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Shimizu K, Kawakami C, Matsuzaki Y, Fujisaki S, Nagata S, Morita H, Watanabe K, Miura H, Momoki T, Saikusa M, Ozawa H, Kumazaki M, Usuku S, Tanaka N, Senda R, Okubo I, Watanabe S, Hasegawa H, Kawaoka Y, Takashita E. Monitoring Influenza C and D Viruses in Patients With Respiratory Diseases in Japan, January 2018 to March 2023. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13345. [PMID: 38923307 PMCID: PMC11196370 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza viruses can cause zoonotic infections that pose public health risks. Surveillance of influenza A and B viruses is conducted globally; however, information on influenza C and D viruses is limited. Longitudinal monitoring of influenza C virus in humans has been conducted in several countries, but there has been no long-term monitoring of influenza D virus in humans. The public health risks associated with the influenza D virus therefore remain unknown. METHODS We established a duplex real-time RT-PCR to detect influenza C and D viruses and analyzed respiratory specimens collected from 2144 patients in Japan with respiratory diseases between January 2018 and March 2023. We isolated viruses and conducted hemagglutination inhibition tests to examine antigenicity and focus reduction assays to determine susceptibility to the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil. RESULTS We detected three influenza C viruses belonging to the C/Kanagawa- or C/Sao Paulo-lineages, which recently circulated globally. None of the specimens was positive for the influenza D virus. The C/Yokohama/1/2022 strain, isolated from the specimen with the highest viral RNA load and belonging to the C/Kanagawa-lineage, showed similar antigenicity to the reference C/Kanagawa-lineage strain and was susceptible to baloxavir. CONCLUSIONS Our duplex real-time RT-PCR is useful for the simultaneous detection of influenza C and D viruses from the same specimen. Adding the influenza D virus to the monitoring of the influenza C virus would help in assessing the public health risks posed by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Shimizu
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Chiharu Kawakami
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection, and Advanced Research CenterThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Global Viral DiseasesNational Center for Global Health and Medicine Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious DiseasesYamagata University Faculty of MedicineYamagataJapan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroko Morita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Hideka Miura
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Momoki
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Miwako Saikusa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Makoto Kumazaki
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Nobuko Tanaka
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Ryuichi Senda
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Ichiro Okubo
- Yokohama City Institute of Public HealthYokohamaKanagawaJapan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection, and Advanced Research CenterThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Research Center for Global Viral DiseasesNational Center for Global Health and Medicine Research InstituteTokyoJapan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory VirusesNational Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
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Uprety T, Yu J, Nogales A, Naveed A, Yu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Bowman AS, Martinez-Sobrido L, Parrish CR, Melikyan GB, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus utilizes both 9- O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic and 9- O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acids as functional entry receptors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0004224. [PMID: 38376198 PMCID: PMC10949506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other hosts. We have previously demonstrated that IDV binds both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac). Bovines produce both Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac, while humans are genetically unable to synthesize Neu5Gc9Ac. 9-O-Acetylation of sialic acids is catalyzed by CASD1 via a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. To characterize the role of Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac in IDV infection and determine which form of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids drives IDV entry, we took advantage of a CASD1 knockout (KO) MDCK cell line and carried out feeding experiments using synthetic 9-O-acetyl sialic acids in combination with the single-round and multi-round IDV infection assays. The data from our studies show that (i) CASD1 KO cells are resistant to IDV infection and lack of IDV binding to the cell surface is responsible for the failure of IDV replication; (ii) feeding CASD1 KO cells with Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac resulted in a dose-dependent rescue of IDV infectivity; and (iii) diverse IDVs replicated robustly in CASD1 KO cells fed with either Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac at a level similar to that in wild-type cells with a functional CASD1. These data demonstrate that IDV can utilize Neu5,9Ac2- or non-human Neu5Gc9Ac-containing glycan receptor for infection. Our findings provide evidence that IDV has acquired the ability to infect and transmit among agricultural animals that are enriched in Neu5Gc9Ac, in addition to posing a zoonotic risk to humans expressing only Neu5,9Ac2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (IDV) has emerged as a multiple-species-infecting pathogen with bovines as a primary reservoir. Little is known about the functional receptor that drives IDV entry and promotes its cross-species spillover potential among different hosts. Here, we demonstrated that IDV binds exclusively to 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and non-human 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) and utilizes both for entry and infection. This ability in effective engagement of both 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as functional receptors for infection provides an evolutionary advantage to IDV for expanding its host range. This finding also indicates that IDV has the potential to emerge in humans because Neu5,9Ac2 is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including lung. Thus, results of our study highlight a need for continued surveillance of IDV in humans, as well as for further investigation of its biology and cross-species transmission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CSIC. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Colin R. Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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3
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Limaye S, Shelke A, Kale MM, Kulkarni-Kale U, Kuchipudi SV. IDV Typer: An Automated Tool for Lineage Typing of Influenza D Viruses Based on Return Time Distribution. Viruses 2024; 16:373. [PMID: 38543738 PMCID: PMC10976072 DOI: 10.3390/v16030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is the most recent addition to the Orthomyxoviridae family and cattle serve as the primary reservoir. IDV has been implicated in Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC), and there is serological evidence of human infection of IDV. Evolutionary changes in the IDV genome have resulted in the expansion of genetic diversity and the emergence of multiple lineages that might expand the host tropism and potentially increase the pathogenicity to animals and humans. Therefore, there is an urgent need for automated, accurate and rapid typing tools for IDV lineage typing. Currently, IDV lineage typing is carried out using BLAST-based searches and alignment-based molecular phylogeny of the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) gene sequences, and lineage is assigned to query sequences based on sequence similarity (BLAST search) and proximity to the reference lineages in the tree topology, respectively. To minimize human intervention and lineage typing time, we developed IDV Typer server, implementing alignment-free method based on return time distribution (RTD) of k-mers. Lineages are assigned using HEF gene sequences. The server performs with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The IDV Typer server is the first application of an RTD-based alignment-free method for typing animal viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Limaye
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Anant Shelke
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Mohan M. Kale
- Department of Statistics, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India;
| | - Urmila Kulkarni-Kale
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India; (S.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kwasnik M, Rola J, Rozek W. Influenza D in Domestic and Wild Animals. Viruses 2023; 15:2433. [PMID: 38140674 PMCID: PMC10748149 DOI: 10.3390/v15122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) infections have been observed in animals worldwide, confirmed through both serological and molecular tests, as well as virus isolation. IDV possesses unique properties that distinguish it from other influenza viruses, primarily attributed to the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) surface glycoprotein, which determines the virus' tropism and wide host range. Cattle are postulated to be the reservoir of IDV, and the virus is identified as one of the causative agents of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) syndrome. Animals associated with humans and susceptible to IDV infection include camels, pigs, small ruminants, and horses. Notably, high seroprevalence towards IDV, apart from cattle, is also observed in camels, potentially constituting a reservoir of the virus. Among wild and captive animals, IDV infections have been confirmed in feral pigs, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, giraffes, wildebeests, kangaroos, wallabies, and llamas. The transmission potential and host range of IDV may contribute to future viral differentiation. It has been confirmed that influenza D may pose a threat to humans as a zoonosis, with seroprevalence noted in people with professional contact with cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wojciech Rozek
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.K.); (J.R.)
