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Muñoz-Gómez V, Ma T, Li Y, Rasmussen P, Torgerson PR. Global and regional prediction of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis prevalence in extensive backyard chickens in low-income and middle-income countries. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110268. [PMID: 39047535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Backyard chickens usually have open housing and scavenge for food, facilitating contact with infective forms of parasites present in the environment and increasing the risk of parasitic infections. Coccidiosis and ascaridiosis are two internal parasites in scavenging chickens that cause production losses to farmers. Prevalence data of these two diseases are scarce in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) but necessary to assess the burden of disease in backyard chickens. This study estimates the clinical prevalence of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis at the country and regional levels in all LMICs using regression imputation methods. Regression models were developed with data of known prevalence of these parasites and using primarily climatic factors as predictors. A binomial random effects model was developed for each disease to impute prevalence. The overall estimated prevalence of coccidiosis was 0.39 (95 % CI: 0.37-0.42), with a higher mean prevalence in tropical countries. The overall estimated prevalence of ascaridiosis was 0.23 (95 % CI: 0.22-0.25) with a higher mean prevalence in countries with tropical, temperate and continental climates. The findings of this study can aid to identify the burdens of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis infections across countries and regions, which can inform disease control plans and, and encourage international alliances to facilitate access to preventive measures, improving animal health and reducing production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz-Gómez
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip Rasmussen
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang Z, Yu X, Yang S, Zhao M, Wang L. Non-Targeted Metabolomics of Serum Reveals Biomarkers Associated with Body Weight in Wumeng Black-Bone Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2743. [PMID: 39335332 PMCID: PMC11429424 DOI: 10.3390/ani14182743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth performance is an important economic trait of broilers but the related serum metabolomics remains unclear. In this study, we utilized non-targeted metabolomics using ultra-high-performance liquid phase tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to establish metabolite profiling in the serum of Chinese Wumeng black-bone chickens. The biomarker metabolites in serum associated with growth performance of chickens were identified by comparing the serum metabolome differences between chickens that significantly differed in their weights at 160 days of age when fed identical diets. A total of 766 metabolites were identified including 13 differential metabolite classes such as lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The results of difference analysis using a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model indicated that the low-body-weight group could be differentiated based on inflammatory markers including prostaglandin a2, kynurenic acid and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), and inflammation-related metabolic pathways including tryptophan and arachidonic acid metabolism. In contrast, the sera of high-body-weight chickens were enriched for riboflavin and 2-isopropylmalic acid and for metabolic pathways including riboflavin metabolism, acetyl group transfer into mitochondria, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These results provide new insights into the practical application of improving the growth performance of local chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shenghong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Liqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Ryba R. Evaluating the Economic Impacts of a Cage-Free Animal Welfare Policy in Southeast Asian and Indian Egg Production: A Systematic Review. EVALUATION REVIEW 2024:193841X241280681. [PMID: 39250717 DOI: 10.1177/0193841x241280681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Animal welfare is increasingly understood to be a key component of sustainable agricultural production. Southeast Asia and India are witnessing an emerging market for cage-free egg production. To evaluate the economic sustainability of cage-free policies in the region, it is critical to understand how this transition will affect farmers' costs and revenues. In this article, we provide an overview of the available information that can inform evaluations of cage-free egg production in Southeast Asia and India. Cage-free egg producers around the world tend to experience higher costs, but these costs are offset by higher revenues. As demand for cage-free eggs is stimulated in Southeast Asia and India by retailer or government policies, we expect that producers will be capable of meeting this demand. In Asia specifically, the dominant cost component is poultry feed. We conclude that the economic viability of egg production in the region is likely to be driven by feed prices and associated government policies, rather than production system per se.
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Kępińska-Pacelik J, Biel W, Natonek-Wiśniewska M, Krzyścin P. Analysis of chicken and pig DNA content in commercial dry foods for adult cats. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10513-x. [PMID: 39177737 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Among pets, cats are the most popular in Europe. Despite the fact, the interest in the safety and quality of their food is much lower compared to the interest of caregivers in the nutrition of dogs. In this research, 27 commercial cat foods were analyzed for mislabeled component composition. Cat foods were divided into a control group, a group of fish foods and a group of other foods with alternative sources of animal protein. Chicken and pig DNA detection was performed using real-time PCR. In this research, 100% of the cat foods contained chicken DNA and 96% of the foods - pig DNA, despite the lack of declaration of these ingredients on the product label. The results indicate that cat food appear to be mislabeled to an even greater extent than dog food. Moreover, manufacturers' declarations in terms of ingredient composition do not reflect the actual composition of commercial products available on the market and intended for everyday feeding of animals. Mislabeling of these products also poses a risk for animals suffering from food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Kępińska-Pacelik
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, Szczecin, 71-270, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, Szczecin, 71-270, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Natonek-Wiśniewska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, Balice, 32-083, Poland
| | - Piotr Krzyścin
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, Balice, 32-083, Poland
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Lingala S, Freymond M, Tshering PP, Kumari P, Kraemer K, Beesabathuni K. The Egg Hub Model: A Sustainable and Replicable Approach to Address Food Security and Improve Livelihoods. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:103795. [PMID: 39253742 PMCID: PMC11382175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite progress in improving living standards and reduced poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition remain a significant issue worldwide. Childhood is a critical time for the intake of protein to support physical and cognitive growth, including animal-source foods like eggs which can effectively mitigate stunting in low- and middle-income countries. In Malawi, high malnutrition rates among women and children represent a significant public health challenge, but high-quality sources such as eggs remain costly, scarce, and rarely consumed by children in Malawi. The Egg Hub model, identified and piloted by local agri-food entrepreneurs and the Sight and Life Foundation in Malawi, tackles the obstacles faced by smallholder farmers, working to increase egg production, enhance availability, and improve consumption within rural communities by supporting small-scale farmers transition from unsustainable and unproductive backyard rearing to small-scale farm through access to high-quality inputs, training, loans, and a guaranteed market for their eggs. Objectives This paper provides a detailed account of the implementation of the pilot of the Egg Hub Model in Malawi including the demand creation process, the impact of the model on producers, consumers, and operators, and the social, economic, and environmental sustainability aspects of the model. Methods Qualitative and quantitative surveys (n = 217 consumers) were used for demand creation and qualitative surveys were used with 15 retailers to determine egg sales. With 16 farmers and the egg hub operator, business metrics, including profits and loss records, were analyzed. Results The pilot of the Egg Hub model in Malawi supported 85 farmers to triple their egg production, allowing their communities to purchase eggs at prices reduced by 40%, benefiting an estimated number of 180,000 rural poor. Egg consumption among the target population increased from an average of 2 to 9 eggs/month and led to reduced egg wastage and better biosecurity, reducing the risk of children's exposure to chicken feces and infections. The achievements of this Egg Hub in Malawi allowed the model to be replicated in Ethiopia, Peru, and Brazil, producing 40 million eggs annually and benefiting more than half a million consumers. Conclusion The Egg Hub model is a comprehensive and scalable solution to increase egg supply, address malnutrition and food insecurity, and improve livelihoods. The advantages include centralizing key activities through a community-centered approach, empowering female farmers, increasing access to a highly nutritious food, and economic benefits for farmers and their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Mseleku C, Chimonyo M, Slotow R, Ngidi MS. Relationship between Village Chicken Availability and Dietary Diversity along a Rural-Urban Gradient. Nutrients 2024; 16:2069. [PMID: 38999816 PMCID: PMC11243728 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary diversity is one of the fundamental factors of nutritional security and a proxy used to measure diet quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between village chicken availability and the dietary diversity of households along a rural-urban gradient. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire in rural (n = 100), peri-urban (n = 100), and urban (n = 100) areas of Pietermaritzburg uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, in South Africa. A positive relationship between distance from the city center and village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.001) was observed. Consumption of vegetables increased with an increase in distance from the city center (p < 0.01). A quadratic relationship was observed between distance from the city center and consumption of livestock-derived foods (LDFs) (p < 0.05). Consumption of LDFs increased with an increase in village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.05). Consumption of vegetables increased with an increase in village chicken flock sizes (p < 0.01). Food variety score (FVS) increased with an increase in distance from the city center (p < 0.05). Assessing the availability of village chickens across rural-urban gradients is a worthy opportunity to utilize to improve households' dietary diversity and alleviate poverty. It can be concluded that expanding village flock sizes could enhance the dietary diversity of households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cresswell Mseleku
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
| | - Michael Chimonyo
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Rob Slotow
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
| | - Mjabuliseni S. Ngidi
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
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Oliver C. Chicken metabolism, immobilization, and post-industrial production. SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE 2024:3063127241247022. [PMID: 38825893 DOI: 10.1177/03063127241247022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Chickens have become emblematic of the Anthropocene: They embody the age of acceleration, (post-) industrial value, and intensification in scientific and technological knowledge and practice. Contemporary chickens are the bearers of significant genetic and nutritional knowledge, experimented upon and 'tweaked' so much so that some have denied that contemporary commercial chickens are chickens at all. This article reconsiders chickens through a metabolic lens, and the notion of metabolism through chickens, arguing that attending to chickens opens up new conceptualizations of life and labour in the metabosphere. The article tells a metabolic history of chickens from ornament to enclosed monocrop, by way of the laboratory and nutritional experiments. Then, it looks at chicken metabolism in three conceptual modes: first, as a conduit for value, metabolizing and enhancing human life for the past century; second, through technological innovations extending the gut outside chickens' immobilized bodies; and third, through the planetary impacts of metabolic porosity in geological manifestations, toxic atmospheres, and viral overflow. Ultimately, this article shows how techno-scientific production of chickens has taken place in and created the metabosphere as a site of experimentation and exploitation.
