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Rodrigues JC, Ribeiro-da-Silva RC, Guimarães-E-Silva AS, de Oliveira MDS, Rodrigues BL, Pimenta RCDJS, Galati EAB, Pinheiro VCS. Phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna, blood meal source, and detection of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) DNA in the Gurupi Biological Reserve, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:tjae108. [PMID: 39222367 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted in the Gurupi Biological Reserve (REBIO-Gurupi), the largest area of Amazon rainforest in Maranhão State, Brazil. The objectives were to survey the sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of REBIO-Gurupi, identify blood meal sources, and investigate the presence of Leishmania (Ross, 1903) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) DNA. Individuals were collected using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and black and white Shannon traps in May and Jun 2022 and Jan 2023. DNA was extracted from female sand flies and subjected to amplification and sequencing of cytochrome b molecular marker (CYTB) for identification of blood meal sources and the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA for Leishmania detection. A total of 514 sand flies individuals were sampled, of which 93 were identified at the genus or series level (9 taxa) and 421 were identified at the species level (24 taxa). Psychodopygus davisi (Root, 1934) (41.1%), Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) (10.3%), and Psychodopygus (Mangabeira, 1941) Chagasi Series Barretto, 1962 (9.7%) were the most frequently collected. Human (Homo sapiens, Primates, Hominidae) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae) DNA was detected in 10 female sand flies. Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Cunha and Chagas, 1937 DNA was detected in 2 specimens of Ps. davisi. Given the presence of vectors of Leishmania in REBIO-Gurupi, it is imperative to conduct more comprehensive studies on the interactions among sand flies, Leishmania, and pathogen reservoirs in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judson Chaves Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rosa Cristina Ribeiro-da-Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Antonia Suely Guimarães-E-Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo-(FSP/USP), Pós-graduação em Saúde Pública, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Cristina Soares Pinheiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-graduação da rede BIONORTE, LABEM, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
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2
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Rebêlo JMM, Bandeira MDCA, Moraes JLP, Boas IV, Fonteles RS, Dominici Cruz L, Rodrigues BL. Seasonal dynamics of sand flies in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park: a tourist destination and endemic area for leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:900-910. [PMID: 38808616 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Numerous sand fly species have been reported in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (LMNP) in Northeast Brazil, including important Leishmania vectors, making the park an endemic area for tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. We evaluated sand fly abundance monthly over 7 years, correlating it with environmental variables and monthly tourist numbers in LMNP. Sand fly species were observed throughout the year, with Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva and Nyssomyia whitmani Antunes and Coutinho (Diptera: Psychodidae) being the most abundant species, especially from April to June. In addition to seasonal abundance patterns, Lu. longipalpis showed increasing abundance throughout 2013 until April 2014, whereas Ny. whitmani exhibited a consistent increase throughout the study period. Redundancy analysis indicated that monthly sand fly abundances increased with humidity but decreased with mean temperature and wind speed. Ecotourists mainly visit the park from May to September when interdune lagoons are full, coinciding with high-frequency vector activity during the rainy months (May-June). Tourists also visit in January and February during school holidays, when the rains begin and sand fly abundance increases, and in July, when sand fly abundance decreases. To date, no instances of infected tourists have been recorded, likely because visits to LMNP occur during the day when sand flies are inactive. However, there is a potential risk of vector exposure if tourists engage in nighttime cultural visits to villages around the park, where leishmaniasis cases occur annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade de Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Abreu Bandeira
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade de Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Itapotiara Vilas Boas
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Fonteles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede de Biodiversidade de Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Soares GHC, Barbosa GR, Coelho AJS, Caetano GB, de Azevedo CDMPES, Coelho AC, Lima MIS, Stolf BS. Isolation and characterisation of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in northeast Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e240026. [PMID: 38985088 PMCID: PMC11251414 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is a widely distributed protozoan parasite. The human leishmaniasis caused by this species is often associated with visceral form. Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) cases due to L. (L.) infantum in the country are considered rare but may be underestimated. Although probably uncommon, these cases represent a new challenge to the prevention and control of leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES Here, we describe two distinct cases of TL with atypical clinical presentations caused by L. (L.) infantum. METHODS AND FINDINGS Parasites were isolated from cutaneous lesions of the two patients and typed as L. (L.) infantum after sequencing of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer. The dermotropic L. (L.) infantum isolates were compared in terms of growth culture patterns, metacyclogenesis and in vitro infectivity in macrophages. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This study addresses the emergence of L. (L.) infantum as a causative agent of cutaneous disease in a visceral leishmaniasis hotspot located in northeast Brazil. The data presented provides novel information about the presence of dermotropic L. (L.) infantum in the country and demonstrates the infectivity potential of theses isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Rolim Barbosa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Jessica Sousa Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Giovanna Bedin Caetano
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Adriano Cappellazzo Coelho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Mayara Ingrid Souza Lima
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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de Melo SN, Soeiro Barbosa D, Câmara DCP, César Simões T, Buzanovsky LP, Sousa Duarte AG, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Cardoso DT, Edel Donato L, Werneck GL, Bruhn FRP, Silva Belo V. Tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil: priority municipalities and spatiotemporal relative risks from 2001 to 2020. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:418-428. [PMID: 38904099 PMCID: PMC11338199 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2024.2367442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in different periods enables the adequate conduction of actions at the public health level. The present study analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of TL incidence rates in the municipalities of Brazil and identifies priority areas from 2001 to 2020. Notifications of new cases were analyzed employing space-time scan statistics and Local Indicators of Spatial Association. As TL incidence rates presented a downward trend in most Brazilian municipalities, spatiotemporal clusters of high relative risks (RR) were more frequent in the first decade of the series. There was a concentration of those clusters in the North and Northeast regions, mainly in the Legal Amazon area. More recent high-RR areas were identified in municipalities of different regions. The number of priority municipalities showed a stable trend in Brazil. There was a great concentration of such municipalities in the states of Acre, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, Pará, and Amapá, as well as large areas in Roraima, Amazonas, Maranhão, and Tocantins, and smaller areas in the states of Goiás, Ceará, Bahia, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Paraná. The present study contributes to the understanding of the historical evolution of TL in Brazil and subsidizes actions to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Nascimento de Melo