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Vega-Rodriguez W, Ly H. Epidemiological, serological, and genetic evidence of influenza D virus infection in humans: Is it a justifiable cause for concern? Virulence 2023; 14:2150443. [PMID: 36411274 PMCID: PMC9817117 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Widaliz Vega-Rodriguez
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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6
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Umar S, Ma M, Gray GC. Influenza D virus was not detected among prospectively studied swine farm in multiple provinces of China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13223. [PMID: 37964987 PMCID: PMC10640961 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- Global Health Research Center (GHRC)Duke Kunshan UniversitySuzhouChina
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences (DNAS)Duke Kunshan UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Mai‐Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijingChina
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
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7
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Hu Z, Tian X, Lai R, Ji C, Li X. Airborne transmission of common swine viruses. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37908005 PMCID: PMC10619269 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viral aerosols poses a vulnerable aspect in the biosecurity measures aimed at preventing and controlling swine virus in pig production. Consequently, comprehending and mitigating the spread of aerosols holds paramount significance for the overall well-being of pig populations. This paper offers a comprehensive review of transmission characteristics, influential factors and preventive strategies of common swine viral aerosols. Firstly, certain viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A viruses (IAV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) have the potential to be transmitted over long distances (exceeding 150 m) through aerosols, thereby posing a substantial risk primarily to inter-farm transmission. Additionally, other viruses like classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV) can be transmitted over short distances (ranging from 0 to 150 m) through aerosols, posing a threat primarily to intra-farm transmission. Secondly, various significant factors, including aerosol particle sizes, viral strains, the host sensitivity to viruses, weather conditions, geographical conditions, as well as environmental conditions, exert a considerable influence on the transmission of viral aerosols. Researches on these factors serve as a foundation for the development of strategies to combat viral aerosol transmission in pig farms. Finally, we propose several preventive and control strategies that can be implemented in pig farms, primarily encompassing the implementation of early warning models, viral aerosol detection, and air pretreatment. This comprehensive review aims to provide a valuable reference for the formulation of efficient measures targeted at mitigating the transmission of viral aerosols among swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Intersection of Changqing Road and Park Road 1, Yangling District, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Lai
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongxing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, 316 Jinshi Road, Chengdu, 610100, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Pig and Poultry Healthy Breeding and Disease Diagnosis Technology, Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Xiajin Economic Development Zone, Qingwo Venture Park, Dezhou, 253200, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, 316 Jinshi Road, Chengdu, 610100, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, No. 592-26 Jiushui East Road Laoshan District, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), 6596 Dongfanghong East Road, Yuanqiao Town, Dezhou, 253000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- China Agriculture Research System-Yangling Comprehensive Test Station, Intersection of Changqing Road and Park Road 1, Yangling District, Xianyang, People's Republic of China.
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Hause B, Christopher-Hennings J, Miskimis D, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Wang D, Li F. Prevalence and characterization of seven-segmented influenza viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex. Virology 2023; 587:109859. [PMID: 37544044 PMCID: PMC10592214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle. Seven-segmented influenza C (ICV) and D (IDV) viruses have been identified in cattle with BRD, however, molecular epidemiology and prevalence of IDV and ICV in the diseased population remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a molecular screening of 208 lung samples of bovine pneumonia cases for the presence of IDV and ICV. Our results demonstrated that both viruses were prevalent in BRD cases and the overall positivity rates of IDV and ICV were 20.88% and 5.99% respectively. Further analysis of three IDV strains isolated from lungs of cattle with BRD showed that these lung-tropic strains belonged to D/Michigan/2019 clade and diverged antigenically from the circulating dominant IDV clades D/OK and D/660. Our results reveal that IDV and ICV are associated with BRD complex and support a role for IDV and ICV in the etiology of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dale Miskimis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Lim EH, Lim SI, Kim MJ, Kwon M, Kim MJ, Lee KB, Choe S, An DJ, Hyun BH, Park JY, Bae YC, Jeoung HY, Lee KK, Lee YH. First Detection of Influenza D Virus Infection in Cattle and Pigs in the Republic of Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1751. [PMID: 37512923 PMCID: PMC10386134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, which also include the influenza A, B and C virus genera. IDV was first detected and isolated in 2011 in the United States from pigs with respiratory illness. IDV circulates in mammals, including pigs, cattle, camelids, horses and small ruminants. Despite the broad host range, cattle are thought to be the natural reservoir of IDV. This virus plays a role as a causative agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). IDV has been identified in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. However, there has been no information on the presence of IDV in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In this study, we investigated the presence of viral RNA and seroprevalence to IDV among cattle and pigs in the ROK in 2022. Viral RNA was surveyed by the collection and testing of 999 cattle and 2391 pig nasal swabs and lung tissues using a real-time RT-PCR assay. IDV seroprevalence was investigated by testing 742 cattle and 1627 pig sera using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The viral RNA positive rate was 1.4% in cattle, but no viral RNA was detected in pigs. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) gene was further conducted for a selection of samples. All sequences belonged to the D/Yamagata/2019 lineage. The seropositivity rates were 54.7% in cattle and 1.4% in pigs. The geometric mean of the antibody titer (GMT) was 68.3 in cattle and 48.5 in pigs. This is the first report on the detection of viral RNA and antibodies to IDV in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hyeon Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - MiJung Kwon
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Bok Lee
- Chungnam Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Gulpo-gil, Taean 32138, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Yong Park
- Import Risk Assessment Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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Parys A, Vereecke N, Vandoorn E, Theuns S, Van Reeth K. Surveillance and Genomic Characterization of Influenza A and D Viruses in Swine, Belgium and the Netherlands, 2019-2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1459-1464. [PMID: 37347825 PMCID: PMC10310360 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.221499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2019-2021, we isolated 62 swine influenza A viruses in Belgium and the Netherlands. We also detected influenza D in pigs in the Netherlands. The ever-changing diversity of influenza viruses and the identification of influenza D emphasize the need for more virus surveillance.
