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Münzbergová Z, Šurinová M, Biscarini F, Níčová E. Genetic response of a perennial grass to warm and wet environments interacts and is associated with trait means as well as plasticity. J Evol Biol 2024; 37:704-716. [PMID: 38761114 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The potential for rapid evolution is an important mechanism allowing species to adapt to changing climatic conditions. Although such potential has been largely studied in various short-lived organisms, to what extent we can observe similar patterns in long-lived plant species, which often dominate natural systems, is largely unexplored. We explored the potential for rapid evolution in Festuca rubra, a long-lived grass with extensive clonal growth dominating in alpine grasslands. We used a field sowing experiment simulating expected climate change in our model region. Specifically, we exposed seeds from five independent seed sources to novel climatic conditions by shifting them along a natural climatic grid and explored the genetic profiles of established seedlings after 3 years. Data on genetic profiles of plants selected under different novel conditions indicate that different climate shifts select significantly different pools of genotypes from common seed pools. Increasing soil moisture was more important than increasing temperature or the interaction of the two climatic factors in selecting pressure. This can indicate negative genetic interaction in response to the combined effects or that the effects of different climates are interactive rather than additive. The selected alleles were found in genomic regions, likely affecting the function of specific genes or their expression. Many of these were also linked to morphological traits (mainly to trait plasticity), suggesting these changes may have a consequence on plant performance. Overall, these data indicate that even long-lived plant species may experience strong selection by climate, and their populations thus have the potential to rapidly adapt to these novel conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Šurinová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IBBA-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Níčová
- Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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2
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Collart F, Kiebacher T, Quetsch M, Broennimann O, Guisan A, Vanderpoorten A. To what extent can we predict variation of bryophyte and tracheophyte community composition at fine spatial scale along an elevation gradient? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171741. [PMID: 38508261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Mounting evidence points to the need for high-resolution climatic data in biodiversity analyses under global change. As we move to finer resolution, other factors than climate, including other abiotic variables and biotic interactions play, however, an increasing role, raising the question of our ability to predict community composition at fine scales. Focusing on two lineages of land plants, bryophytes and tracheophytes, we determine the relative contribution of climatic, non-climatic environmental drivers, spatial effects, community architecture and composition of one lineage to predict community composition of the other lineage, and how our ability to predict community composition varies along an elevation gradient. The relationship between community composition of one lineage and 68 environmental variables at 2-25 m spatial resolution, architecture and composition of the other lineage, and spatial factors, was investigated by hierarchical and variance partitioning across 413 2x2m plots in the Swiss Alps. Climatic data, although significant, contributed less to the model than any other variable considered. Community composition of one lineage, reflecting both direct interactions and unmeasured (hidden) abiotic factors, was the best predictor of community composition of the other lineage. Total explained variance substantially varied with elevation, underlining the fact that the strength of the species composition-environment relationship varies depending on environmental conditions. Total variance explained increased towards high elevation up to 50 %, with an increasing importance of spatial effects and vegetation architecture, pointing to increasing positive interactions and aggregated species distribution patterns in alpine environments. In tracheophytes, an increase of the contribution of non-climatic environmental factors was also observed at high elevation, in line with the hypothesis of a stronger environmental control under harsher conditions. Further improvements of our ability to predict changes in plant community composition may involve the implementation of historical variables and higher-resolution climatic data to better describe the microhabitat conditions actually experienced by organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Collart
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Kiebacher
- Department of Botany, Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marion Quetsch
- Institute of Botany, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Broennimann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Interdisciplinary Center for Mountain Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Thakur D, Altman J, Jandová V, Fibich P, Münzbergová Z, Doležal J. Global warming alters Himalayan alpine shrub growth dynamics and climate sensitivity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170252. [PMID: 38253093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Global climate change is having significant effects on plant growth patterns and mountain plants can be particularly vulnerable to accelerated warming. Rising temperatures are releasing plants from cold limitation, such as at high elevations and latitudes, but can also induce drought limitation, as documented for trees from lower elevations and latitudes. Here we test these predictions using a unique natural experiment with Himalayan alpine shrub Rhododendron anthopogon and its growth responses to changing climate over a large portion of its latitudinal and elevational ranges, including steep precipitation and temperature gradients. We determined growth dynamics during the last three decades, representing period of accelerated warming, using annual radial growth increments for nine populations growing on both wet and warm southern localities and drier and cold northern localities in the Himalayas along elevation gradients encompassing the lower and upper species range limits. A significant growth increase over past decades was observed after controlling for confounding effect of shrub age and microsites. However, the magnitude of increase varied among populations. Particularly, populations situated in the lower elevation of the northernmost (cold and dry) locality exhibited most substantial growth enhancement. The relationship between growth variability and climate varied among populations, with the populations from the coldest location displaying the strongest responsiveness to increasing minimum temperatures during July. Minimum temperatures of April and August were the most important factor limiting the growth across most populations. Potential warming-induced drought limitation had no significant impact on growth variation in any part of the species geographic range. Overall, our findings indicate that plant growth is continuously increasing in recent decades and growth-climate relationships are not consistent across populations, with populations from the coldest and wettest localities showing stronger responses. The observed patterns suggest that dwarf-shrubs benefit from ongoing warming, leading to increased shrubification of high elevation alpine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Thakur
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia.