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8
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Shan X, Li R, Ma X, Qiu G, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Wu D, Wang L, Zhang J, Wang T, Li W, Xiang Y, Song H, Niu D. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanism and vaccine development of porcine Deltacoronavirus. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:79. [PMID: 38653845 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have been identified as pathogens of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in humans and various animal species. In recent years, the global spread of new coronaviruses has had profound influences for global public health and economies worldwide. As highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, coronaviruses have become the focus of current research. Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an enterovirus belonging to the family of coronaviruses, has emerged on a global scale in the past decade and significantly influenced the swine industry. Moreover, PDCoV infects not only pigs but also other species, including humans, chickens and cattles, exhibiting a broad host tropism. This emphasizes the need for in-depth studies on coronaviruses to mitigate their potential threats. In this review, we provided a comprehensive summary of the current studies on PDCoV. We first reviewed the epidemiological investigations on the global prevalence and distribution of PDCoV. Then, we delved into the studies on the pathogenesis of PDCoV to understand the mechanisms how the virus impacts its hosts. Furthermore, we also presented some exploration studies on the immune evasion mechanisms of the virus to enhance the understanding of host-virus interactions. Despite current limitations in vaccine development for PDCoV, we highlighted the inhibitory effects observed with certain substances, which offers a potential direction for future research endeavors. In conclusion, this review summarized the scientific findings in epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccine development of PDCoV. The ongoing exploration of potential vaccine candidates and the insights gained from inhibitory substances have provided a solid foundation for future vaccine development to prevent and control diseases associated with PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Jinfan Feed Co., Ltd, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Qiu
- Deqing County Ecological Forestry Comprehensive Service Center, Deqing, 313200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- The Central Hospital of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - De Wu
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinhua Development Zone, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- The Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Jinhua City, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 211300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifen Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco- Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, 666 Wusu street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Nohrborg S, Nguyen-Thi T, Xuan HN, Lindahl J, Boqvist S, Järhult JD, Magnusson U. Understanding Vietnamese chicken farmers' knowledge and practices related to antimicrobial resistance using an item response theory approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1319933. [PMID: 38645642 PMCID: PMC11027563 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1319933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to animal and human health, as well as food security and nutrition. Development of AMR is accelerated by over- and misuse of antimicrobials as seen in many livestock systems, including poultry production. In Vietnam, high AMR levels have been reported previously within poultry production, a sector which is dominated by small-scale farming, even though it is intensifying. This study focuses on understanding small- and medium-scale chicken farmers' knowledge and practices related to AMR by applying an item response theory (IRT) approach, which has several advantages over simpler statistical methods. Methods Farmers representing 305 farms in Thai Nguyen province were interviewed from November 2021 to January 2022, using a structured questionnaire. Results generated with IRT were used in regression models to find associations between farm characteristics, and knowledge and practice levels. Results Descriptive results showed that almost all farmers could buy veterinary drugs without prescription in the local community, that only one third of the farmers received veterinary professional advice or services, and that the majority of farmers gave antibiotics as a disease preventive measure. Regression analysis showed that multiple farm characteristics were significantly associated to farmers' knowledge and practice scores. Conclusion The study highlights the complexity when tailoring interventions to move towards more medically rational antibiotic use at farms in a setting with high access to over-the-counter veterinary drugs and low access to veterinary services, since many on-farm factors relevant for the specific context need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nohrborg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thinh Nguyen-Thi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Nguyen Xuan
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Muñoz-Gómez V, Furrer R, Yin J, Shaw AP, Rasmussen P, Torgerson PR. Prediction of coccidiosis prevalence in extensive backyard chickens in countries and regions of the Horn of Africa. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110143. [PMID: 38325134 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the leading morbidity causes in chickens, causing a reduction of body weight and egg production. Backyard chickens are at risk of developing clinical and subclinical coccidiosis due to outdoor housing and scavenging behaviour, jeopardizing food security in households. The objectives of this study were to estimate clinical prevalence of coccidiosis at country and regional levels in the Horn of Africa in extensive backyard chickens. A binomial random effects model was developed to impute prevalence of coccidiosis. Previously gathered prevalence data (n = 40) in backyard chickens was used to define the model. Precipitation (OR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05-1.13) and the presence of seasonal rainfall (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.27-2.70) significantly increase prevalence. Results showed an overall prevalence of coccidiosis in the Horn of Africa of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.15-0.29). Ethiopia, the Republic of South Sudan and Kenya showed the highest prevalence and Djibouti the lowest. Significant differences between Djibouti and the countries with highest prevalence were found. However, no evidence of a significant difference between the rest of the countries. Kenya and Ethiopia showed larger prevalence differences between regions. Results could assist with the targeting of testing for coccidiosis, the observation for clinical disease of chickens living in specific regions and as a baseline for the evaluation of future control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz-Gómez
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Reinhard Furrer
- Department of Mathematical Modeling and Machine Learning, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexandra Pm Shaw
- Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rasmussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Mulchandani R, Zhao C, Tiseo K, Pires J, Van Boeckel TP. Predictive Mapping of Antimicrobial Resistance for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Food-Producing Animals, Europe, 2000-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:96-104. [PMID: 38146995 PMCID: PMC10756390 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.221450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, systematic national surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food-producing animals has been conducted for decades; however, geographic distribution within countries remains unknown. To determine distribution within Europe, we combined 33,802 country-level AMR prevalence estimates with 2,849 local AMR prevalence estimates from 209 point prevalence surveys across 31 countries. We produced geospatial models of AMR prevalence in Escherichia coli, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter for cattle, pigs, and poultry. We summarized AMR trends by using the proportion of tested antimicrobial compounds with resistance >50% and generated predictive maps at 10 × 10 km resolution that disaggregated AMR prevalence. For E. coli, predicted prevalence rates were highest in southern Romania and southern/eastern Italy; for Salmonella, southern Hungary and central Poland; and for Campylobacter, throughout Spain. Our findings suggest that AMR distribution is heterogeneous within countries and that surveillance data from below the country level could help with prioritizing resources to reduce AMR.
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12
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Amato HK, Loayza F, Salinas L, Paredes D, Garcia D, Sarzosa S, Saraiva-Garcia C, Johnson TJ, Pickering AJ, Riley LW, Trueba G, Graham JP. Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli carriage among children in a food animal-producing region of Ecuador: A repeated measures observational study. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004299. [PMID: 37831716 PMCID: PMC10621961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria may be driven by human-animal-environment interactions, especially in regions with limited restrictions on antibiotic use, widespread food animal production, and free-roaming domestic animals. In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors related to commercial food animal production, small-scale or "backyard" food animal production, domestic animal ownership, and practices related to animal handling, waste disposal, and antibiotic use in Ecuadorian communities. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a repeated measures study from 2018 to 2021 in 7 semirural parishes of Quito, Ecuador to identify determinants of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (3GCR-EC) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli (ESBL-EC) in children. We collected 1,699 fecal samples from 600 children and 1,871 domestic animal fecal samples from 376 of the same households at up to 5 time points per household over the 3-year study period. We used multivariable log-binomial regression models to estimate relative risks (RR) of 3GCR-EC and ESBL-EC carriage, adjusting for child sex and age, caregiver education, household wealth, and recent child antibiotic use. Risk factors for 3GCR-EC included living within 5 km of more than 5 commercial food animal operations (RR: 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.45; p-value: 0.001), household pig ownership (RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.48; p-value: 0.030) and child pet contact (RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.39; p-value: 0.001). Risk factors for ESBL-EC were dog ownership (RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.83; p-value: 0.053), child pet contact (RR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.16; p-value: 0.012), and placing animal feces on household land/crops (RR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.46; p-value: 0.019). The primary limitations of this study are the use of proxy and self-reported exposure measures and the use of a single beta-lactamase drug (ceftazidime with clavulanic acid) in combination disk diffusion tests for ESBL confirmation, potentially underestimating phenotypic ESBL production among cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates. To improve ESBL determination, it is recommended to use 2 combination disk diffusion tests (ceftazidime with clavulanic acid and cefotaxime with clavulanic acid) for ESBL confirmatory testing. Future studies should also characterize transmission pathways by assessing antibiotic resistance in commercial food animals and environmental reservoirs. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed an increase in enteric colonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among children with exposures to domestic animals and their waste in the household environment and children living in areas with a higher density of commercial food animal production operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Amato
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diana Paredes
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Soledad Sarzosa
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mid Central Research & Outreach Center, Willmar, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Blum Center for Developing Economies, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lee W. Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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13
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Yang S, Yang Y, Long X, Li H, Zhang F, Wang Z. Integrated Analysis of the Effects of Cecal Microbiota and Serum Metabolome on Market Weights of Chinese Native Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3034. [PMID: 37835639 PMCID: PMC10571757 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the physiological activities of the host and affects the formation of important economic traits in livestock farming. The effects of cecal microbiota on chicken weights were investigated using the Guizhou yellow chicken as a model. Experimental cohorts from chickens with high- (HC, n = 16) and low-market-weights (LC, n = 16) were collected. Microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and non-targeted serum metabolome data were integrated to explore the effect and metabolic mechanism of cecal microbiota on market weight. The genera Lachnoclostridium, Alistipes, Negativibacillus, Sellimonas, and Ruminococcus torques were enriched in the HC group, while Phascolarctobacterium was enriched in the LC group (p < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis determined that pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), luvangetin (2H-1-benzopyran-6-acrylic acid), and menadione (vitamin K3) were significantly higher in HC serum, while beclomethasone dipropionate (a glucocorticoid) and chlorophene (2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol) were present at higher levels in the LC group. The microbes enriched in HC were significantly positively correlated with metabolites, including pantothenic acid and menadione, and negatively correlated with beclomethasone dipropionate and chlorophene. These results indicated that specific cecal bacteria in Guizhou yellow chickens alter the host metabolism and growth performance. This study provides a reference for revealing the mechanism of cecal microbe actions that affect chicken body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (X.L.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
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14
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Čobanović N, Magrin L. Editorial: Health and welfare problems of farm animals: prevalence, risk factors, consequences and possible prevention solutions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1238852. [PMID: 37470076 PMCID: PMC10352949 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1238852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Čobanović
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luisa Magrin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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15
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A Maximum Entropy Species Distribution Model to Estimate the Distribution of Bushpigs on Madagascar and Its Implications for African Swine Fever. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/7976252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Bushpigs (Potamochoerus larvatus) play a major role in the socio-ecosystem of Madagascar, particularly in rural areas. They are largely hunted by rural populations as a major source of income and protein. They can also represent a potential source of pathogens for domestic animals and people. For example, it is hypothesized that bushpigs might compromise African swine fever (ASF) eradication programs by sporadically transmitting the virus to domestic pigs. However, available knowledge on the distribution of bushpigs in Madagascar is limited. In this study, we estimated the distribution of bushpigs on Madagascar using a species distribution model (SDM). We retrieved 206 sightings of bushpigs in Madagascar during 1990–2016 and predicted the distribution by using 37 climatic, geographic, and agricultural/human variables related to the presence of bushpigs and running a presence-background maximum entropy SDM. Our model identified three main areas with a high suitability for bushpigs: in the north, central-western, and east of the island (AUC = 0.84). The main contributors to the model were the vegetation index (51.3%), percentage of land covered by trees (17.6%), and annual averaged monthly precipitation (12.6%). In addition, we identified areas in central Madagascar with a high density of domestic pigs and a high suitability score for bushpigs. These results may help to identify bushpig areas at the interface with domestic pigs to assess the risk of pathogen transmission and to design ecological assessments, wildlife management studies, or targeted surveillance and research studies related to many bushpig-borne pathogens, such as ASF, which is an endemic problem in the country, as well as zoonotic diseases such as cysticercosis and hepatitis E. Our approach could also be extrapolated to other species of wild swine in other countries.