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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12
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Zhang LH, Wang TX, Fu PF, Zhao YY, Li HX, Wang DM, Ma SJ, Chen HY, Zheng LL. First Molecular Detection and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Porcine Circovirus (Porcine Circovirus 4) in Dogs in the World. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0433322. [PMID: 36728419 PMCID: PMC10100769 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel circovirus species was identified in farmed pigs and designated porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4); it has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and there is no evidence of PCV4 in dogs. A total of 217 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal dogs in Henan Province, China, and tested for the presence of PCV4 using a real-time PCR assay. Among the 217 samples, the total positivity rate for PCV4 was 5.99% (13/217 samples), with rates of 7.44% and 4.17% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. PCV4 was detected in dogs in 6 of 10 cities, demonstrating that PCV4 could be detected in dogs in Henan Province, China. One PCV4 strain (HN-Dog) was sequenced in this study and shared high levels of identity (97.9% to 99.6%) with reference strains at the genome level. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of HN-Dog and 42 reference strains showed that the HN-Dog strain was closely related to 3 PCV4 reference strains (from pig, raccoon dog, and fox) but differed genetically from other viruses in the genus Circovirus. Three genotypes, i.e., PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c, were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of 42 PCV4 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep protein (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap protein (N27S, R28G, and M212L) were considered conserved genotype-specific molecular markers. In conclusion, the present study is the first to report the discovery of the PCV4 genome in dogs, and the association between PCV4 infection and diarrhea warrants further study. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to report the presence of PCV4 in dogs worldwide, and the first complete genome sequence was obtained from a dog affected with diarrhea. Three genotypes of PCV4 strains (PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c) were determined, as supported by specific amino acid markers (V239L for open reading frame 1 [ORF1] and N27S R28G and M212L for ORF2). These findings help us understand the current status of intestinal infections in pet dogs in Henan Province, China, and also prompted us to accelerate research on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and cross-species transmission of PCV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong-Xuan Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Yi Zhao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xuan Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Takashita E, Murakami S, Matsuzaki Y, Fujisaki S, Morita H, Nagata S, Katayama M, Mizuta K, Nishimura H, Watanabe S, Horimoto T, Hasegawa H. Antiviral Susceptibilities of Distinct Lineages of Influenza C and D Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:244. [PMID: 36680284 PMCID: PMC9861540 DOI: 10.3390/v15010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses are of great concern. To minimize the public health risk, it is important to monitor antiviral susceptibilities of influenza viruses. Analyses of the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza A and B viruses have been conducted globally; however, those of influenza C and D viruses are limited. Here, we determined the susceptibilities of influenza C viruses representing all six lineages (C/Taylor, C/Yamagata, C/Sao Paulo, C/Aichi, C/Kanagawa, and C/Mississippi) and influenza D viruses representing four lineages (D/OK, D/660, D/Yama2016, and D/Yama2019) to RNA polymerase inhibitors (baloxavir and favipiravir) by using a focus reduction assay. All viruses tested were susceptible to both drugs. We then performed a genetic analysis to check for amino acid substitutions associated with baloxavir and favipiravir resistance and found that none of the viruses tested possessed these substitutions. Use of the focus reduction assay with the genotypic assay has proven valuable for monitoring the antiviral susceptibilities of influenza C and D viruses as well as influenza A and B viruses. Antiviral susceptibility monitoring of all influenza virus types should continue in order to assess the public health risks posed by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takashita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shin Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Fujisaki
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroko Morita
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Misa Katayama
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Taisuke Horimoto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Xu T, Chen L, Huang BZ, Zhu L, Sun XG, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhou YC, Xu ZW. The first dog-origin porcine circovirus type 4 complete genomic sequence have high homology with that of pig-derived strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1121177. [PMID: 36910182 PMCID: PMC10002969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was discovered in 2019 and then proved to be pathogenic to piglets. Nevertheless, few studies were currently available about PCV4 infection in species other than pigs and there is no information about the prevalence of PCV4 in dogs. Methods: To fill this gap, 264 dog samples were collected from animal hospitals in the Southwest of China from 2021 to 2022 and screened for PCV4. Moreover, the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCABTC-Dog2022) were obtained successfully and shared a high identity (97.9-99.0%) with other PCV4 strains derived from pigs, dairy cows, raccoon dogs and foxes. The SCABTC-Dog2022 were analyzed together with 51 reference sequences. Results and Discussion: The detected results showed a low percentage of PCV-4 DNA (1.14%, 3/264), indicating that PCV4 could be identified in dogs in southwest China. Phylogenetic tree showed that SCABTC-Dog2022 strain derived from dog were clustered in a closed relative and geographically coherent branch with other PCV4 strains collected from four provinces (Sichuan, Fujian, Hunan and Inner Mongolia) of China. To our knowledge, it is the first detection of PCV4 in dogs globally. The association between PCV4 status and clinical syndromes in dogs deserves additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing-Zhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Gang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China.,Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Influenza D Virus: A Review and Update of Its Role in Bovine Respiratory Syndrome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122717. [PMID: 36560721 PMCID: PMC9785601 DOI: 10.3390/v14122717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica and Histophilus somni). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae, first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
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16
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Recent strains of influenza D virus create a new genetic cluster for European strains. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105769. [PMID: 36103901 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are one of the significant health problems for cattle breeding industry. Influenza D virus (IDV) alone or in combination with other respiratory pathogens plays a role in BRD. According to the IDV-HEF gene region, phylogenetic analyzes revealed five lineages: D/OK, D/660, D/Yama2016, D/Yama2019, and D/CA2019, so far. In this study, despite no success in virus isolation, the presence of IDV was investigated by RT-PCR (partial HEF gene region) in 219 nasal swab samples collected from cattle with BRD between 2012 and 2021. The presence of IDV was demonstrated in two samples, and genome characterization data of the IDV sequences both in the partial and complete HEF gene regions showed that one of the obtained sequences (D/bovine/Turkey-Bursa/ET-138/2021) was in the lineage D/Yama2019 while the other (D/bovine/Turkey-Bursa/ET-130/2013) created a new lineage tentatively called D/Bursa2013 as including few partial IDV sequences reported in Europe. Two nucleotide substitutions (nt252A→G, nt299T→C) were typically characterized for the tentative lineage D/Bursa2013, one of which also leads to a unique amino acid change at position aa100 (V→A). When the amino acid differences between the lineages were evaluated, amino acid substitution changes were detected in four regions [aa12 (Alanine→Aspartic acid), aa19 (Glycine→Arginine), aa22 (Proline→Serine), and aa110 (Aspargine→Arginine)] of the D/Yama2019 lineage, unlike the other lineages. Considering the most common D/OK lineage in Europe, many nucleotide substitutions were shown between D/OK and D/Bursa2013. Accordingly, aminoacid substitutions were observed in aa27 (Threonine→Asparagine) and aa100 (Valine→Alanine) in the D/bovine/Turkey-Bursa/ET-138/2021 sequence. Study results describe the circulation of D/Yama2019 and D/Bursa2013 (new lineage) in Turkey. Expansion of new strains seems possible due to the high mutation rate of influenza viruses. It is important to understand the development of IDV with comprehensive characterization studies.
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Gaudino M, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Zohari S, O’Donovan T, Quinless E, Sausy A, Oliva J, Salem E, Fusade-Boyer M, Meyer G, Hübschen JM, Saegerman C, Ducatez MF, Snoeck CJ. Evolutionary and temporal dynamics of emerging influenza D virus in Europe (2009-22). Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac081. [PMID: 36533151 PMCID: PMC9752663 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is an emerging influenza virus that was isolated for the first time in 2011 in the USA from swine with respiratory illness. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different animal species, and it was also reported in humans. Molecular epidemiological studies revealed the circulation of two major clades, named D/OK and D/660. Additional divergent clades have been described but have been limited to specific geographic areas (i.e. Japan and California). In Europe, IDV was detected for the first time in France in 2012 and subsequently also in Italy, Luxembourg, Ireland, the UK, Switzerland, and Denmark. To understand the time of introduction and the evolutionary dynamics of IDV on the continent, molecular screening of bovine and swine clinical samples was carried out in different European countries, and phylogenetic analyses were performed on all available and newly generated sequences. Until recently, D/OK was the only clade detected in this area. Starting from 2019, an increase in D/660 clade detections was observed, accompanied by an increase in the overall viral genetic diversity and genetic reassortments. The time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of all existing IDV sequences was estimated as 1995-16 years before its discovery, indicating that the virus could have started its global spread in this time frame. Despite the D/OK and D/660 clades having a similar mean tMRCA (2007), the mean tMRCA for European D/OK sequences was estimated as January 2013 compared to July 2014 for European D/660 sequences. This indicated that the two clades were likely introduced on the European continent at different time points, as confirmed by virological screening findings. The mean nucleotide substitution rate of the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) glycoprotein segment was estimated as 1.403 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year, which is significantly higher than the one of the HEF of human influenza C virus (P < 0.0001). IDV genetic drift, the introduction of new clades on the continent, and multiple reassortment patterns shape the increasing viral diversity observed in the last years. Its elevated substitution rate, diffusion in various animal species, and the growing evidence pointing towards zoonotic potential justify continuous surveillance of this emerging influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna ‘Bruno Ubertini’, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Siamak Zohari