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Jandová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Pavel Fibich
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Doležal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czechia; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
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4
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Dahle IJ, Gya R, Töpper JP, Vandvik V. Are sub-alpine species' seedling emergence and establishment in the alpine limited by climate or biotic interactions? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11009. [PMID: 38352204 PMCID: PMC10862170 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the ways in which plants are responding to climate change is by shifting their ranges to higher elevations. Early life-history stages are major bottlenecks for species' range shifts, and variation in seedling emergence and establishment success can therefore be important determinants of species' ability to establish at higher elevations. Previous studies have found that warming per se tends to not only increase seedling establishment in alpine climates but it also increases plant productivity, which could limit establishment success through increased competition for light. Here we disentangle the relative importance of several climate-related abiotic and biotic factors on sub-alpine species' seedling emergence and survival in the alpine. Specifically, we test how temperature, precipitation and competition from neighbouring vegetation impacts establishment, and also whether species' functional traits, or strategies impact their ability to colonise alpine locations. We found that our six sub-alpine study species were all able to recruit from seed in alpine locations under the extant alpine climate, but their emergence was limited by competition from neighbouring vegetation. This indicates that biotic interactions can hinder the range shifts expected as a result of climate warming. Species with a resource conservative strategy had higher emergence in the extant alpine climate than species with a resource acquisitive strategy, and they were largely unaffected by changes in temperature. The resource acquisitive species, in contrast, had faster emergence under warming, especially when they were released from competition from neighbouring vegetation. Our results indicate that competition from the established vegetation is limiting the spread of lowland species into the alpine, and as the climate continues to warm, species with resource acquisitive traits might gain an advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid J. Dahle
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Ragnhild Gya
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate ResearchUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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5
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Chen J, Lewis OT. Experimental heatwaves facilitate invasion and alter species interactions and composition in a tropical host-parasitoid community. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6261-6275. [PMID: 37733768 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
As mean temperatures increase and heatwaves become more frequent, species are expanding their distributions to colonise new habitats. The resulting novel species interactions will simultaneously shape the temperature-driven reorganization of resident communities. The interactive effects of climate change and climate change-facilitated invasion have rarely been studied in multi-trophic communities, and are likely to differ depending on the nature of the climatic driver (i.e., climate extremes or constant warming). We re-created under laboratory conditions a host-parasitoid community typical of high-elevation rainforest sites in Queensland, Australia, comprising four Drosophila species and two associated parasitoid species. We subjected these communities to an equivalent increase in average temperature in the form of periodic heatwaves or constant warming, in combination with an invasion treatment involving a novel host species from lower-elevation habitats. The two parasitoid species were sensitive to both warming and heatwaves, while the demographic responses of Drosophila species were highly idiosyncratic, reflecting the combined effects of thermal tolerance, parasitism, competition, and facilitation. After multiple generations, our heatwave treatment promoted the establishment of low-elevation species in upland communities. Invasion of the low-elevation species correlated negatively with the abundance of one of the parasitoid species, leading to cascading effects on its hosts and their competitors. Our study, therefore, reveals differing, sometimes contrasting, impacts of extreme temperatures and constant warming on community composition. It also highlights how the scale and direction of climate impacts could be further modified by invading species within a bi-trophic community network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Keetz LT, Lieungh E, Karimi-Asli K, Geange SR, Gelati E, Tang H, Yilmaz YA, Aas KS, Althuizen IHJ, Bryn A, Falk S, Fisher R, Fouilloux A, Horvath P, Indrehus S, Lee H, Lombardozzi D, Parmentier FJW, Pirk N, Vandvik V, Vollsnes AV, Skarpaas O, Stordal F, Tallaksen LM. Climate-ecosystem modelling made easy: The Land Sites Platform. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4440-4452. [PMID: 37303068 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) provide a state-of-the-art process-based approach to study the complex interplay between vegetation and its physical environment. For example, they help to predict how terrestrial plants interact with climate, soils, disturbance and competition for resources. We argue that there is untapped potential for the use of DGVMs in ecological and ecophysiological research. One fundamental barrier to realize this potential is that many researchers with relevant expertize (ecology, plant physiology, soil science, etc.) lack access to the technical resources or awareness of the research potential of DGVMs. Here we present the Land Sites Platform (LSP): new software that facilitates single-site simulations with the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator, an advanced DGVM coupled with the Community Land Model. The LSP includes a Graphical User Interface and an Application Programming Interface, which improve the user experience and lower the technical thresholds for installing these model architectures and setting up model experiments. The software is distributed via version-controlled containers; researchers and students can run simulations directly on their personal computers or servers, with relatively low hardware requirements, and on different operating systems. Version 1.0 of the LSP supports site-level simulations. We provide input data for 20 established geo-ecological observation sites in Norway and workflows to add generic sites from public global datasets. The LSP makes standard model experiments with default data easily achievable (e.g., for educational or introductory purposes) while retaining flexibility for more advanced scientific uses. We further provide tools to visualize the model input and output, including simple examples to relate predictions to local observations. The LSP improves access to land surface and DGVM modelling as a building block of community cyberinfrastructure that may inspire new avenues for mechanistic ecosystem research across disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse T Keetz
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Lieungh
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sonya R Geange
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Hui Tang
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yeliz A Yilmaz
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil S Aas
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge H J Althuizen
- Division of Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Bryn
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefanie Falk
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosie Fisher
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Peter Horvath
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hanna Lee
- Division of Climate and Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Frans-Jan W Parmentier
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ane V Vollsnes
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Skarpaas
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Stordal
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Bektaş B, Thuiller W, Renaud J, Guéguen M, Calderón-Sanou I, Valay JG, Colace MP, Münkemüller T. A spatially explicit trait-based approach uncovers changes in assembly processes under warming. Ecol Lett 2023. [PMID: 37082882 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The re-assembly of plant communities during climate warming depends on several concurrent processes. Here, we present a novel framework that integrates spatially explicit sampling, plant trait information and a warming experiment to quantify shifts in these assembly processes. By accounting for spatial distance between individuals, our framework allows separation of potential signals of environmental filtering from those of different types of competition. When applied to an elevational transplant experiment in the French Alps, we found common signals of environmental filtering and competition in all communities. Signals of environmental filtering were generally stronger in alpine than in subalpine control communities, and warming reduced this filter. Competition signals depended on treatments and traits: Symmetrical competition was dominant in control and warmed alpine communities, while hierarchical competition was present in subalpine communities. Our study highlights how distance-dependent frameworks can contribute to a better understanding of transient re-assembly dynamics during environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billur Bektaş
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Maya Guéguen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Irene Calderón-Sanou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Marie-Pascale Colace
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
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8
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Mensah S, Lokossou CJ, Assogbadjo AE, Kakaï RG. Seasonal variation of environment and conspecific density-dependence effects on early seedling growth of a tropical tree in semi-arid savannahs. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