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16
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Mulchandani R, Wang Y, Gilbert M, Van Boeckel TP. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001305. [PMID: 36963007 PMCID: PMC10021213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Use of antimicrobials in farming has enabled the growth of intensive animal production and helped in meeting the global increase in demand for animal protein. However, the widespread use of veterinary antimicrobials drives antimicrobial resistance, with important consequences for animal health, and potentially human health. Global monitoring of antimicrobial use is essential: first, to track progress in reducing the reliance of farming on antimicrobials. Second, to identify countries where antimicrobial-stewardship efforts should be targeted to curb antimicrobial resistance. Data on usage of antimicrobials in food animals were collected from 42 countries. Multivariate regression models were used in combination with projections of animal counts for cattle, sheep, chicken, and pigs from the Food and Agriculture Organization to estimate global antimicrobial usage of veterinary antimicrobials in 2020 and 2030. Maps of animal densities were used to identify geographic hotspots of antimicrobial use. In each country, estimates of antimicrobial use (tonnes) were calibrated to match continental-level reports of antimicrobial use intensity (milligrams per kilogram of animal) from the World Organization for Animal Health, as well as country-level reports of antimicrobial use from countries that made this information publicly available. Globally, antimicrobial usage was estimated at 99,502 tonnes (95% CI 68,535-198,052) in 2020 and is projected, based on current trends, to increase by 8.0% to 107,472 tonnes (95% CI: 75,927-202,661) by 2030. Hotspots of antimicrobial use were overwhelmingly in Asia (67%), while <1% were in Africa. Findings indicate higher global antimicrobial usage in 2030 compared to prior projections that used data from 2017; this is likely associated with an upward revision of antimicrobial use in Asia/Oceania (~6,000 tonnes) and the Americas (~4,000 tonnes). National-level reporting of antimicrobial use should be encouraged to better evaluate the impact of national policies on antimicrobial use levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Wang
- Health Geography and Policy Group, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas P. Van Boeckel
- Health Geography and Policy Group, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Diseases Dynamics, Economics, and Policy, New Delhi, India
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17
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Cui Y, Li J, Guo J, Pan Y, Tong X, Liu C, Wang D, Xu W, Shi Y, Ji Y, Qiu Y, Yang X, Hou L, Zhou J, Feng X, Wang Y, Liu J. Evolutionary Origin, Genetic Recombination, and Phylogeography of Porcine Kobuvirus. Viruses 2023; 15:240. [PMID: 36680281 PMCID: PMC9867129 DOI: 10.3390/v15010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly identified porcine Kobuvirus (PKV) has raised concerns owing to its association with diarrheal symptom in pigs worldwide. The process involving the emergence and global spread of PKV remains largely unknown. Here, the origin, genetic diversity, and geographic distribution of PKV were determined based on the available PKV sequence information. PKV might be derived from the rabbit Kobuvirus and sheep were an important intermediate host. The most recent ancestor of PKV could be traced back to 1975. Two major clades are identified, PKVa and PKVb, and recombination events increase PKV genetic diversity. Cross-species transmission of PKV might be linked to interspecies conserved amino acids at 13-17 and 25-40 residue motifs of Kobuvirus VP1 proteins. Phylogeographic analysis showed that Spain was the most likely location of PKV origin, which then spread to pig-rearing countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Within China, the Hubei province was identified as a primary hub of PKV, transmitting to the east, southwest, and northeast regions of the country. Taken together, our findings have important implications for understanding the evolutionary origin, genetic recombination, and geographic distribution of PKV thereby facilitating the design of preventive and containment measures to combat PKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinshuo Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xinxin Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changzhe Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weiyin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yonghui Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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18
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Prack McCormick B, Quiroga MP, Álvarez VE, Centrón D, Tittonell P. Antimicrobial resistance dissemination associated with intensive animal production practices in Argentina: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:25-42. [PMID: 36137889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The association between antimicrobial-resistant infections in humans and antimicrobial use in agriculture is complex, but well-documented. This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antimicrobials defined as critically important by the WHO, in swine, chicken, and cattle from intensive and extensive production systems in Argentina. We conducted searches in electronic databases (MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, the National System of Digital Repositories from Argentina) as well as in the gray literature. Inclusion criteria were epidemiological studies on AMR in the main food-transmitted bacteria, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., and mastitis-causing bacteria, isolated from swine, chicken, dairy and beef cattle from Argentina. This study gives evidence for supporting the hypothesis that AMR of common food-transmitted bacteria in Argentina is reaching alarming levels. Meta-analyses followed by subgroup analyses confirmed the association between the prevalence of AMR and (a) animal species (p<0.01) for streptomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline or (b) the animal production system (p<0.05) for streptomycin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, ampicillin and tetracycline. Moreover, swine (0.47 [0.29; 0.66]) and intensive production (0.62 [0.34; 0.83]) showed the highest pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance while dairy (0.056 [0.003; 0.524]) and extensive production (0.107 [0.043; 0.240]) showed the lowest. A research gap regarding beef-cattle from feedlot was identified. Finally, there is an urgent need for political measures meant to coordinate and harmonize AMR surveillance and regulate antimicrobial use in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Prack McCormick
- Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, RP N˚4 km 2 (1836), Llavallol, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María P Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Mecanismos de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2157 (PC 1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica E Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Mecanismos de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2157 (PC 1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Centrón
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Mecanismos de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Paraguay 2157 (PC 1121), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Tittonell
- Agroecology, Environment and Systems Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias de Bariloche, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IFAB, INTA-CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450 - CC 277 (8400), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen University, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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Singh M, Mollier RT, Paton RN, Pongener N, Yadav R, Singh V, Katiyar R, Kumar R, Sonia C, Bhatt M, Babu S, Rajkhowa DJ, Mishra VK. Backyard poultry farming with improved germplasm: Sustainable food production and nutritional security in fragile ecosystem. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.962268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3 billion people were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2019 because of poverty and inequality. Most of these people live in Asia and Africa. Furthermore, 30% of the world population was affected by moderate to severe food insecurity in 2020, and most of this population lives in low- and middle-income countries. The world is at a critical juncture, and there is an urgent need for transformative food systems that ensure the empowerment of poor and vulnerable population groups, often smallholders with limited access to resources or those living in remote locations, as well as the empowerment of women, children, and youth (FAO, 2018). The backyard poultry production system (BPPS), as practiced by 80% of the world's rural population, can be that transformative change in low- and middle-income countries. Although the BPPS has low productivity, it still plays an important role in the food and nutritional security of rural people living in fragile ecosystems. Backyard poultry has been recognized as a tool for poverty alleviation and women empowerment besides ensuring food and nutritional security for rural poor. Poultry meat and eggs are the cheapest and best source of good quality protein, minerals, and vitamins. The introduction of improved backyard poultry germplasm has improved the productivity of this system in resource-poor settings and thereby improved the income and nutritional security of poor households. With these birds, the availability, access, utilization, and stability of food security have improved at household and national levels. Diseases, predation, non-availability of improved germplasm, lack of access to markets, and lack of skills are the major constraints to the adoption of improved backyard poultry. These constraints can be addressed by involving a network of community animal service providers. The improved backyard poultry germplasm will dominate the backyard poultry production system in the future and will be a tool for ensuring food and nutritional security on a sustainable basis, more particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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Chah JM, Nwankwo SC, Uddin IO, Chah KF. Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use among small-scale poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09342. [PMID: 35520608 PMCID: PMC9062671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use among small-scale poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 88 poultry farmers. The interview schedule was used for data collection. Respondents' indices of knowledge of antibiotic use (KABU), antibiotic resistance (KABR) and antibiotic use practices (PABU) were determined. Binary logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effect of socio-demographics of respondents, knowledge of antibiotic use and knowledge of antibiotic resistance on the likelihood that farmers use antibiotics inappropriately. All poultry farmers studied used antibiotics for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment. The mean index of KABU was 0.54 with 48 % of the respondents having good KABU while the mean index of KABR was 0.65 and 70.5 % of the farmers had good KABR. The farmers' mean index of PABU was 0.47 and 83 % of them used antibiotics inappropriately. Farmers with good KABU (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.030-17.222) and KABR (OR = 4.5; 95% CI = 1.258-15.791) were more likely to misuse antibiotics than those with poor knowledge. Antibiotics are routinely, and on many occasions inappropriately, used in small-scale poultry production in Enugu State, Nigeria. Antibiotics are valuable agents whose efficacy can only be preserved if they are handled with care. Training small-scale farmers will allow them to improve their knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M. Chah
- Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Sandra C. Nwankwo
- Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Irenonsen O. Uddin
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy F. Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria
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21
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Leight J, Awonon J, Pedehombga A, Ganaba R, Gelli A. How light is too light touch: The effect of a short training-based intervention on household poultry production in Burkina Faso. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS 2022; 155:102776. [PMID: 35241866 PMCID: PMC8856925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of a training-based intervention seeking to increase household engagement in poultry production in Burkina Faso, analyzing data from a large-scale cluster randomized trial in which 1798 households in 60 communes were observed over a period of three years. The intervention SELEVER - entailing a short series of trainings for households as well as capacity building for local animal health and credit services - had little effect on household poultry production and no effect on profits. There is some evidence of an increase in the utilization of poultry inputs and an associated reduction in poultry mortality, primarily for larger poultry producers; however, there is no evidence of any treatment effects for the smallest producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leight
- International Food Policy Research Institute, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Aulo Gelli
- International Food Policy Research Institute, United States of America
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22
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Newcastle disease virus in local chickens in Njombe and Bahi districts in Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:53. [PMID: 35024961 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes significant losses of poultry in Tanzania. Like in many African countries, the regular surveillance of NDV is important for the control of disease. The objective of this study was to determine seroprevalence of NDV in unvaccinated backyard poultry in Bahi and Njombe districts of Tanzania over the rainy (May) and dry (November) seasons in 2016. Using hemaglutination inhibition test, the overall seroprevalence was determined to be 26.8%. The significant differences in seroprevalence were between seasons (higher (34.9%) in dry season, p < 0.0001) and age (higher (30.3%), p < 0.0001 in adult birds). There were no significant differences in seroprevalence between the districts or sex. The higher levels of "protective" antibody titers were significantly associated with location: Njombe (RR 1.15), dry season (RR 1.08), and age: adult birds (RR 1.16); however, the prevalence of these titers was not high enough to conclude any herd immunity among these flocks. This study therefore concludes that local chickens are naturally exposed to NDV and the birds in highlands, dry season, and adults are more protected. Future studies focusing on transmission, strain type, and monthly dynamics of NDV in backyard flocks will provide greater insight into the disease dynamics and allow new practical strategies to alleviate the effects of NDV for the smallholder farmers.
