HeLa cell stably expressing HSD3B2 or from rat adrenal glands have the capacity to convert pregnenolone to progesterone. Collectively, these data suggest that LDs may be important sites of steroid hormone metabolism. These findings may bring novel insights into the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones and the development of treatments for adrenal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Linqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shimeng Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- General Hospital of Air Force, Beijing, 100142, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, P. R. China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.,Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The combination of next generation sequencing (NGS) and automated liquid handling platforms has led to a revolution in single-cell genomic studies. However, many molecules that are critical to understanding the functional roles of cells in a complex tissue or organs, are not directly encoded in the genome, and therefore cannot be profiled with NGS. Lipids, for example, play a critical role in many metabolic processes but cannot be detected by sequencing. Recent developments in quantitative imaging, particularly coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques, have produced a suite of tools for studying lipid content in single cells. This article reviews CRS imaging and computational image processing techniques for non-destructive profiling of dynamic changes in lipid composition and spatial distribution at the single-cell level. As quantitative CRS imaging progresses synergistically with microfluidic and microscopic platforms for single-cell genomic analysis, we anticipate that these techniques will bring researchers closer towards combined lipidomic and genomic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Gupta
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley Graduate Division, Berkeley, California, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang C, Liu P. The New Face of the Lipid Droplet: Lipid Droplet Proteins. Proteomics 2018; 19:e1700223. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesCAS Center for Excellence in BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jefcoate CR, Lee J. Cholesterol signaling in single cells: lessons from STAR and sm-FISH. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R213-R235. [PMID: 29691317 PMCID: PMC6324173 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important regulator of cell signaling, both through direct impacts on cell membranes and through oxy-metabolites that activate specific receptors (steroids, hydroxy-cholesterols, bile acids). Cholesterol moves slowly through and between cell membranes with the assistance of specific binding proteins and transfer processes. The prototype cholesterol regulator is the Steroidogenesis Acute Regulatory (STAR), which moves cholesterol into mitochondria, where steroid synthesis is initiated by cytochrome P450 11A1 in multiple endocrine cell types. CYP27A1 generates hydroxyl cholesterol metabolites that activate LXR nuclear receptors to control cholesterol homeostatic and transport mechanisms. LXR regulation of cholesterol transport and storage as cholesterol ester droplets is shared by both steroid-producing cells and macrophage. This cholesterol signaling is crucial to brain neuron regulation by astrocytes and microglial macrophage, mediated by ApoE and sensitive to disruption by β-amyloid plaques. sm-FISH delivers appreciable insights into signaling in single cells, by resolving single RNA molecules as mRNA and by quantifying pre-mRNA at gene loci. sm-FISH has been applied to problems in physiology, embryo development and cancer biology, where single cell features have critical impacts. sm-FISH identifies novel features of STAR transcription in adrenal and testis cells, including asymmetric expression at individual gene loci, delayed splicing and 1:1 association of mRNA with mitochondria. This may represent a functional unit for the translation-dependent cholesterol transfer directed by STAR, which integrates into mitochondrial fusion dynamics. Similar cholesterol dynamics repeat with different players in the cycling of cholesterol between astrocytes and neurons in the brain, which may be abnormal in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Long considered inert fat storage depots, it has become clear that lipid droplets (LDs) are bona fide organelles. Like other organelles, they have a characteristic complement of proteins and lipids, and undergo a life cycle that includes biogenesis, maturation, interactions with other organelles, and turnover. I will discuss recent insights into mechanisms governing the life cycle of LDs, and compare and contrast the LD life cycle with that of other metabolic organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and autophagosomes, highlighting open questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fan J, Wang K, Zirkin B, Papadopoulos V. CRISPR/Cas9‒Mediated Tspo Gene Mutations Lead to Reduced Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Steroid Formation in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1130-1146. [PMID: 29300865 PMCID: PMC5793793 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane translocator protein (TSPO) binds cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its delivery into mitochondria, the rate-limiting step in hormone-induced