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Casey EA, Willey-Sthapit C, Hoxmeier JC, Carlson J. Patterns of Gender Equitable Attitudes and Behaviors Among Young Men: Relationships With Violence Perpetration and Masculinity Ideologies. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:2174-2199. [PMID: 36788416 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This study used latent profile analysis with data from 481 U.S. men to examine patterns of men's attitudes toward gender equity and their engagement in gender-equitable (GE) behaviors. Five resulting profiles included groups with (a) high endorsement of both GE attitudes and behaviors, (b) low endorsement of both, (c) mid-range endorsement of both, (d) strong endorsement of GE attitudes, but low engagement in action, and (e) low endorsement of GE attitudes but high participation in GE behavior. Worryingly, this last group reported higher rates of violence perpetration than other groups, while simultaneously reporting higher rates of participation in gender-based violence prevention actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Casey
- School of Social Work and Criminal Justice, University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Juliana Carlson
- School of Social Welfare, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Barr E, Belaunzarán-Zamudio PF, Clayton JA, Gerald MS, Greenwood GL, Highsmith K, Jaworski BK, Karraker A, Kobrin S, Lachowicz-Scroggins M, Maric-Bilkan C, Popkin R, Roodzant E, Sankar CA, Senn TE, Siskind R, Temkin SM. Workshop summary: National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2022 scientific workshop on gender and health. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351 Suppl 1:116435. [PMID: 38825375 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we summarize the goals, content, and impact of the Gender and Health: Impacts of Structural Sexism, Gender Norms, Relational Power Dynamics, and Gender Inequities workshop held by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) in collaboration with 10 NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices. Specifically, we outline the key points emerging from the workshop presentations, which are the focus of the collection of articles in this supplement. The overarching goals of the workshop were to convene NIH staff, the external scientific community, and the public to discuss methods, measurement, modifiable factors, interventions, and best practices in health research on gender as a social and cultural variable and to identify opportunities to advance research and foster collaborations on these key topics. Themes emerging from the workshop include the need for intersectional measures in research on gender and health, the role of multilevel interventions and analyses, and the importance of considering gender as a social and structural determinant of health. Careful, nuanced, and rigorous integration of gender in health research can contribute to knowledge about and interventions to change the social and structural forces that lead to disparate health outcomes and perpetuate inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barr
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Pablo F Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Contractor], Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janine Austin Clayton
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa S Gerald
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory L Greenwood
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keisher Highsmith
- United States Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beth K Jaworski
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amelia Karraker
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Kobrin
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Christine Maric-Bilkan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronna Popkin
- National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Roodzant
- Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, VA, USA; National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health [Contractor], Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryse A Sankar
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Theresa E Senn
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rona Siskind
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah M Temkin
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Research on Women's Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Vondo N, Mabaso M, Ginyana T, Malope L, Moyo S, Zungu N, Shisana O. Determinants of psychological distress among individuals who are aware of their HIV serostatus in South Africa: findings from the 2017 national HIV prevalence, incidence, behavior, and communication survey. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1387878. [PMID: 38846607 PMCID: PMC11153803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1387878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychological distress is a growing public health challenge among people living with HIV. This study investigated the prevalence of psychological distress among individuals who know their HIV positive or negative serostatus in South Africa using 2017 data from a nationwide cross-sectional household-based population survey. Methods The data for this secondary analysis was collected using a multi-stage stratified cluster randomized sampling design. Multivariable backward stepwise generalized linear regression models were fitted to determine factors associated with psychological distress as measured by the Kessler Scale (K10) among HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals who know their serostatus in South Africa. Results Of 18,662 participants, psychological distress was 27.4% (95% CI: 25.3-29.7) among those HIV-positive and 20.1% (95% C: 18.8-21.4) among those HIV-negative. The odds of psychological distress were significantly higher among HIV-positive individuals who rated their health as fair/poor [AOR = 1.22 (95% CI: 1.09-1.35), p < 0.001], and the odds were lower among those residing in rural formal/farm areas [AOR = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.78-0.93), p < 0.001], and those with tertiary education level [AOR = 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78-0.99), p = 0.033]. The odds of psychological distress in HIV-negative individuals were significantly higher among females than males [AOR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05-1.14), p < 0.001], high-risk alcohol drinkers [AOR = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.02-1.57), p = 0.035] and hazardous alcohol drinkers [AOR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.18), p = 0.028] than abstainers and those who rated their health as fair/poor rather than excellent/good [AOR = 1.18 (95% CI: 1.10-1.26), p < 0.001]. Conclusion The study underscores the importance of addressing, alcohol misuse and socio-structural inequalities linked to gender and race-based disparities, such as low educational attainment and unemployment, as critical factors associated with psychological distress in the study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noloyiso Vondo
- Public Health, Societies, and Belonging Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Musawenkosi Mabaso
- Public Health, Societies, and Belonging Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thembelihle Ginyana
- Public Health, Societies, and Belonging Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lesiba Malope
- Public Health, Societies, and Belonging Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sizulu Moyo
- Public Health, Societies, and Belonging Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nompumelelo Zungu
- Public Health, Societies, and Belonging Division, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Olive Shisana
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- EB Consulting, Pty, Ltd., Cape Town, South Africa
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Agde ZD, H. Magnus J, Assefa N, Wordofa MA. The protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate couple-based violence prevention education and its ability to reduce intimate partner violence during pregnancy in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303009. [PMID: 38739581 PMCID: PMC11090299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant proportion of women in Ethiopia suffer from violence by their intimate partner during pregnancy, which has adverse maternal and newborn outcomes. Couple-focused interventions are effective in reducing and/or controlling violence between women and their intimate partners. However, interventions addressing intimate partners of the victims are not well studied, particularly in the Ethiopian setting. This study aims to assess the effect of couple-based violence prevention education on intimate partner violence during pregnancy. METHODS We will use a cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of couple-based violence prevention education compared to routine care in reducing intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Sixteen kebeles will be randomly assigned to 8 interventions and 8 control groups. In the trial, 432 couples whose wife is pregnant will participate. Health extension workers (HEWs) will provide health education. Data will be collected at baseline and endline. All the collected data will be analyzed using Stata version 16.0 or SPSS version 25.0. We will use the McNemar test to assess the differences in outcomes of interest in both intervention and control groups before and after the intervention for categorical data. A paired t-test will be used to compare continuous outcome of interest in the intervention and the control groups after and before the intervention. The GEE (Generalized Estimating Equation), will be used to test the independent effect of the intervention on the outcome of the interest. Data analysis will be performed with an intention-to-treat analysis approach. During the analysis, the effect size, confidence interval, and p-value will be calculated. All tests will be two-sided, and statistical significance will be declared at p < 0.05. DISCUSSION We expect that the study will generate findings that can illuminate violence prevention strategies and practices in Ethiopia. TRIAL REGISTRATION It has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05856214 on May 4, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeleke Dutamo Agde
- Department of Population and Family Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Department of Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nega Assefa
- College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Muluemebet Abera Wordofa
- Department of Population and Family Health, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Lateef H, Baldwin-White A, Jellesma F, Borgstrom E, Nartey P. Afrocentric Cultural Norms, Mental Health Functioning, and the Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Among Young Black Men. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:505-515. [PMID: 36849861 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health concern that profoundly impacts the lives of women globally. While IPV cuts across race, socioeconomic status, age groups, and geography, Black women are disproportionately affected. Prior studies report that Black women predominantly couple with Black men and thus, understanding factors associated with IPV perpetration among Black men is essential. Subsequently, the present study explored an important gap in the literature, exploring how collectivism, a core belief ascribed to Afrocentric cultural norms, and factors associated with mental health functioning in emerging adult Black men in the USA is associated with their views of IPV. Data for the study was drawn from a sample of self-identifying Black American males between the ages of 18 and 25 (n=300). Regression analysis demonstrated no significant relationship between age, household income, and education level among participants. Anxiety had a significant relationship with intimate partner beliefs with participants with increased anxiety having more problematic intimate partner beliefs. A model including anxiety, collectivism, and aggressiveness was a significant predictor of problematic intimate partner beliefs. In the final model, collectivism and aggressiveness were statistically significant predictors of perceptions endorsing IPV. Participants who reported higher levels of global aggressive confrontation with others were more likely to endorse IPV. Overall, participants with a sense of value for collectivism over individualism were least likely to endorse IPV. This study provides evidence that cultural norms potentially have a role in Black men's beliefs about IPV. Implications for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain Lateef
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | | | | | - Ellie Borgstrom
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Portia Nartey