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Mateus-Anzola J, Martínez-López B, Espinosa-García AC, Ojeda-Flores R. Global subtype diversity, spatial distribution patterns, and phylogenetic analysis of avian influenza virus in water. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e344-e355. [PMID: 34464033 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for zoonotic infectious disease surveillance. Avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a significant threat to animal and public health due to its pandemic potential. Virus-contaminated water has been suggested as an important AIV spread mechanism among multiple species. Nevertheless, few studies have characterized the global AIV subtype diversity and distribution in environmental water. Therefore, this study aims to provide an updated descriptive and phylogenetic analysis of AIVs isolated in water samples from high risk-sites for influenza outbreaks (i.e. live bird markets, poultry farms, and wild bird habitats) on a global scale. The descriptive analysis evidenced that 21 subtypes were reported from nine countries between 2003 and 2020. Fourteen AIV subtypes were solely reported from Asian countries. Most of the viral sequences were obtained in China and Bangladesh with 47.44% and 23.93%, respectively. Likewise, the greatest global AIV subtype diversity was observed in China with 12 subtypes. Live bird markets represented the main sampling site for AIV detection in water samples (64.1%), mostly from poultry cage water. Nevertheless, the highest subtype diversity was observed in water samples from wild bird habitats, especially from the Izumi plain and the Dongting Lake located in Japan and China, respectively. Water from drinking poultry troughs evidenced the greatest subtype diversity in live bird markets; meanwhile, environmental water used by ducks had the highest number of different subtypes in poultry farms. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed that some sequences were closely related among different poultry/wild bird-related environments from different geographic origins. Therefore, the results suggest that even though the availability of gene sequences in public-access databases varies greatly among countries, environmental AIV surveillance represents a useful tool to elucidate potential viral diversity in wild and domestic bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mateus-Anzola
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ana Cecilia Espinosa-García
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Ojeda-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades y Una Salud, Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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De Koster S, Ringenier M, Lammens C, Stegeman A, Tobias T, Velkers F, Vernooij H, Kluytmans-van den Bergh M, Kluytmans J, Dewulf J, Goossens H. ESBL-Producing, Carbapenem- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Belgian and Dutch Broiler and Pig Farms: A Cross-Sectional and Cross-Border Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080945. [PMID: 34438995 PMCID: PMC8388939 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The use of antibiotics in food production selects for resistant bacteria and may cause a threat to human and animal health. Belgium and the Netherlands have one of the highest densities of broilers and pigs in Europe, making active monitoring of antibiotic use and resistance in this region vital. Objectives. This study aimed to quantify ESBL-producing (ESBL-E. coli), carbapenem- and ciprofloxacin-resistant (CiproR) Escherichia coli in animal feces on broiler and pig farms with a history of high antibiotic use in Belgium and the Netherlands. Methods. A total of 779 broiler and 817 pig fecal samples, collected from 29 conventional broiler and 31 multiplier pig farms in the cross-border region of Belgium and the Netherlands, were screened for the presence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli using selective culturing. Results. Carbapenem-resistant E. coli were not detected. ESBL-E. coli were remarkably more prevalent in samples from Belgian than Dutch farms. However, CiproR-E. coli were highly prevalent in broilers of both countries. The percentage of samples with ESBL- and CiproR-E. coli was lower in pig compared to poultry farms and varied between farms. No clear association with the on-farm antibiotic use in the year preceding sampling was observed. Multidrug resistance was frequently observed in samples from both countries, but ESBL-production in combination with ciprofloxacin resistance was higher in samples from Belgium. Conclusions. This study demonstrated marked differences in antibiotic resistance between countries, farms and within farms. The observed variation cannot be explained straightforward by prior quantity of antibiotic use suggesting that it results from more complex interactions that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien De Koster
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.D.K.); (C.L.)
| | - Moniek Ringenier
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (M.R.); (J.D.)
| | - Christine Lammens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.D.K.); (C.L.)
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (T.T.); (F.V.); (H.V.)
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (T.T.); (F.V.); (H.V.)
| | - Francisca Velkers
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (T.T.); (F.V.); (H.V.)
| | - Hans Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (T.T.); (F.V.); (H.V.)
| | - Marjolein Kluytmans-van den Bergh
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, 4818 CK Breda, The Netherlands;
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, 4818 CK Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kluytmans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, University of Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Microvida Laboratory for Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, 4818 CK Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (M.R.); (J.D.)
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (S.D.K.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-821-37-89
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Zhao C, Wang Y, Tiseo K, Pires J, Criscuolo NG, Van Boeckel TP. Geographically targeted surveillance of livestock could help prioritize intervention against antimicrobial resistance in China. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:596-602. [PMID: 37118162 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals is being fuelled by the widespread use of veterinary antimicrobials. China is the largest global consumer of veterinary antimicrobials, and improving AMR surveillance strategies in this region could help prioritize intervention and preserve antimicrobial efficacy. Here we mapped AMR rates in pigs, chickens and cattle in China using 446 surveys of event-based surveillance between 2000 and 2019 for foodborne bacteria, in combination with geospatial models to identify locations where conducting new surveys could have the highest benefits. Using maps of uncertainty, we show that eastern China currently has the highest AMR rates, and southwestern and northeastern China would benefit the most from additional surveillance efforts. Instead of distributing new surveys evenly across administrative divisions, using geographically targeted surveillance could reduce AMR prediction uncertainty by two-fold. In a context of competing disease control priorities, our findings present a feasible option for optimizing surveillance efforts-and slowing the spread of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katie Tiseo
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - João Pires
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas P Van Boeckel
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington DC, USA.
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Schillings J, Bennett R, Rose DC. Exploring the Potential of Precision Livestock Farming Technologies to Help Address Farm Animal Welfare. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.639678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in the demand for animal products due to demographic and dietary changes has exacerbated difficulties in addressing societal concerns related to the environment, human health, and animal welfare. As a response to this challenge, Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies are being developed to monitor animal health and welfare parameters in a continuous and automated way, offering the opportunity to improve productivity and detect health issues at an early stage. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding their potential to facilitate the management of production systems that are potentially harmful to animal welfare, or to impact the human-animal relationship and farmers' duty of care. Using the Five Domains Model (FDM) as a framework, the aim is to explore the potential of PLF to help address animal welfare and to discuss potential welfare benefits and risks of using such technology. A variety of technologies are identified and classified according to their type [sensors, bolus, image or sound based, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)], their development stage, the species they apply to, and their potential impact on welfare. While PLF technologies have promising potential to reduce the occurrence of diseases and injuries in livestock farming systems, their current ability to help promote positive welfare states remains limited, as technologies with such potential generally remain at earlier development stages. This is likely due to the lack of evidence related to the validity of positive welfare indicators as well as challenges in technology adoption and development. Finally, the extent to which welfare can be improved will also strongly depend on whether management practices will be adapted to minimize negative consequences and maximize benefits to welfare.