steroidogenesis. Specific ligand binding to TSPO has been shown to initiate steroid formation. However, recent studies of the genetic deletion of Tspo have provided conflicting results. Here, we address and extend previous studies by examining the effects of Tspo-specific mutations on steroid formation in hormone- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive MA-10 cells, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two mutant subcell lines, nG1 and G2G, each carrying a Tspo exon2-specific genome modification, and two control subcell lines, G1 and HH, each carrying a wild-type Tspo, were produced. In response to dibutyryl cAMP, the nG1 and G2G cells produced progesterone at levels significantly lower than those produced by the corresponding control cells G1 and HH. Neutral lipid homeostasis, which provides free cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis, was altered significantly in the Tspo mutant cells. Interestingly, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of the Tspo mutant cells was significantly reduced compared with that of the control cells, likely because of TSPO interactions with the voltage-dependent anion channel and tubulin at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression was induced in nG1 cells, suggesting that reduced TSPO affected STAR synthesis and/or processing. Taken together, these results provide further evidence for the critical role of TSPO in steroid biosynthesis and suggest that it may function at least in part via its regulation of ΔΨm and effects on STAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kevin Wang
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
TSPO mutations in rats and a human polymorphism impair the rate of steroid synthesis. Biochem J 2017; 474:3985-3999. [PMID: 29074640 PMCID: PMC5697202 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a ubiquitous conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein implicated in numerous cell and tissue functions, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, respiration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. TSPO binds with high affinity to cholesterol and numerous compounds, is expressed at high levels in steroid-synthesizing tissues, and mediates cholesterol import into mitochondria, which is the rate-limiting step in steroid formation. In humans, the rs6971 polymorphism on the TSPO gene leads to an amino acid substitution in the fifth transmembrane loop of the protein, which is where the cholesterol-binding domain of TSPO is located, and this polymorphism has been associated with anxiety-related disorders. However, recent knockout mouse models have provided inconsistent conclusions of whether TSPO is directly involved in steroid synthesis. In this report, we show that TSPO deletion mutations in rat and its corresponding rs6971 polymorphism in humans alter adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced plasma corticosteroid concentrations. Rat tissues examined show increased cholesteryl ester accumulation, and neurosteroid formation was undetectable in homozygous rats. These results also support a role for TSPO ligands in diseases with steroid-dependent stress and anxiety elements.
Collapse
|
42
|
VandeKopple MJ, Wu J, Baer LA, Bal NC, Maurya SK, Kalyanasundaram A, Periasamy M, Stanford KI, Giaccia AJ, Denko NC, Papandreou I. Stress-responsive HILPDA is necessary for thermoregulation during fasting. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:27-38. [PMID: 28739822 PMCID: PMC5567683 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (HILPDA) has been shown to localize to lipid droplets in nutrient-responsive cell types such as hepatocytes and adipocytes. However, its role in the control of whole-body homeostasis is not known. We sought to measure cell-intrinsic and systemic stress responses in a mouse strain harboring whole-body Hilpda deficiency. We generated a genetically engineered mouse model of whole-body HILPDA deficiency by replacing the coding Hilpda exon with luciferase. We subjected the knockout animals to environmental stresses and measured whole-animal metabolic and behavioral parameters. Brown adipocyte precursors were isolated and differentiated in vitro to quantify the impact of HILPDA ablation in lipid storage and mobilization in these cells. HILPDA-knockout animals are viable and fertile, but show reduced ambulatory activity and oxygen consumption at regular housing conditions. Acclimatization at thermoneutral conditions abolished the phenotypic differences observed at 22°C. When fasted, HILPDA KO mice are unable to maintain body temperature and become hypothermic at 22°C, without apparent abnormalities in blood chemistry parameters or tissue triglyceride content. HILPDA expression was upregulated during adipocyte differentiation and activation in vitro; however, it was not required for lipid droplet formation in brown adipocytes. We conclude that HILPDA is necessary for efficient fuel utilization suggesting a homeostatic role for Hilpda in sub-optimal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinghai Wu
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteDepartment of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Naresh C Bal
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Santosh K Maurya
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteDepartment of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation OncologyStanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ioanna Papandreou