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury
- Communicable Diseases, Prevention, Control & Elimination (CDE) - VT, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Tavares Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Edel Donato
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius Silva Belo
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
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de Souza CF, dos Santos CA, Bevilacqua PD, Andrade Filho JD, Brazil RP. Molecular Detection of Leishmania spp. and Blood Source of Female Sand Flies in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce and Municipality of Timóteo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:133. [PMID: 38922045 PMCID: PMC11209318 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite female sand fly. The present work is characterized as a descriptive study in two areas: a forest area located in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, and another urban area located in the municipality of Timóteo-MG, with the objective of identifying the presence of Leishmania spp. and the blood source of the collected female sand flies. Part of the females were obtained from the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, and part was collected using 19 ligth traps distributed in residences of Timóteo. For molecular studies of Leishmania spp. DNA, the ITS1 gene was used, and in the search for blood source, the CytB gene was used and positive samples were sequenced. The study demonstrated that there are at least three species of Leishmania circulating in the study areas: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, and Leishmania (V.) guyanensis. Nyssomyia whitmani was the predominant sand fly species in the urban area of Timóteo with a positive diagnosis for the presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA. We found the presence of blood from Gallus gallus (Chicken) and Sus scrofa (Pig) in sand flies. The present study demonstrates that Leishmania braziliensis is the main agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area, with the effective participation of Nyssomyia whitmani as the vector and both Gallus gallus and Sus scrofa acting as a food source for female sand flies, and helping maintaining the sand fly life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ferreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Alberto dos Santos
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura Municipal de Timóteo, Avenida Acesita, 3230, São José, Timóteo 35182-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Paula Dias Bevilacqua
- Grupo de Pesquisa Violências, Gênero e Saúde, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz), Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz), Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte 30190-002, MG, Brazil;
| | - Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
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6
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Rodrigues BL, Galati EAB. New sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) records and COI DNA barcodes in the state of Maranhão, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107095. [PMID: 38097151 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The sand fly fauna and the usefulness of the DNA barcoding fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were accessed in a forest fragment in the municipality of Governador Newton Bello, state of Maranhão, Brazil. We performed entomological collections in three independent campaigns in May and October 2021, and January 2023. Sand flies were morphologically-identified and then DNA barcoded. Sequences were deposited and analyzed in the BOLD System Database, and various species delimitation algorithms, to assess whether DNA sequences merge into taxonomic units in accordance with nominal species. In total, 1,524 sand flies were collected, comprising 32 nominal species. Nyssomyia antunesi was the most abundant species (31.5 %), followed by Psychodopygus davisi (27 %). We reported for the first time in the state of Maranhão, the presence of Lutzomyia evangelistai, Lutzomyia sherlocki, Pressatia equatorialis, and Psathyromyia barrettoi. We amplified and analyzed 67 COI barcodes of 23 species, which were merged with conspecific sequences extracted from GenBank. The maximum intraspecific p distances ranged from 0.0 % to 14.74 %, while the distances to the nearest neighbor varied from 1.67 % to 13.64 %. The phylogenetic gene tree and species delimitation tools clustered sequences into well-supported clades/clusters for each nominal species, except for Pressatia choti/Pr. equatorialis, which have the lowest interspecific genetic distance (1.67 %). We sequenced for the first time COI barcodes of Brumptomyia brumpti, Evandromyia monstruosa, Micropygomyia rorotaensis, Micropygomyia pilosa, Pintomyia christenseni, Pintomyia pacae, Pr. equatorialis, Pa. barrettoi, and Psathyromyia hermanlenti, which will be useful for further molecular identification and classification proposals of Neotropical species. This study updated the current list of the sand fly fauna for the state of Maranhão to 97, and demonstrated that COI barcodes are useful for specific identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil,.
| | - Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
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7
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Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat L. Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1777-1799. [PMID: 37438495 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes a disease called leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female sandflies. There are several different species of Leishmania that can cause various forms of the disease, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Leishmania parasites have a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles. Leishmaniasis is endemic of 90 countries, mainly in South American, East and West Africa, Mediterranean region, Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. In recent years, cases have been detected in other countries, and it is already an infection present throughout the world. The increase in temperatures due to climate change makes it possible for sandflies to appear in countries with traditionally colder regions, and the easy movement of people and animals today, facilitate the appearance of Leishmania species in new countries. These data mean that leishmaniasis will probably become an emerging zoonosis and a public health problem in the coming years, which we must consider controlling it from a One Health point of view. This review summarizes the prevalence of Leishmania spp. around the world and the current knowledge regarding the animals that could be reservoirs of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Montaner-Angoiti
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Hernandez HG, Brown GD, Lima ID, Coutinho JF, Wilson ME, Nascimento ELT, Jeronimo SMB, Petersen CA, Oleson JJ. Hierarchical spatiotemporal modeling of human visceral leishmaniasis in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011206. [PMID: 37011128 PMCID: PMC10101641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease that is globally distributed and has the potential to cause very serious illness. Prior literature highlights the emergence and spread of VL is influenced by multiple factors, such as socioeconomic status, sanitation levels or animal and human reservoirs. The study aimed to retrospectively investigate the presence and infectiousness of VL in Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil between 2007 and 2020. We applied a hierarchical Bayesian approach to estimate municipality-specific relative risk of VL across space and time. The results show evidence that lower socioeconomic status is connected to higher municipality-specific VL risk. Overall, estimates reveal spatially heterogeneous VL risks in RN, with a high probability that VL risk for municipalities within the West Potiguar mesoregion are more than double the expected VL risk. Additionally, given the data available, results indicate there is a high probability of increasing VL risk in the municipalities of Natal, Patu and Pau dos Ferros. These findings demonstrate opportunities for municipality-specific public health policy interventions and warrant future research on identifying epidemiological drivers in at-risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helin G Hernandez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Grant D Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Iraci D Lima