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Skewness in the literature on infectious livestock diseases in an emerging economy - the case of Vietnam. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:1-13. [PMID: 33966687 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production has increased in many emerging economies, but productivity is often substantially impaired by infectious diseases. The first step towards improved livestock health and productivity is to map the presence of livestock diseases. The objective of this review was to summarize studies conducted on such diseases in an emerging economy, Vietnam, and thereby identifying knowledge gaps that may inform the design of surveillance and control programs. Few studies were found to evaluate the distribution of infectious livestock diseases other than avian influenza. Also, many regions with dense livestock populations had received little attention in terms of disease investigation. A large proportion of the studies dealt with zoonoses and food-borne infections which might be due to funding agencies priorities. On the contrary, studies targeting infections that affect livestock and their productivity were few. We think that this limitation in scientific reports on infectious diseases that only affect livestock productivity is a common phenomenon in low and lower middle income countries. More science-based data on such diseases would help policymakers to prioritize which livestock diseases should be subject to animal health programs aimed to support rural livelihoods and economic development.
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Trevisi P, Luise D, Correa F, Bosi P. Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33546450 PMCID: PMC7913656 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.L.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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Tiseo K, Huber L, Gilbert M, Robinson TP, Van Boeckel TP. Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals from 2017 to 2030. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120918. [PMID: 33348801 PMCID: PMC7766021 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Demand for animal protein is rising globally and has been facilitated by the expansion of intensive farming. However, intensive animal production relies on the regular use of antimicrobials to maintain health and productivity on farms. The routine use of antimicrobials fuels the development of antimicrobial resistance, a growing threat for the health of humans and animals. Monitoring global trends in antimicrobial use is essential to track progress associated with antimicrobial stewardship efforts across regions. We collected antimicrobial sales data for chicken, cattle, and pig systems in 41 countries in 2017 and projected global antimicrobial consumption from 2017 to 2030. We used multivariate regression models and estimated global antimicrobial sales in 2017 at 93,309 tonnes (95% CI: 64,443, 149,886). Globally, sales are expected to rise by 11.5% in 2030 to 104,079 tonnes (95% CI: 69,062, 172,711). All continents are expected to increase their antimicrobial use. Our results show lower global antimicrobial sales in 2030 compared to previous estimates, owing to recent reports of decrease in antimicrobial use, in particular in China, the world's largest consumer. Countries exporting a large proportion of their production are more likely to report their antimicrobial sales data than countries with small export markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Tiseo
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (K.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (K.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas P. Van Boeckel
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland; (K.T.); (L.H.)
- Center for Disease Dynamics Economics and Policy, New Delhi 110024, India
- Correspondence:
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30
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Gilbert W, Thomas LF, Coyne L, Rushton J. Review: Mitigating the risks posed by intensification in livestock production: the examples of antimicrobial resistance and zoonoses. Animal 2020; 15:100123. [PMID: 33573940 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major shifts in how animals are bred, raised and slaughtered are involved in the intensification of livestock systems. Globally, these changes have produced major increases in access to protein-rich foods with high levels of micronutrients. Yet the intensification of livestock systems generates numerous externalities including environmental degradation, zoonotic disease transmission and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Where the process of intensification is most advanced, the expertise, institutions and regulations required to manage these externalities have developed over time, often in response to hard lessons, crises and challenges to public health. By exploring the drivers of intensification, the foci of future intensification can be identified. Low- and middle-income (LMICs) countries are likely to experience significant intensification in livestock production in the near future; however, the lessons learned elsewhere are not being transferred rapidly enough to develop risk mitigation capacity in these settings. At present, fragmentary approaches to address these problems present an incomplete picture of livestock populations, antimicrobial use, and disease risks in LMIC settings. A worldwide improvement in evidence-based zoonotic disease and AMR management within intensifying livestock production systems demands better information on the burden of livestock-associated disease, antimicrobial use and resistance and resources allocated to mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gilbert
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - L F Thomas
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - L Coyne
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - J Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK..
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Schar D, Klein EY, Laxminarayan R, Gilbert M, Van Boeckel TP. Global trends in antimicrobial use in aquaculture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21878. [PMID: 33318576 PMCID: PMC7736322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally aquaculture contributes 8% of animal protein intake to the human diet, and per capita consumption is increasing faster than meat and dairy consumption. Reports have documented antimicrobial use in the rapidly expanding aquaculture industry, which may contribute to the rise of antimicrobial resistance, carrying potential consequences for animal-, human-, and ecosystem-health. However, quantitative antimicrobial use across a highly diversified aquaculture industry is not well characterized. Here, we estimate global trends in antimicrobial use in aquaculture in 2017 and 2030 to help target future surveillance efforts and antimicrobial stewardship policies. We estimate antimicrobial use intensity (mg kg−1) for six species groups though a systematic review of point prevalence surveys, which identified 146 species-specific antimicrobial use rates. We project antimicrobial use in each country by combining mean antimicrobial use coefficients per species group with OECD/FAO Agricultural Outlook and FAO FishStat production volumes. We estimate global antimicrobial consumption in 2017 at 10,259 tons (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3163–44,727 tons), increasing 33% to 13,600 tons in 2030 (UI 4193–59,295). The Asia–Pacific region represents the largest share (93.8%) of global consumption, with China alone contributing 57.9% of global consumption in 2017. Antimicrobial consumption intensity per species group was: catfish, 157 mg kg−1 (UI 9–2751); trout, 103 mg kg−1 (UI 5–1951); tilapia, 59 mg kg−1 (UI 21–169); shrimp, 46 mg kg−1 (UI 10–224); salmon, 27 mg kg−1 (UI 17–41) and a pooled species group, 208 mg kg−1, (UI 70–622). All antimicrobial classes identified in the review are classified as medically important. We estimate aggregate global human, terrestrial and aquatic food animal antimicrobial use in 2030 at 236,757 tons (95% UI 145,525–421,426), of which aquaculture constitutes 5.7% but carries the highest use intensity per kilogram of biomass (164.8 mg kg−1). This analysis calls for a substantial scale-up of surveillance capacities to monitor global trends in antimicrobial use. Current evidence, while subject to considerable uncertainties, suggests that for some species groups antimicrobial use intensity surpasses consumption levels in terrestrial animals and humans. Acknowledging the fast-growing nature of aquaculture as an important source of animal nutrition globally, our findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in a high-growth industry with broad links to water and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schar
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eili Y Klein
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.,Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas P Van Boeckel
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.,Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hallenberg GS, Jiwakanon J, Angkititrakul S, Kang-air S, Osbjer K, Lunha K, Sunde M, Järhult JD, Van Boeckel TP, Rich KM, Magnusson U. Antibiotic use in pig farms at different levels of intensification-Farmers' practices in northeastern Thailand. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243099. [PMID: 33306684 PMCID: PMC7732346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the patterns and drivers of antibiotic use in livestock is crucial for tailoring efficient incentives for responsible use of antibiotics. Here we compared routines for antibiotic use between pig farms of two different levels of intensification in Khon Kaen province in Thailand. Among the 113 family-owned small-scale farms (up to 50 sows) interviewed did 76% get advice from the pharmacy about how to use the antibiotics and 84% used it primarily for treating disease. Among the 51 medium-scale-farms (100–500 sows) belonging to two companies did 100% get advice about antibiotic use from the company’s veterinarian (P<0.0001) and 94% used antibiotics mostly as disease preventive measure (P<0.0001). In 2 small scale farms 3rd generation cephalosporins, tylosin or colistin were used; antibiotics belonging to the group of highest priority critically important antimicrobials for human medicine. Enrofloxacin, belonging to the same group of antimicrobials, was used in 33% of the small-scale and 41% of the medium-scale farms. In the latter farms, the companies supplied 3–4 antibiotics belonging to different classes and those were the only antibiotics used in the farms. The median and mean estimated expenditure on antibiotics per sow was 4.8 USD (IQR = 5.8) for small-scale farms and 7 USD and 3.4 USD for the medium-scale farms belonging to the two respective companies. Our observations suggest to target the following areas when pig farming transitions from small-scale to medium-scale: (i) strengthening access to professional animal health services for all farmers, (ii) review of the competence and role of veterinary pharmacies in selling antibiotics and (iii) adjustment of farming company animal health protocols towards more medically rational use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jatesada Jiwakanon
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Seri Kang-air
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Khon University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kristina Osbjer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kamonwan Lunha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianne Sunde
- Section for Food Safety and AMR, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas P. Van Boeckel
- Institute for Environmental Decisions,–ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Diseases Dynamics Economics and Policy, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Karl M. Rich
- Policies, Institutions, and Livelihoods Program, International Livestock Research Institute, West Africa Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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33
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Chaiban C, Da Re D, Robinson TP, Gilbert M, Vanwambeke SO. Poultry farm distribution models developed along a gradient of intensification. Prev Vet Med 2020; 186:105206. [PMID: 33261930 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Efficient planning of measures limiting epidemic spread requires information on farm locations and sizes (number of animals per farm). However, such data are rarely available. The intensification process which is operating in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), comes together with a spatial clustering of farms, a characteristic epidemiological models are sensitive to. We developed farm distribution models predicting both the location and the number of animals per farm, while accounting for the spatial clustering of farms in data-poor countries, using poultry production as an example. We selected four countries, Nigeria, Thailand, Argentina and Belgium, along a gradient of intensification expressed by the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP). First, we investigated the distribution of chicken farms along the spectrum of intensification. Second, we built farm distribution models (FDM) based on censuses of commercial farms of each of the four countries, using point pattern and random forest models. As an external validation, we predicted farm locations and sizes in Bangladesh. The number of chicken per farm increased gradually in line with the gradient of GDP per capita in the following order: Nigeria, Thailand, Argentina and Belgium. Interestingly, we did not find such a gradient for farm clustering. Our modelling procedure could only partly reproduce the observed datasets in each of the four sample countries in internal validation. However, in the external validation, the clustering of farms could not be reproduced and the spatial predictors poorly explained the number and location of farms and farm sizes in Bangladesh. Further improvements of the methodology should explore other covariates of the intensity of farms and farm sizes, as well as improvements of the methodology. Structural transformation, economic development and environmental conditions are essential characteristics to consider for an extrapolation of our FDM procedure, as generalisation appeared challenging. We believe the FDM procedure could ultimately be used as a predictive tool in data-poor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Chaiban
