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Asomadu RO, Ezeorba TPC, Ezike TC, Uzoechina JO. Exploring the antioxidant potential of endophytic fungi: a review on methods for extraction and quantification of total antioxidant capacity (TAC). 3 Biotech 2024; 14:127. [PMID: 38585410 PMCID: PMC10997672 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have emerged as a significant source of natural products with remarkable bioactivities. Recent research has identified numerous antioxidant molecules among the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi. These organisms, whether unicellular or micro-multicellular, offer the potential for genetic manipulation to enhance the production of these valuable antioxidant compounds, which hold promise for promoting health, vitality, and various biotechnological applications. In this study, we provide a critical review of methods for extracting, purifying, characterizing, and estimating the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of endophytic fungi metabolites. While many endophytes produce metabolites similar to those found in plants with established symbiotic associations, we also highlight the existence of novel metabolites with potential scientific interest. Additionally, we discuss how advancements in nanotechnology have opened new avenues for exploring nanoformulations of endophytic metabolites in future studies, offering opportunities for diverse biological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Onyekachukwu Asomadu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 410001 Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 410001 Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 410001 Nigeria
- Department of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B17 2TT UK
| | - Tobechukwu Christian Ezike
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 410001 Nigeria
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 410001 Nigeria
| | - Jude Obiorah Uzoechina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, 410001 Nigeria
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Wu C, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Sun H. Colonization of root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica improves drought tolerance of Pinus taeda seedlings by regulating metabolome and proteome. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1294833. [PMID: 38559354 PMCID: PMC10978793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1294833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinus taeda is an important forest tree species for plantations because of its rapid growth and high yield of oleoresins. Although P. taeda plantations distribute in warm and wet southern China, drought, sometime serious and long time, often occurs in the region. To explore drought tolerance of P. taeda and usage of beneficial microorganisms, P. taeda seedlings were planted in pots and were inoculated with root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica and finally were treated with drought stress for 53 d. Metabolome and proteome of their needles were analyzed. The results showed that S. indica inoculation of P. taeda seedlings under drought stress caused great changes in levels of some metabolites in their needles, especially some flavonoids and organic acids. Among them, the levels of eriocitrin, trans-aconitic acid, vitamin C, uric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, vitamin A, stachydrine, coumalic acid, itaconic acid, calceolarioside B, 2-oxoglutaric acid, and citric acid were upregulated more than three times in inoculated seedlings under drought stress, compared to those of non-inoculated seedlings under drought stress. KEGG analysis showed that some pathways were enriched in inoculated seedlings under drought stress, such as flavonoid biosynthesis, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. Proteome analysis revealed some specific differential proteins. Two proteins, namely, H9X056 and H9VDW5, only appeared in the needles of inoculated seedlings under drought stress. The protein H9VNE7 was upregulated more than 11.0 times as that of non-inoculated seedlings under drought stress. In addition, S. indica inoculation increased enrichment of water deficient-inducible proteins (such as LP3-1, LP3-2, LP3-3, and dehydrins) and those involved in ribosomal structures (such as A0A385JF23). Meanwhile, under drought stress, the inoculation caused great changes in biosynthesis and metabolism pathways, mainly including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. In addition, there were positive relationships between accumulation of some metabolites and enrichment of proteins in P. taeda under drought stress. Altogether, our results showed great changes in metabolome and proteome in inoculated seedlings under drought stress and provided a guideline to further study functions of metabolites and proteins, especially those related to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Honggang Sun
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
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Zou ZB, Wu TZ, Yang LH, He XW, Liu WY, Zhang K, Xie CL, Xie MM, Zhang Y, Yang XW, Wang JS. Hepialiamides A-C: Aminated Fusaric Acid Derivatives and Related Metabolites with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Samsoniella hepiali W7. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:596. [PMID: 37999419 PMCID: PMC10672582 DOI: 10.3390/md21110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic investigation combined with a Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking approach, was conducted on the metabolites of the deep-sea-derived fungus Samsoniella hepiali W7, leading to the isolation of three new fusaric acid derivatives, hepialiamides A-C (1-3) and one novel hybrid polyketide hepialide (4), together with 18 known miscellaneous compounds (5-22). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated through detailed spectroscopic analysis. as well as TD-DFT-based ECD calculation. All isolates were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Under a concentration of 1 µM, compounds 8, 11, 13, 21, and 22 showed potent inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cells, with inhibition rates of 34.2%, 30.7%, 32.9%, 38.6%, and 58.2%, respectively. Of particularly note is compound 22, which exhibited the most remarkable inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 426.2 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Biao Zou
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.-B.Z.); (W.-Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tai-Zong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Long-He Yang
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.-H.Y.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Xi-Wen He
- Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.-H.Y.); (X.-W.H.)
| | - Wen-Ya Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.-B.Z.); (W.-Y.L.)
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ming-Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (T.-Z.W.); (K.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (M.-M.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, China; (Z.-B.Z.); (W.-Y.L.)