- Department of microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala SE-751 89, Sweden
| | - Tom O’Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Emma Quinless
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Aurélie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Elias Salem
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4354, Luxembourg
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Laloli L, Licheri MF, Probst L, Licheri M, Gultom M, Holwerda M, V’kovski P, Dijkman R. Time-resolved characterization of the innate immune response in the respiratory epithelium of human, porcine, and bovine during influenza virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:970325. [PMID: 36059535 PMCID: PMC9437644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.970325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral cross-species transmission is recognized to be a major threat to both human and animal health, however detailed information on determinants underlying virus host tropism and susceptibility is missing. Influenza C and D viruses (ICV, IDV) are two respiratory viruses that share up to 50% genetic similarity, and both employ 9-O-acetylated sialic acids to enter a host cell. While ICV infections are mainly restricted to humans, IDV possesses a much broader host tropism and has shown to have a zoonotic potential. This suggests that additional virus–host interactions play an important role in the distinct host spectrum of ICV and IDV. In this study, we aimed to characterize the innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium of biologically relevant host species during influenza virus infection to identify possible determinants involved in viral cross-species transmission. To this end, we performed a detailed characterization of ICV and IDV infection in primary airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from human, porcine, and bovine origin. We monitored virus replication kinetics, cellular and host tropism, as well as the host transcriptional response over time at distinct ambient temperatures. We observed that both ICV and IDV predominantly infect ciliated cells, independently from host and temperature. Interestingly, temperature had a profound influence on ICV replication in both porcine and bovine AEC cultures, while IDV replicated efficiently irrespective of temperature and host. Detailed time-resolved transcriptome analysis revealed both species-specific and species uniform host responses and highlighted 34 innate immune-related genes with clear virus-specific and temperature-dependent profiles. These data provide the first comprehensive insights into important common and species-specific virus-host dynamics underlying the distinct host tropism of ICV and IDV, as well as possible determinants involved in viral cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Laloli
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Probst
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Licheri
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mitra Gultom
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip V’kovski
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ronald Dijkman,
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Xu T, Chen XM, Fu Y, Ai Y, Wang DM, Wei ZY, Li XS, Zheng LL, Chen HY. Cross-species transmission of an emerging porcine circovirus (PCV4): First molecular detection and retrospective investigation in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2022; 273:109528. [PMID: 35944390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel porcine circovirus identified in pigs, has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and demonstration of PCV4 in dairy cows is lacking. To explore whether the PCV4 genome exists in dairy cows, 1170 fecal samples were collected from dairy farms in 7 cities in Henan Province of China during 2012-2021, and screened by qPCR for the presence of PCVs (PCV2-PCV4). The detection results showed that the positive rate of PCV4 in dairy cows was 2.22 % (26/1170), but all fecal samples were negative for PCV2 and PCV3. Three full-length and five partial genomes of PCV4 strains were acquired, of which two PCV4 strains (NY2012-DC and XC2013-DC) were achieved from 2012 and 2013, indicating that PCV4 has been circulating in dairy cows in Henan Province of China for at least 10 years. The three PCV4 strains sequenced in this study shared high identity (97.5-99.5 %) with reference strains at the genome level. In phylogenetic analysis, three genotypes (PCV4a, PCV4b and PCV4c) were temporarily confirmed by analyzing 44 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap (N27S, R28G and M212L) were considered as a conserved genotype specific molecular marker. Analyzed from three perspectives (cross-time, cross-species and transboundary), the high nucleotide homology of PCV4 strains indicated the PCV4 evolutionary rate might be slow. Overall, this study was the first to report the detection of PCV4 in dairy cows and conducted a long-term retrospective investigation of PCV4 in Henan Province of China, which has important implications for understanding the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of the ongoing PCV4 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Fu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ai
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan 467300, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wei
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District, Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Zhang S, Wang L, Wang L, Yu N, Dong Y, Hu J. Combined Antibody Tagged HRP Gold Nanoparticle Probe for Effective PCV2 Screening in Pig Farms. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3361-3369. [PMID: 35937078 PMCID: PMC9346410 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s364795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immune repression and intercurrent infections in pigs, resulting in a huge economic loss to the pig breeding industry. Additionally, the spread of PCV2 in pig farms can pollute the living environment of the residents in the farm’s vicinity, which increases the rate of infections. Therefore, rapid and sensitive detection methods are needed for disease prevention and timely environmental cleaning. Methods This research describes a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that utilizes gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in a functional, specific antibody labeled probe for the detection of PCV2. Due to their high specific surface area and histocompatibility, AuNPs were used as carriers of HRP labeled anti-PCV2 antibodies to amplify the detection signal. Results Compared to conventional sandwich ELISA procedures, this method resulted in higher sensitivity (51-fold) and a shorter assay time with a limit of detection of 195 TCID50/mL. The cross-reactivity assay demonstrated that this assay was PCV2 specific. Conclusion The amplified Ab (HRP) labeled AuNPs probe provides a sensitive analytical approach for the determination of the traces of the PCV2 antigen in early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Wang, Jianhe Hu, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-373-3040718, Email ;
| | - Lirong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lei Wang, Jianhe Hu, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Eastern HuaLan Avenue, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-373-3040718, Email ;
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21
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Singh F, Rajukumar K, Senthilkumar D, Venkatesh G, Srivastava D, Kombiah S, Jhade SK, Singh VP. First report on co-isolation and whole-genomic characterisation of mammalian orthorubulavirus 5 and mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 from domestic pigs in India. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1529-1545. [PMID: 35604502 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During a surveillance study to monitor porcine epidemic diarrohoea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in India, a total of 1043 swine samples including faeces (n = 264) and clotted blood (n = 779) were collected and tested. Five samples (four faecal and one serum) showed cytopathic effects in Vero cells. Transmission electron microscopy of infectious cell supernatant revealed the presence of two types of virions. Next-generation sequencing (de novo) allowed the complete genome sequence of mammalian orthorubulavirus 5 (MRuV5; 15246 bp) and that of all 10 gene segments of mammalian orthoreovirus to be determined. Genetic analysis of MRuV5 revealed grouping of the Indian MRuV5 with isolates from various mammalian species in South Korea and China, sharing more than 99% nucleotide sequence identity. The deduced amino acid sequences of the HN, NP, and F genes of MRuV5 isolates showed three (92L, 111R, 447H), two (86S, 121S), and two (139T, 246T) amino acid substitutions, respectively, compared to previously reported virus strains. Phylogenic analysis based on S1 gene sequences showed the Indian MRV isolates to be clustered in lineage IV of MRV type 3, with the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.73%) to MRV3 strain ZJ2013, isolated from pigs in China. The protein encoded by the MRV3 S1 gene was found to contain the amino acid residues 198-204NLAIRLP, 249I, 340D, and 419E, which are known to be involved in sialic acid binding and neurotropism. This is the first report of co-isolation and whole-genomic characterisation of MRuV5 and MRV3 in domestic pigs in India. The present study lays a foundation for further surveillance studies and continuous monitoring of the emergence and spread of evolving viruses that might have pathogenic potential in animal and human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateh Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India.
| | - Katherukamem Rajukumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Dhanapal Senthilkumar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Govindarajulu Venkatesh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Deepali Srivastava
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Subbiah Kombiah
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jhade
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
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22
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Experimental Infection of Horses with Influenza D Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040661. [PMID: 35458390 PMCID: PMC9029652 DOI: 10.3390/v14040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to influenza D virus (IDV) have been detected in horses, but no evidence of disease in the field has been reported. To determine whether IDV is infectious, immunogenic, and pathogenic in horses, four 2-year-old horses seronegative for both influenza A (H3N8) and D viruses were intranasally inoculated with 6.25 × 107 TCID50/animal of D/bovine/California/0363/2019 (D/CA2019) virus, using a portable equine nebulizer system. Horses were observed daily for clinical signs including rectal temperature, nasal discharge, coughing, lung sounds, tachycardia, and tachypnea. No horses exhibited clinical signs of disease. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 1–8 days post-infection demonstrated virus shedding by qRT-PCR. The horses showed evidence of seroconversion as early as 13 days post-infection (dpi) and the geometric mean of the antibody titers (GMT) of all four horses ranged from 16.82–160 as demonstrated by the microneutralization assay. Further, deep RNA sequencing of the virus isolated in embryonated chicken eggs revealed no adaptive mutations indicating that IDV can replicate in horses, suggesting the possibility of interspecies transmission of IDV with bovine reservoir into equids in nature.