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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Morrison PK, Warling AD, Fleming R, Chang J. Partner Violent Men's Perspectives on the Factors That They Believe Contributed to Their Abusive Behaviors. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:460-484. [PMID: 36315631 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221134827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While research on perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) is growing, few studies have sought to explore perpetrators' perspectives on their abusive behaviors. Thus, much remains unknown regarding how perpetrators view their abuse. We conducted 34 semistructured, open-ended interviews with men convicted of an IPV crime in which we broadly explored their perspectives on contributors to abuse. A history of exposure to violence as children, experiences with other traumatic events, and other causes (e.g., drug abuse) were the most cited. Our findings highlight areas where intervention efforts need to be tailored to address the unmet needs of men who perpetrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rhonda Fleming
- Women's Center and Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Judy Chang
- Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Maclin BJ, Peitzmeier S, Krammer NK, Todd KP, Bonar EE, Gamarel KE. Toward the conceptualization and measurement of transphobia-driven intimate partner violence. Soc Sci Med 2024; 341:116532. [PMID: 38160607 PMCID: PMC10872231 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Transgender and gender expansive (trans) people face high rates of violence, including unique forms of abuse from intimate partners that specifically leverage transphobia. Past qualitative studies have explored trans-specific intimate partner violence (IPV) and transgender IPV; we propose a new term, transphobia-driven IPV, investigated in this paper. The goals of this study were two-fold: (1) to qualitatively identify the subdomains and boundaries of transphobia-driven IPV with the explicit intention of new scale development; and (2) to examine the degree to which existing trans-focused IPV measurement scales adequately assess the construct. We recruited US-based, English-speaking trans survivors of IPV, aged 18 years and older, online through community-based organizations and Facebook/Instagram advertising. Twenty people participated in the study, of which 60 percent were white, 55 percent were assigned female at birth, and 60 percent were nonbinary. Through thematic analysis of the 20 in-depth interviews, we identified four subdomains of transphobia-driven IPV: pressure to perform, disrupting gender affirmation, belittling gender identity, and intentional misgendering. When examining nine existing screening tools and measures that ask about IPV related to the survivor's trans identity, only one measure included questions related to all four subdomains. Further, the existing measures were either not psychometrically validated, only validated with a subpopulation of the trans community, or validated with a larger LGBTQ sample of which trans survivors comprised a small percentage. This study lays a foundation for new valid measures of transphobia-driven IPV that reflect the various ways in which transphobia can be leveraged by abusers and may be relevant across subpopulations of the trans community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth J Maclin
- Behavioral & Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW #2, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Sarah Peitzmeier
- Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 426 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Natalie K Krammer
- College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, 500 S State St #2005, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kieran P Todd
- Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 426 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Erin E Bonar
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Bldg. 16, Rm. 016-219W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Culyba AJ, Fuhrman B, Barker G, Abebe KZ, Miller E. Primary Versus Secondary Prevention Effects of a Gender-Transformative Sexual Violence Prevention Program Among Male Youth: A Planned Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:11220-11242. [PMID: 37358025 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231179717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Engaging adolescent males is a promising violence prevention strategy. This study explored primary versus secondary prevention effects of a gender-transformative program (i.e., Manhood 2.0) versus job-readiness training on multiple forms of violence perpetration. Adolescent males, ages 13 to 19 years, were recruited through youth-serving organizations in Pittsburgh, PA, between July 27, 2015, and June 5, 2017, to participate in an unblinded community-based cluster-randomized trial in 20 neighborhoods. The intervention curriculum, Manhood 2.0, focused on challenging norms that foster gender-based violence and building bystander skills. The control program was job-readiness training. We completed a planned secondary analysis of surveys from baseline and 9 months post intervention (follow-up), wherein we stratified participants based on any sexual violence/adolescent relationship abuse (SV/ARA) at baseline and examined risk of perpetration of SV/ARA, incapacitated sex, sexual harassment, cyber sexual abuse, peer violence, bullying, and homophobic teasing at follow-up. Among 866 participants, mean age was 15.6 years, 70% identified as Black, 6% as Hispanic, and 6% as multiracial. In both the Manhood 2.0 intervention group and job-readiness control groups, youth who reported SV/ARA at baseline were significantly more likely to report any form of SV/ARA, incapacitated sex, sexual harassment, cyber sexual abuse, bullying, and homophobic teasing at follow-up. Among participants who reported no SV/ARA perpetration at baseline, participating in the Manhood 2.0 intervention program was associated with increased risk of SV/ARA at follow-up compared to participating in the job-readiness control program. Among participants who reported SV/ARA perpetration at baseline, participating in the Manhood 2.0 intervention group was associated with lower risk of peer violence at follow-up. Synergizing gender-transformative approaches with job-readiness training may offer opportunities for crosscutting prevention programming to address multiple forms of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary Barker
- Equimundo Center for Masculinities and Social Justice, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Güler A, Lee RC, Rojas-Guyler L, Lambert J, Smith CR. The influences of sociocultural norms on women's decision to disclose intimate partner violence: Integrative review. Nurs Inq 2023; 30:e12589. [PMID: 37583248 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Sociocultural norms against women can contribute to promoting intimate partner violence (IPV) and shape women's decision to disclose IPV. A cross-cultural analysis of the existing literature is needed to present an overview of the influences of sociocultural norms on women's decisions regarding the disclosure of IPV across different cultural contexts. The purpose of the review was to synthesize published quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (MMs) studies to identify known sociocultural norms across different cultures that may influence women's decision to disclose IPV. The Whittemore and Knafl framework, Rayyan software, and PRISMA flow diagram were used. Databases included APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, PubMed, SocINDEX, and Women's Studies International. The quality of studies was assessed by the MMs appraisal tool. A total of 15 research articles written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Main categories emerged: (1) stigma surrounding IPV disclosure, victimization, and divorce; (2) gender roles; (3) preserving family honor; and (4) Children's well-being and future. A one-size-fits-all approach is not adequate for women who are considering disclosing IPV. Findings underscore that regardless of residing in individualistic countries, those sociocultural norms related to traditional gender roles and gender inequality are still important barriers to the disclosure of IPV among women with collectivist roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Güler
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca C Lee
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Liliana Rojas-Guyler
- College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua Lambert
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Carolyn R Smith
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Kim S, Park S, Champion JD. The Moderating Role of Insecure Attachments on the Relationship between Controlling Behaviors and Violence Perpetration in Intimate Relationships. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37410673 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2219745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the association between male-to-female physical, psychological, and sexual violence and controlling behaviors of male partners. Further, the moderating effect of insecure attachment style on this association was examined in the context of South Korea. Existing national data collected from a representative Korean sample of 2,000 unmarried men was utilized. Findings indicated controlling behaviors among men were positively and negatively associated with psychological and physical violence, respectively, and no association was observed with sexual violence against female partners. Anxious attachment moderated the relationship between control over partner and psychological abuse. The avoidant attachment was identified as a quasi and pure moderator for the associations between control over the partner and physical and sexual violence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojeong Kim
- Department of Nursing, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sihyun Park
- School of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jane D Champion
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas - Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Bourey C, Heise L, Tol WA, Greene MC. Partner Alcohol Use and Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: Independent and Synergistic Effects on Intimate Partner Violence Across 19 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6500-6522. [PMID: 36342211 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221134645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although partner alcohol use and acceptance of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are critical determinants of IPVAW, little is known about their interaction. We explored how partner alcohol use and attitudes toward IPVAW act independently and jointly at the individual and community levels to influence women's reports of experiencing IPVAW across low- and middle-income countries. We conducted secondary analyses using a pooled sample of reproductive-aged women (n = 166,621) from 19 Demographic and Health Survey datasets. We fit a series of a priori-defined mixed-effects logistic regression models of the total effects, within- and between-community effects, and contextual effects of past-year IPVAW on partner alcohol use, acceptance of IPVAW, and their multiplicative interaction. We then fit a series of models stratified by community alcohol use and acceptance of IPVAW. Partner alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 3.20; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [3.07, 3.33]) and women's acceptance of IPVAW (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: [1.76, 1.89]) were consistently associated with increased odds of experiencing IPVAW. Sub-multiplicative interactions were present for within-community effects (ratio of OR = 0.86; 95% CI: [0.79, 0.94]), whereas supra-multiplicative interactions were present for between-community effects (ratio of OR = 1.002; 95% CI: [1.0002, 1.005]) and contextual effects (ratio of OR = 1.003; 95% CI: [1.0007, 1.005]). The odds of IPVAW associated with partner alcohol use was greatet in communities with lower partner alcohol prevalence and lower acceptance of IPVAW. It is important to consider norms and attitudes toward IPVAW alongside alcohol use when understanding epidemiological patterns of IPVAW and potential opportunities for preventive programs and policymaking. Future studies should focus on the complex interactions, at multiple social levels, between interacting risk factors for IPVAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourey
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lori Heise
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wietse A Tol
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Arq International, Diemen, the Netherlands