- State Health Secretariat, State Government of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - José F Coutinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eliana L T Nascimento
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- National Institute of Sciences and Technology of Tropical Disease, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jacob J Oleson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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9
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Guimarães-E-Silva AS, de Sousa Oliveira R, Pimentel KBA, Ribeiro da Silva RC, Rodrigues BL, Rebêlo JMM, Pinheiro VCS. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area of Northeast Brazil: Implications for Intervention Actions. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:165-172. [PMID: 36287635 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of leishmaniases, and contribute to the knowledge of their epidemiological dynamics from 2007 to 2017 in the municipality of Caxias, Maranhão, Northeast Brazil. Data on American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) were obtained in the Epidemiological Surveillance Sector of Caxias, while data on canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) were obtained in the Zoonoses Surveillance Unit. For data analysis and spatial representation of leishmaniasis cases, the geoprocessing of the data was performed, and the geometric features of the state of Maranhão, Caxias, and the disease registration sites were obtained from the shapefile database of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Geostatistics was used to create maps based on the Kernel density method, starting from the points, producing a raster file for each case with several data frames, allowing the instantaneous comparison of the phenomena. During the study period, ATL, HVL, and CVL were reported in Caxias, accounting for 114,304 and 8,498 cases, respectively. The geoprocessing analysis showed that leishmaniasis is widely distributed in the urban area of Caxias. However, there are risk areas for the transmission of these diseases to humans and dogs, associated with deforestation and urban expansion, and may vary over time. Preventive measures must focus on risk areas, including conservation efforts and urban planning, in order to reduce the transmission of leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Suely Guimarães-E-Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Romário de Sousa Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
| | - Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo - (FSP/USP), Pós-graduação em Saúde Pública, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cristina Soares Pinheiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, Maranhão, 65604-380, Brazil
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10
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Ramos LGSM, Costa VA, Louzeiro NM, Carvalho CCA, de Maria Seabra Nogueira R, Speranca MA, Cabral AD, Costa FB, Barros MC, da Costa Fraga E, Marcili A, da Costa AP. Chiropterans as a potential hosts of Leishmania spp. in endemic areas for leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:987-992. [PMID: 36028935 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The species of the genus Leishmania are protozoa that are widely distributed from Asia to the Americas, affecting humans and wild and domestic animals. Little is known about infection by Leishmania in bats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Leishmania in bats in Maranhão. Blood samples were collected from bat species for parasitological diagnosis. Samples of spleen and liver were collected for molecular analysis. All the blood cultures were negative. In two blood smears, organisms similar to amastigotes of Leishmania sp. were detected. Of the 116 samples, two spleen samples were positive and showed similarity to Leishmania infantum. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate whether bats take part in the epidemiological chain of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arlei Marcili
- São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Santo Amaro University, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Silva RCRD, Cruz LNPD, Coutinho JMDS, Fonseca-Alves CE, Rebêlo JMM, Pereira SRF. Experimental transmission of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis to immunosuppressed mice through the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) results in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e81. [PMID: 34878039 PMCID: PMC8670602 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the natural vector of
Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, but it is also permissive
for several Leishmania species that are related to cutaneous
leishmaniasis (CL). Maranhao State (Northeast of Brazil) is endemic for CL and
has the highest number of cases of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) in the
country. It is a rare disease associated with a defective immune response mainly
caused by L. (L.) amazonensis. Additionally, the number of
immunosuppressed patients infected with the etiologic agents of CL has
increased, including regions in which the main vectors of CL are rare.
Therefore, we investigated whether Lu. longipalpis is able to
transmit L. (L.) amazonensis to uninfected and immunosuppressed
mice, resulting in CL. For that, 291 sand flies took an initial blood meal in
mice infected with L. (L.) amazonensis. Of these, 17 underwent
a second feeding on uninfected and immunosuppressed mice (of which 58.8% were
also positive for Leishmania according to data on the
dissection of the intestine). After 27 days of infection, these mice exhibited
leishmaniotic lesions. The occurrence of parasites on the animal’s skin was
confirmed by limiting dilution and immunohistopathological analyses. Parasite
DNA was also detected in paw lesions and inguinal lymph nodes. DNA sequencing
confirmed the Leishmania species in insects and mice. The
results confirmed the ability of Lu. longipalpis to become
infected and experimentally transmit L. (L.) amazonensis to
immunosuppressed rodents, resulting in leishmaniotic lesions. Our data open
perspectives for the potential role of Lu. longipalpis in the
epidemiology of urban cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially in immunosuppressed
patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Léo Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - João Manoel da Silva Coutinho
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Silma Regina Ferreira Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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12
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Tonelli GB, Binder C, Nogueira VLC, Prado MH, Theobaldo GG, Campos AM, de Souza CM, Andrade Filho JD. The sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of the urban area of Lassance, Northeast Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257043. [PMID: 34644289 PMCID: PMC8513856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to check the sand flies' fauna on the municipality of Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil and detect the presence of Leishmania DNA on the female captured and determine the risk areas of the municipality. Sand flies were collected monthly from May 2018 to April 2019 using automatic light traps for 3 consecutive nights. Eight houses were selected as sample points due its previous reports of tegumentary leishmaniasis and/or canine leishmaniasis. The sand fly's fauna found on the present study it's represented by several medical importance species and the most abundant species found were Lutzomyia longipalpis (77.09%) and Nyssomyia intermedia (10.06%). Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in a pool of Lu. longipalpis resulting on a 2.81% of infection rate. By the frequency of the two most abundant species on this study, we developed a risk area map and it draws attention to sample point 6 due to disparate abundance of sand flies at this site (81.81%). Statistical overview shows Lu. longipalpis as dominant species and, still, Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis reveal high similarity on fauna's diversity on the study area. Our findings suggest that the diversity of sand flies from the municipality of Lassance may promote the circulation of Leishmania infantum parasites putting in risk the habitants and other mammal's species. Still, our study reinforces the necessity of specific studies focused on breed sites of phlebotomine and its' ecology to expand the knowledge about the behaviour of this group of insects applying directly to leishmaniases' epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Barbosa Tonelli