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23
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Chen Z, Zeng Y, Wei Y, Wang Q, Liu M, Zhang B, Liu J, Zhu Q, Xu S. Influenza D virus Matrix protein 1 restricts the type I interferon response by degrading TRAF6. Virology 2022; 568:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. Novel Porcine Circoviruses in View of Lessons Learned from Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Epidemiology and Threat to Pigs and Other Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020261. [PMID: 35215854 PMCID: PMC8877176 DOI: 10.3390/v14020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays a key role in PCV2-associated disease (PCVAD) etiology and has yielded significant losses in the pig husbandry in the last 20 years. However, the impact of two recently described species of porcine circoviruses, PCV3 and PCV4, on the pork industry remains unknown. The presence of PCV3 has been associated with several clinical presentations in pigs. Reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation have been reported most consistently. The clinical symptoms, anatomopathological changes and interaction with other pathogens during PCV3 infection in pigs indicate that PCV3 might be pathogenic for these animals and can cause economic losses in the swine industry similar to PCV2, which makes PCV3 worth including in the differential list as a cause of clinical disorders in reproductive swine herds. Moreover, subsequent studies indicate interspecies transmission and worldwide spreading of PCV3. To date, research related to PCV3 and PCV4 vaccine design is at early stage, and numerous aspects regarding immune response and virus characteristics remain unknown.
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25
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Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Host Range, Biology, and Species Specificity of Seven-Segmented Influenza Viruses-A Comparative Review on Influenza C and D. Pathogens 2021; 10:1583. [PMID: 34959538 PMCID: PMC8704295 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Other than genome structure, influenza C (ICV), and D (IDV) viruses with seven-segmented genomes are biologically different from the eight-segmented influenza A (IAV), and B (IBV) viruses concerning the presence of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein, which combines the function of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase responsible for receptor-binding, fusion, and receptor-destroying enzymatic activities, respectively. Whereas ICV with humans as primary hosts emerged nearly 74 years ago, IDV, a distant relative of ICV, was isolated in 2011, with bovines as the primary host. Despite its initial emergence in swine, IDV has turned out to be a transboundary bovine pathogen and a broader host range, similar to influenza A viruses (IAV). The receptor specificities of ICV and IDV determine the host range and the species specificity. The recent findings of the presence of the IDV genome in the human respiratory sample, and high traffic human environments indicate its public health significance. Conversely, the presence of ICV in pigs and cattle also raises the possibility of gene segment interactions/virus reassortment between ICV and IDV where these viruses co-exist. This review is a holistic approach to discuss the ecology of seven-segmented influenza viruses by focusing on what is known so far on the host range, seroepidemiology, biology, receptor, phylodynamics, species specificity, and cross-species transmission of the ICV and IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (C.C.S.); (D.W.)
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26
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Wang X, Xiu L, Binder RA, Toh TH, Lee JSY, Ting J, Than ST, Qi W, Coleman KK, Perera D, Ma M, Gray GC. A pan-coronavirus RT-PCR assay for rapid viral screening of animal, human, and environmental specimens. One Health 2021; 13:100274. [PMID: 34124332 PMCID: PMC8179717 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a collection of 386 animal, 451 human, and 109 archived bioaerosol samples with a new pan-species coronavirus molecular assay. Thirty-eight (4.02%) of 946 specimens yielded evidence of human or animal coronaviruses. Our findings demonstrate the utility of employing the pan-CoV RT-PCR assay in detecting varied coronavirus among human, animal, and environmental specimens. This RT-PCR assay might be employed as a screening diagnostic for early detection of coronaviruses incursions or prepandemic coronavirus emergence in animal or human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leshan Xiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jakie Ting
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Son T. Than
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wenhao Qi
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Kristen K. Coleman
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Maijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100,071, China
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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27
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Trombetta CM, Montomoli E, Di Bartolo I, Ostanello F, Chiapponi C, Marchi S. Detection of antibodies against influenza D virus in swine veterinarians in Italy in 2004. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2855-2859. [PMID: 34811769 PMCID: PMC9299042 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) was first isolated from a swine with respiratory disease symptoms in 2011 in the United States. Epidemiological and serological studies support the hypothesis that cattle represent the natural reservoir of IDV with periodical spillover events to other animal hosts. Little is known about the seroprevalence in humans and in specific target groups such as veterinarians in Italy. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of antibodies against two influenza D lineages (D/660 and D/OK) in Italy in archived serum samples from veterinarians working with swine collected in 2004. Serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays. Results showed that 4.88% (4/82) of tested samples were positive for D/660 and 2.44% (2/82) for D/OK by HI assay. Three out of four samples showed positivity when tested by VN assay. Our data suggest undetected IDVs might have circulated and/or been introduced in Italy as early as 2004 at least in some animal species such as swine. In addition, it seems that the virus was circulating among veterinarians before the first isolation in 2011. This finding highlights the importance to continue monitoring the IDV spread in animals and humans for more detailed surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy.,VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Sede territoriale di Parma, OIE Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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28
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He WT, Lu M, Xing G, Shao Y, Zhang M, Yang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Li G, Cao Z, Su S, Veit M, He H. Emergence and adaptive evolution of influenza D virus. Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105193. [PMID: 34536503 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As a novel member of the Orthomyxoviridae, influenza D virus (IDV) was firstly isolated from swine. However, cattle were found to serve as its primary reservoir. The study of IDV emergence can shed light into the dynamics of zoonotic infections and interspecies transmission. Although there is an increasing number of strains and sequenced IDV strains, their origin, epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics remain unclear. In this study, we reconstruct the diversity and evolutionary dynamics of IDVs. Molecular detection of swine tissue samples shows that six IDV positive samples were identified in the Eastern China. Phylogenetic analyses suggest three major IDV lineages designated as D/Japan, D/OK and D/660 as well as intermediate lineages. IDVs show strong association with geographical location indicating a high level of local transmission, which suggests IDVs tend to establish a local lineage of in situ evolution. In addition, the D/OK lineage widely circulates in swine in Eastern China, and all of the Chinese virus isolates form a distinct sub-clade (D/China sub-lineage). Furthermore, we identified important amino acids in the HEF gene under positive selection that might affect its receptor binding cavity relevant for its broader cell tropism. The combined results highlight that more attention should be paid to the potential threat of IDV to livestock and farming in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuekun Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gairu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongxi Cao
- Hainan Academician Workstation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Shuo Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; San-ya Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Hainan, Sanya, China.
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haijian He
- Agricultural College, Jinhua Poletecnic, Jinhua, 321007, China.