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Kim C, Vasquez L, Rajah V. The Effects of Polyvictimization by Intimate Partners on Suicidality Among Salvadoran Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023:8862605231162654. [PMID: 36987373 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231162654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) victims tend to suffer from various mental health issues. Mental health issues, including suicidal thoughts and attempts caused by IPV victimization, might be more severe among women in El Salvador, where violence against women is prevalent overall. Although polyvictimization, which is defined as experiencing more than one type of violence by one or multiple partners, is associated with more severe mental health consequences than victimization by just a single form of violence due to accumulative trauma, not enough attention has been paid to this phenomenon among Salvadoran women. Thus, guided by trauma theory, this study aimed to examine the impact of polyvictimization from different types of violence (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional, and economic) on suicidal thoughts and attempts among Salvadoran women using the 2017 Violence Against Women National Survey. A nationally representative sample of 3,074 Salvadoran women aged 15 years or older and who had experienced an intimate relationship in their lifetime, recruited through a multistage random sampling design, was analyzed in this study using logistic regression analyses. We found that psychological and economic violence, along with physical and sexual violence, had statistically significant associations with suicidal thoughts and attempts, and polyvictimization increased suicidal thoughts and attempts. Based on this study's findings, we recommend effective research and practice or intervention implementation for addressing IPV and associated mental health problems among Salvadoran women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrye Kim
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Sutton A, Beech H. The impact of stay-at-home orders on safety and stability for women: A topical review of intimate partner violence and intimate femicide in the United States during the initial phase of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37358986 PMCID: PMC10041482 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-023-00530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose We intend to identify the links between COVID-19, intimate partner violence (IPV), and intimate femicide (IF) for women in the United States by answering the following questions: (1) what does the existing literature say about the intersection of COVID-19, IPV, and IF and (2) what are the contributing factors leading to rates of violence against women during COVID-19? Method This topical review summarizes studies published on IPV and IF during the initial stages of COVID-19 covering the period of March 1, 2020, to July 31, 2021. This review identified 22 articles addressing rates of IPV and IF during COVID-19, exacerbating risk factors for women, and recommendations for responses and intervention efforts. Results Findings revealed an increase in help-seeking calls during the initial phase of the pandemic and COVID-related circumstances such as extended confinement, unemployment, school closures, social isolation, and financial strains intensifying women's experiences of violence. Data also revealed an increase in purchasing firearms, which increases the risk of women being killed by an intimate partner (Lyons et al., 2020). The nexus of COVID-19 and IPV disproportionately impact women, specifically, Latina immigrants. Implications for utilizing an intersectional framework to further examine these issues and promote social and political change are provided. Conclusion Since the rates of IPV and femicide have been reported as increasing during COVID-19, understanding the complexities and stressors associated with life in a pandemic is essential for addressing inequalities women face and the health of our communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Sutton
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Auburn University at Montgomery, 7400 East Drive, Montgomery, AL US
| | - Haley Beech
- School of Social Work, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL US
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14
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Sanz-Barbero B, Estévez-Garcia F, La Parra-Casado D, Lopez-Ossorio JJ, Vives-Cases C. Intimate partner violence complaints during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain: a cross-sectional and a case-control study. Eur J Public Health 2023:7034608. [PMID: 36773315 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 lockdown, a large proportion of the women exposed to intimate partner violence had to live with their abusers full-time. This study analyzes the new official complaints that were filed during the lockdown in Spain. METHODS Data from the Comprehensive Monitoring System for Cases of Gender Violence from the Ministry of the Interior, Spain. Using logistic regression models, the complaints registered during the lockdown were compared to those registered in the previous year. Subsequently, we analysed association between the seriousness of the incident reported and the period in which the complaint was filed. RESULTS Official complaints decreased by 19% during the lockdown. The probability of complaints during lockdown mainly increased when victims had a relationship with the abusers [odds ratio (OR) = 1.33] and when they lacked social support (OR = 1.22). The probability that the complaints were associated with previous jealousy (OR = 0.87), previous harassment behaviours (OR = 0.88) or the victim's fear for minors' safety (OR = 0.87) decreased. In addition, during lockdown increased the probability that the complaints filed were due to incidents of severe physical violence (OR = 1.17); severe psychological violence against women with minors in their charge (OR = 1.22); and severe violence due to threats (OR = 1.53) when the woman had previously suffered harassment. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in new complaints during the studied period and the increase in their severity evidence difficulties in seeking help due to the lockdown. In situations of confinement, it is necessary to design measures that protect women with a lack of social support, and at those who live with the aggressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Sanz-Barbero
- National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Vives-Cases
- CIBER for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine, Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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15
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Victor G, Hedden-Clayton B. Substance Use and Violence Victimization Among Women: A Review of Relevant Literature. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:25-52. [PMID: 36717198 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A review of the recent scientific literature on the relationship between substance use and violence victimization among women in the United States is presented. Systematic review methodology adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses guidelines. In total, 15 studies were identified that met inclusion criteria. There is substantial evidence suggesting substance use (e.g., severity of use, types of substances used) is associated with women's violent victimization histories. Evidence suggests that women are uniquely situated in illicit drug markets and other illicit economies in a manner that increases their risk for violent victimization. The strengths and shortcomings of current theoretical explanations of substance use and violence victimization are discussed, as well as considerations for future research and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Victor
- School of Social Work Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Bethany Hedden-Clayton
- Center for Behavioral Health and Justice, School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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16
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Leon CM, Aizpurua E. Do Youth Dream of Gender Stereotypes? The Relationship among Gender Stereotyping, Support for Feminism, and Acceptance of Gender-Based Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2439. [PMID: 36767805 PMCID: PMC9915215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although gender roles have continued to evolve, stereotypical perceptions about men and women persist. From a traditional perspective, men are viewed as aggressive, competitive, and dominant, whereas women are expected to be pretty, affectionate, and passive. The relevance of gender stereotypes lies in the way such expectations reinforce gender inequality and discrimination. Gender stereotyping is also linked to an increased acceptance of gender-based violence, as such conceptions are based on the premise that women are subordinate to men. The current study uses data from the Barometer on Youth and Gender, conducted by the Centro Reina Sofía in 2021 (N = 1201), to analyze the potential associations among gender stereotyping, support for feminism, and acceptance of gender-based violence among young people in Spain (15-29 years old). The results show that young people ascribe, to some extent, stereotypical characteristics to women and men and point to the existence of gender-based occupational stereotypes. Our results shed light on the role that gender stereotyping plays in support for feminism and the acceptance of gender-based violence. They also provide valuable information about the magnitude of gender-stereotypical perceptions among young men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Leon
- School of Law, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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17
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The Association of Adolescent Gender Performance and Adult Intimate Partner Violence. J Adolesc Health 2022; 71:705-712. [PMID: 36088233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A quarter of women and nearly 1 in 10 men in the United States have reported experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) that had lasting negative impacts at least once during their lifetime. To prevent IPV over the lifecourse, adolescence has been identified as an ideal period for healthy relationship education that addresses the various IPV risk factors. One of those risk factors is believing in traditional gender roles, but the behavioral aspect of gender performance has been understudied. This study explores the relationship between adolescent gender performance and adult IPV perpetration and victimization/survival. METHODS We used logistic regression to estimate associations of adolescent gender performance and adult IPV perpetration and victimization/survival in a sample of 2,197 males and 2,587 females from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) between 1994 and 2008. RESULTS Male adolescent gender performance was associated with increased adult IPV perpetration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.18 per 10% increase in gender performance) and victimization/survival (AOR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.11 per 10% increase in gender performance). Female adolescent gender performance was not associated with adult IPV perpetration or victimization/survival. DISCUSSION The more similarly adolescent males behave to their adolescent male peers, the more likely they are to perpetrate and experience IPV in adulthood. This study supports the implementation of gender transformative education during adolescence and the specific need to address how the behaviors associated with male gender performance are risk factors for adult IPV.
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18
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Rivas‐Rivero E, Bonilla‐Algovia E. Stressful life events: Typology of aggression and mistreatment in male perpetrators of gender-based violence. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:705-714. [PMID: 35766343 PMCID: PMC9796499 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze groups based on the stressful life events suffered and to know the relationship of these profiles with the type of abuse exercised against women in the couple. A sample of 118 heterosexual men who perpetrated gender-based violence was used, with a mean age of 40.46 years (SD = 11.14). The results show that those who suffered a greater number of adverse experiences abused their partners more frequently and with a more aggravated character. In addition, knowing typologies based on previous stressful life events could favor specific interventions in the elimination of the normalization of violence as a maladaptive relational strategy. It is necessary to continue investigating the characteristics of men who exercise gender-based violence, as well as to analyze previous exposure to violence in the family of origin due to the influence it exerts on subsequent abuse.