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9
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Gya R, Geange SR, Lynn JS, Töpper JP, Wallevik Ø, Zernichow C, Vandvik V. A test of local adaptation to drought in germination and seedling traits in populations of two alpine forbs across a 2000 mm/year precipitation gradient. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9772. [PMID: 36778839 PMCID: PMC9905427 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed regeneration is a critical stage in the life histories of plants, affecting species' abilities to maintain local populations, evolve, and disperse to new sites. In this study, we test for local adaptations to drought in germination and seedling growth of two alpine forbs with contrasting habitat preferences: the alpine generalist Veronica alpina and the snowbed specialist Sibbaldia procumbens. We sampled seeds of each species from four populations spanning a precipitation gradient from 1200 to 3400 mm/year in western Norway. In a growth chamber experiment, we germinated seeds from each population at 10 different water potentials under controlled light and temperature conditions. Drought led to lower germination percentage in both species, and additionally, slower germination, and more investment in roots for V. alpina. These responses varied along the precipitation gradient. Seeds from the driest populations had higher germination percentage, shorter time to germination, and higher investments in the roots under drought conditions than the seeds from the wettest populations - suggesting local adaption to drought. The snowbed specialist, S. procumbens, had lower germination percentages under drought, but otherwise did not respond to drought in ways that indicate physiological or morphological adaptions to drought. S. procumbens germination also did not vary systematically with precipitation of the source site, but heavier-seeded populations germinated to higher rates and tolerated drought better. Our study is the first to test drought effects on seed regeneration in alpine plants populations from high-precipitation regions. We found evidence that germination and seedling traits may show adaptation to drought even in populations from wet habitats. Our results also indicate that alpine generalists might be more adapted to drought and show more local adaptations in drought responses than snowbed specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Gya
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Bjerknes Center for Climate ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Sonya Rita Geange
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Bjerknes Center for Climate ResearchBergenNorway
| | - Joshua Scott Lynn
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Bjerknes Center for Climate ResearchBergenNorway
| | | | - Øystein Wallevik
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Bjerknes Center for Climate ResearchBergenNorway
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10
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Temporal dynamics in alpine snowpatch plants along a snowmelt gradient explained by functional traits and strategies. Oecologia 2023; 201:155-171. [PMID: 36472669 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alpine snowpatches are characterised by persistent snow cover, short growing seasons and periglacial processes, which has resulted in highly specialised plant communities. Hence, these snowpatch communities are among the most threatened from climate change. However, temporal dynamics in snowpatch microclimate and plant composition are rarely explored, especially in the marginal alpine environments of Australia. Seven snowpatches were categorised into early, mid and late snowmelt zones based on growing season length, with soil temperatures recorded from 2003 to 2020 and plant composition surveyed in 84 1 m2 quadrats in 2007, 2013 and 2020. Microclimate, species diversity, plant cover and composition, along with community-weighted trait means and plant strategies were assessed to understand snowpatch dynamics in response to climate change. We found that growing season length and temperatures have increased in late melt zones, while changes were less consistent in early and mid melt zones. There were few changes in species diversity, but increases in graminoids and declines in snowpatch specialists in mid and late melt zones. Community-weighted plant height, leaf area and leaf weight also increased, particularly in mid and late melt zones, while plant strategies shifted from compositions of ruderal-tolerant to stress-tolerant. Here, we show that snowpatch communities are rapidly changing in response to longer growing seasons and warmer temperatures, with the greatest changes occurring where snow persists the longest. The results highlight the climate-induced loss of defining biotic and abiotic characteristics of snowpatches, as temporal convergence of compositions along snowmelt gradients threatens the distinctiveness of snowpatch plant communities.
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11
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Johnson NM, Baucom RS. Dicamba drift alters plant–herbivore interactions at the agro‐ecological interface. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nia M. Johnson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Regina S. Baucom
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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12
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Kosová V, Latzel V, Hadincová V, Münzbergová Z. Effect of DNA methylation, modified by 5-azaC, on ecophysiological responses of a clonal plant to changing climate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17262. [PMID: 36241768 PMCID: PMC9568541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is expected to be an important mechanism behind phenotypic plasticity. Whether epigenetic regulation affects species ecophysiological adaptations to changing climate remains largely unexplored. We compared ecophysiological traits between individuals treated with 5-azaC, assumed to lead to DNA demethylation, with control individuals of a clonal grass originating from and grown under different climates, simulating different directions and magnitudes of climate change. We linked the ecophysiological data to proxies of fitness. Main effects of plant origin and cultivating conditions predicted variation in plant traits, but 5-azaC did not. Effects of 5-azaC interacted with conditions of cultivation and plant origin. The direction of the 5-azaC effects suggests that DNA methylation does not reflect species long-term adaptations to climate of origin and species likely epigenetically adjusted to the conditions experienced during experiment set-up. Ecophysiology translated to proxies of fitness, but the intensity and direction of the relationships were context dependent and affected by 5-azaC. The study suggests that effects of DNA methylation depend on conditions of plant origin and current climate. Direction of 5-azaC effects suggests limited role of epigenetic modifications in long-term adaptation of plants. It rather facilitates fast adaptations to temporal fluctuations of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kosová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Latzel
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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13
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Vandvik V, Althuizen IHJ, Jaroszynska F, Krüger LC, Lee H, Goldberg DE, Klanderud K, Olsen SL, Telford RJ, Östman SAH, Busca S, Dahle IJ, Egelkraut DD, Geange SR, Gya R, Lynn JS, Meineri E, Young S, Halbritter AH. The role of plant functional groups mediating climate impacts on carbon and biodiversity of alpine grasslands. Sci Data 2022; 9:451. [PMID: 35902592 PMCID: PMC9332099 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant removal experiments allow assessment of the role of biotic interactions among species or functional groups in community assembly and ecosystem functioning. When replicated along climate gradients, they can assess changes in interactions among species or functional groups with climate. Across twelve sites in the Vestland Climate Grid (VCG) spanning 4 °C in growing season temperature and 2000 mm in mean annual precipitation across boreal and alpine regions of Western Norway, we conducted a fully factorial plant functional group removal experiment (graminoids, forbs, bryophytes). Over six years, we recorded biomass removed, soil microclimate, plant community composition and structure, seedling recruitment, ecosystem carbon fluxes, and reflectance in 384 experimental and control plots. The dataset consists of 5,412 biomass records, 360 species-level biomass records, 1,084,970 soil temperature records, 4,771 soil moisture records, 17,181 plant records covering 206 taxa, 16,656 seedling records, 3,696 ecosystem carbon flux measurements, and 1,244 reflectance measurements. The data can be combined with longer-term climate data and plant population, community, ecosystem, and functional trait data collected within the VCG. Measurement(s) | vegetation layer • ecosystem-wide respiration • ecosystem-wide photosynthesis • seedling development stage • temperature of soil • plant functional group biomass • volumetric soil moisture • reflectance spectrum | Technology Type(s) | Visual species identification and cover estimation • Licor gas analyzer • Visual species identification and estimation • ibutton temperature logger • Analytical Balance • SM300 soil mositure probe, Delta-T • GreenSeeker/Normalized Difference Vegetation Index measurements | Factor Type(s) | temperature • precipitation • Plant functional type composition | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Embryophyta | Sample Characteristic - Environment | alpine tundra biome | Sample Characteristic - Location | Vestlandet Region |
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Inge H J Althuizen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francesca Jaroszynska
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Office Français de la Biodiversité, Pérols, France
| | - Linn C Krüger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanna Lee