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29
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Saegerman C, Gaudino M, Savard C, Broes A, Ariel O, Meyer G, Ducatez MF. Influenza D virus in respiratory disease in Canadian, province of Québec, cattle: Relative importance and evidence of new reassortment between different clades. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1227-1245. [PMID: 33764631 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza D virus (IDV), a segmented single-stranded negative-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, belongs to the new Delta influenza virus genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Cattle were proposed as the natural reservoir of IDV in which infection was associated with mild-to-moderate respiratory clinical signs (i.e. cough, nasal discharge and dyspnoea). METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to investigate the role of IDV in bovine respiratory disease, during the period 2017-2020, 883 nasal or naso-pharyngeal swabs from Canadian cattle with respiratory signs (cough and/or dyspnoea) were tested by (RT-)qPCR for IDV and other major bovine viral (bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine parainfluenza virus 3 and bovine coronavirus) and bacterial (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and Mycoplasma bovis) respiratory pathogens. In addition, whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were carried out on five IDV-positive samples. The prevalence of IDV RT-qPCR (with cut-off: Cq < 38) at animal level was estimated at 5.32% (95% confidence interval: 3.94-7.02). Positive result of IDV was significantly associated with (RT-)qPCR-positive results for bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Mycoplasma bovis. While phylogenetic analyses indicate that most segments belonged to clade D/660, reassortment between clades D/660 and D/OK were evidenced in four samples collected in 2018-2020. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Relative importance of influenza D virus and associated pathogens in bovine respiratory disease of Canadian dairy cattle was established. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated evidence of reassortment between clades D/660 and D/OK. Both these new pieces of information claim for more surveillance of IDV in cattle production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - André Broes
- Biovet Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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30
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Abstract
From its initial isolation in the USA in 2011 to the present, influenza D virus (IDV) has been detected in cattle and swine populations worldwide. IDV has exceptional thermal and acid stability and a broad host range. The virus utilizes cattle as its natural reservoir and amplification host with periodic spillover to other mammalian species, including swine. IDV infection can cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses in cattle and has been implicated as a contributor to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. Bovine and swine IDV outbreaks continue to increase globally, and there is increasing evidence indicating that IDV may have the potential to infect humans. This review discusses recent advances in IDV biology and epidemiology, and summarizes our current understanding of IDV pathogenesis and zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
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31
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Saegerman C, Bianchini J, Snoeck CJ, Moreno A, Chiapponi C, Zohari S, Ducatez MF. First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3349-3359. [PMID: 33249766 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) was first identified and characterized in 2011. Considering the virus' zoonotic potential, its genome nature (segmented RNA virus), its worldwide circulation in livestock and its role in bovine respiratory disease, an increased interest is given to IDV. However, few data are available on drivers of emergence of IDV. We first listed fifty possible drivers of emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine. As recently carried out for COVID-19 in pets (Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2020), a scoring system was developed per driver and scientific experts (N = 28) were elicited to (a) allocate a score to each driver, (b) weight the drivers' scores within each domain and (c) weight the different domains among themselves. An overall weighted score was calculated per driver, and drivers were ranked in decreasing order. Drivers with comparable likelihoods to play a role in the emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine in Europe were grouped using a regression tree analysis. Finally, the robustness of the expert elicitation was verified. Eight drivers were ranked with the highest probability to play a key role in the emergence of IDV: current species specificity of the causing agent of the disease; influence of (il)legal movements of live animals (ruminants, swine) from neighbouring/European Union member states and from third countries for the disease to (re-)emerge in a given country; detection of emergence; current knowledge of the pathogen; vaccine availability; animal density; and transport vehicles of live animals. As there is still limited scientific knowledge on the topic, expert elicitation of knowledge and multi-criteria decision analysis, in addition to clustering and sensitivity analyses, are very important to prioritize future studies, starting from the top eight drivers. The present methodology could be applied to other emerging animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Juana Bianchini
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
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Liu R, Sheng Z, Huang C, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:154-161. [PMID: 32932215 PMCID: PMC7755673 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D is the only type of influenza virus that mainly affects cattle with frequent spillover to other species. Since the initial description of influenza D virus (IDV) in 2011, the virus has been found to circulate among cattle and swine populations worldwide. Research conducted during the past several years has led to an increased understanding of this novel influenza virus with bovines as a reservoir. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of epidemiology and host range of IDV followed by discussion of infection biology and animal model development for IDV. Finally, we review progress towards understanding of the pathogenesis and host response of IDV as well as developing preventive vaccines for IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Liu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zukerman Institute of Mind Brain Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
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Gaudino M, Moreno A, Snoeck CJ, Zohari S, Saegerman C, O'Donovan T, Ryan E, Zanni I, Foni E, Sausy A, Hübschen JM, Meyer G, Chiapponi C, Ducatez MF. Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent? Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1125-1135. [PMID: 32871031 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus that was first isolated in 2011 in the United States from a swine exhibiting influenza-like disease. To date, its detection is extended to all continents and in a broad host range: IDV is circulating in cattle, swine, feral swine, camelids, small ruminants and horses. Evidence also suggests a possible species jump to humans, underlining the issue of zoonotic potential. In Europe, serological investigations in cattle have partially allowed the understanding of the virus diffusion in different countries such as Italy, France, Luxembourg and Ireland. The infection is widespread in cattle but limited in other investigated species, consolidating the assumption of cattle as IDV primary host. We hypothesize that commercial livestock trade could play a role in the observed differences in IDV seroprevalence among these areas. Indeed, the overall level of exposure in cattle and swine in destination countries (e.g. Italy) is higher than in origin countries (e.g. France), leading to the hypothesis of a viral shedding following the transportation of young cattle abroad and thus contributing to larger diffusion at countries of destination. IDV large geographic circulation in cattle from Northern to more Southern European countries also supports the hypothesis of a viral spread through livestock trade. This review summarizes available data on IDV seroprevalence in Europe collected so far and integrates unpublished data from IDV European surveillance framework of the last decade. In addition, the possible role of livestock trade and biosecurity measures in this pathogen's spread is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy
| | - Chantal J Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tom O'Donovan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Eoin Ryan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - Irene Zanni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
| | - Aurelie Sausy
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Judith M Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Parma, Italy
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Saegerman C, Salem E, Ait Lbacha H, Alali S, Zouagui Z, Meyer G, Ducatez MF. Formal estimation of the seropositivity cut-off of the hemagglutination inhibition assay in field diagnosis of influenza D virus in cattle and estimation of the associated true prevalence in Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1392-1399. [PMID: 32815301 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The influenza D virus (IDV) was discovered less than ten years ago. Increased interest in this virus is due to its nature (RNA virus with high mutation rate), its worldwide circulation in livestock species, its probable role in bovine respiratory disease and its zoonotic potential. Until currently, the establishment of positivity cut-off of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay was not formalized in field conditions for the detection of antibodies directed against IDV in cattle (i.e. the proposed reservoir). In this study, the positivity cut-off of the HI assays was formally established (titre = 10) using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. This information was used to estimate the sensitivity (68.04 to 73.20%) and the specificity (94.17 to 96.12%) of two different HI assays (HI1 and HI2 , with two different IDV antigens) relatively to virus micro-neutralization test (VNT) as reference test. Based on the above characteristics, the true prevalence of IDV was then estimated in Morocco using a stochastic approach. Irrespective of the HI assays used, the estimation of the true prevalence was statistically equivalent (between 48.44% and 48.73%). In addition, the Spearman rank correlation between HI titres and VNT titres was statistically good (0.76 and 0.81 for HA1 and HA2 , respectively). The positive (0.82 and 0.79 for HA1 and HA2 , respectively) and the negative (0.86 and 0.85 for HA1 and HA2 , respectively) agreement indices between results of HI assays and VNT were good and similar. This study allowed for a formal establishment of a positivity cut-off in HI assays for the detection of antibodies directed against IDV. This information is of prime importance to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the test relatively to the VNT (i.e. the reference test). Using these characteristics, the true prevalence of IDV should be determined in a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | | | | | - Said Alali
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zaid Zouagui
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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Hidajat M, de Vocht F. Occupational zoonoses potential in Southeast Asia. Occup Med (Lond) 2020; 70:323-326. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hidajat
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Frank de Vocht
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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36
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Covid-19 Airborne Transmission and Its Prevention: Waiting for Evidence or Applying the Precautionary Principle? ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Besides the predominant ways of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (namely, contacts and large droplets) the airborne one is increasingly taken into consideration as a result of latest research findings. Nevertheless, this possibility has been already suggested by previous studies on other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To describe the state of the art of coronaviruses and airborne transmission, a systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. Overall, 64 papers were selected and classified into three main groups: laboratory experiments (12 papers), air monitoring (22) and epidemiological and airflow model studies (30). The airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is suggested by the studies of the three groups, but none has yet obtained complete evidence. The sampling and detection methods have not been validated, therefore monitoring results are affected by a possible underestimation. Then, epidemiological investigations only hypothesize the airborne transmission as a possible explanation for some illness cases, but without estimating its attributable risk. Nevertheless, while waiting for more evidence, it is urgent to base advice on preventive measures, such as the use of masks, safe distancing and air ventilation, on the precautionary principle.