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Camila Binder
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Marina Henriques Prado
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Gonçalves Theobaldo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Aldenise Martins Campos
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carina Margonari de Souza
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses – Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ Minas – Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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13
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Ribeiro da Silva RC, Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz L, da Silva Coutinho JM, Correia Santana NC, Macário Rebêlo JM. Maintenance and Productivity of a Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) Colony from an Area Endemic for Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1917-1925. [PMID: 33822113 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on experimental sand fly infection require the availability of colonies and laboratory conditions. In Brazil, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Lutz and Neiva 1912) is responsible for the highest infection rates by Leishmania spp. and this species is one of the most suitable species for laboratory colonization. In this study, we describe a method for growing Lu. longipalpis in laboratory conditions (10 generations) from natural populations sampled from a region of high endemicity for visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. Using two methods (individualized or grouped females), the colony's highest productivity occurred in the first four generations, where all stages presented with high frequency. Nonviable eggs represented more than 50% of the total eggs produced by engorged females, while pupae were more resistant to fungal contamination, with a mortality rate of only 2%. In both methods, there was a predominance of female emergence; however, the ratio between males and females did not show significant differences, IF (P = 0.8023) and GF (P = 0.1831). Using the method of individualized females, the F4 generation took the longest to appear (234 d; 64 ± 57 d); by grouped females, F3 took the longest to appear (102 d; 47 ± 20 d). This method provides sufficient numbers of insects to perform vector competence tests for Leishmania spp. that cause the cutaneous form of leishmaniasis, usually found in Lu. longipalpis sampled from the study location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors, Department of Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da UFMA, Department of Ciências Fisiológicas, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Department of Biologia (UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Léo Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz
- Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors, Department of Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Department of Biologia Parasitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Manoel da Silva Coutinho
- Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors, Department of Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da UFMA, Department of Ciências Fisiológicas, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Núrzia Cristina Correia Santana
- Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors, Department of Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratory of Entomology and Vectors, Department of Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da UFMA, Department of Ciências Fisiológicas, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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14
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Lima-Junior MSDC, de Almeida PS, da Silva JO, da Silva RA, Faccenda O, de Aquino Coelho DVBS, Costa GB, de Souza AR, Fernandes MG, Neitzke-Abreu HC. Sand Fly Fauna, Spatial Distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), and Climate Factors in Dourados, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1952-1957. [PMID: 33724346 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the geographic distribution of sand flies and the factors associated with their occurrence are necessary to understand the risk of leishmaniasis transmission. The objective of this study was to characterize the sand fly fauna, particularly the spatial distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva), and correlate these with climate factors in the Dourados municipality, Brazil. The collection of sand flies was carried out with CDC Light Traps over two periods: at six sites for three consecutive nights each month from August 2012 to July 2013; and at four other sites for two consecutive nights each month from April 2017 to February 2018. We collected 591 sand flies in the first period and 121 in the second period for a total of 712 sand flies; 697 of the total collected were Lu. longipalpis. The minimum and maximum sand fly infestation rate (sites with vector presence) was 11.1% and 83.33% in the first period, and 0% and 50.0% in the second period. No sand flies with Leishmania were identified via PCR. Lu. longipalpis presented an aggregate disposition with excellent adjustment. Rainfall and relative humidity were the abiotic factors that influenced the vector infestation level. The aggregate distribution for this species was predicted by the environmental factors that favor the proliferation of Lu. longipalpis. The results of this study should assist in devising measures to control sand flies in Dourados, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulo Silva de Almeida
- Laboratório Regional de Entomologia, Núcleo Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório Regional de Entomologia, Núcleo Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rosana Alexandre da Silva
- Laboratório Regional de Entomologia, Núcleo Regional de Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Odival Faccenda
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Barbosa Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Agruslávia Rezende de Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Gino Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Herintha Coeto Neitzke-Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Didelphis spp. opossums and their parasites in the Americas: A One Health perspective. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4091-4111. [PMID: 33788021 PMCID: PMC8599228 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medium sized opossums (Didelphis spp.) are among the most fascinating mammals of the Americas, playing important ecological roles (e.g., dispersal of seeds and control of insect populations) in the environment they inhabit. Nevertheless, as synanthropic animals, they are well adapted to human dwellings, occupying shelters within the cities, peripheral areas, and rural settings. These marsupials can harbor numerous pathogens, which may affect people, pets, and livestock. Among those, some protozoa (e.g., Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii), helminths (e.g., Ancylostoma caninum, Trichinella spiralis, Alaria marcianae, Paragonimus spp.) and arthropods (e.g., ticks, fleas) present substantial public health and veterinary importance, due to their capacity to cause disease in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here, we reviewed the role played by opossums on the spreading of zoonotic parasites, vectors, and vector-borne pathogens, highlighting the risks of pathogens transmission due to the direct and indirect interaction of humans and domestic animals with Didelphis spp. in the Americas.
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16