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Deborah E Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Siri L Olsen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard J Telford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje A H Östman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sara Busca
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid J Dahle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dagmar D Egelkraut
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sonya R Geange
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Gya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Josh S Lynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric Meineri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Aud H Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Thakur D, Münzbergová Z. Rhizome trait scaling relationships are modulated by growth conditions and are linked to plant fitness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:529-540. [PMID: 35180294 PMCID: PMC9007095 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rhizomes are important organs allowing many clonal plants to persist and reproduce under stressful climates with longer rhizomes, indicating enhanced ability of the plants to spread vegetatively. We do not, however, know either how rhizome construction costs change with increasing length or how they vary with environmental conditions. METHODS We analysed the rhizome length vs. mass scaling relationship, the plasticity in the scaling relationships, their genetic basis and how scaling relationships are linked to plant fitness. We used data from 275 genotypes of a clonal grass Festuca rubra originating from 11 localities and cultivated under four contrasting climates. Data were analysed using standard major axis regression, mixed-effect regression models and a structural equation model. KEY RESULTS Rhizome construction costs increased (i.e. lower specific rhizome length) with increasing length. The trait scaling relationships were modulated by cultivation climate, and its effects also interacted with the climate of origin of the experimental plants. With increasing length, increasing moisture led to a greater increase in rhizome construction costs. Plants with lower rhizome construction costs showed significantly higher fitness. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that rhizome scaling relationships are plastic, but also show genetic differentiation and are linked to plant fitness. Therefore, to persist under variable environments, modulation in scaling relationships could be an important plant strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Thakur
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Raiho AM, Scharf HR, Roland CA, Swanson DK, Stehn SE, Hooten MB. Searching for refuge: A framework for identifying site factors conferring resistance to climate‐driven vegetation change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Raiho
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Henry R. Scharf
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Carl A. Roland
- Denali National Park and Preserve National Park Service Anchorage Alaska USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Stehn
- Denali National Park and Preserve National Park Service Anchorage Alaska USA
- Arctic Network National Park Service Anchorage Alaska USA
| | - Mevin B. Hooten
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Statistics Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Colorado USA
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16
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Semeraro S, Kergunteuil A, Moreno SS, Puissant J, Goodall T, Griffiths R, Rasmann S. Relative contribution of high and low elevation soil microbes and nematodes to ecosystem functioning. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Semeraro
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Rue Emile‐Argand 11 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | | | - Sara Sánchez Moreno
- Department of the Environment and Agronomy National Centre Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA‐CSIC 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Tim Goodall
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Wallingford UK
| | | | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Rue Emile‐Argand 11 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
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17
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Kosová V, Hájek T, Hadincová V, Münzbergová Z. The importance of ecophysiological traits in response of Festuca rubra to changing climate. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13608. [PMID: 34837234 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the ability of plants to respond to climate change via phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation in ecophysiological traits and of the link of these traits to fitness is still limited. We studied the clonal grass Festuca rubra from 11 localities representing factorially crossed gradients of temperature and precipitation and cultivated them in growth chambers simulating temperature and moisture regime in the four extreme localities. We measured net photosynthetic rate, Fv /Fm , specific leaf area, osmotic potential and stomatal density and length and tested their relationship to proxies of fitness. We found strong phenotypic plasticity in photosynthetic traits and genetic differentiation in stomatal traits. The effects of temperature and moisture interacted (either as conditions of origin or growth chambers), as were effects of growth and origin. The relationships between the ecophysiological and fitness-related traits were significant but weak. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation of the species indicate the potential ability of F. rubra to adapt to novel climatic conditions. The most important challenge for the plants seems to be increasing moisture exposing plants to hypoxia. However, the plants have the potential to respond to increased moisture by changes in stomatal size and density and adjustments of osmotic potential. Changes in ecophysiological traits translate into variation in plant fitness, but the selection on the traits is relatively weak and depends on actual conditions. Despite the selection, the plants do not show strong local adaptation and local adaptation is thus likely not restricting species ability to adjust to novel conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kosová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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Maccioni A, Canopoli L, Cubeddu V, Cucca E, Dessena S, Morittu S, Filigheddu R, Padedda BM, Farris E. Gradients of salinity and plant community richness and diversity in two different Mediterranean coastal ecosystems in NW Sardinia. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e71247. [PMID: 34849080 PMCID: PMC8626409 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e71247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test if differences in soil salinity, plant richness and diversity were significantly affected by habitat, site and distance from the seashore at three sandy and three rocky coastal sites in north-western Sardinia. Each site has been divided into three belts placed at an equal distance of 50 m from the shoreline. We measured soil salinity using a probe and vascular plants richness and diversity using linear transects at all sites. Average soil salinity varied from 0.115 g/l to 0.180 g/l; it was higher in the rocky habitats than in the sandy ones. A total of 21 species were found per transect/site at the rocky sites and 30 species per transect/site at the sandy sites, with an average of Shannon and Weaver's Diversity Index of 1.8 per each belt at each site. These data confirm that, also in the Mediterranean islands, there are coastal gradients of soil salinity from the seashore to inland areas and that also vascular plant richness and diversity are influenced by the distance from the sea. Soil salinity was strongly affected by the type of habitat, being average at the rocky coasts and negligible at the sandy shores. The site effect was not significant for both soil salinity and plant richness and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Maccioni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Luisa Canopoli
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University Cranfield, Bedfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Cubeddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cucca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Simone Dessena
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Samuele Morittu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Rossella Filigheddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Bachisio Mario Padedda
- Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, Piazza Duomo 6, I-07041, Alghero, Italy Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, Piazza Duomo 6, I-07041 Alghero Italy
| | - Emmanuele Farris
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100, Sassari, Italy Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, - 07100 Sassari Italy
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19
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Das A, Prakash A, Dedon N, Doty A, Siddiqui M, Preston JC. Variation in climatic tolerance, but not stomatal traits, partially explains Pooideae grass species distributions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:83-95. [PMID: 33772589 PMCID: PMC8318108 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Grasses in subfamily Pooideae live in some of the world's harshest terrestrial environments, from frigid boreal zones to the arid windswept steppe. It is hypothesized that the climate distribution of species within this group is driven by differences in climatic tolerance, and that tolerance can be partially explained by variation in stomatal traits. METHODS We determined the aridity index (AI) and minimum temperature of the coldest month (MTCM) for 22 diverse Pooideae accessions and one outgroup, and used comparative methods to assess predicted relationships for climate traits versus fitness traits, stomatal diffusive conductance to water (gw) and speed of stomatal closure following drought and/or cold. KEY RESULTS Results demonstrate that AI and MTCM predict variation in survival/regreening following drought/cold, and gw under drought/cold is positively correlated with δ 13C-measured water use efficiency (WUE). However, the relationship between climate traits and fitness under drought/cold was not explained by gw or speed of stomatal closure. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Pooideae distributions are at least partly determined by tolerance to aridity and above-freezing cold, but that variation in tolerance is not uniformly explained by variation in stomatal traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayudh Das