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Wang X, Bailey ES, Qi X, Yu H, Bao C, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling at a Live Animal Market in Kunshan, China: A Noninvasive Approach for Detecting Emergent Viruses. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa134. [PMID: 32462044 PMCID: PMC7240344 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Wang
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Emily S Bailey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas, USA
| | - Xian Qi
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Nicholas School, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Bailey ES, Fieldhouse JK, Alarja NA, Chen DD, Kovalik ME, Zemke JN, Choi JY, Borkenhagen LK, Toh TH, Lee JSY, Chong KS, Gray GC. First sequence of influenza D virus identified in poultry farm bioaerosols in Sarawak, Malaysia. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32190346 PMCID: PMC7069008 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-020-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2018, our team collected aerosols samples from five poultry farms in Malaysia. Influenza D virus was detected in 14% of samples. One sample had an 86.3% identity score similar to NCBI accession number MH785020.1. This is the first molecular sequence of influenza D virus detected in Southeast Asia from a bioaerosol sample. Our findings indicate that further study of role of IDV in poultry is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Bailey
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA.,3Julia Jones Matthews Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX USA
| | - Jane K Fieldhouse
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Natalie A Alarja
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - David D Chen
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Maria E Kovalik
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Juliana N Zemke
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Jessica Y Choi
- 2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Laura K Borkenhagen
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- 4Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak Malaysia.,5Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Kuek-Sen Chong
- 5Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor Malaysia.,Divisional Health Office, Sibu, Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Gregory C Gray
- 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 102359, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,2Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA.,7Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China.,8Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Oliva J, Mettier J, Sedano L, Delverdier M, Bourgès-Abella N, Hause B, Loupias J, Pardo I, Bleuart C, Bordignon PJ, Meunier E, Le Goffic R, Meyer G, Ducatez MF. Murine Model for the Study of Influenza D Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e01662-19. [PMID: 31776281 PMCID: PMC6997775 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01662-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel genus within the Orthomyxoviridae family was identified in the United States and named influenza D virus (IDV). Bovines have been proposed to be the primary host, and three main viral lineages (D/OK-like, D/660-like, and D/Japan-like) have been described. Experimental infections had previously been performed in swine, ferrets, calves, and guinea pigs in order to study IDV pathogenesis. We developed a murine experimental model to facilitate the study of IDV pathogenesis and the immune response. DBA/2 mice were inoculated with 105 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of D/bovine/France/5920/2014 (D/OK-like). No clinical signs or weight loss were observed. Viral replication was observed mainly in the upper respiratory tract (nasal turbinates) but also in the lower respiratory tract of infected mice, with a peak at 4 days postinfection. Moreover, the virus was also detected in the intestines. All infected mice seroconverted by 14 days postinfection. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that IDV induced the activation of proinflammatory genes, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CCL2. Inoculation of NF-κB-luciferase and Ifnar1-/- mice demonstrated that IDV induced mild inflammation and that a type I interferon response was not necessary in IDV clearance. Adaptation of IDV by serial passages in mice was not sufficient to induce disease or increased pathogenesis. Taken together, present data and comparisons with the calf model show that our mouse model allows for the study of IDV replication and fitness (before selected viruses may be inoculated on calves) and also of the immune response.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV), a new genus of Orthomyxoviridae family, presents a large host range and a worldwide circulation. The pathogenicity of this virus has been studied in the calf model. The mouse model is frequently used to enable a first assessment of a pathogen's fitness, replication, and pathogenesis for influenza A and B viruses. We showed that DBA/2 mice are a relevant in vivo model for the study of IDV replication. This model will allow for rapid IDV fitness and replication evaluation and will enable phenotypic comparisons between isolated viruses. It will also allow for a better understanding of the immune response induced after IDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oliva
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - J Mettier
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR0892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - L Sedano
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR0892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Delverdier
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - B Hause
- Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - J Loupias
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - I Pardo
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - C Bleuart
- Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - P J Bordignon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - E Meunier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - R Le Goffic
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR0892), INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - G Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - M F Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Manini I, Kistner O, Li F, Piu P, Manenti A, Biuso F, Sreenivasan C, Druce J, Montomoli E. Influenza D Virus: Serological Evidence in the Italian Population from 2005 to 2017. Viruses 2019; 12:E30. [PMID: 31892120 PMCID: PMC7019439 DOI: 10.3390/v12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus is a novel influenza virus, which was first isolated from an ailing swine in 2011 and later detected in cattle, suggesting that these animals may be a primary natural reservoir. To date, few studies have been performed on human samples and there is no conclusive evidence on the ability of the virus to infect humans. The aim of this serological study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against influenza D virus in human serum samples collected in Italy from 2005 to 2017. Serum samples were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. The results showed that the prevalence of antibodies against the virus increased in the human population in Italy from 2005 to 2017, with a trend characterized by a sharp increase in some years, followed by a decline in subsequent years. The virus showed the ability to infect and elicit an immune response in humans. However, prevalence peaks in humans appear to follow epidemics in animals and not to persist in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Ilaria Manini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Otfried Kistner
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Pietro Piu
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.K.); (P.P.)
| | - Alessandro Manenti
- VisMederi Research srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Biuso
- VisMederi Research srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (F.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
- VisMederi srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (O.K.); (P.P.)
- VisMederi Research srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.M.); (F.B.)