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19
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Ross C, Smith JG, Manenzhe T, Netshiongolwe R, Johnson T, Caldwell A, Maphula A, Ingersoll KS. South African university women's perspectives on intimate partner violence: a qualitative study of reactions to a tailored vignette. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2022; 24:1481-1497. [PMID: 34524073 PMCID: PMC9092635 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1970813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence is an ongoing issue in South Africa, which has the highest rates of violence against women and girls in the world. Intimate partner violence is common in Limpopo, where women, including university students, experience elevated rates of violent crime. This qualitative study was conducted to examine university students' perspectives regarding intimate partner violence among their peers. A culturally tailored vignette was used to prompt reflection from 38 female university students in Limpopo. Audiotaped responses to the vignette were transcribed, coded and analysed using thematic analysis. Four main themes were developed from participants' responses to the vignette: cultural beliefs, the university's role in intimate partner violence, likely outcomes of intimate partner violence, and future interventions. Intimate partner violence was seen as a common problem within the university. Students' responses indicated that cultural beliefs perpetuated violence against women, with women entering and remaining in abusive relationships for financial security or resources such as housing. Students also reported lack of adequate on-campus housing options, limited knowledge of intimate partner violence, and few actions to reduce intimate partner violence, all of which placed then at heightened risk of intimate partner violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica G. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tovhowani Manenzhe
- Department of Psychology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | - Talayah Johnson
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Angela Caldwell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia’s College at Wise, Wise, VA, USA
| | - Angelina Maphula
- Department of Psychology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Karen S. Ingersoll
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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20
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Seff I, Cislaghi B, Levtov R, Vlahovicova K, Stark L. Quantitative Proxies for Social Norms: A Proposed Approach for Interrogating Clustering, Reference Groups, and Validity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21266-NP21292. [PMID: 35061950 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of researchers studying intimate partner violence (IPV) employ aggregate measures of relevant attitudes to serve as proxy measures for norms around IPV. However, there is a lack of consistency in how these measures are constructed and how their validity is confirmed. The first aim of this study is to demonstrate and validate innovative techniques for exploring social norms proxies in quantitative data and identifying the relative appropriateness of different available reference groups. The second aim is to demonstrate how such an approach can contribute to IPV research. The analysis employed data from the 2016 Tanzania International Men and Gender Equality Survey, including 1008 men and 1008 women ages 15-49 years. An attitudinal score measuring acceptance of IPV and two measures for individual-level descriptive and injunctive norms were constructed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the extent of clustering for the attitudinal score within several sets of groupings. Bivariate multi-level Ordinary Least Squares regressions estimated the predictive effect of an individual's group norm proxy on their descriptive or injunctive norms. Attitudinal clustering was most significant for reference groups defined as males only across villages and males only across a combination of villages and marital status, with ICCs of 0.229 and 0.236, respectively. Men's social norms were found to be correlated with reference groups comprised of both men only and women only, though men's norms were substantially more correlated with the attitudes of men in their reference group than with women's. Results highlight the importance of critically examining the validity of proxy measures for social norms prior to their inclusion in analysis. Findings also underscore the importance of collecting attitudinal data from men to better understand norms around IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Seff
- Brown School of Social Work, 7548Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ruti Levtov
- The Prevention Collaborative, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School of Social Work, 7548Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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21
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Reyes HLM, Maman S, Kajula L, Mulawa M. Intimate partner violence perpetration and sexual risk behaviour: Identifying shared determinants among young men in Tanzania. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:2792-2806. [PMID: 35129086 PMCID: PMC9356116 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2022.2032257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined factors that predict involvement in different patterns of sexual risk behavior and IPV perpetration among young men in Tanzania (n = 979), with a focus on identifying factors that distinguish men who engage in both behaviours from those who do not. Risk factors were drawn from three domains thought to be upstream drivers of both IPV and sexual risk: poverty, adverse childhood experiences, and inequitable gender norms. A three-step latent class analysis was used to assess whether and how factors from each domain distinguished subgroups of men whose behaviour patterns were characterised as comorbid (involvement in IPV and sexual risk behaviour), IPV-only, sexual risk only, and normative (low risk). Consistent with expectations, greater food insecurity, adverse childhood experiences, and inequitable gender norms related to violence and sexual behaviour predicted increased risk of membership in the comorbid group compared to other sub-groups. Findings support the promise of integrated prevention programmes targeting the common causes of IPV perpetration and sexual risk behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 302 Rosenau Hall, CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440
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22
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Willie TC, Katague M, Halim N, Gupta J. Latent classes of men’s intimate partner violence perpetration and attitudes towards gender norms: A UN multi-country, cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264156. [PMID: 36155974 PMCID: PMC9512213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine distinct patterns of IPV perpetration and examined gender equitable attitudes as a correlate of these patterns among men from six countries in Asia and the Pacific. Design 2011–12 UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence cross-sectional study. Setting Households in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Papua New Guinea. Participants 10,178 men aged 18–49 years residing in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Papua New Guinea. Primary outcomes measure Our primary outcome was distinct patterns of IPV perpetration which were derived from multilevel latent class analyses. Results The odds of being assigned to the Low All Forms of IPV Perpetration class than the High All Forms of IPV Perpetration class was lower for men in the middle tertile group than men in the high tertile group for gender equitable attitudes. The odds of being assigned to the High Emotional IPV Perpetration class than the High All Forms of IPV Perpetration class was greater for men in the low tertile group than men in the high tertile group for gender equitable attitudes. The odds of being assigned to the High Physical/Emotional/Economic IPV Perpetration class than the High All Forms of IPV Perpetration class was lower for men in the low tertile group than men in the high tertile group for gender equitable attitudes. Conclusions Gender transformative interventions that use an adaptive, personalized approach to men’s typology of IPV perpetration may be beneficial to reduce violence against for women in the Asia-Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C. Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Katague
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Nafisa Halim
- Department of Global Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
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23
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Jain T, Dhar D, Kapoor V, Kapur V, Raj A. Measuring gender attitudes: Developing and testing Implicit Association Tests for adolescents in India. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264077. [PMID: 35709150 PMCID: PMC9202834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop and test gender attitude measures conducted with a school-based sample of adolescents aged 14–17 years in India. We test a measure with survey items and vignettes to capture gender-based value and stereotypes, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) capturing gender-based value, and an IAT capturing gender stereotype. All demonstrate good internal reliability, and both IATs are significantly associated with our survey measure suggesting criterion validity, though not confirming it due to the lack of a gold standard measure on gender attitudes. Finally, construct validity is indicated from the measures’ positive significant associations with higher girls’ mobility and education. The gender-related IAT tools developed are consistent and valid, and modestly correlated with gender-related behavior outcomes such as mobility and school enrolment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Jain
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Ahmedabad, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Diva Dhar
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vrinda Kapoor
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Anita Raj
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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24
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Christou-Ergos M, Wiley KE, Leask J, Shapiro GK. Traumatic Events and Vaccination Decisions: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060911. [PMID: 35746519 PMCID: PMC9230365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the apparent relationship between past experiences and subsequent vaccination decisions, the role of traumatic events has been overlooked when understanding vaccination intention and behaviour. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize what is known about the relationship between traumatic events and subsequent vaccination decisions. MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINHAL electronic databases were searched, and 1551 articles were screened for eligibility. Of the 52 articles included in full-text assessment, five met the eligibility criteria. Findings suggest that the experience of trauma is associated with individual vaccination decisions. Social and practical factors related to both trauma and vaccination may mediate this relationship. As this is a relatively new field of inquiry, future research may help to clarify the nuances of the relationship. This review finds that the experience of psychological trauma is associated with vaccination intention and behaviour and points to the potential importance of a trauma-informed approach to vaccination interventions during the current global effort to achieve high COVID-19 vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christou-Ergos
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kerrie E. Wiley
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Julie Leask
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Westmead 2145, Australia
| | - Gilla K. Shapiro
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada;
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25
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Rivas-Rivero E, Bonilla-Algovia E. Adverse Childhood Events and Substance Misuse in Men Who Perpetrated Intimate Partner Violence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 66:876-895. [PMID: 34151615 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211013519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood events related to violence suffered have developmental consequences such as the reproduction of such violence in intimate relationships and substance misuse in the later life trajectory. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between suffering adverse childhood events and excessive consumption of alcohol and drugs in 120 men, with a mean age of 40.51 years (SD = 11.06), who have abused women in a relationship. The results indicate that those who suffered abuse in childhood and other adverse childhood events in the family of origin consumed alcohol and drugs in excess. Furthermore, the regression models show that alcohol consumption is related to previous substance use by parents, while drug use is related to leaving home due to family conflicts. Also, the consumption of alcohol and other substances is likewise associated with consumption by parents and conflicts within the family. The size of the effect of the relationship increases when different forms of poly-victimization coexist. Conflict treatment is necessary in any setting, especially when it takes place in the family environment and at an early age, to avoid the transmission of maladaptive behaviors associated with substance misuse and violence.