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González E, Molina R, Iriso A, Ruiz S, Aldea I, Tello A, Fernández D, Jiménez M. Opportunistic feeding behaviour and Leishmania infantum detection in Phlebotomus perniciosus females collected in the human leishmaniasis focus of Madrid, Spain (2012-2018). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009240. [PMID: 33720936 PMCID: PMC7993803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An outbreak of human leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum has been registered in an urban area of southwestern Madrid, Spain, since 2010. Entomological surveys carried out in the municipalities of Fuenlabrada, Leganés, Getafe and Humanes de Madrid showed that Phlebotomus perniciosus is the only potential vector. In this work, an intensive molecular surveillance was performed in P. perniciosus females captured in the region between 2012 and 2018. Methodology/Principal findings A total of 1805 P. perniciosus females were analyzed for Leishmania infection, and 1189 of them also for bloodmeal identification. Eleven different species of vertebrate were detected by amplification and subsequent sequencing of the 359 bp cytb fragment. The most prevalent blood source identified was hare (n = 553, 46.51%), followed by rabbit (n = 262, 21.95%). Less frequent were cat (n = 45, 3.80%), human (n = 34, 2.90%), pig (n = 14, 1.20%), horse (n = 11, 0.93%), sheep (n = 3, 0.25%), rhea (n = 3, 0.25%), partridge (n = 1, 0.09%) and chicken (n = 1, 0.09%). The distribution of the blood meal sources varied between the different locations. Regarding L. infantum detection, PCR amplification of a fragment of kDNA, cpb gene and ITS1 region showed 162 positive specimens (8.97%). The highest infection rate was found in the municipality of Leganés (15.17%). Conclusions The results of this molecular survey in P. perniciosus, the only leishmaniasis vector in the outbreak occurred in southwestern Madrid region, showed its opportunistic blood-feeding behaviour, high infection rates and the differences between the different points. This study was an essential part of the intensive surveillance plan in the area and the results obtained have supported the implementation of control measures in the outbreak. Vector-borne diseases (VBD) comprise a pathogen-vector-reservoir relation, and control programs should take into account different factors involving this relationship. This study is focused on a leishmaniasis outbreak that has occurred in the southwestern Madrid region since 2010. An intensive molecular surveillance of the sand fly vector Phlebotomus perniciosus was carried out from 2012 to 2018 in 4 municipalities from the affected region: Fuenlabrada, Leganés, Getafe and Humanes de Madrid. The aim of this investigation was to discern how much the vector was infected and find out its blood-feeding habits in the different surveyed points. The results showed an important rate of infected sand flies and also that P. perniciosus presents an opportunistic blood-feeding behaviour, taking blood from many different hosts, depending on their availability and density. The results obtained in this surveillance helped the authorities to plan and implement more accurate and effective control measures in the area, reflecting the importance of applying molecular surveillance in VBD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela González
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Ricardo Molina
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Andrés Iriso
- Área de Vigilancia de Riesgos Ambientales en Salud, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid
| | - Sonia Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Irene Aldea
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Ana Tello
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
- * E-mail:
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17
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Leonel JAF, Tannihão B, Arantes JA, Vioti G, Benassi JC, Brandi RA, Ferreira HL, Keid LB, Soares RM, Oliveira TMFDS. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in blood samples of horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) by PCR. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e12. [PMID: 33533815 PMCID: PMC7845934 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the Leishmania infantum parasite. The protozoan is able to infect several domestic and wild mammals. Since the first report on Leishmania spp. infection in horses in South America, leishmaniasis in equids has been highlighted in Brazil. A molecular epidemiological survey was carried out to verify the occurrence of Leishmania spp. DNA in horses and donkeys, in leishmaniases endemic areas in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. To this end, blood samples were obtained from 107 horses and 36 donkeys and subjected to DNA extraction followed by PCR targeting the ITS-1 region. Among the horses and donkeys, 1.87% (2/107) and 8.33% (3/36) were positive by PCR, respectively. The DNA sequencing of the ITS-1 amplification products confirmed L. infantum DNA in these animals. Our results suggest that horses and donkeys from non-VL and VL endemic areas of São Paulo State may be infected by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Augusto Franco Leonel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Tannihão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Assis Arantes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Vioti
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Cristina Benassi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ariboni Brandi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Zootecnia, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara Borges Keid
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva Aplicada, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pinheiro MPG, Silva-Inacio CL, Silva MMDM, Araújo PSFD, Ximenes MDFFDM. Potential vectors of Leishmania spp. in an Atlantic Forest conservation unit in northeastern Brazil under anthropic pressure. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:38. [PMID: 33430944 PMCID: PMC7798338 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomines are a group of insects which include vectors of the Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), diseases primarily affecting populations of low socioeconomic status. VL in Brazil is caused by Leishmania infantum, with transmission mainly attributed to Lutzomyia longipalpis, a species complex of sand fly, and is concentrated mainly in the northeastern part of the country. CL is distributed worldwide and occurs in five regions of Brazil, at a higher incidence in the north and northeast regions, with etiological agents, vectors, reservoirs and epidemiological patterns that differ from VL. The aim of this study was to determine the composition, distribution and ecological relationships of phlebotomine species in an Atlantic Forest conservation unit and nearby residential area in northeastern Brazil. METHODS Centers for Disease Control and Shannon traps were used for collections, the former at six points inside the forest and in the peridomestic environment of surrounding residences, three times per month for 36 months, and the latter in a forest area, once a month for 3 months. The phlebotomines identified were compared with climate data using simple linear correlation, Pearson's correlation coefficient and cross-correlation. The estimate of ecological parameters was calculated according to the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, standardized index of species abundance and the dominance index. RESULTS A total of 75,499 phlebotomines belonging to 11 species were captured in the CDC traps, the most abundant being Evandromyia walkeri, Psychodopygus wellcomei and Lu. longipalpis. Evandromyia walkeri abundance was most influenced by temperature at collection time and during the months preceding collection and rainfall during the months preceding collection. Psychodopygus wellcomei abundance was most affected by rainfall and relative humidity during the collection month and the month immediately preceding collection time. Lutzomyia longipalpis abundance showed a correlation with temperature and the rainfall during the months preceding collection time. The Shannon trap contained a total of 3914 phlebotomines from these different species. Psychodopygus wellcomei, accounting for 91.93% of the total, was anthropophilic and active mainly at night. CONCLUSIONS Most of the species collected in the traps were seasonal and exhibited changes in their composition and population dynamics associated with local adaptions. The presence of vectors Ps. wellcomei and Lu. longipalpis underscore the epidemiological importance of these phlebotomines in the conservation unit and surrounding anthropized areas. Neighboring residential areas should be permanently monitored to prevent VL or CL transmission and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo Gomes Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Cássio Lázaro Silva-Inacio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcel Miranda de Medeiros Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Fagundes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Avenida Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Sandoval-Ramírez CM, Hernández C, Teherán AA, Gutierrez-Marin R, Martínez-Vega RA, Morales D, Hoyos-Lopez R, Araque-Mogollón A, Ramírez JD. Complex ecological interactions across a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Eastern Colombia: novel description of Leishmania species, hosts and phlebotomine fauna. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200266. [PMID: 32874625 PMCID: PMC7428272 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the patterns of diversity, blood sources and Leishmania species of phlebotomines in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Arboledas, Eastern Colombia. In total, 1729 phlebotomines were captured in two localities (62.3% Siravita and 37.7% Cinera) and five environments of Norte de Santander. We identified 18 species of phlebotomines: Pintomyia ovallesi (29.8%), Psychodopygus davisi (20.3%), Pi. spinicrassa (18.5%) and Lutzomyia gomezi (15.8%) showed the highest abundance. Species diversities were compared between Cinera (15.00) and Siravita (20.00) and among five microenvironments: forest remnants (19.49), coffee plantations (12.5), grassland (12.99), cane plantations (11.66) and citrus plantations (12.22). Leishmania DNA was detected in 5.8% (80/1380) of females, corresponding mainly to Pi. ovallesi (22/80; 27.2%), Lu. gomezi (17/80; 21.3%) and Pi. spinicrassa (11/80; 13.8%). Leishmania species were 63.1% L. braziliensis, 18.5% L. panamensis, 13.2% L. infantum and 6.1% L. amazonensis. The most frequent feeding sources were Homo sapiens (50%), Bos taurus (13.8%) and Canis lupus familiaris (10.3%). This focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis has a high diversity of Leishmania-carrying phlebotomines that feed on domestic animals. The transmission of leishmaniasis to human hosts was mainly associated with Lu. gomezi, Pi. ovallesi and L. braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Sandoval-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas para la Sostenibilidad (CIBAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Aníbal A. Teherán
- Grupo de Investigación COMPLEXUS, Fundación Universitaria Juan N, Corpas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Reinaldo Gutierrez-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales e Infecciosas (GIEPATI), Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Ruth A. Martínez-Vega
- Grupo de Investigación Salud Comunidad-UDES, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Duvan Morales
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Richard Hoyos-Lopez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Resistencia Bacteriana, Universidad del Sinú, Montería, Colombia
| | - Astrid Araque-Mogollón
- Instituto Departamental de Salud, Laboratorio Departamental de Salud, Norte de Santander, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Author for correspondence: Juan David Ramírez e-mail:
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Pinto Moraes JL, Marinho Santana HT, da Conceição Abreu Bandeira M, Macário Rebêlo JM. Effects of forest degradation on the sand fly communities of northeast Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2020; 45:89-99. [PMID: 32492277 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The richness and abundance of sand fly species were studied in northeastern Brazil in areas of leishmaniasis transmission. The study was carried out in two forest areas with different deforestation times for agricultural and livestock activities: one modified by long-term settlement (more than 50 years of occupation) and another less impacted by short-term settlement (10 years). The sand flies were captured with CDC light traps from 18:00 to 06:00 for three consecutive nights, once a month, from May, 2012 to April, 2014. The study captured 21,708 specimens and also 33 species of Lutzomyia and two of Brumptomyia. Species richness and abundance were higher in the more conserved area of short-term occupation (31 species; 61.7%) than in the more degraded area with long-term occupation (17 species; 38.3%). In the most conserved area, the species richness was higher in the forest fragment than in the rural settlement, whereas in the degraded area the richness was higher in the peri-domicile than in the forest. The diversity was higher in the degraded area forest. There were significant statistical differences when comparing the means of total abundance with the intra-domicile, peri-domicile, and forest environments. The average abundance was statistically higher in the peri-domicile compared to the forest (p = 0.009), but there were no statistically significant differences between intra-domicile-peri-domicile (p = 0.11) and forest-intra-domicile (p = 0.87). In conclusion, a change in vegetation cover negatively affects the richness and abundance of sand flies in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Rêgo FD, de Oliveira MA, Carvalho GMDL, Andrade Filho JD. Biodiversity of Hematophagous Diptera (Culicidae and Psychodidae) in a Small Hydroelectric Power Station and Surrounding Area in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:312-317. [PMID: 31502639 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroelectric power stations may affect the population dynamics of mosquitoes and sand flies, a group with impact on public health due to the possibility to transmit pathogens to humans. This work characterized and compared the fauna of mosquitoes and sand flies in a hydroelectric power station and peridomicile areas in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Insect collections were performed in August 2015 at dry season and February 2016 in rainy season. Ten HP light traps were set at each of two sites for three consecutive days in each of two seasons (dry and rainy). Furthermore, collections with Shannon traps were made in each sampling area (hydropower plant and peridomicile area) from 4:00 p.m. being shut down at 8:00 p.m. for two consecutive days in each of two seasons (dry and rainy). In total, 1,222 insects from 13 genera and 27 species were collected. The most plentiful species were respectively Culex declarator (Dyar and Knab, 1906) and Pintomyia pessoai (Coutinho & Barretto, 1940). A high number of insects (78.5%) were collected during the rainy period (P < 0.05). About equitability, statistical significance was observed in the peridomicile area (dry season J = 0.75 and rainy season J = 0.82). The highest values of species diversity were observed in the hydropower plant (H = 2.68) and peridomicile area (H = 2.38) both in the rainy season with statistical significance comparing with dry season. Our results demonstrate that the occurrence of vector species in this region increases the potential risk of transmission of pathogens, especially arbovirus and Leishmania Ross, 1903.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Angélica de Oliveira
- Coleção de Mosquitos Neotropicais, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Mayr de Lima Carvalho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - José Dilermando Andrade Filho
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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22
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Diotallevi A, Buffi G, Ceccarelli M, Neitzke-Abreu HC, Gnutzmann LV, da Costa Lima MS, Di Domenico A, De Santi M, Magnani M, Galluzzi L. Real-time PCR to differentiate among Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus, Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: Application on Brazilian clinical samples. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105178. [PMID: 31606374 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by Leishmania species belonging to subgenera Leishmania and Viannia. In South America, L. (L.) infantum is considered the most important causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, while L. (L.) amazonensis and Viannia subgenus species are responsible for the different cutaneous or mucocutaneous forms. In our previous work, we developed a diagnostic approach for Leishmania species discrimination based on two qPCRs (qPCR-ML and qPCR-ama) targeting the minicircle kDNA followed by melting analysis. This approach allowed to (i) differentiate the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia, and (ii) distinguish between L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of the approach previously described, using human and canine clinical samples and strains from a Brazilian region, where L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis and Viannia subgenus species coexist. After validation on New World strains, the diagnostic approach was applied blindly to 36 canine clinical samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow) and 11 human clinical samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow). The sensitivity was 95.6% (95% confidence interval 77.3-100%) and 100% (95% confidence interval 76.9-100%) in the canine bone marrow samples and human (peripheral blood and bone marrow) samples, respectively, compared to conventional PCR assays. Concerning the Leishmania species identification, the conventional and qPCR-based methods showed kappa value of 0.876 (95% confidence interval 0.638-1.000), indicating good agreement. Therefore, this approach proved to be useful in both veterinary and human clinical context in regions co-endemic for L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, and Viannia subgenus, helping to provide rapid diagnosis and to allow studies of species distribution.