- The University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anoob Prakash
- The University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Natalie Dedon
- The University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Alex Doty
- The University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Muniba Siddiqui
- The University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jill C Preston
- The University of Vermont, Department of Plant Biology, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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20
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Schuchardt MA, Berauer BJ, Heßberg A, Wilfahrt P, Jentsch A. Drought effects on montane grasslands nullify benefits of advanced flowering phenology due to warming. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Schuchardt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Bernd J. Berauer
- Department of Disturbance Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Plant Ecology Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology University of Hohenheim Hohenheim Germany
| | - Andreas Heßberg
- Department of Disturbance Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Peter Wilfahrt
- Department of Disturbance Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Department of Disturbance Ecology Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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21
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Münzbergová Z, Vandvik V, Hadincová V. Evolutionary Rescue as a Mechanism Allowing a Clonal Grass to Adapt to Novel Climates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659479. [PMID: 34079569 PMCID: PMC8166245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filing gaps in our understanding of species' abilities to adapt to novel climates is a key challenge for predicting future range shifts and biodiversity loss. Key knowledge gaps are related to the potential for evolutionary rescue in response to climate, especially in long-lived clonally reproducing species. We illustrate a novel approach to assess the potential for evolutionary rescue using a combination of reciprocal transplant experiment in the field to assess performance under a changing climate and independent growth chamber assays to assess growth- and physiology-related plant trait maxima and plasticities of the same clones. We use a clonal grass, Festuca rubra, as a model species. We propagated individual clones and used them in a transplant experiment across broad-scale temperature and precipitation gradients, simulating the projected direction of climate change in the region. Independent information on trait maxima and plasticities of the same clones was obtained by cultivating them in four growth chambers representing climate extremes. Plant survival was affected by interaction between plant traits and climate change, with both trait plasticities and maxima being important for adaptation to novel climates. Key traits include plasticity in extravaginal ramets, aboveground biomass, and osmotic potential. The direction of selection in response to a given climatic change detected in this study mostly contradicted the natural trait clines indicating that short-term selection pressure as identified here does not match long-term selection outcomes. Long-lived clonal species exposed to different climatic changes are subjected to consistent selection pressures on key traits, a necessary condition for adaptation to novel conditions. This points to evolutionary rescue as an important mechanism for dealing with climate change in these species. Our experimental approach may be applied also in other model systems broadening our understanding of evolutionary rescue. Such knowledge cannot be easily deduced from observing the existing field clines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Lynn JS, Klanderud K, Telford RJ, Goldberg DE, Vandvik V. Macroecological context predicts species' responses to climate warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2088-2101. [PMID: 33511713 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Context-dependencies in species' responses to the same climate change frustrate attempts to generalize and make predictions based on experimental and observational approaches in biodiversity science. Here, we propose predictability may be enhanced by explicitly incorporating macroecological context into analyses of species' responses to climate manipulations. We combined vascular plant species' responses to an 8-year, 12-site turf transplant climate change experiment set in southwestern Norway with climate niche data from the observed 151 species. We used the difference between a species' mean climate across their range and climate conditions at the transplant site ("climate differences") to predict colonization probability, extinction probability, and change in abundance of a species at a site. In analyses across species that ignore species-specific patterns, colonization success increased as species' distribution optima were increasingly warmer than the experimental target site. Extinction probability increased as species' distribution optima were increasingly colder than the target site. These patterns were reflected in change in abundance analyses. We found weak responses to increased precipitation in these oceanic climates. Climate differences were better predictors of species' responses to climate manipulations than range size. Interestingly, similar patterns were found when analyses focused on variation in species-specific responses across sites. These results provide an experimental underpinning to observational studies that report thermophilization of communities and suggest that space-for-time substitutions may be valid for predicting species' responses to climate warming, given other conditions are accounted for (e.g., soil nutrients). Finally, we suggest that this method of putting climate change experiments into macroecological context has the potential to generalize and predict species' responses to climate manipulations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Lynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richard J Telford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Deborah E Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Veselá A, Hadincová V, Vandvik V, Münzbergová Z. Maternal effects strengthen interactions of temperature and precipitation, determining seed germination of dominant alpine grass species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:798-810. [PMID: 33988866 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Despite the existence of many studies on the responses of plant species to climate change, there is a knowledge gap on how specific climatic factors and their interactions regulate seed germination in alpine species. This understanding is complicated by the interplay between responses of seeds to the environment experienced during germination, the environment experienced by the maternal plant during seed development and genetic adaptations of the maternal plant to its environment of origin. METHODS The study species (Anthoxanthum alpinum, A. odoratum) originated from localities with factorial combinations of temperature and precipitation. Seed germination was tested in conditions simulating the extreme ends of the current field conditions and a climate change scenario. We compared the performance of field-collected seeds with that of garden-collected seeds. RESULTS A change to warmer and wetter conditions resulted in the highest germination of A. alpinum, while A. odoratum germinated the most in colder temperature and with home moisture. The maternal environment did have an impact on plant performance of the study species. Field-collected seeds of A. alpinum tolerated warmer conditions better than those from the experimental garden. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate how knowledge of responses to climate change can increase our ability to understand and predict the fate of alpine species. Studies that aim to understand the germination requirements of seeds under future climates should use experimental designs allowing the separation of genetic differentiation, plasticity and maternal effects and their interactions, since all these mechanisms play an important role in driving species' germination patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Veselá
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Genus-Physiognomy-Ecosystem (GPE) System for Satellite-Based Classification of Plant Communities. ECOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ecologies2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vegetation mapping and monitoring is important as the composition and distribution of vegetation has been greatly influenced by land use change and the interaction of land use change and climate change. The purpose of vegetation mapping is to discover the extent and distribution of plant communities within a geographical area of interest. The paper introduces the Genus-Physiognomy-Ecosystem (GPE) system for the organization of plant communities from the perspective of satellite remote sensing. It was conceived for broadscale operational vegetation mapping by organizing plant communities according to shared genus and physiognomy/ecosystem inferences, and it offers an intermediate level between the physiognomy/ecosystem and dominant species for the organization of plant communities. A machine learning and cross-validation approach was employed by utilizing multi-temporal Landsat 8 satellite images on a regional scale for the classification of plant communities at three hierarchical levels: (i) physiognomy, (ii) GPE, and (iii) dominant species. The classification at the dominant species level showed many misclassifications and undermined its application for broadscale operational mapping, whereas the GPE system was able to lessen the complexities associated with the dominant species level classification while still being capable of distinguishing a wider variety of plant communities. The GPE system therefore provides an easy-to-understand approach for the operational mapping of plant communities, particularly on a broad scale.