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that store neutral lipids for energy or membrane synthesis and act as hubs for metabolic processes. Cells generate LDs de novo, converting cells to emulsions with LDs constituting the dispersed oil phase in the aqueous cytoplasm. Here we review our current view of LD biogenesis. We present a model of LD formation from the ER in distinct steps and highlight the biology of proteins that govern this biophysical process. Areas of incomplete knowledge are identified, as are connections with physiology and diseases linked to alterations in LD biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C Walther
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jeeyun Chung
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Robert V Farese
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , .,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Onal G, Kutlu O, Gozuacik D, Dokmeci Emre S. Lipid Droplets in Health and Disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:128. [PMID: 28662670 PMCID: PMC5492776 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential building blocks synthesized by complex molecular pathways and deposited as lipid droplets (LDs) in cells. LDs are evolutionary conserved organelles found in almost all organisms, from bacteria to mammals. They are composed of a hydrophobic neutral lipid core surrounding by a phospholipid monolayer membrane with various decorating proteins. Degradation of LDs provide metabolic energy for divergent cellular processes such as membrane synthesis and molecular signaling. Lipolysis and autophagy are two main catabolic pathways of LDs, which regulate lipid metabolism and, thereby, closely engaged in many pathological conditons. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current knowledge on the structural properties and the biogenesis of LDs. We further focus on the recent findings of their catabolic mechanism by lipolysis and autophagy as well as their connection ragarding the regulation and function. Moreover, we discuss the relevance of LDs and their catabolism-dependent pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Onal
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Kutlu
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM) & Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program & Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Dokmeci Emre
- Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bersuker K, Olzmann JA. Establishing the lipid droplet proteome: Mechanisms of lipid droplet protein targeting and degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28627435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles that mediate the sequestration of neutral lipids (e.g. triacylglycerol and sterol esters), providing a dynamic cellular storage depot for rapid lipid mobilization in response to increased cellular demands. LDs have a unique ultrastructure, consisting of a core of neutral lipids encircled by a phospholipid monolayer that is decorated with integral and peripheral proteins. The LD proteome contains numerous lipid metabolic enzymes, regulatory scaffold proteins, proteins involved in LD clustering and fusion, and other proteins of unknown functions. The cellular role of LDs is inherently determined by the composition of its proteome and alteration of the LD protein coat provides a powerful mechanism to adapt LDs to fluctuating metabolic states. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern LD protein targeting and degradation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Bersuker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Itabe H, Yamaguchi T, Nimura S, Sasabe N. Perilipins: a diversity of intracellular lipid droplet proteins. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:83. [PMID: 28454542 PMCID: PMC5410086 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular lipid droplets (LDs) are found in a wide variety of cell types and have been recognized as organelles with unique spherical structures. Although LDs are not stable lipid-depots, they are active sites of neutral lipid metabolism, and comprise neutral lipid or cholesterol cores surrounded by phospholipid monolayers containing specialized proteins. However, sizes and protein compositions vary between cell and tissue types. Proteins of the perilipin family have been associated with surfaces of LDs and all carry a conserved 11-mer repeat motif. Accumulating evidence indicates that all perilipins are involved in LD formation and that all play roles in LD function under differing conditions. In this brief review, we summarize current knowledge of the roles of perilipins and lipid metabolizing enzymes in a variety of mammalian cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Present address: College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyaka-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Satomi Nimura