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Lopes JV, Michalsky EM, Pereira NCL, de Paula AJV, Lara-Silva FO, Silva-Lana R, Fortes-Dias CL, Pinheiro LC, Dias ES. Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1368-1376. [PMID: 31121044 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane V Lopes
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Erika M Michalsky
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Nathalia C L Pereira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Adão J V de Paula
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fabiana O Lara-Silva
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rosana Silva-Lana
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Consuelo L Fortes-Dias
- Fundação Ezequiel Dias - Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro 80 Gameleira, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Leticia C Pinheiro
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Edelberto S Dias
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Rebêlo JMM, Moraes JLP, Cruz GBV, Andrade-Silva J, Bandeira MDCA, Oliveira Pereira YN, Santos CLCD. Influence of Deforestation on the Community Structure of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Eastern Amazonia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1004-1012. [PMID: 30887047 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the structure of phlebotomine (sand fly) communities in forest fragments with different degrees of preservation and human occupation (peridomicile) in eastern Amazonia was studied. We identified 43 species of sand flies in our study, of which 38 occurred in both preserved forest areas and in the peridomiciles of short-term settlements, while another 28 species occurred in altered forest fragments and long-term settlements. The composition of the community at each site changed with the type of environment (forest or peridomicile), with the species Lutzomyia evandroi, L. whitmani, L. choti, L. serrana, L. triacantha, L. migonei, L. hirsuta, L. shannoni, and L. brachyphylla accounting for more than 54% of the differences among environments. The quality of the environment exerted a significant influence on the structure of phlebotomine communities, and affected their species composition, richness, and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - Rede BIONORTE da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - Rede BIONORTE da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Barbosa Vieira Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - Rede BIONORTE da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Joudellys Andrade-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | | | - Yrla Nívea Oliveira Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Ciro Líbio Caldas Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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Carvalho AG, Luz JGG, Rodrigues LD, Dias JVL, Fontes CJF. Factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in domestic dogs from an emerging area of high endemicity for visceral leishmaniasis in Central-Western Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:205-211. [PMID: 31260840 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection in dogs are still poorly understood. This study aimed to identify such factors among domestic dogs from the Brazilian municipality of Rondonópolis, which recently emerged as an endemic area with intense transmission of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It was a household-based cross-sectional study conducted between 2016 and 2017. Interviews were conducted with 405 dog owners considering their socioeconomic characteristics, and environmental aspects of the household and its adjacent areas. In addition, 600 dogs were evaluated regarding physical characteristics, behavior, and care provided by the owner. Seropositive animals were those that showed reactivity in a rapid immunochromatographic test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which are currently recommended for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis in Brazil. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the associated factors. Low social class [OR = 2.0; 95%CI = (1.2-3.2)], presence of acerola tree (Malpighia emarginata) in the yard [OR = 2.2; 95%CI = (1.2-4.1)], presence of more than one dog in the household [OR = 2.0; 95%CI = (1.3-3.3)], horse and/or cattle breeding [OR = 12.0; 95%CI = (1.9-73.6)], existence of houses with yard adjacent to the home [OR = 4.0; 95%CI = (1.3-12.2)], presence of apparent signs consistent with CVL [OR = 10.6; 95%CI = (5.8-19.4)], dog staying mostly in the yard during the day [(OR = 4.8; 95%CI = (1.1-21.4)], and lack of cleaning of the dog's shelter [(OR = 1.9; 95%CI = (1.1-3.2)] were identified as the factors associated with Leishmania spp. infection. These results support the importance of socioeconomic and environmental aspects in the occurrence of Leishmania spp. infection. In addition, they may be useful in guiding control strategies in areas where zoonotic VL is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Carvalho
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - João Gabriel G Luz
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Luane D Rodrigues
- School of Medicine, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, MT 78735-901, Brazil
| | - João Victor L Dias
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Téofilo Otoni, MG 39803-371, Brazil
| | - Cor Jesus F Fontes
- School of Medicine, Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil; Júlio Müller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78048-902, Brazil
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First isolation of Leishmania infantum by blood culture in bovines from endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2019; 146:911-913. [PMID: 30782228 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered a parasitic disease that still causes serious consequences for mankind, because it presents a high mortality rate worldwide. Considered multi-hosts, the parasites of the genus Leishmania are able of infecting a wide variety of animal species. The dog was considered the main source of infection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), in the urban area. However, the role of other animal species in the epidemiological cycle of the disease, such as cattle, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in 100 bovines (Bos taurus) from an area endemic for canine VL, using blood culture and molecular analysis. By the sequencing analysis, one sample showed 100% similarity with Leishmania infantum. The results provide the first case of L. infantum isolation in one bovine from the periurban areas of Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Marcondes M, Day MJ. Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:261-272. [PMID: 30708238 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latin America encompasses diverse geographical, cultural and socio-economic conditions, which are reflected in the challenges for infectious disease control in the region. One of the most significant regional infectious diseases for humans and domestic dogs is leishmaniasis, occurring as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) transmitted by sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis) and with a canine reservoir, and the more common cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involving multiple Leishmania spp. (particularly L. braziliensis), sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts. VL is spreading within Latin America for reasons related to mass migration of human and canine populations, with incursion into novel environments (e.g. related to deforestation) coupled with a background of poverty and poor public health infrastructure. The challenges for control of VL also include: (1) the accurate identification of infected dogs (particularly subclinically infected dogs) with the current reliance on serological rather than molecular diagnostic methods, (2) controversy surrounding the ethics and efficacy of culling of seropositive dogs, (3) the limited efficacy of currently available canine vaccines and their potential to interfere with interpretation of serological testing, (4) the expense associated with distribution of insecticidal dog collars, which may prove to be the most valuable control method, and (5) the cost and therefore accessibility of licensed medical treatment for canine leishmaniasis by the general population. Resolution of these isssues will necessitate a 'One Health' approach to co-ordination of resources between human and veterinary healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marcondes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, 16050-680 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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Ribeiro da Silva RC, Guimarães E Silva AS, da Silva Sousa SS, Bezerra JMT, Macário Rebêlo JM, Pinheiro VCS. Occurrence of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Urban Leishmaniasis Transmission Foci in North-Eastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:247-253. [PMID: 30380076 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed species composition, richness, and monthly and seasonal abundance of sand flies in an urban area, municipality Caxias, state Maranhão, endemic for American visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis. Sand flies were caught using Center for Disease Control (CDC) light traps in peridomicile (animal shelter) and extradomicile (forest) environments twice a month for 1 yr. A total of 16,332 specimens belonging to 20 species were captured. The predominant species identified in this study were Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Lutz and Neiva 1912) (43.08%) and Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Antunes and Coutinho 1939) (43.02%), which occurred throughout the year (every month). The highest abundance of phlebotomine was recorded during the dry season (53.75%) and in the urban peridomicile environment (59.1%), wherein 17 species were found. In the study area, L. longipalpis and L. whitmani are reported to be effective visceral or tegumentary leishmaniasis vectors, respectively, due to their abundance throughout the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cristina Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (LABEM-UEMA), Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (LEV-UFMA), Avenida dos Portugueses, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Antonia Suely Guimarães E Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (LABEM-UEMA), Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sêmilly Suélen da Silva Sousa