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Fanele A, Ndlovu SI. Endophytic fungal species Nigrospora oryzae and Alternaria alternata exhibit antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:323. [PMID: 37715184 PMCID: PMC10504728 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the lack of new antimicrobial drugs is a major public health concern that needs urgent and innovative solutions. Endophytic fungi living in unique niches such as in endosymbiosis with plants are increasingly drawing attention as alternative sources of novel and chemically diverse compounds with unique mechanisms of action. METHODS In the present study, ten endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant, Sclerocarya birrea were screened for bioactivity against a panel of indicator bacteria. Three bioactive endophytic fungi (strains P02PL2, P02MS1, and P02MS2A) were selected and identified through ITS-rDNA sequencing. The whole broth extracts of the three selected isolates were further screened against contemporary drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. This was followed by partial purification by solid phase extraction and GC-MS analysis of bioactive fractions. RESULTS The bioactive endophytic fungi were identified as Alternaria alternata species (strains P02PL2 and P02MS1) and Nigrospora oryzae (strain P02MS2A). The whole broth extracts from N. oryzae P02MS2A exhibited a MIC of one μg/mL and 16 μg/mL against gram-negative, MDR Pseudomonas 5625574 and gram-positive MRSA 25775 clinical isolates, respectively. After partial purification and GC-MS analysis of whole broth extract from A. alternaria PO2MS1, 2-fluorobenzoic acid heptadecyl was putatively identified as the active compound in fraction C of this extract. This compound was also putatively identified in fraction E of A. alternata P02PL2, fraction B of A. alternata P02MS1 and fraction B of N. oryzae P02MS2A, and interestingly, all these fractions retained activity against the two MDR clinical isolates. CONCLUSION The putative identification of 2-fluorobenzoic acid heptadecyl compound showing a broad-spectrum of activity, more especially against gram-negative MDR contemporary pathogens is highly encouraging in the initiative at developing novel drugs to combat multi-drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiphe Fanele
- Discipline of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sizwe I Ndlovu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Tejerina MR, Cabana MJ, Cruz NM, Enríquez PA, Benitez-Ahrendts MR, Fonseca MI. Fungal microbiota isolated from native stingless bee species inhibited pathogens of Apis mellifera. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1267-1275. [PMID: 37821148 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Social bees can establish interactions with microorganisms to keep their colonies free of pathogens and parasites by developing different protection strategies. We explored the fungal microbiota isolated from three species of stingless bees, Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Plebeias sp., and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis, and its potential ability to suppress pathogenic microorganisms of A. mellifera, namely Paenibacillus larvae, Ascosphaera apis and Aspergillus flavus, which were tested and evaluated. Six filamentous fungal strains, Trametes hirsuta, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia spicifera, Skeletocutis sp., Alternaria tenuissima, Monascus spp., as well as the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus, were selected for trials and isolated from the heads of foraging bees. The fungal strains were identified by macroscopic and microscopic taxonomic characteristics and by sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA. All fungal strains inhibited these pathogens of A. mellifera. We also evaluated the effect of the secondary metabolites extracted with and without ethanol. Both metabolites showed antimicrobial properties, and our results suggest that fungi isolated from stingless bees produce bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antifungal effects that could be used to treat Apis mellifera colony diseases and maintain colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Raúl Tejerina
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina; Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Bolivia 1239, Jujuy, Argentina.
| | - María José Cabana
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Nancy Marina Cruz
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Pablo Adrián Enríquez
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rafael Benitez-Ahrendts
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina; Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Bolivia 1239, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Fonseca
- Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (INBIOMIS), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Misiones, Argentina; CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Pant A, Vasundhara M. Endophytic fungi: a potential source for drugs against central nervous system disorders. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1479-1499. [PMID: 37165297 PMCID: PMC10485218 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection is one of the important protection methods against neuronal cells and tissue damage caused by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and multiple sclerosis. Various bioactive compounds produced by medicinal plants can potentially treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Apart from these resources, endophytes also produce diverse secondary metabolites capable of protecting the CNS. The bioactive compounds produced by endophytes play essential roles in enhancing the growth factors, antioxidant defence functions, diminishing neuroinflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. The efficacy of compounds produced by endophytic fungi was also evaluated by enzymes, cell lines, and in vivo models. Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibition is frequently used to assess in vitro neuroprotective activity along with cytotoxicity-induced neuronal cell lines. Some of drugs, such as tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and other compounds, are generally used as reference standards. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to confirm the role of these natural compounds in neuroprotection efficacy and evaluate their safety profile. This review illustrates the production of various bioactive compounds produced by endophytic fungi and their role in preventing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - M Vasundhara
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India.