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniele Da Re
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timothy P Robinson
- Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch (AGAL), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sophie O Vanwambeke
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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de Oliveira LG, Gatto IRH, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Almeida HMS, Sonálio K, Storino GY. Achievements and Challenges of Classical Swine Fever Eradication in Brazil. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111327. [PMID: 33227889 PMCID: PMC7699269 DOI: 10.3390/v12111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes one of the most critical diseases in the porcine industry worldwide. In Brazil, the first description of the infection was reported in 1888, and the national recognition of the first free zone (FZ) occurred in 2001. Brazil has been recently recognized (2015-2016) by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) with an FZ involving 15 states and the Federal District, corresponding to 95% of the industrial production of pigs in the country, and a non-free zone (NFZ), comprised by the North and Northeast regions of the country, with approximately 18% of the national pig herd and 5% of industrial production. This review aims to describe the history, the control and eradication actions, the recent occurrence of outbreaks in the NFZ, and the results obtained by the surveillance systems' action in the FZ for CSF in Brazil since its creation. In the passive surveillance system, the notification of the suspect cases of classical swine fever (CSF) is mandatory while in the active surveillance system adopted in the FZ consists of serological monitoring of certified swine breeding farms (CSBFs), intensive pig farming (IPF), non-technified pig herds (NTPig), surveillance in slaughterhouses and monitoring the populations of wild pigs. In this region, the last outbreaks of the disease occurred in 1998, while in the NFZ, 28 outbreaks were detected from 2005 to 2017, with an apparent lethality rate of 93.96% (840/894). However, in 2018 and 2019, 68 new outbreaks were registered with an apparent lethality rate of 75.05% (1095/1459). Therefore, in 2019, the Brazil CSF-Free Strategic Plan was created to eradicate the infection from the country's NFZ, since outbreaks in this region present a risk of reintroducing the disease FZ. Finally, differences in characteristics between the regions show factors that still need to be considered for the construction of a robust surveillance system in the NFZ and some improvements in the FZ. Thus, the control of CSF throughout the Brazilian territory requires strict sanitary guidelines, promoting animal health and, consequently, the national production chain's competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Ourofino Animal Health Ltda. Rodovia Anhanguera SP 330, Km 298, Distrito Industrial, Cravinhos, São Paulo 14140-000, Brazil;
| | - Marina Lopes Mechler-Dreibi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
| | - Henrique M. S. Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
| | - Karina Sonálio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
| | - Gabriel Yuri Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelanne s/n, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil; (M.L.M.-D.); (H.M.S.A.); (K.S.); (G.Y.S.)
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Chaiban C, Robinson TP, Fèvre EM, Ogola J, Akoko J, Gilbert M, Vanwambeke SO. Early intensification of backyard poultry systems in the tropics: a case study. Animal 2020; 14:2387-2396. [PMID: 32576312 PMCID: PMC7538343 DOI: 10.1017/s175173112000110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is an important way of enhancing the livelihoods of rural populations, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As poultry production in LMICs remains dominated by backyard systems with low inputs and low outputs, considerable yield gaps exist. Intensification can increase poultry productivity, production and income. This process is relatively recent in LMICs compared to high-income countries. The management practices and the constraints faced by smallholders trying to scale-up their production, in the early stages of intensification, are poorly understood and described. We thus investigated the features of the small-scale commercial chicken sector in a rural area distant from major production centres. We surveyed 111 commercial chicken farms in Kenya in 2016. We targeted farms that sell the majority of their production, owning at least 50 chickens, partly or wholly confined and provided with feeds. We developed a typology of semi-intensive farms. Farms were found mainly to raise dual-purpose chickens of local and improved breeds, in association with crops and were not specialized in any single product or market. We identified four types of semi-intensive farms that were characterized based on two groups of variables related to intensification and accessibility: (i) remote, small-scale old farms, with small flocks, growing a lot of their own feed; (ii) medium-scale, old farms with a larger flock and well located in relation to markets and (iii) large-scale recently established farms, with large flocks, (iii-a) well located and buying chicks from third-party providers and (iii-b) remotely located and hatching their own chicks. The semi-intensive farms we surveyed were highly heterogeneous in terms of size, age, accessibility, management, opportunities and challenges. Farm location affects market access and influences the opportunities available to farmers, resulting in further diversity in farm profiles. The future of these semi-intensive farms could be compromised by several factors, including the competition with large-scale intensive farmers and with importations. Our study suggests that intensification trajectories in rural areas of LMICs are potentially complex, diverse and non-linear. A better understanding of intensification trajectories should, however, be based on longitudinal data. This could, in turn, help designing interventions to support small-scale farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Chaiban
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - T. P. Robinson
- Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch (AGAL), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153Rome, Italy
| | - E. M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 00100Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL7 3EA, UK
| | - J. Ogola
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 00100Nairobi, Kenya
- County Directorate of Veterinary Services, Bungoma County 50200, Kenya
| | - J. Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 00100Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M. Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), 1000Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. O. Vanwambeke
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Lunha K, Leangapichart T, Jiwakanon J, Angkititrakul S, Sunde M, Järhult JD, Ström Hallenberg G, Hickman RA, Van Boeckel T, Magnusson U. Antimicrobial Resistance in Fecal Escherichia coli from Humans and Pigs at Farms at Different Levels of Intensification. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E662. [PMID: 33008077 PMCID: PMC7650604 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall aim of the current study was to test the hypotheses that (i) antibiotic resistance in bacteria were more frequent in clinically health pigs in intensified company owned, medium-scale farms (MSFs) (100-500 sows) than in pigs in family-owned, small-scale farms (SSFs) (1-50 sows) and (ii) that farmers working at the MSFs were more prone to attain antibiotic resistant bacteria than farmers working at SSFs. The study was conducted in North-Eastern Thailand, comprising fecal Escherichia coli isolates from pigs, farmers working with the pigs (contact humans) and persons living in the same household as the farmer (non-contact humans) at 51 MSFs and 113 SSFs. Samples from all farms were also screened for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which was not detected in pig samples, but was found in one human sample. Susceptibility was tested by disc-diffusion for seven antibiotics commonly used in the study area. Resistance in pig isolates from MSFs were more frequent for chloramphenicol which (P < 0.001), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P < 0.001) and gentamicin (P < 0.05) compared with isolates from SSFs, whereas the opposite was true for tetracycline (P < 0.01). Resistance in the human isolates was lower than those in the isolates from pigs for tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol (P < 0.001). The frequency of resistance in the contact human samples from SSFs and MSFs did not differ. There was no difference between isolates from contact and non-contact humans for any of the tested antibiotics. Multidrug resistance in isolates from pigs was 26%, significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the 13% from humans. The data indicate that (i) resistance to antibiotics, including those critical and highly important for human medicine, were more common in fecal E. coli from pigs at the MSFs than at the SSFs, whereas (ii) the resistance in fecal E. coli from pig farmers seemed not to be influenced by the level of intensification of the farm they were working at.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Lunha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.L.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Thongpan Leangapichart
- Section for Food Safety and AMR, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; (T.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Jatesada Jiwakanon
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (J.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Sunpetch Angkititrakul
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (J.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Marianne Sunde
- Section for Food Safety and AMR, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; (T.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Gunilla Ström Hallenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.L.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Rachel A. Hickman
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Thomas Van Boeckel
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Center for Diseases Dynamics Economics and Policy, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (K.L.); (G.S.H.)
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37
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Blake DP, Worthing K, Jenkins MC. Exploring Eimeria Genomes to Understand Population Biology: Recent Progress and Future Opportunities. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1103. [PMID: 32967167 PMCID: PMC7564333 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria, protozoan parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa, can cause the enteric disease coccidiosis in all farmed animals. Coccidiosis is commonly considered to be most significant in poultry; due in part to the vast number of chickens produced in the World each year, their short generation time, and the narrow profit margins associated with their production. Control of Eimeria has long been dominated by routine chemoprophylaxis, but has been supplemented or replaced by live parasite vaccination in a minority of production sectors. However, public and legislative demands for reduced drug use in food production is now driving dramatic change, replacing reliance on relatively indiscriminate anticoccidial drugs with vaccines that are Eimeria species-, and in some examples, strain-specific. Unfortunately, the consequences of deleterious selection on Eimeria population structure and genome evolution incurred by exposure to anticoccidial drugs or vaccines are unclear. Genome sequence assemblies were published in 2014 for all seven Eimeria species that infect chickens, stimulating the first population genetics studies for these economically important parasites. Here, we review current knowledge of eimerian genomes and highlight challenges posed by the discovery of new, genetically cryptic Eimeria operational taxonomic units (OTUs) circulating in chicken populations. As sequencing technologies evolve understanding of eimerian genomes will improve, with notable utility for studies of Eimeria biology, diversity and opportunities for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damer P. Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kate Worthing
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1040, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (K.W.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1040, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (K.W.); (M.C.J.)