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (LABEM-UEMA), Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Trindade Bezerra
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia das Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores da Universidade Federal do Maranhão (LEV-UFMA), Avenida dos Portugueses, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cristina Soares Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (LABEM-UEMA), Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Centro de Estudos Superiores de Caxias, Morro do Alecrim, s/n, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
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de Sousa Ferreira T, Timbó RV, Minuzzi-Souza TTC, de Almeida Rocha D, Neiva M, de Albuquerque Ribeiro J, de Almeida PS, Hecht M, Nitz N, Gurgel-Gonçalves R. High molecular prevalence of Leishmania in phlebotomine sand flies fed on chicken blood in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:80-84. [PMID: 30056989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are endemic in Brazil, where Leishmania infantum has been detected in humans, dogs, cats, and phlebotomine vectors. Monitoring synanthropic vector populations is critical for leishmaniasis control-surveillance in such transmission-prone areas. Here, a suite of molecular approaches were used to assess Leishmania infection prevalence and to identify blood-meal sources in a large sample of sand flies collected in anthropic environments of a Leishmania-transmission area in Mato Grosso do Sul State (Rio Verde de Mato Grosso municipality), Central-West Brazil. We sampled sand flies monthly (January-June 2014 and 2016) in one peri-domestic site within each of six neighborhoods with recent records of human visceral and/or tegumentary leishmaniasis. kDNA-qPCR plus rDNA ITS-sequencing were used to detect and identify Leishmania in pooled female sand flies. Individual engorged females (n = 58) were used for blood-meal analyses through High-Resolution Melting (HRM) targeting the mtDNA cytb gene. Overall, 90.5% of 420 CDC trap-nights yielded vectors, for a total catch of 24,989 sand flies. We sub-sampled and identified 3088 sand flies of 12 species, including 2775 Lutzomyia longipalpis (the most abundant species at all sampling sites) and 297 Nyssomyia whitmani. Female sand flies (n = 1261) were grouped in 159 pools, of which 92 Lu. longipalpis (minimum infection rate [MIR] 8%) and 7 Ny. whitmani pools (MIR 7%) were Leishmania kDNA-positive. Most positive Lu. longipalpis were collected in the 2016 rainy season. Sequencing confirmed L. infantum in Lu. longipalpis samples. HRM analyses identified chicken DNA in 57 sand flies (98.3%), 37 of which were Leishmania DNA-positive (64.9%); human blood was found in just one (Leishmania-negative) female. Our data show ongoing risk of L. infantum transmission to humans in the study area, where Leishmania-infected sandfly vectors are common and heavily rely on chicken blood in the peri-domestic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauana de Sousa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Renata Velôzo Timbó
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thaís T C Minuzzi-Souza
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Almeida Rocha
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Neiva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Joana de Albuquerque Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Paulo Silva de Almeida
- Laboratório Regional de Entomologia, Núcleo Regional de Saúde da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil.
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Pereira-Filho AA, Fonteles RS, Bandeira MDCA, Moraes JLP, Rebêlo JMM, Melo MN. Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:989-994. [PMID: 29471500 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sand flies are very common in the region of Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, an important tourist attraction in Brazil. However, the role of some species and their relative importance locally in Leishmania Ross 1903 transmission is unclear. The objective of this study was to identify Leishmania infection in phlebotomine sand flies collected around the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, an important conservation area and popular international/national tourist destination with a high incidence of leishmaniasis. Sand flies were collected in peridomiciliary areas on the tourist route from September 2012 to August 2013. The captured females were subjected to molecular analyses for the detection of Leishmania DNA. Sand flies were infected with four Leishmania species: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (Vianna, 1911) was found in Lutzomyia whitmani (Antunes and Coutinho, 1939) (2.1%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) (1.7%); Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (Nicole, 1908) infected Lutzomyia wellcomei (Fraiha, Shaw, and Lainson, 1971) (20%), Lutzomyia sordellii (Shannon and Del Ponte, 1927) (4.3%), Lu. longipalpis (3.7%), and Lu. whitmani (0.8%); Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (Lainson & Shaw, 1972) was found in Lu. whitmani (0.58%), while Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni infected Lutzomyia evandroi (Costa Lima and Antunes, 1936) (3.4%), Lu. longipalpis (1.06%), and Lu. whitmani (0.29%). The occurrence of these parasites requires control measures to reduce the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to contain a possible epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Alves Pereira-Filho
- Programa de Pós- Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Fonteles
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brasil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Serafim TD, Coutinho-Abreu IV, Oliveira F, Meneses C, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. Sequential blood meals promote Leishmania replication and reverse metacyclogenesis augmenting vector infectivity. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:548-555. [PMID: 29556108 PMCID: PMC6007031 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0125-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sand flies, similar to most vectors, take multiple blood meals during their lifetime1-4. The effect of subsequent blood meals on pathogens developing in the vector and their impact on disease transmission have never been examined. Here, we show that ingestion of a second uninfected blood meal by Leishmania-infected sand flies triggers dedifferentiation of metacyclic promastigotes, considered a terminally differentiated stage inside the vector 5 , to a leptomonad-like stage, the retroleptomonad promastigote. Reverse metacyclogenesis occurs after every subsequent blood meal where retroleptomonad promastigotes rapidly multiply and differentiate to metacyclic promastigotes enhancing sand fly infectiousness. Importantly, a subsequent blood meal amplifies the few Leishmania parasites acquired by feeding on infected hosts by 125-fold, and increases lesion frequency by fourfold, in twice-fed compared with single-fed flies. These findings place readily available blood sources as a critical element in transmission and propagation of vector-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago D Serafim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Iliano V Coutinho-Abreu
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Fonteles RS, Pereira Filho AA, Moraes JLP, Pereira SRF, Rodrigues BL, Rebêlo JMM. Detection of Leishmania DNA and Blood Meal Identification in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From Lençois Maranhenses National Park Region, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:445-451. [PMID: 29281057 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate portions of the transmission cycles of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occurring in the region surrounding the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, an important tourist center in Brazil, the present study objectives were to determine the rate of natural infection by Leishmania spp. and the blood meal in caught sand flies species in the region. Sand flies were captured over 36 mo in 62 locations of the municipality of Barreirinhas, Maranhão with notifications of disease incidence. Species identification of parasites was performed with internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) PCR-RFLP using HaeIII enzyme. Blood meal identification was performed with cytochrome b (cytb) gene PCR-RFLP using HaeIII and MboI enzyme. The species Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva 1912) presented a positivity rate of 3.7% for Leishmania infantum. Species not considered vectors of this parasite such as Lu. lenti (Mangabeira 1938) and Lu. whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939) showed infection rates of 0.6% and 0.9%, respectively. Among the vectors of Leishmania spp. was Lu. whitmani with detection rate of 0.3% for Le. braziliensis and Lu. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira 1942) with a detection rate of 8% for Le. amazonensis. After restriction of amplification product encoding a 359bp sequence of the cytb recognized in as follows: pigs (37.9%); dogs (27.4%); chickens (20.9%); horses (9%), rodents (3.3%), and humans (1.4%). The presence of Leishmania DNA in sand flies fed with human blood and domestic animals in villages with transmission of VL and TL suggests that transmission could be occurring in the locations of the infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Fonteles
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Silma Regina Ferreira Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
- Laboratório de Genética, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
- Laboratório de Genética, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Maranhão, Brasil
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