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25
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Wetland hydroperiod predicts community structure, but not the magnitude of cross-community congruence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:429. [PMID: 33432086 PMCID: PMC7801406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A major focus in community ecology is understanding how biological interactions and environmental conditions shape horizontal communities. However, few studies have explored whether cross-community interactions are consistent or non-stationary across environmental gradients. Using the relative abundance of birds, aquatic macroinvertebrates and plants, we examined how cross-community congruence varied between short and long-hydroperiod prairie pothole wetlands in southern Alberta. These wetlands are structured by their hydroperiod: the length of time that ponded water is present in the wetland. We compared the strength of cross-community congruence and the strength of congruence between each horizontal community and wetland hydroperiod in wetlands that typically contain ponded water throughout the year to wetlands that dry up every summer. The strength of cross-community relationships was similar between more permanent and more ephemeral wetland classes, suggesting that biological interactions have a near equivalent role in shaping community composition, regardless of hydroperiod. However, because cross-community congruence, measured as the Procrustes pseudo-R value, was, on average, 77% ± SE 12% greater than that between each horizontal community and measures of wetland hydroperiod, we concluded that community structure is not shaped by hydroperiod alone. We attribute the observed cross-community congruence to (1) plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates influence birds through habitat and food provisioning, and (2) birds influence plants and aquatic macroinvertebrates by dispersing their propagules.
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Toro Manríquez MDR, Ardiles V, Promis Á, Huertas Herrera A, Soler R, Lencinas MV, Martínez Pastur G. Forest canopy-cover composition and landscape influence on bryophyte communities in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232922. [PMID: 33232328 PMCID: PMC7685467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) are one of the most diverse plant groups worldwide but one of the least studied in temperate forests from an ecological perspective. In comparison to vascular plants, bryophytes have a broader distribution and a longer altitudinal gradient, and their influence on the landscape is poorly understood. The objective was to evaluate environmental drivers that can influence bryophyte cover, richness, diversity, and nestedness in different forest canopy compositions in two typical landscapes across the natural distribution of bryophytes in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). Three natural Nothofagus forest types (pure deciduous, pure evergreen, and mixed deciduous-evergreen) in two landscapes (coasts < 100 m.a.s.l. and mountains > 400 m.a.s.l.) were selected (N = 60 plots). In each plot, we established one transect (10 m length) to measure bryophyte cover (point-intercept method). Data were evaluated using generalized linear mixed models and multivariate analyses. The studied environmental drivers were mainly explained by the microclimate, with higher effective annual precipitation and relative air humidity in the coastal forests and higher soil moisture in the mountain forests. Greater liverwort richness was found in evergreen forests at the mountain (9 species) than at the coastal, while mosses showed higher richness in mixed deciduous-evergreen forests at the coastal (11 species) than at the mountain. However, the expected richness according to the rarefaction/extrapolation curves suggested that it is possible to record additional species, except for liverworts in pure deciduous forests on the coasts. Similarities and differences among the studied forest types and among plots of the same forest type and landscape were detected. These differences in the studied indexes (similarity that varied between 0 and 1) ranged from 0.09-0.48 for liverworts and 0.05-0.65 for mosses. Moreover, these results indicated that pure evergreen and mixed deciduous-evergreen forests presented higher moss cover (10.7% and 10.0%, respectively), mainly in the mountains than on the coast. These outputs highlight the need to explore differences at greater altitudinal ranges to achieve sustainability objectives conservation planning for bryophytes in southernmost forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica D. R. Toro Manríquez
- Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Víctor Ardiles
- Área de Botánica, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Quinta Normal, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Promis
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Huertas Herrera
- Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Rosina Soler
- Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - María Vanessa Lencinas
- Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Martínez Pastur
- Laboratorio de Recursos Agroforestales, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET), Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
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Vandvik V, Skarpaas O, Klanderud K, Telford RJ, Halbritter AH, Goldberg DE. Biotic rescaling reveals importance of species interactions for variation in biodiversity responses to climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22858-22865. [PMID: 32868426 PMCID: PMC7502702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003377117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Generality in understanding biodiversity responses to climate change has been hampered by substantial variation in the rates and even directions of response to a given change in climate. We propose that such context dependencies can be clarified by rescaling climate gradients in terms of the underlying biological processes, with biotic interactions as a particularly important process. We tested this rescaling approach in a replicated field experiment where entire montane grassland communities were transplanted in the direction of expected temperature and/or precipitation change. In line with earlier work, we found considerable variation across sites in community dynamics in response to climate change. However, these complex context dependencies could be substantially reduced or eliminated by rescaling climate drivers in terms of proxies of plant-plant interactions. Specifically, bryophytes limited colonization by new species into local communities, whereas the cover of those colonists, along with bryophytes, were the primary drivers of local extinctions. These specific interactions are relatively understudied, suggesting important directions for future work in similar systems. More generally, the success of our approach in explaining and simplifying landscape-level variation in climate change responses suggests that developing and testing proxies for relevant underlying processes could be a fruitful direction for building more general models of biodiversity response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway;
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Skarpaas
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Oslo, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Richard J Telford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aud H Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Deborah E Goldberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
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Peng F, Xue X, Li C, Lai C, Sun J, Tsubo M, Tsunekawa A, Wang T. Plant community of alpine steppe shows stronger association with soil properties than alpine meadow alongside degradation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139048. [PMID: 32446054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between soil properties and plant community determines the efficacy to restore the degraded grassland via improving soil properties. We conducted a field survey to investigate the relationship between plant community composition and soil physical and chemical properties alongside different degradation stages of alpine grassland. Results showed that with the increasing severity of degradation, the dominant plants shifted from sedge and graminoid species, respectively, to forbs species in alpine meadow (AM) and alpine steppe (AS). Species richness and diversity indices were unchanged until the severely degraded stage in both AM and AS. Forward selection showed bulk density (BD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+) at 10-20 cm, pH and the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) at 0-10 cm were the four important variables being responsible for the species community variation alongside degradation of AS, which explained 18.7% of the total variance. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3-) and C/N at 20-30 cm, NH4+ at 10-20, and BD at 0-10 cm were the important variables in driving the community variance alongside degradation stages, which only explained 9.5% of the total variance of AM. The loss of dense root layer and the species community change induced change in BD, and difference in plant competition for available resources would lead to the stronger association between vegetation community and soil properties in AS than that in AM. Our results indicate that though improving soil nutrients and soil texture to restore the degraded AS may be more effective than to restore degraded AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Beiluhe Observation and Research Station on Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Xian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Beiluhe Observation and Research Station on Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chimin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mitsuru Tsubo
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Meineri E, Klanderud K, Guittar J, Goldberg DE, Vandvik V. Functional traits, not productivity, predict alpine plant community openness to seedling recruitment under climatic warming. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meineri
- Aix Marseille Univ., Univ. of Avignon, CNRS, IRD, IMBE Marseille France