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Sasabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pfisterer SG, Gateva G, Horvath P, Pirhonen J, Salo VT, Karhinen L, Varjosalo M, Ryhänen SJ, Lappalainen P, Ikonen E. Role for formin-like 1-dependent acto-myosin assembly in lipid droplet dynamics and lipid storage. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14858. [PMID: 28361956 PMCID: PMC5380971 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles specialized in triacylglycerol (TG) storage undergoing homotypic clustering and fusion. In non-adipocytic cells with numerous LDs this is balanced by poorly understood droplet dissociation mechanisms. We identify non-muscle myosin IIa (NMIIa/MYH-9) and formin-like 1 (FMNL1) in the LD proteome. NMIIa and actin filaments concentrate around LDs, and form transient foci between dissociating LDs. NMIIa depletion results in decreased LD dissociations, enlarged LDs, decreased hydrolysis and increased storage of TGs. FMNL1 is required for actin assembly on LDs in vitro and for NMIIa recruitment to LDs in cells. We propose a novel acto-myosin structure regulating lipid storage: FMNL1-dependent assembly of myosin II-functionalized actin filaments on LDs facilitates their dissociation, thereby affecting LD surface-to-volume ratio and enzyme accessibility to TGs. In neutrophilic leucocytes from MYH9-related disease patients NMIIa inclusions are accompanied by increased lipid storage in droplets, suggesting that NMIIa dysfunction may contribute to lipid imbalance in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon G. Pfisterer
- Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Gergana Gateva
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Peter Horvath
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, BRC, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Juho Pirhonen
- Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Veijo T. Salo
- Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Leena Karhinen
- Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Samppa J. Ryhänen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kraemer FB, Shen WJ, Azhar S. SNAREs and cholesterol movement for steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:17-21. [PMID: 27477781 PMCID: PMC5235947 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis is a complex process through which cholesterol traffics to mitochondria and is converted via a series of enzymatic steps to steroid hormones. Although the rate-limiting step in this process is the movement of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane via the actions of StAR, a continuous supply of cholesterol must be delivered to the outer mitochondrial membrane during active steroidogenesis and this is derived from multiple sources, including lipoprotein uptake, endogenous cholesterol synthesis and release from stores within cytoplasmic lipid droplets. A number of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to cholesterol trafficking to mitochondria; however, there is no definitive consensus and this is particularly so in regards to trafficking from cytoplasmic lipid droplets. In this paper we review experiments in which we have surveyed the expression of SNARE proteins in steroidogenic tissue and cells and examined the role of SNAREs in mediating cholesterol movement from lipid droplets to the mitochondria based on multiple studies that identified SNAREs as components of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. We established and characterized an in vitro mitochondria reconstitution assay system that enabled us to examine the impact of adding recombinant SNARE proteins specifically on the movement of cholesterol from model lipid droplets to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Using this reconstitution assay system in combination with siRNA knockdown experiments in rat primary granulosa cells or in steroidogenic cell lines, we showed that several SNARE proteins are important components in the trafficking of cholesterol from lipid droplets to the mitochondria for steroidogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Perrotta I. Interaction between lipid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum in human atherosclerotic plaques. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41:1-9. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1269861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Perrotta
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (Di.B.E.S.T.), Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CM2), Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Lipid droplets are the universal cellular organelles for the transient or long-term storage of lipids. The number, size and composition of lipid droplets vary greatly within cells in a homogenous population as well as in different cell types. The variability of intracellular lipid-storage organelles reflects the diversification of lipid droplet composition and function. Lipid droplet diversification results, for example, in two cellular lipid droplet populations that are prone to diminish and grow, respectively. The aberrant accumulation or depletion of lipids are hallmarks or causes of various human pathologies. Thus, a better understanding of the origins of lipid droplet diversification is not only a fascinating cell biology question but also potentially serves to improve comprehension of pathologies that entail the accumulation of lipids. This Commentary covers the lipid droplet life cycle and highlights the early steps during lipid droplet biogenesis, which we propose to be the potential driving forces of lipid droplet diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Rachid Thiam
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University; Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité; Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06; CNRS; 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany .,Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| |
Collapse
|