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41
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Dignard C, Leibler JH. Recent Research on Occupational Animal Exposures and Health Risks: A Narrative Review. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:236-246. [PMID: 31823248 PMCID: PMC7099379 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last year, an increasing number of studies have reported on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission in Africa and Asia and in migrant workers. We reviewed original research on occupational health and safety of animal workers published from January 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019, with a targeted focus on infectious disease studies published in these populations. RECENT FINDINGS Studies focused on occupational exposures to infectious agents, dust and allergens, pesticides, and occupational injury. Research on zoonotic MRSA used whole genome-sequencing technologies to evaluate transmission in Africa and Asia. Swine worker exposure to porcine coronavirus and emerging influenza A viruses was documented in China. 16s RNA amplicon sequencing identified distinct microbiota compositions in households with active animal farmers. Multiple bioaerosol exposures were assessed for industrial dairy workers. Occupational injury studies highlighted the struggles of Latino animal workers in the USA. These studies highlighted the global expansion of zoonotic antibiotic resistance and identified novel occupational zoonoses of concern. The integration of microbiome assessment and compound mixtures into the evaluation of dust and endotoxin exposures for animal workers marks a new direction for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica H Leibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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42
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Development and Characterization of a Reverse-Genetics System for Influenza D Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01186-19. [PMID: 31413133 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01186-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) of the Orthomyxoviridae family has a wide host range and a broad geographical distribution. Recent IDV outbreaks in swine along with serological and genetic evidence of IDV infection in humans have raised concerns regarding the zoonotic potential of this virus. To better study IDV at the molecular level, a reverse-genetics system (RGS) is urgently needed, but to date, no RGS had been described for IDV. In this study, we rescued the recombinant influenza D/swine/Oklahoma/1314/2011 (D/OK) virus by using a bidirectional seven-plasmid-based system and further characterized rescued viruses in terms of growth kinetics, replication stability, and receptor-binding capacity. Our results collectively demonstrated that RGS-derived viruses resembled the parental viruses for these properties, thereby supporting the utility of this RGS to study IDV infection biology. In addition, we developed an IDV minigenome replication assay and identified the E697K mutation in PB1 and the L462F mutation in PB2 that directly affected the activity of the IDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, resulting in either attenuated or replication-incompetent viruses. Finally, by using the minigenome replication assay, we demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism at position 5 of the 3' conserved noncoding region in IDV and influenza C virus (ICV) resulted in the inefficient cross-recognition of the heterotypic promoter by the viral RNP complex. In conclusion, we successfully developed a minigenome replication assay and a robust reverse-genetics system that can be used to further study replication, tropism, and pathogenesis of IDV.IMPORTANCE Influenza D virus (IDV) is a new type of influenza virus that uses cattle as the primary reservoir and infects multiple agricultural animals. Increased outbreaks in pigs and serological and genetic evidence of human infection have raised concerns about potential IDV adaptation in humans. Here, we have developed a plasmid-based IDV reverse-genetics system that can generate infectious viruses with replication kinetics similar to those of wild-type viruses following transfection of cultured cells. Further characterization demonstrated that viruses rescued from the described RGS resembled the parental viruses in biological and receptor-binding properties. We also developed and validated an IDV minireplicon reporter system that specifically measures viral RNA polymerase activity. In summary, the reverse-genetics system and minireplicon reporter assay described in this study should be of value in identifying viral determinants of cross-species transmission and pathogenicity of novel influenza D viruses.
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Zhai SL, Lu SS, Wei WK, Lv DH, Wen XH, Zhai Q, Chen QL, Sun YW, Xi Y. Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:319. [PMID: 31616677 PMCID: PMC6763682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) is one of the smallest known DNA viruses in mammals. At present, PCVs are divided into three species, PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. PCV1 and PCV2 were found in the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively, whereas PCV3 was discovered recently in 2016. PCV1 does not cause diseases in pigs. However, PCV3, similar to PCV2, is reported to be associated with several swine diseases, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCVs are very common in domestic pigs as well as wild boars. However, PCVs have been occasionally isolated from non-porcine animals, including ruminants (such as cattle, goats, wild chamois, and roe deers), rodents (such as NMRI mice, BALB/c mice, Black C57 mice, ICR mice, Mus musculus, and Rattus rattus), canines (such as dogs, minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs), insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks), and shellfish. Moreover, PCVs are frequently reported in biological products, including human vaccines, animal vaccines, porcine-derived commercial pepsin products, and many cell lines. PCVs are also abundant in the environment, including water samples and air samples. Interestingly, PCV1 and/or PCV2 antibody or antigen has also been detected in sera, stool samples and respiratory swab samples of human, revealing zoonotic potential of PCVs. Thus, PCVs inhabit many types of reservoirs. In this review, we summarize the reservoirs of PCVs, and this information would be helpful in understanding the natural circulating status and possible cross-species transmission of PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou-Sheng Lu
- Guangdong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Hong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin-Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Kaushik RS, Wang D, Li F. Influenza A in Bovine Species: A Narrative Literature Review. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060561. [PMID: 31213032 PMCID: PMC6631717 DOI: 10.3390/v11060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is quite intriguing that bovines were largely unaffected by influenza A, even though most of the domesticated and wild animals/birds at the human-animal interface succumbed to infection over the past few decades. Influenza A occurs on a very infrequent basis in bovine species and hence bovines were not considered to be susceptible hosts for influenza until the emergence of influenza D. This review describes a multifaceted chronological review of literature on influenza in cattle which comprises mainly of the natural infections/outbreaks, experimental studies, and pathological and seroepidemiological aspects of influenza A that have occurred in the past. The review also sheds light on the bovine models used in vitro and in vivo for influenza-related studies over recent years. Despite a few natural cases in the mid-twentieth century and seroprevalence of human, swine, and avian influenza viruses in bovines, the evolution and host adaptation of influenza A virus (IAV) in this species suffered a serious hindrance until the novel influenza D virus (IDV) emerged recently in cattle across the world. Supposedly, certain bovine host factors, particularly some serum components and secretory proteins, were reported to have anti-influenza properties, which could be an attributing factor for the resilient nature of bovines to IAV. Further studies are needed to identify the host-specific factors contributing to the differential pathogenetic mechanisms and disease progression of IAV in bovines compared to other susceptible mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center (BioSNTR), Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center (BioSNTR), Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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Holwerda M, Kelly J, Laloli L, Stürmer I, Portmann J, Stalder H, Dijkman R. Determining the Replication Kinetics and Cellular Tropism of Influenza D Virus on Primary Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040377. [PMID: 31022887 PMCID: PMC6521319 DOI: 10.3390/v11040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are notorious pathogens that frequently cross the species barrier with often severe consequences for both animal and human health. In 2011, a novel member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenza D virus (IDV), was identified in the respiratory tract of swine. Epidemiological surveys revealed that IDV is distributed worldwide among livestock and that IDV-directed antibodies are detected in humans with occupational exposure to livestock. To identify the transmission capability of IDV to humans, we determined the viral replication kinetics and cell tropism using an in vitro respiratory epithelium model of humans. The inoculation of IDV revealed efficient replication kinetics and apical progeny virus release at different body temperatures. Intriguingly, the replication characteristics of IDV revealed higher replication kinetics compared to Influenza C virus, despite sharing the cell tropism preference for ciliated cells. Collectively, these results might indicate why IDV-directed antibodies are detected among humans with occupational exposure to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melle Holwerda
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jenna Kelly
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Laloli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Isabel Stürmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Coleman KK, Nguyen TT, Yadana S, Hansen-Estruch C, Lindsley WG, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling for Respiratory Viruses in Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit Network. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17476. [PMID: 30504827 PMCID: PMC6269463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a leading global city with a high population density, Singapore is at risk for the introduction of novel biological threats. This risk has been recently reinforced by human epidemics in Singapore of SARS coronavirus, 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus, and enterovirus 71. Other major threats to Singapore include MERS-coronavirus and various avian and swine influenza viruses. The ability to quickly identify and robustly track such threats to initiate an early emergency response remains a significant challenge. In an effort to enhance respiratory virus surveillance in Singapore, our team conducted a pilot study employing a noninvasive bioaerosol sampling method to detect respiratory viruses in Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. Over a period of 52 weeks, 89 aerosol samples were collected during peak MRT ridership hours. Nine (10%) tested positive for adenovirus, four (4.5%) tested positive for respiratory syncytial virus type A, and one (1%) tested positive for influenza A virus using real-time RT-PCR/PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first time molecular evidence for any infectious respiratory agent has been collected from Singapore's MRT. Our pilot study data support the possibility of employing bioaerosol samplers in crowded public spaces to noninvasively monitor for respiratory viruses circulating in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K Coleman
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tham T Nguyen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su Yadana
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - William G Lindsley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
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