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26
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Makkan H, Maenetje P, Chetty-Makkan CM, Muchiri E, Latka MH, Edward VA, Price MA, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Lindan C. Attitudes Toward Gender-Based Violence Among Sexually Active Adult Men at High Risk for HIV in Rustenburg, South Africa. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221106331. [PMID: 35748400 PMCID: PMC9234859 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) toward women is widespread and has been associated with increased HIV risk. We investigated attitudes toward GBV among men living in Rustenburg, South Africa, who were enrolled in a longitudinal HIV incidence study. Participants were 18 to 49 years old, reported high risk sexual activity in the last 3 months, and were HIV-uninfected. Attitudes toward GBV were evaluated using responses to a five-item standardized questionnaire about men perpetrating physical violence on a female spouse; responses to each item were scaled from 1 (no agreement) to 4 (strong agreement) and summed. Total scores >10 were considered permissive toward GBV. Among the 535 men analyzed, nearly half (N = 229, 42.8%) had a GBV score >10. Being young (18-24 years) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.06, 2.22]), having less years of education (aOR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.11, 2.32]), and reporting no current sexual partner at baseline (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI [1.06, 4.14]) were independently associated with permissive attitudes toward GBV. The following behaviors reported in the last 3 months were also associated with high GBV scores: having a new female partner (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI [1.02, 3.10]), and having had an STI (aOR = 1.85, 95% CI [1.15, 2.99]). Consuming alcohol prior to sex in the last month (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.09, 2.31]) was also associated with high GBV scores. A large proportion of South African HIV-uninfected men in this analysis reported permissive attitudes toward GBV. These attitudes were associated with HIV risk behavior. Integrating GBV and HIV prevention programs is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeran Makkan
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Public Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pholo Maenetje
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Candice M Chetty-Makkan
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evans Muchiri
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa
| | - Mary H Latka
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa
| | - Vinodh A Edward
- Rustenburg Research Centre, The Aurum Institute, Rustenburg, South Africa.,Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Public Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Matt A Price
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,IAVI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gloria Omosa-Manyonyi
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christina Lindan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hunt KE, Robinson LE, Valido A, Espelage DL, Hong JS. Teen Dating Violence Victimization: Associations Among Peer Justification, Attitudes Toward Gender Inequality, Sexual Activity, and Peer Victimization. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:5914-5936. [PMID: 35410536 PMCID: PMC9092916 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221085015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study, grounded in a social learning theoretical framework, examined attitudes and behaviors associated with verbal and physical teen dating violence (TDV) victimization. Because TDV varies by gender in both frequency and severity, these associations were examined first within the overall sample, and then by gender to further investigate these differences. A total of 1,884 adolescents (49.2% boys; 50.8% girls; average age 14.79 years; SD = .58) who reported ever dating someone were included in the analysis. Specifically, peers' justification of TDV, attitudes supporting gender inequality, sexual activity, and peer victimization were included to determine their cross-sectional association with verbal and physical TDV victimization. Data were analyzed separately for boys and girls. Results indicated that peers' justification of TDV, peer victimization, sexual activity, and attitudes supporting gender inequality were each associated with higher physical and verbal TDV victimization for girls and boys. Most of these factors remained significant when separated by gender, except for sexual activity and attitudes supporting gender inequality, which were not associated with physical TDV victimization for boys and girls, respectively. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Hunt
- School of Education, 2331University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Luz E Robinson
- School of Education, 2331University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alberto Valido
- School of Education, 2331University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, 2954Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Mapping Women’s and Men’s Pathways into Thailand’s Prisons for Homicide and Sex Offences: Utilising a Feminist Pathways Approach. LAWS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/laws11020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In feminist criminology, there is a growing body of research exploring pathways to prison, but few studies have specifically sought to map women’s journeys into the criminal justice system for crimes of physical violence and sex offending. Gender comparative research is sparse, and, to date, we know little about women and men imprisoned in Thailand for these types of crimes. Subsequently, in this paper, we report findings from a gender comparative feminist pathways study conducted in Thailand, with a specific focus on violence and sex offending; namely, homicide, sexual assault, human trafficking, and sex work-related offences. We utilise a qualitative analysis of life-history interviews to centre and value these women’s and men’s voices, establish their backstories, and thematically map their imprisonment trajectories. Three pathways to prison emerged: (1) lifestyles of contravention, (2) harmed and harming, and (3) destructive masculinity. Utilising the participants’ descriptions, we highlight similarities and variance by gender within and between these pathways.
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Baffsky R, Beek K, Wayland S, Shanthosh J, Henry A, Cullen P. "The real pandemic's been there forever": qualitative perspectives of domestic and family violence workforce in Australia during COVID-19. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:337. [PMID: 35287675 PMCID: PMC8920801 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2020, Australia, like most countries, introduced restrictions related to the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Frontline services in the domestic and family violence (DFV) sector had to adapt and innovate to continue supporting clients who were experiencing and/or at risk of DFV. There is a need to understand from the perspective of those on the frontline how DFV service responses in different contexts impacted their working conditions and subsequent wellbeing, and what they want to see continued in ‘the new normal’ to inform future effective practices. We address this by reporting on findings from in-depth interviews conducted with practitioners and managers from the DFV sector in Australia. Methods Between July and September 2020 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 51 DFV practitioners and managers from a range of services and specialisations across legal, housing, health and social care services. The data was analysed using iterative thematic analysis. Results The most common service adaptations reported were shifting to outreach models of care, introducing infection control procedures and adopting telehealth/digital service delivery. Adjacent to these changes, participants described how these adaptations created implementation challenges including increased workload, maintaining quality and safety, and rising costs. Impacts on practitioners were largely attributed to the shift towards remote working with a collision in their work and home life and increased risk of vicarious trauma. Despite these challenges, most expressed a sense of achievement in how their service was responding to COVID-19, with several adaptations that practitioners and managers wanted to see continued in ‘the new normal’, including flexible working and wellbeing initiatives. Conclusions The pandemic has amplified existing challenges for those experiencing DFV as well as those working on the frontline of DFV. Our findings point to the diversity in workforce experiences and has elucidated valuable lessons to shape future service delivery. Given the continuing impacts of the pandemic on DFV, this study provides timely insight and impetus to strengthen the implementation of remote working and telehealth/digital support across the DFV sector and to inform better supports for DFV workforce wellbeing in Australia and other contexts. Trial registration Not a clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Baffsky
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Samuels Building, F25, Samuel Terry Ave, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kristen Beek
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Samuels Building, F25, Samuel Terry Ave, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Wayland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Sydney Campus, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janani Shanthosh
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia.,Australian Human Rights Institute, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Henry
- The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia.,School of Women and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patricia Cullen
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Samuels Building, F25, Samuel Terry Ave, Kensington NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,The George Institute for Global Health, UNSW Sydney, 1 King Street Newtown NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,Ngarruwan Ngadju, First Peoples Health and Wellbeing Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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30
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Cerbara L, Ciancimino G, Tintori A. Are We Still a Sexist Society? Primary Socialisation and Adherence to Gender Roles in Childhood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063408. [PMID: 35329095 PMCID: PMC8950774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The internalisation of gender stereotypes has long-term impacts on the aspirations, opportunities and psychosocial well-being of people. The main objective of this study is to measure the adherence to gender roles among children, analysing the link between their roles’ internalisation, the family context and the socioeconomic environment. Method: During the Spring 2021, a survey was carried in Rome on children aged 8–11 through a structured questionnaire. The explanatory dimensions of the analysed topics were identified and a survey questionnaire with an ad hoc administration method were developed. Results: The results show a widespread internalisation of traditional gender roles among the respondents and differences by sex were found, since their acceptance is higher among boys for male roles and among girls for female roles. As the age increases, the adherence to male roles decreases for both boys and girls, while high levels of prosociality resulted in a lower adherence to female roles among boys. No significant relations were found with family and environmental variables. Conclusions: These findings show how the internalisation of gender stereotypes is already traceable at this age, and due to a different path of primary socialisation, boys and girls develop their gender identity consistent with social expectations. The lack of significant relations with environmental variables could be related to the age of the respondents, as the process of primary socialisation imbued with gender stereotypes still does not overlap secondary socialisation. These trends should be monitored during late childhood since at this age children are cognitively plastic, but also vulnerable and influenceable by surrounding stimuli. This research approach, especially if extended to a wider geographical scale, can provide important knowledge to support the relational well-being of children and equal opportunities of society as a whole.