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences, Ås Norway
| | - John Guittar
- Kellogg Biological Station, Dept of Integrative Biology, Michigan State Univ Hickory Corners MI USA
| | - Deborah E. Goldberg
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Dept of Biological Sciences and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Univ. of Bergen Bergen Norway
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30
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Kergunteuil A, Humair L, Münzbergová Z, Rasmann S. Plant adaptation to different climates shapes the strengths of chemically mediated tritrophic interactions. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Kergunteuil
- Functional Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Lauréline Humair
- Functional Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Functional Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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Münzbergová Z, Latzel V, Šurinová M, Hadincová V. DNA methylation as a possible mechanism affecting ability of natural populations to adapt to changing climate. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ; Prague Czech Republic
- Inst. of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Vít Latzel
- Inst. of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Maria Šurinová
- Dept of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles Univ; Prague Czech Republic
- Inst. of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences; Průhonice Czech Republic
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32
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Töpper JP, Meineri E, Olsen SL, Rydgren K, Skarpaas O, Vandvik V. The devil is in the detail: Nonadditive and context-dependent plant population responses to increasing temperature and precipitation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4657-4666. [PMID: 29851242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In climate change ecology, simplistic research approaches may yield unrealistically simplistic answers to often more complicated problems. In particular, the complexity of vegetation responses to global climate change begs a better understanding of the impacts of concomitant changes in several climatic drivers, how these impacts vary across different climatic contexts, and of the demographic processes underlying population changes. Using a replicated, factorial, whole-community transplant experiment, we investigated regional variation in demographic responses of plant populations to increased temperature and/or precipitation. Across four perennial forb species and 12 sites, we found strong responses to both temperature and precipitation change. Changes in population growth rates were mainly due to changes in survival and clonality. In three of the four study species, the combined increase in temperature and precipitation reflected nonadditive, antagonistic interactions of the single climatic changes for population growth rate and survival, while the interactions were additive and synergistic for clonality. This disparity affects the persistence of genotypes, but also suggests that the mechanisms behind the responses of the vital rates differ. In addition, survival effects varied systematically with climatic context, with wetter and warmer + wetter transplants showing less positive or more negative responses at warmer sites. The detailed demographic approach yields important mechanistic insights into how concomitant changes in temperature and precipitation affect plants, which makes our results generalizable beyond the four study species. Our comprehensive study design illustrates the power of replicated field experiments in disentangling the complex relationships and patterns that govern climate change impacts across real-world species and landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P Töpper
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eric Meineri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Aix Marseille University, University of Avignon, Marseille, France
| | - Siri L Olsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Rydgren
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Olav Skarpaas
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Cui H, Töpper JP, Yang Y, Vandvik V, Wang G. Plastic Population Effects and Conservative Leaf Traits in a Reciprocal Transplant Experiment Simulating Climate Warming in the Himalayas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1069. [PMID: 30105040 PMCID: PMC6077237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming poses considerable challenges for alpine plant species, especially for competitively inferior ones with resource-conservative adaptations to cold climates. The Himalayas are warming at rates considerably faster than the global average, so it is particularly important to assess how and through which mechanisms alpine plant species are affected there. We employed a demographic approach in a climate change experiment, where vegetation turfs were transplanted reciprocally between the central parts of the study species' (Viola biflora L. var. rockiana) range and the warmer range margin, with a temperature difference of ca. 1°C. In addition, turfs were also transplanted outside the range to warmer habitats, simulating two different scenarios of climate warming, +1 and +4°C. Transplanting to warmer sites negatively impacted population growth rates (λ), survival and clonality, but did not affect growth and fecundity, while the productivity of the plant community increased. The reciprocal transplants to the colder habitat showed the opposite effects, for both V. biflora and the plant community, indicating plastic responses of the study species, driven by changes in plant-plant competition. However, the leaf traits underlying the modeled population growth rates were origin-site specific and not affected by the climate-change treatments over the study period, suggesting local adaptation of growth form to competition in the warmer range margin, and to climate adversity in the colder range center. The transplants outside the present species' range showed consistently stronger reductions in population growth rate and survival, with mortality of 90-100% in the +4°C treatment. This illustrates that climatic changes beyond species' present climatic ranges pose a serious risk for range contraction and extinction for Himalayan alpine species in the near future. As V. biflora seems mostly limited by competition under warming, its persistence in a future climate may become increasingly dependent on keeping competitive effects from the surrounding community low, for instance by management interventions like grazing and mowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Cui
- National Plateau Wetlands Research Center, College of Wetlands, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joachim P. Töpper
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Genxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Stojanova B, Šurinová M, Klápště J, Koláříková V, Hadincová V, Münzbergová Z. Adaptive differentiation of Festuca rubra along a climate gradient revealed by molecular markers and quantitative traits. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194670. [PMID: 29617461 PMCID: PMC5884518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Species response to climate change is influenced by predictable (selective) and unpredictable (random) evolutionary processes. To understand how climate change will affect present-day species, it is necessary to assess their adaptive potential and distinguish it from the effects of random processes. This will allow predicting how different genotypes will respond to forecasted environmental change. Space for time substitution experiments are an elegant way to test the response of present day populations to climate variation in real time. Here we assess neutral and putatively adaptive variation in 11 populations of Festuca rubra situated along crossed gradients of temperature and moisture using molecular markers and phenotypic measurements, respectively. By comparing population differentiation in putatively neutral molecular markers and phenotypic traits (QST-FST comparisons), we show the existence of adaptive differentiation in phenotypic traits and their plasticity across the climatic gradient. The observed patterns of differentiation are due to the high genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the populations from the coldest (and wettest) environment. Finally, we observe statistically significant covariation between markers and phenotypic traits, which is likely caused by isolation by adaptation. These results contribute to a better understanding of the current adaptation and evolutionary potential to face climate change of a widespread species. They can also be extrapolated to understand how the studied populations will adjust to upcoming climate change without going through the lengthy process of phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stojanova