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38
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He WT, Ji X, He W, Dellicour S, Wang S, Li G, Zhang L, Gilbert M, Zhu H, Xing G, Veit M, Huang Z, Han GZ, Huang Y, Suchard MA, Baele G, Lemey P, Su S. Genomic Epidemiology, Evolution, and Transmission Dynamics of Porcine Deltacoronavirus. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2641-2654. [PMID: 32407507 PMCID: PMC7454817 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (CoV) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distribution. Here, we implemented and described an approach to analyze the epidemiology of PDCoV following its emergence in the pig population. We performed an integrated analysis of full genome sequence data from 21 newly sequenced viruses, along with comprehensive epidemiological surveillance data collected globally over the last 15 years. We found four distinct phylogenetic lineages of PDCoV, which differ in their geographic circulation patterns. Interestingly, we identified more frequent intra- and interlineage recombination and higher virus genetic diversity in the Chinese lineages compared with the USA lineage where pigs are raised in different farming systems and ecological environments. Most recombination breakpoints are located in the ORF1ab gene rather than in genes encoding structural proteins. We also identified five amino acids under positive selection in the spike protein suggesting a role for adaptive evolution. According to structural mapping, three positively selected sites are located in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit, which is the most likely involved in binding to a carbohydrate receptor, whereas the other two are located in or near the fusion peptide of the S2 subunit and thus might affect membrane fusion. Finally, our phylogeographic investigations highlighted notable South-North transmission as well as frequent long-distance dispersal events in China that could implicate human-mediated transmission. Our findings provide new insights into the evolution and dispersal of PDCoV that contribute to our understanding of the critical factors involved in CoVs emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting He
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Wei He
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Shilei Wang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Henan Zhu
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhen Huang
- Zhengzhou New Channel Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaowei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Espinosa R, Tago D, Treich N. Infectious Diseases and Meat Production. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2020; 76:1019-1044. [PMID: 32836843 PMCID: PMC7399585 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most infectious diseases in humans originate from animals. In this paper, we explore the role of animal farming and meat consumption in the emergence and amplification of infectious diseases. First, we discuss how meat production increases epidemic risks, either directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change). Traditional food systems such as bushmeat and backyard farming increase the risks of disease transmission from wild animals, while intensive farming amplifies the impact of the disease due to the high density, genetic proximity, increased immunodeficiency, and live transport of farmed animals. Second, we describe the various direct and indirect costs of animal-based infectious diseases, and in particular, how these diseases can negatively impact the economy and the environment. Last, we discuss policies to reduce the social costs of infectious diseases. While existing regulatory frameworks such as the "One Health" approach focus on increasing farms' biosecurity and emergency preparedness, we emphasize the need to better align stakeholders' incentives and to reduce meat consumption. We discuss in particular the implementation of a "zoonotic" Pigouvian tax, and innovations such as insect-based food or cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Tago
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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40
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White RJ, Razgour O. Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land-use change. Mamm Rev 2020; 50:336-352. [PMID: 32836691 PMCID: PMC7300897 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens and parasites that are transmitted from vertebrates to humans are a major public health risk with high associated global economic costs. The spread of these pathogens and risk of transmission accelerate with recent anthropogenic land-use changes (LUC) such as deforestation, urbanisation, and agricultural intensification, factors that are expected to increase in the future due to human population expansion and increasing demand for resources.We systematically review the literature on anthropogenic LUC and zoonotic diseases, highlighting the most prominent mammalian reservoirs and pathogens, and identifying avenues for future research.The majority of studies were global reviews that did not focus on specific taxa. South America and Asia were the most-studied regions, while the most-studied LUC was urbanisation. Livestock were studied more within the context of agricultural intensification, carnivores with urbanisation and helminths, bats with deforestation and viruses, and primates with habitat fragmentation and protozoa.Research into specific animal reservoirs has improved our understanding of how the spread of zoonotic diseases is affected by LUC. The behaviour of hosts can be altered when their habitats are changed, impacting the pathogens they carry and the probability of disease spreading to humans. Understanding this has enabled the identification of factors that alter the risk of emergence (such as virulence, pathogen diversity, and ease of transmission). Yet, many pathogens and impacts of LUC other than urbanisation have been understudied.Predicting how zoonotic diseases emerge and spread in response to anthropogenic LUC requires more empirical and data synthesis studies that link host ecology and responses with pathogen ecology and disease spread. The link between anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment and the recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to understand how anthropogenic LUC affects the risk of spillover to humans and spread of zoonotic diseases originating in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J White
- Biosciences University of Exeter Living Systems Institute Exeter EX4 4QD UK.,Biological Sciences University of Southampton Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Orly Razgour
- Biological Sciences University of Southampton Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK.,Biosciences University of Exeter Hatherly Laboratories Exeter EX4 4PS UK
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41
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Mason-D'Croz D, Bogard JR, Herrero M, Robinson S, Sulser TB, Wiebe K, Willenbockel D, Godfray HCJ. Modelling the global economic consequences of a major African swine fever outbreak in China. NATURE FOOD 2020; 1:221-228. [PMID: 33634268 PMCID: PMC7116817 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever is a deadly porcine disease that has spread into East Asia where it is having a detrimental effect on pork production. However, the implications of African swine fever on the global pork market are poorly explored. Two linked global economic models are used to explore the consequences of different scales of the epidemic on pork prices and on the prices of other food types and animal feeds. The models project global pork prices increasing by 17-85% and unmet demand driving price increases of other meats. This price rise reduces the quantity of pork demanded but also spurs production in other parts of the world, and imports make up half the Chinese losses. Demand for, and prices of, food types such as beef and poultry rise, while prices for maize and soybean used in feed decline. There is a slight decline in average per capita calorie availability in China, indicating the importance of assuring the dietary needs of low-income populations. Outside China, projections for calorie availability are mixed, reflecting the direct and indirect effects of the African swine fever epidemic on food and feed markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mason-D'Croz
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica R Bogard
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mario Herrero
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sherman Robinson
- Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA
| | - Timothy B Sulser
- Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA
| | - Keith Wiebe
- Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA
| | - Dirk Willenbockel
- Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Oxford Martin School & Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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42
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Oba P, Wieland B, Mwiine FN, Erume J, Gertzell E, Jacobson M, Dione MM. Status and gaps of research on respiratory disease pathogens of swine in Africa. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32257367 PMCID: PMC7066813 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the pig population in Africa has grown rapidly, reflecting the increased adoption of pig production as an important economic activity. Of all species, pigs are likely to constitute a greater share of the growth in the livestock subsector. However, constraints such as respiratory infectious diseases cause significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Compared to industrialized countries, the occurrence and impacts of respiratory diseases on pig production in Africa is under-documented. Hence, knowledge on prevalence and incidence of economically important swine respiratory pathogens in pigs in Africa is necessary to guide interventions for prevention and control. The purpose of this review was to document the current status of research on five important respiratory pathogens of swine in Africa to inform future research and interventions. The pathogens included were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PPRSv), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and swine influenza A viruses (IAV). For this review, published articles were obtained using Harzing's Publish or Perish software tool from GoogleScholar. Articles were also sourced from PubMed, ScienceDirect, FAO and OIE websites. The terms used for the search were Africa, swine or porcine, respiratory pathogens, M. hyopneumoniae, APP, PCV2, PPRSv, IAV, prevention and control. In all, 146 articles found were considered relevant, and upon further screening, only 85 articles were retained for the review. The search was limited to studies published from 2000 to 2019. Of all the studies that documented occurrence of the five respiratory pathogens, most were on IAV (48.4%, n = 15), followed by PCV2 (25.8%, n = 8), PPRSv (19.4%, n = 6), while only one study (3.2%, n = 1) reported APP and M. hyopneumoniae. This review highlights knowledge and information gaps on epidemiologic aspects as well as economic impacts of the various pathogens reported in swine in Africa, which calls for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oba
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda.,2College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.,National Agricultural Research Organization, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda
| | - B Wieland
- 4International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - F N Mwiine
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - J Erume
- 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - E Gertzell
- 5Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Jacobson
- 5Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7054, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 24384, Kampala, Uganda
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43
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Zheng Y, Xie Y, Geldhof P, Vlaminck J, Ma G, Gasser RB, Wang T. High anti-Ascaris seroprevalence in fattening pigs in Sichuan, China, calls for improved management strategies. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:60. [PMID: 32051006 PMCID: PMC7017502 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascariasis, caused by Ascaris suum, is an important soil-transmitted parasitic disease of pigs worldwide. It leads to significant economic losses in the pork industry, as a consequence of low feed conversion efficiency in pigs and liver condemnation at slaughter. Despite ascariasis still being widespread on pig farms in many developing and the industrialised countries, there are surprisingly limited data on porcine ascariasis in China, where nearly half of the world's total pork is produced. METHODS In the present study, using the recently developed A. suum-haemoglobin (As-Hb) antigen-based serological test, we screened 512 individual serum samples from fattening pigs from 13 farms across seven distinct locations of Sichuan Province in China for anti-Ascaris antibody. RESULTS The prevalence of anti-Ascaris antibody ranged from 0% to 100% on the distinct farms, with the mean (overall) seroprevalence being > 60%. There was no significant difference in seroprevalence between the intensive and extensive farms. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure anti-Ascaris seroprevalence in China. The results of this 'snapshot' investigation indicate that Ascaris infection in commercial pig farms in Sichuan Province is seriously underestimated, encouraging future, large-scale serological studies to assess the distribution and extent of Ascaris exposure and infection in various regions of China and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youle Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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44