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Palmwood EN, Valadez EA, Zajac LA, Griffith AL, Simons RF, Dozier M. Early exposure to parent-perpetrated intimate partner violence predicts hypervigilant error monitoring. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 173:58-68. [PMID: 35031350 PMCID: PMC8857045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) places children at risk for ongoing emotional difficulties, including problems with self-regulation and high levels of internalizing symptoms. However, the impact of IPV exposure on children's error monitoring remains unknown. The present study utilized electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the impact of exposure to IPV in infancy on error monitoring in middle childhood. Results indicated that parents' perpetration of IPV against their romantic partners when children were under 24 months of age predicted hypervigilant error monitoring in children at age 8 (N = 30, 16 female), as indexed by error-related neural activity (ERN and Pe difference amplitudes), above and beyond the effects of general adversity exposure and parental responsiveness. There was no association between partner perpetration of IPV and children's error monitoring. Results illustrate the harmful effects of early exposure to parent-perpetrated IPV on error monitoring and highlight the importance of targeting children's and parents' cognitive and emotional responses to error commission in psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Palmwood
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA
| | - Emilio A. Valadez
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | | | | | - Robert F. Simons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Mary Dozier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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Dehingia N, Dey AK, McDougal L, McAuley J, Singh A, Raj A. Help seeking behavior by women experiencing intimate partner violence in india: A machine learning approach to identifying risk factors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262538. [PMID: 35113886 PMCID: PMC8813002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the low prevalence of help-seeking behavior among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in India, quantitative evidence on risk factors, is limited. We use a previously validated exploratory approach, to examine correlates of help-seeking from anyone (e.g. family, friends, police, doctor etc.), as well as help-seeking from any formal sources. METHODS We used data from a nationally-representative health survey conducted in 2015-16 in India, and included all variables in the dataset (~6000 variables) as independent variables. Two machine learning (ML) models were used- L-1, and L-2 regularized logistic regression models. The results from these models were qualitatively coded by researchers to identify broad themes associated with help-seeking behavior. This process of implementing ML models followed by qualitative coding was repeated until pre-specified criteria were met. RESULTS Identified themes associated with help-seeking behavior included experience of injury from violence, husband's controlling behavior, husband's consumption of alcohol, and being currently separated from husband. Themes related to women's access to social and economic resources, such as women's employment, and receipt of maternal and reproductive health services were also noted to be related factors. We observed similarity in correlates for seeking help from anyone, vs from formal sources, with a greater focus on women being separated for help-seeking from formal sources. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the need for community programs to reach out to women trapped in abusive relationships, as well as the importance of women's social and economic connectedness; future work should consider holistic interventions that integrate IPV screening and support services with women's health related services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabamallika Dehingia
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Joint Doctoral Program-Public Health, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Arnab K. Dey
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Joint Doctoral Program-Public Health, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lotus McDougal
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Julian McAuley
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Singh
- International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Speranza AM, Farina B, Bossa C, Fortunato A, Maggiora Vergano C, Palmiero L, Quintigliano M, Liotti M. The Role of Complex Trauma and Attachment Patterns in Intimate Partner Violence. Front Psychol 2022; 12:769584. [PMID: 35145451 PMCID: PMC8821899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Even if the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence (IPV) has already been established, there are no sufficient studies examining the relationships between these factors and attachment representations, specifically attachment disorganization. Thus, this study aimed to explore, in a sample of women who experienced IPV (a) the presence of interpersonal adversities during childhood, and (b) attachment representations, with a particular focus on disorganization. Methods Women’s representations of attachment experiences were investigated through the Adult Attachment Interview, while the presence of various forms of interpersonal adversities during childhood was assessed using the Complex Trauma Questionnaire. The results of the IPV group (n = 98) were compared with those of women with no history of IPV (control group, n = 81). Results Women in the IPV group showed higher values of multiple forms of adverse experiences within their caregiving system. They presented significantly higher rates of disorganized states of mind regarding attachment, indicative of a lack of resolution regarding traumatic experiences, and of disorganized working models resulting from complex trauma. Our results highlighted that, more than the presence of traumatic experiences, it is their irresolution – reflected in the disorganized states of mind regarding attachment at the Adult Attachment Interview – to be a significant predictor of IPV. Conclusion These results suggest underline the significance of offering a trauma- and attachment-informed therapy to those who experience IPV. Such results could help both clinicians and researchers in formulating clearer guidelines for IPV interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Farina
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Bossa
- European Society for Trauma and Dissociation, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Maggiora Vergano
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Palmiero
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Quintigliano
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Liotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marianna Liotti,
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Burke HM, Ridgeway K, Murray K, Mickler A, Thomas R, Williams K. Reproductive empowerment and contraceptive self-care: a systematic review. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2022; 29:2090057. [PMID: 35892261 PMCID: PMC9336472 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2022.2090057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Burke
- Scientist, FHI 360, Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health division, Durham, NC, USA. Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Ridgeway
- Research Associate, FHI 360, Health Services Research division, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kate Murray
- Research Associate, FHI 360, Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health division, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandria Mickler
- Program Analyst, USAID/Public Health Institute, Office of Population and Reproductive Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Reana Thomas
- Technical Officer, FHI 360, Research Utilization division, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- MPH Candidate, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Fellow, FHI 360, Durham, NC, USA
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35
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Gibbs A, Mkhwanazi S, Sikweyiya Y. Stepping Stones and Creating Futures: A group-based approach to addressing violence against women through working with men. J Clin Psychol 2021; 78:26-37. [PMID: 34914094 PMCID: PMC9299760 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In low‐ and middle‐income countries, group‐based interventions to address intimate partner violence (IPV) working with men, whether or not they are violent themselves, are increasingly common. Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SSCF) is one intervention demonstrating reductions in men's perpetration of IPV through working with men around gender inequalities and livelihoods. Using a case study of Thembani, a young man living in an urban informal settlement in South Africa who was a participant within a large randomized controlled trial evaluating SSCF, we discuss how his use of violence changed. This reduction occurred through recognition that his situation was not a personal failing, but similar to others, thus reducing the shame he felt, learning to control his anger, and starting to understand how others felt when he used his power over others. This case study provides some initial evidence about how group‐based interventions working with men may start to transform men's practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibbs
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Smanga Mkhwanazi
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Laslett AM, Graham K, Wilson IM, Kuntsche S, Fulu E, Jewkes R, Taft A. Does drinking modify the relationship between men's gender-inequitable attitudes and their perpetration of intimate partner violence? A meta-analysis of surveys of men from seven countries in the Asia Pacific region. Addiction 2021; 116:3320-3332. [PMID: 33910266 DOI: 10.1111/add.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although men's alcohol misuse and less gender-equitable attitudes have been identified as risks for perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV), less is known about how men's gender-equitable attitudes and drinking act together to increase risk of IPV. This study aimed to assess the independent relationships of lower gender-equitable attitudes and drinking to perpetration of IPV and their interaction among men in seven countries. DESIGN Secondary analysis of the United Nations Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence (UNMCS) and Nabilan Study databases consisting of (1) unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression to measure the association of perpetration of IPV with gender-equitable men (GEM) scale score and regular heavy episodic drinking (RHED) and (2) meta-analyses of prevalence and effect estimates adjusted for country-level sites and countries. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 9148 ever-partnered 18-49-year-old men surveyed in 2011-15 from 18 sites in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka and Timor Leste. MEASUREMENTS The outcome variable is reported perpetration of physical or sexual IPV in the previous year. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES GEM scale scores; RHED, defined as six or more drinks in one session at least monthly (compared with other drinkers and abstainers). FINDINGS Pooled past-year prevalence of perpetration of IPV was 13% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 9-16%]. GEM scores and RHED were independently associated with perpetration of IPV overall and in most sites. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) for perpetration of IPV with less equitable GEM scores were 1.07 (95% CI = 1.04, 1.09) and with RHED were 3.42 (95% CI = 2.43, 4.81). A significant interaction between GEM score and RHED (P = 0.001) indicated that RHED increased the relationship of less gender-equitable attitudes and perpetration of IPV. CONCLUSION Both gender-inequitable attitudes and drinking appear to be associated with perpetration of intimate partner violence by men, with regular heavy episodic drinking increasing the likelihood of intimate partner violence among men with less equitable gender attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Laslett
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Melbourne School of Global and Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn Graham
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ingrid M Wilson
- Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore.,Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool in Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandra Kuntsche
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Fulu
- The Equality Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Office of the Executive Scientist, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Angela Taft
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Stępień T, Heitzman J, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Gosek P, Krajewski P, Chrzczonowicz-Stępień A, Berent J, Jurek T, Bolechała F. Neuropathological Changes in the Brains of Suicide Killers. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1674. [PMID: 34827673 PMCID: PMC8615963 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homicide combined with subsequent suicide of the perpetrator is a particular form of interpersonal violence and, at the same time, a manifestation of extreme aggression directed against oneself. Despite the relatively well-described individual acts of homicide and suicide, both in terms of psychopathology and law, acts of homicide and subsequent suicide committed by the same person are not well-studied phenomena. The importance of emotional factors, including the influence of mental state deviations (psychopathology), on this phenomenon, is discussed in the literature, but still there is relatively little data with which to attempt neuropathological assessments of the brains of suicide killers. This paper is dedicated to the issue based on the neuropathological studies performed. METHODS We analyzed a group of murder-suicides using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS The results of our research indicate the presence of neurodegenerative changes including multiple deposits of ß-amyloid in the form of senile/amyloid plaques and perivascular diffuse plaques. CONCLUSIONS Neurodegenerative changes found in the analyzed brains of suicide killers may provide an interesting starting point for a number of analyses. The presence of neurodegenerative changes at such a young age in some murderers may suggest preclinical lesions that affect cognitive functions and are associated with depressed moods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stępień
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Janusz Heitzman
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (J.H.); (P.G.)
| | | | - Paweł Gosek
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland; (J.H.); (P.G.)