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Šurinová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Veronika Koláříková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Long-Term Climate Regime Modulates the Impact of Short-Term Climate Variability on Decomposition in Alpine Grassland Soils. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-018-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Carlson LG, Beard KH, Adler PB. Direct effects of warming increase woody plant abundance in a subarctic wetland. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2868-2879. [PMID: 29531701 PMCID: PMC5838087 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the direct effects of warming on a species' vital rates and indirect effects of warming caused by interactions with neighboring species can influence plant populations. Furthermore, herbivory mediates the effects of warming on plant community composition in many systems. Thus, determining the importance of direct and indirect effects of warming, while considering the role of herbivory, can help predict long-term plant community dynamics. We conducted a field experiment in the coastal wetlands of western Alaska to investigate how warming and herbivory influence the interactions and abundances of two common plant species, a sedge, Carex ramenskii, and a dwarf shrub, Salix ovalifolia. We used results from the experiment to model the equilibrium abundances of the species under different warming and grazing scenarios and to determine the contribution of direct and indirect effects to predict population changes. Consistent with the current composition of the landscape, model predictions suggest that Carex is more abundant than Salix under ambient temperatures with grazing (53% and 27% cover, respectively). However, with warming and grazing, Salix becomes more abundant than Carex (57% and 41% cover, respectively), reflecting both a negative response of Carex and a positive response of Salix to warming. While grazing reduced the cover of both species, herbivory did not prevent a shift in dominance from sedges to the dwarf shrub. Direct effects of climate change explained about 97% of the total predicted change in species cover, whereas indirect effects explained only 3% of the predicted change. Thus, indirect effects, mediated by interactions between Carex and Salix, were negligible, likely due to use of different niches and weak interspecific interactions. Results suggest that a 2°C increase could cause a shift in dominance from sedges to woody plants on the coast of western Alaska over decadal timescales, and this shift was largely a result of the direct effects of warming. Models predict this shift with or without goose herbivory. Our results are consistent with other studies showing an increase in woody plant abundance in the Arctic and suggest that shifts in plant-plant interactions are not driving this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay G. Carlson
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
| | - Karen H. Beard
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
| | - Peter B. Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
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37
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Måren IE, Kapfer J, Aarrestad PA, Grytnes JA, Vandvik V. Changing contributions of stochastic and deterministic processes in community assembly over a successional gradient. Ecology 2017; 99:148-157. [PMID: 29065214 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Successional dynamics in plant community assembly may result from both deterministic and stochastic ecological processes. The relative importance of different ecological processes is expected to vary over the successional sequence, between different plant functional groups, and with the disturbance levels and land-use management regimes of the successional systems. We evaluate the relative importance of stochastic and deterministic processes in bryophyte and vascular plant community assembly after fire in grazed and ungrazed anthropogenic coastal heathlands in Northern Europe. A replicated series of post-fire successions (n = 12) were initiated under grazed and ungrazed conditions, and vegetation data were recorded in permanent plots over 13 years. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to test for deterministic successional patterns in species composition repeated across the replicate successional series and analyses of co-occurrence to evaluate to what extent species respond synchronously along the successional gradient. Change in species co-occurrences over succession indicates stochastic successional dynamics at the species level (i.e., species equivalence), whereas constancy in co-occurrence indicates deterministic dynamics (successional niche differentiation). The RDA shows high and deterministic vascular plant community compositional change, especially early in succession. Co-occurrence analyses indicate stochastic species-level dynamics the first two years, which then give way to more deterministic replacements. Grazed and ungrazed successions are similar, but the early stage stochasticity is higher in ungrazed areas. Bryophyte communities in ungrazed successions resemble vascular plant communities. In contrast, bryophytes in grazed successions showed consistently high stochasticity and low determinism in both community composition and species co-occurrence. In conclusion, stochastic and individualistic species responses early in succession give way to more niche-driven dynamics in later successional stages. Grazing reduces predictability in both successional trends and species-level dynamics, especially in plant functional groups that are not well adapted to disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Elisabeth Måren
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Kapfer
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Holtveien 66, 9016, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per Arild Aarrestad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - John-Arvid Grytnes
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5007, Bergen, Norway
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Münzbergová Z, Hadincová V. Transgenerational plasticity as an important mechanism affecting response of clonal species to changing climate. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5236-5247. [PMID: 28770062 PMCID: PMC5528211 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the increasing number of studies on the importance of transgenerational plasticity for species response to novel environments, its effects on species ability to respond to climate change are still largely unexplored. We study the importance of transgenerational plasticity for response of a clonal species Festuca rubra. Individuals from four natural populations representing two levels of temperature and two levels of precipitation were cultivated in four growth chambers that simulate the temperature and precipitation of origin of the populations (maternal phase). Each population was represented in each growth chamber. After 6 months, single young ramets of these plants were reshuffled among the growth chambers and let to grow for additional 2 months (offspring phase). The results show that transgenerational effects (i.e., maternal phase conditions) significantly modify species response to novel climates, and the direction and intensity of the response depend on the climate of origin of the plants. For traits related to recourse acquisition, the conditions of maternal phase, either alone or in interaction mainly with climate of origin, had stronger effect than the conditions of cultivation. Overall, the maternal climate interacted more intensively with the climate of origin than with the offspring climate. The direction of the effect of the maternal climate was of different directions and intensities depending on plant origin and trait studied. The data demonstrated strong significant effects of conditions during maternal phase on species response to novel climates. These transgenerational affects were, however, not adaptive. Still, transgenerational plasticity may be an important driver of species response to novel conditions across clonal generations. These effects thus need to be carefully considered in future studies exploring species response to novel climates. This will also have strong effects on species performance under increasingly variable climates expected to occur with the climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of BotanyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrůhoniceCzech Republic
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- Institute of BotanyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrůhoniceCzech Republic
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Can trait patterns along gradients predict plant community responses to climate change? Ecology 2016; 97:2791-2801. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Olsen SL, Töpper JP, Skarpaas O, Vandvik V, Klanderud K. From facilitation to competition: temperature-driven shift in dominant plant interactions affects population dynamics in seminatural grasslands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1915-1926. [PMID: 26845378 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biotic interactions are often ignored in assessments of climate change impacts. However, climate-related changes in species interactions, often mediated through increased dominance of certain species or functional groups, may have important implications for how species respond to climate warming and altered precipitation patterns. We examined how a dominant plant functional group affected the population dynamics of four co-occurring forb species by experimentally removing graminoids in seminatural grasslands. Specifically, we explored how the interaction between dominants and subordinates varied with climate by replicating the removal experiment across a climate grid consisting of 12 field sites spanning broad-scale temperature and precipitation gradients in southern Norway. Biotic interactions affected population growth rates of all study species, and the net outcome of interactions between dominants and subordinates switched from facilitation to competition with increasing temperature along the temperature gradient. The impacts of competitive interactions on subordinates in the warmer sites could primarily be attributed to reduced plant survival. Whereas the response to dominant removal varied with temperature, there was no overall effect of precipitation on the balance between competition and facilitation. Our findings suggest that global warming may increase the relative importance of competitive interactions in seminatural grasslands across a wide range of precipitation levels, thereby favouring highly competitive dominant species over subordinate species. As a result, seminatural grasslands may become increasingly dependent on disturbance (i.e. traditional management such as grazing and mowing) to maintain viable populations of subordinate species and thereby biodiversity under future climates. Our study highlights the importance of population-level studies replicated under different climatic conditions for understanding the underlying mechanisms of climate change impacts on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri L Olsen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joachim P Töpper
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, P.O. Box 133, N-6851, Sogndal, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Skarpaas
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Klanderud
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway
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