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Hedman HD, Eisenberg JNS, Trueba G, Rivera DLV, Herrera RAZ, Barrazueta JV, Rodriguez GIG, Krawczyk E, Berrocal VJ, Zhang L. Impacts of small-scale chicken farming activity on antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in backyard chickens and children in rural Ecuador. One Health 2019; 8:100112. [PMID: 31788532 PMCID: PMC6879989 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a pressing global concern. Increased promotion of commercial small-scale agriculture within low-resource settings has facilitated an increased use in antimicrobials as growth promoters globally, creating antimicrobial-resistant animal reservoirs. We conducted a longitudinal field study in rural Ecuador to monitor the AMR of Escherichia coli populations from backyard chickens and children at three sample periods with approximately 2-month intervals (February, April, and June 2017). We assessed AMR to 12 antibiotics using generalized linear mixed effects models (GLMM). We also sampled and assessed AMR to the same 12 antibiotics in one-day-old broiler chickens purchased from local venders. One-day-old broiler chickens showed lower AMR at sample period 1 compared to sample period 2 (for 9 of the 12 antibiotics tested); increases in AMR between sample periods 2 and 3 were minimal. Two months prior to the first sample period (December 2016) there was no broiler farming activity due to a regional collapse followed by a peak in annual farming in February 2017. Between sample periods 1 and 2, we observed significant increases in AMR to 6 of the 12 antibiotics in children and to 4 of the 12 antibiotics in backyard chickens. These findings suggest that the recent increase in farming, and the observed increase of AMR in the one-day old broilers, may have caused the increase in AMR in backyard chickens and children. Small-scale farming dynamics could play an important role in the spread of AMR in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Hedman
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - G Trueba
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | - E Krawczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V J Berrocal
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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45
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Knight GM, Costelloe C, Murray KA, Robotham JV, Atun R, Holmes AH. Addressing the Unknowns of Antimicrobial Resistance: Quantifying and Mapping the Drivers of Burden. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:612-616. [PMID: 29020246 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen through a network of complex interacting factors. Many different sources and transmission pathways contribute to the ever-growing burden of AMR in our clinical settings. The lack of data on these mechanisms and the relative importance of different factors causing the emergence and spread of AMR hampers our global efforts to effectively manage the risks. Importantly, we have little quantitative knowledge on the relative contributions of these sources and are likely to be targeting our interventions suboptimally as a result. Here we propose a systems mapping approach to address the urgent need for reliable and timely data to strengthen the response to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenan M Knight
- Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Institute of Health Research, and Department of Infectious Diseases
| | - Ceire Costelloe
- Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Institute of Health Research, and Department of Infectious Diseases
| | - Kris A Murray
- Grantham Institute-Climate Change and the Environment.,School of Public Health, Imperial College London
| | - Julie V Robotham
- Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Institute of Health Research, and Department of Infectious Diseases.,Modelling and Economics Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance.,Control, Public Health England and Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rifat Atun
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alison H Holmes
- Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Institute of Health Research, and Department of Infectious Diseases.,Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Local and Exotic Breeds of Chickens in Pankrono-Kumasi, Ghana. J Parasitol Res 2019; 2019:5746515. [PMID: 31565425 PMCID: PMC6745123 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5746515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's poultry population is on the ascendency as a result of the high demand for poultry product by consumers. In Africa, poultry meat is estimated to represent almost 25% of all meat, whereas in some areas it covers 100% of the animal protein available. The high demand for poultry products has led to an increase in poultry production in almost all African countries including Ghana, with the domestic chicken being the most kept. The sector has been reported to have recorded a drop in production, partly due to infection of birds by diseases, causing organisms including parasites. The study conducted was to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in local and exotic breeds of chickens in Pankrono–Kumasi in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Two hundred (200) cloacae of slaughtered birds were collected from slaughtering units in the study area and the faecal samples were examined for the eggs/cysts of gastrointestinal parasites using the simple flotation technique and microscopy. Nematodes and cestodes were recovered in 131 (65.5%) of the samples examined with Ascaridia galli recorded as the most prevalent. Some of the nematodes include Ascaridia galli 65 (32.5%), Heterakis gallinarum 38 (19.0%), and Capillaria spp. 29 (14.5%). Some cestodes were Raillietina spp. 19(9.5%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum 5 (2.5%) with Prosthogonimus spp. 3 (1.5%) being the only trematode recovered. The local breeds recorded a percentage prevalence of 76.0%, making them the most susceptible breed to gastrointestinal parasites. The results obtained attest to the reason behind the reduction in poultry production. It is therefore recommended that farmers are educated on farm managerial practices that will reduce the risk of infection and help increase production to meet the demand of consumers.
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47
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Van Boeckel TP, Pires J, Silvester R, Zhao C, Song J, Criscuolo NG, Gilbert M, Bonhoeffer S, Laxminarayan R. Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- and middle-income countries. Science 2019; 365:365/6459/eaaw1944. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Antimicrobial consumption in animals is threefold that of humans and has enabled large-scale animal protein production. The consequences for the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals have received comparatively less attention than in humans. We analyzed 901 point prevalence surveys of pathogens in developing countries to map resistance in animals. China and India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, with new hotspots emerging in Brazil and Kenya. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials showing resistance above 50% increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs. Escalating resistance in animals is anticipated to have important consequences for animal health and, eventually, for human health.
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48
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Sprícigo J, Leme L, Guimarães A, Oliveira Neto J, Silva P, Moreira N, Pivato I, Silva B, Ramos A, Dode M. Phospholipid composition and resistance to vitrification of in vivo blastocyst of a Brazilian naturalized porcine breed. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Piau porcine blastocysts were submitted to MALDI-TOF to identify the main phospholipids (PL). After that, in vivo blastocysts (D6) were vitrified (n=52), non-vitrified were used as control (n=42). After warming, blastocysts were in vitro cultured to assess re-expansion and hatching at 24 and 48 hours. Finally, at 48 hours, hatched blastocysts were submitted to RT-qPCR searching for BCL2A1, BAK, BAX and CASP3 genes. For MALDI-TOF, the ion intensity was expressed in arbitrary units. Blastocyst development was compared by Qui-square (P< 0.05). Among the most representative PL was the phosphatidylcholine [PC (32:0) + H]+; [PC (34:1) + H]+ and [PC (36:4) + H]+. Beyond the PL, MALDI revealed some triglycerides (TG), including PPL (50:2) + Na+, PPO (50:1) + Na+, PLO (52:3) + Na+ and POO (52:2) + Na. Re-expansion did not differ (P> 0.05) between fresh or vitrified blastocysts at 24 (33.3%; 32.7%) or 48 hours (2.4%; 13.5%). Hatching rates were higher (P< 0.05) for fresh compared to vitrified at 24 (66.7%; 15.4%) and 48 hours (97.6%; 36.0%). BAX was overexpressed (P< 0.05) after vitrification. In conclusion, Piau blastocysts can be cryopreserved by Cryotop. This study also demonstrated that the apoptotic pathway may be responsible for the low efficiency of porcine embryo cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.F.W. Sprícigo
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil; University of Guelph, Canada
| | - L.O. Leme
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - B.D.M. Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil
| | - A.F. Ramos
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil
| | - M.A.N. Dode
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brazil
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49
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Morris SS, Beesabathuni K, Headey D. An egg for everyone: Pathways to universal access to one of nature's most nutritious foods. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 14 Suppl 3:e12679. [PMID: 30332534 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Eggs are a highly nutritious food but have been shown to be infrequently consumed in many low-income countries, especially by women and children. We collate country-level data on egg production, availability, consumption, prices, industry structure, and contextual trends and use these to estimate current patterns and likely future outcomes under four alternative scenarios. These scenarios are as follows: incremental change based on expected economic growth and urbanisation (the base scenario); enhanced productivity of independent small producers; aggregated production in egg hubs; and the accelerated spread of large-scale intensive production. All scenarios are modelled out to 2030 using a mix of regression and deterministic models. We find that children's consumption of eggs is highly correlated with national availability, and both are a function of egg prices. Eggs are unavailable, expensive, and infrequently consumed by children in much of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The base scenario results in modest increases in production in low-income regions. Focusing efforts on independent small producers can only boost rural consumption in a handful of countries where poultry ownership is unusually high and would be expensive and logistically challenging to scale. Aggregation of production, with minimum flock sizes of 5,000 layers per farm, is a more promising pathway to increasing availability in rural areas. To meet the needs of urban populations, large-scale intensive production is needed. Intensive production brings down prices significantly, allowing many more poor households to access and consume eggs. Recent experience in countries such as Thailand confirms that this is both feasible and impactful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek Headey
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
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50
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Coyne L, Arief R, Benigno C, Giang VN, Huong LQ, Jeamsripong S, Kalpravidh W, McGrane J, Padungtod P, Patrick I, Schoonman L, Setyawan E, Harja Sukarno A, Srisamran J, Ngoc PT, Rushton J. Characterizing Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector in Three South East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam). Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E33. [PMID: 30934638 PMCID: PMC6466601 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework was developed to characterize the antimicrobial use/antimicrobial resistance complex in livestock systems in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Farm profitability, disease prevention, and mortality rate reduction were identified as drivers toward antimicrobial use in livestock systems. It revealed that antimicrobial use was high in all sectors studied, and that routine preventative use was of particular importance to broiler production systems. Misleading feed labeling was identified as a hurdle to the collection of accurate antimicrobial use data, with farmers being unaware of the antimicrobials contained in some commercial feed. Economic analysis found that the cost of antimicrobials was low relative to other farm inputs, and that farm profitability was precariously balanced. High disease and poor prices were identified as potential drivers toward economic loss. The research indicates that antimicrobial use in small-scale poultry production systems improves feed conversion ratios and overall productivity. However, data were limited to quantify adequately these potential gains and their impacts on the food supply. During the study, all countries embraced and implemented policies on better management of antimicrobial use in livestock and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Future policies need to consider farm-level economics and livestock food supply issues when developing further antimicrobial use interventions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Coyne
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Riana Arief
- Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies, Bogor 16310, Indonesia.
| | - Carolyn Benigno
- FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.
| | | | | | - Saharuetai Jeamsripong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - James McGrane
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Ian Patrick
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
- Agricultural and Resource Economic Consulting Services, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | - Erry Setyawan
- FAO Country Office for Indonesia, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia.
| | | | - Jutanat Srisamran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pham Thi Ngoc
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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