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Forensic Medicine Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Jarosław Berent
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 91-304 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Jurek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Filip Bolechała
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, 31-531 Cracow, Poland;
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McKinley CE, Lilly JM, Knipp H, Liddell JL. "A Dad Can Get the Money and the Mom Stays at Home": Patriarchal Gender Role Attitudes, Intimate Partner Violence, Historical Oppression, and Resilience Among Indigenous Peoples. SEX ROLES 2021; 85:499-514. [PMID: 34955587 PMCID: PMC8693633 DOI: 10.1007/s11199-021-01232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that gender role attitudes influence a number of health-related outcomes, including intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet the gender role attitudes of Indigenous peoples - a population that experiences persistent health and violence disparities - have received scant scholarly attention. Using the Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence (FHORT), the purpose of this mixed methodology was to qualitatively explore U.S. Indigenous peoples' gender role attitudes and quantitatively examine how key social determinants of health, including IPV perpetration, historical oppression, and resilience, relate to gender role attitudes. This research integrates qualitative and quantitative data from two Southeastern tribes with a total of 563 unique data sources. Regression analysis revealed male sex and IPV victimization were associated with higher patriarchal gender role attitudes, while historical oppression and resilience were associated with lower patriarchal gender role attitudes. Resilience was also associated with lower "victim blaming." Ethnographic team-based data analysis methods revealed qualitative themes of patriarchal gender role attitudes and gendered socialization processes. This work highlights how key aspects of the FHORT might explain Indigenous peoples' patriarchal gender role attitudes, suggesting the need to redress historical oppression and patriarchal roles through decolonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenn M. Lilly
- Fordham University Graduate School of Social Services, New York, NY
| | - Hannah Knipp
- Tulane University School of Social Work, New Orleans, LA
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Fine SL, Kane JC, Murray SM, Skavenski S, Munthali S, Mwenge M, Paul R, Mayeya J, Murray LK. The Role of Violence Acceptance and Inequitable Gender Norms in Intimate Partner Violence Severity Among Couples in Zambia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP10744-NP10765. [PMID: 31542985 PMCID: PMC9808822 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519876722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inequitable gender norms, including the acceptance of violence in intimate relationships, have been found to be associated with the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration and victimization. Despite these findings, few studies have considered whether inequitable gender norms are related to IPV severity. This study uses baseline data from a psychotherapeutic intervention targeting heterosexual couples (n = 247) in Lusaka, Zambia, who reported moderate to severe male-perpetrated IPV and male hazardous alcohol use to consider: (a) prevailing gender norms, including those related to IPV; (b) the relationship between IPV acceptance and IPV severity; and (c) the relationship between inequitable gender norms and IPV severity. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to model the relationships between IPV acceptance and inequitable gender norms, and female-reported IPV severity (including threats of violence, physical violence, sexual violence, and total violence), separately among male and female participants. In general, men and women were similar in their patterns of agreement with gender norms, with both highly endorsing items related to household roles. More than three-quarters of men (78.1%) and women (78.5%) indicated overall acceptance of violence in intimate relationships, with no significant differences between men and women in their endorsement of any IPV-related gender norms. Among men, IPV acceptance was associated with a statistically significant increase in IPV perpetration severity in terms of threatening violence (B = 5.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.84, 9.89]), physical violence (B = 4.54, 95% CI = [0.10, 8.98]), and total violence (B = 11.65, 95% CI = [3.14, 20.16]). There was no association between IPV acceptance and IPV victimization severity among women. Unlike IPV acceptance, there was no evidence for a relationship between inequitable gender norms and IPV severity for either men or women. These findings have implications for the appropriateness of gender transformative interventions in targeting men and women in relationships in which there is ongoing IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy C. Kane
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah M. Murray
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Saphira Munthali
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mwamba Mwenge
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ravi Paul
- University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Laura K. Murray
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lennon SE, Aramburo AMR, Garzón EMM, Arboleda MA, Fandiño-Losada A, Pacichana-Quinayaz SG, Muñoz GIR, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI. A qualitative study on factors associated with intimate partner violence in Colombia. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:4205-4216. [PMID: 34586272 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021269.21092020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a human rights violation and a serious global public health problem. This study investigated factors associated with IPV in female survivors in Colombia. Four focus group discussions with female survivors of IPV and 15 key informant interviews with professionals from psychological, social and legal services and community leaders were conducted in Cali and Tuluá. Participant recruitment was via purposive sampling. Transcripts were analysed manually taking a social constructivist standpoint and a content analysis approach. Factors associated with IPV were divided into four themes: cultural beliefs, jealousy, alcohol abuse, and personal history of IPV. The first theme was divided into: patriarchy, gender roles, normalisation of violence, and unawareness of rights, economic dependence, and 'men own women'. The sub-themes were all inter-related and underpinned by patriarchal values. IPV was described as a sociocultural construction formed by patriarchal values ingrained in community and societal norms and individual processes. Therefore, academia, governmental and non-governmental bodies and society are urged to together, create preventative, context specific strategies for individuals, communities and societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Evelyn Lennon
- Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle. Calle 4B No. 36-00 Edificio 135, Barrio San Fernando Viejo. Cali. 760043 Cali Colombia.
| | | | | | - María Adelaida Arboleda
- Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle. Calle 4B No. 36-00 Edificio 135, Barrio San Fernando Viejo. Cali. 760043 Cali Colombia. .,Red de Salud de Ladera ESE. Cali Colombia
| | - Andrés Fandiño-Losada
- Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle. Calle 4B No. 36-00 Edificio 135, Barrio San Fernando Viejo. Cali. 760043 Cali Colombia.
| | - Sara Gabriela Pacichana-Quinayaz
- Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle. Calle 4B No. 36-00 Edificio 135, Barrio San Fernando Viejo. Cali. 760043 Cali Colombia.
| | | | - María Isabel Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle. Calle 4B No. 36-00 Edificio 135, Barrio San Fernando Viejo. Cali. 760043 Cali Colombia.
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Schuster I, Tomaszewska P, Gul P, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. The role of moral neutralization of aggression and justification of violence against women in predicting physical teen dating violence perpetration and monitoring among adolescents in Switzerland. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2021:115-131. [PMID: 34480520 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although dating violence poses a serious threat to adolescents' health and well-being around the globe, little evidence is available for Europe in general and Switzerland in particular. Also, evidence on the role of cognitive predictors related to a more general justification of aggressive behavior and gender-based violence is lacking. Therefore, this two-wave longitudinal study conducted with Swiss adolescents (N = 646) examined moral neutralization of aggression and justification of violence against women as predictors of physical dating violence perpetration and monitoring. As expected, higher moral neutralization of aggression predicted a higher likelihood of perpetrating physical dating violence and monitoring among both female and male adolescents. Justification of violence against women was positively associated with physical dating violence perpetration among males, but negatively among females. Also, a negative relationship was found with monitoring among females. The role of gender and implications of these findings for research, practice, and policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schuster
- Department of Education and Psychology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Pelin Gul
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Ramaiya A, Choiriyyah I, Heise L, Pulerwitz J, Blum RW, Levtov R, Lundgren R, Richardson L, Moreau C. Understanding the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Peer-Violence Perpetration, and Gender Norms Among Very Young Adolescents in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:S56-S63. [PMID: 34217461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex. RESULTS Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95-3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86-11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07-9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls. CONCLUSIONS Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Ramaiya
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ifta Choiriyyah
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lori Heise
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; The Prevention Collaborative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Robert Wm Blum
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruti Levtov
- The Prevention Collaborative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Rebecka Lundgren
- Center on Gender Health and Equity, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lisa Richardson
- Institute of Women and Ethnic Studies, UNO Research and Technology Foundation, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Soins Primaires et Prévention, Inserm U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Villejuif, France
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Willie TC, Linton SL, Whittaker S, Martinez I, Sharpless L, Kershaw T. "There's no place like home": Examining the associations between state eviction defense protections and indicators of biopsychosocial stress among survivors of intimate partner violence. Soc Sci Med 2021; 279:113957. [PMID: 34022678 PMCID: PMC8208584 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Housing instability is prevalent among intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors and a source of biopsychosocial stress among this population. Eviction policies play an important role in determining housing instability of IPV survivors. However, few studies have investigated whether state-level policies that prevent evictions lessen vulnerability to biopsychosocial stress among IPV survivors. This study examined the relationship between state eviction defense policy and indicators of biopsychosocial stress among 6577 IPV survivors. State-level data on IPV-related housing policies were from a compendium on homelessness and violence. Individual-level data were collected from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), a nationally representative study of noninstitutionalized U.S. women and men from Wave 1 (2010). Multilevel regression models were conducted to investigate associations between the presence of an eviction defense policy and indicators of biopsychosocial stress (i.e., headaches, sleeping, safety concerns and PTSD symptoms). Stratified multilevel modeling was conducted to examine differences in the policy-stress associations across racial and ethnic groups and gender. Nearly 26% of states had an eviction defense policy for IPV survivors. Overall, residing in a state with an eviction defense policy (vs. none) was associated with no reports of frequent headaches (B [95% CI] = -0.21 [-0.41, -0.01], p < .05). For non-Hispanic Black survivors, residing in a state with an eviction defense policy (vs. none) was associated with reduced likelihood of reporting safety concerns (B [95% CI] = -1.36 [-2.16, -0.56], p < .001) and PTSD symptoms (B [SE] = -1.91 [-2.82, -1.01], p < .000). Among men survivors, residing in a state with an eviction defense policy was associated with reduced likelihood of reporting safety concerns (B [95% CI] = -0.63 [-1.26, -0.01], p < .05). State housing policies are important protective policies for IPV survivors. For IPV survivors, the eviction defense policy may interrupt the psychological sequeale of IPV and housing instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara C Willie
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sabriya L Linton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shannon Whittaker
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Isabel Martinez
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laurel Sharpless
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Trace Kershaw
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Castro Lopes S, Constant D, Fraga S, Bique Osman N, Correia D, Harries J. Socio-economic, demographic, and behavioural determinants of women's empowerment in Mozambique. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252294. [PMID: 34048468 PMCID: PMC8162630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Empowerment is considered pivotal for how women access and use health care services and experience their sexual and reproductive rights. In Mozambique, women’s empowerment requires a better understanding and contextualization, including looking at factors that could drive empowerment in that context. This study aims to identify socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural determinants of different domains of women’s empowerment in Mozambique. Methods Using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in 2015 for Mozambique, a sample of 2072 women aged between 15 and 49 years old were included in this study. The DHS’s indicators of women’s empowerment were used in a principal component analysis and the obtained components were identified as the domains of empowerment. Logistic regressions were run to estimate the association of socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioural characteristics with each domain of empowerment. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Results Three domains of women’s empowerment were identified, namely (1) Beliefs about violence against women, (2) Decision-making, and (3) Control over sexuality and safe sex. Region, rurality, the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) and partner’s controlling behaviours were associated with Beliefs about violence against women, while Decision-making and Control over sexuality and safe sex were also associated with education, age and wealth. Employment, polygamous marriage and religion was positively associated with Decision-making, and access to media increased the odds of Control over sexuality and safe sex. Conclusion Women’s empowerment seems to be determined by different socio-economic, demographic, and behavioural factors and this seems to be closely related to different domains of empowerment identified. This finding affirms the multi-dimensionality of empowerment as well as the importance of considering the context- and community-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Castro Lopes
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Deborah Constant
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sílvia Fraga
- EPIUnit–Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nafissa Bique Osman
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Daniela Correia
- EPIUnit–Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Unit of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jane Harries
- Women’s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kim C, Capellan JA, Sung HE, Orellana ER. Combating IPV With Community Leaders in Honduras: An Evaluation of an IPV Training Program Among Teachers and Health Professionals. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:991-1007. [PMID: 33938325 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211008995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Latin America, including Honduras, is serious. To help IPV victims, a community-based educational program has been implemented. This study aims to examine the impact of IPV training among teachers and health care professionals (n = 160) on increases in IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy when dealing with IPV victims using a pretest and posttest design. We found that the treatment group who received IPV training showed significantly lower justification for IPV, higher gender equality attitudes, and higher IPV knowledge as well as higher confidence levels in identifying IPV victims and safety planning for victims. We concluded that the IPV training program using the community-based approaches has the potential to help IPV victims in Honduras. More efforts should be made to increase the educational opportunities the community members can receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrye Kim
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hung-En Sung
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
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Transactional Sex, Alcohol Use and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the Rakai Region of Uganda. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:1144-1158. [PMID: 33128109 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Transactional sex (TS) is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Women's engagement in TS is linked with HIV infection; little is known about the relationship between TS, intimate partner violence (IPV) and alcohol use-established HIV risk behaviors. Using modified Poisson regression, we assessed associations between TS and physical, verbal and sexual IPV among 8248 women (15-49 years) who participated in the Rakai Community Cohort Study across forty communities in Uganda. An interaction term assessed moderation between alcohol use and TS and no significant interaction effects were found. In adjusted analysis, alcohol use and TS were significantly associated with all forms of IPV. In stratified analysis, TS was only associated with IPV in agrarian communities; alcohol use was not associated with physical IPV in trade communities or sexual IPV in trade and fishing communities. Identifying differences in IPV risk factors by community type is critical for the development of tailored interventions.
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Attitude towards gender norms in Ghana: understanding the dynamics among men and women in intimate relationships. JOURNAL OF POPULATION RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12546-021-09258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Patel SK, Santhya KG, Haberland N. What shapes gender attitudes among adolescent girls and boys? Evidence from the UDAYA Longitudinal Study in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248766. [PMID: 33735285 PMCID: PMC7971892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The role of gender norms in shaping education and work opportunities, distribution of power and resources, and health and wellbeing is well recognised. However, rigorous studies in low- and middle-income countries on when and how norms change over time and what factors shape adolescents’ and young adult’s gender attitudes are limited. This paper explores the factors that determine adolescents’ gender attitudes, as well as patterns in gender attitude shifts over time among younger and older adolescent boys and girls in India. Data and methods Data presented in this paper were drawn from a unique longitudinal study of adolescents aged 10–19 (Understanding the lives of adolescent and young adults–UDAYA study) in the states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in India, conducted during 2015–2016 (wave 1) and 2018–2019 (wave 2). The analysis presented in this paper drew on data from 4,428 boys and 7,607 girls who were aged 10–19 and unmarried at wave 1 and interviewed at both rounds of the survey. We used univariate and bivariate analyses to examine changes in adolescents’ gender role attitudes over time and the association between explanatory variables and gender role attitudes. We also used linear fixed effects regression models to identify factors that shape adolescents’ gender role attitudes. Results Gender role attitudes became more egalitarian over time among boys and girls, except among the older cohort of boys in our study. Among both younger and older cohorts, girls/young women held more egalitarian views than boys/young men and this pattern held over time for both cohorts. Factors that influenced gender role attitudes differed for younger and older adolescents, particularly among boys. While some predictors differed for boys and girls, there were substantial similarities as well. Gender attitudes were affected by factors at the individual, family, peer, and societal levels, as well as by community engagement. Conclusions Our findings show that it is possible to shift gender attitudes toward greater equity and, in so doing, contribute to improved health and rights.
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Mengo C, Sharma BB, Beaujolais B. Informal and formal systems of care for women experiencing intimate partner violence in Kenya. Health Care Women Int 2021; 43:827-850. [PMID: 33720812 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1883617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several factors influence a victim's decision on whether or not to seek help after experiencing Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This study used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Kenya (2014) of ever married women (n = 5265). Majority of the women did not seek help after experiencing IPV (55.5%). Women justification for IPV decreased the odds of seeking help from informal services by 0.75 times and formal services by 0.58 times. Understanding cultural determinants of help seeking would contribute in the development of effective policies and programs for preventing and responding to IPV in Kenya and across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mengo
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bonita B Sharma
- Department of Social Work, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Miranda RB, Lange S. Domestic violence and social norms in Norway and Brazil: A preliminary, qualitative study of attitudes and practices of health workers and criminal justice professionals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243352. [PMID: 33275624 PMCID: PMC7717503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-based domestic violence has gained significant visibility in recent years and is currently considered a priority in the field of public health. This preliminary, qualitative study explores how social norms and professional regulations impact the attitudes and practices of health workers and criminal justice professionals regarding domestic violence against women in Brazil and Norway. METHODS A total of 16 semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted; eight in two different cities in Brazil, and eight in two different cities in Norway. In each country, four health workers and four criminal justice professionals were interviewed. We focused on the participants' experiences with cases of domestic violence, their perceptions of their professional responsibilities, as well as the challenges they encounter. We analysed the transcribed interviews using a focused open coding process. FINDINGS The participants ranged in age from 32 to 59. All of them worked, with and without supervision, in cases involving domestic violence victims. In all four study locations, the professionals felt that they had not received enough training in how to handle domestic violence. Some medical doctors reported becoming personally detached over time, especially when the victims did not admit that their injuries were due to domestic violence. In the Brazilian cities, some professionals reported that women who were beaten by their partners were themselves responsible for the situation. This was not the case in the Norwegian cities. Both countries have laws and regulations that have been put in place to guide professionals who provide services to victims of domestic violence. For many reasons, professionals do not always follow these regulations. For the Norwegian health workers, confidentiality was an important factor explaining why they did not always report suspected domestic violence to the police. For the Brazilian health workers, the fear of having to testify in court, and thus potentially being vulnerable to violence themselves, was a factor that made some not want to involve the justice system. In both countries, the participating professionals reported the need for closer collaboration with social workers and mental health specialists, since domestic violence is closely related to both social norms in the communities and to individual psychological factors. CONCLUSION Individual characteristics and experiences, the emphasis on confidentiality and the fear of repercussions may affect the way health and criminal justice workers perceive and deal with domestic violence cases. The findings in the study thus indicate that personal psychological factors and social norms concerning the acceptability of domestic violence are critical risk factors for women, and that a multi-professional approach is needed. The findings from this preliminary study can serve as background for larger and more comprehensive studies of how professionals handle cases of domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Barbosa Miranda
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Siri Lange
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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