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Gupta A, Meshram V, Gupta M, Goyal S, Qureshi KA, Jaremko M, Shukla KK. Fungal Endophytes: Microfactories of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Interventions; A Comprehensive Review on the Biotechnological Developments in the Field of Fungal Endophytic Biology over the Last Decade. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1038. [PMID: 37509074 PMCID: PMC10377637 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal discovery of paclitaxel from endophytic fungus Taxomyces andreanae was a milestone in recognizing the immense potential of endophytic fungi as prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites of use in medicine, agriculture, and food industries. Following the discovery of paclitaxel, the research community has intensified efforts to harness endophytic fungi as putative producers of lead molecules with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardio-protective, and immunomodulatory properties. Endophytic fungi have been a valuable source of bioactive compounds over the last three decades. Compounds such as taxol, podophyllotoxin, huperzine, camptothecin, and resveratrol have been effectively isolated and characterized after extraction from endophytic fungi. These findings have expanded the applications of endophytic fungi in medicine and related fields. In the present review, we systematically compile and analyze several important compounds derived from endophytic fungi, encompassing the period from 2011 to 2022. Our systematic approach focuses on elucidating the origins of endophytic fungi, exploring the structural diversity and biological activities exhibited by these compounds, and giving special emphasis to the pharmacological activities and mechanism of action of certain compounds. We highlight the tremendous potential of endophytic fungi as alternate sources of bioactive metabolites, with implications for combating major global diseases. This underscores the significant role that fungi can play in the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents that address the challenges posed by prevalent diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vineet Meshram
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mahiti Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Soniya Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Kamal Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Shukla
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
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Manon Mani V, Parimala Gnana Soundari A, K P S, Mohankumar R, Preethi K, Al Obaid S, Ali Alharbi S, Jhanani GK, Shanmugam S. Optimization parameters for the production of dimer of epicatechin from an endophytic fungus Curvularia australiensis FC2AP using response surface methodology (RSM). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:115962. [PMID: 37119839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The search for natural therapeutic agents has intensified due to their potential to treat various diseases. Bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytes offer high therapeutic profiles and can be mass-produced after optimizing medium parameters and purification. This investigation aimed to maximize crude pigmented secondary metabolite (CPSM) production from Curvularia australiensis FC2AP by optimizing fermentation conditions statistically. The endophytic fungus produced a maximum yield of 8.81 UL/g from biomass using Sabouraud's Dextrose Broth. After screening essential factors, the Plackett-Burman design was used for factorial optimization, and the Box Behnken design was employed to investigate three significant factors. The final CPSM yield was 12.3 UL/g, approximately 4-fold higher than the preliminary growth medium. Chromatographic purification using a gradient solvent system resulted in six fractions, with the fourth fraction demonstrating the highest bioactivity profile. Structural characterization confirmed this fraction to be a dimer of epicatechin, which has anti-cancer properties, as confirmed through in vivo studies on Sprague Dawley rats. This is the first report of a epicatechin dimer produced from C. australiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellingiri Manon Mani
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TN, India; Department of Biotechnology, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641402, TN, India.
| | - Arockiamjeyasundar Parimala Gnana Soundari
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TN, India; Department of Biotechnology, Rathnavel Subramaniam College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641402, TN, India
| | - Salin K P
- Department of Entomology, Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, TN, India
| | - Ramasamy Mohankumar
- Interdisciplinary School of Indian System of Medicine (ISISM), SRM University, Chennai, 603203, TN, India
| | - Kathirvel Preethi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TN, India.
| | - Sami Al Obaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - G K Jhanani
- University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140103, India
| | - Sabarathinam Shanmugam
- Chair of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 56, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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Devi R, Verma R, Dhalaria R, Kumar A, Kumar D, Puri S, Thakur M, Chauhan S, Chauhan PP, Nepovimova E, Kuca K. A systematic review on endophytic fungi and its role in the commercial applications. PLANTA 2023; 257:70. [PMID: 36856911 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION EF have been explored for its beneficial impact on environment and for its commercial applications. It has proved its worth in these sectors and showed an impact on biological properties of plants by producing various bioactive molecules and enzymes. Endophytes are plant mutualists that live asymptomatically within plant tissues and exist in almost every plant species. Endophytic fungi benefit from the host plant nutrition, and the host plant gains improved competitive abilities and tolerance against pathogens, herbivores, and various abiotic stresses. Endophytic fungi are one of the most inventive classes which produce secondary metabolites and play a crucial role in human health and other biotic aspects. This review is focused on systematic study on the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in plants, and their role in enhancing various properties of plants such as antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticancer, and biological activity of secondary metabolites produced by various fungal endophytes in host plants reported from 1994 to 2021. This review emphasizes the endophytic fungal population shaped by host genotype, environment, and endophytic fungi genotype affecting host plant. The impact of endophytic fungi has been discussed in detail which influences the commercial properties of plants. Endophytes also have an influence on plant productivity by increasing parameters such as nutrient recycling and phytostimulation. Studies focusing on mechanisms that regulate attenuation of secondary metabolite production in EF would provide much needed impetus on ensuring continued production of bioactive molecules from a indubitable source. If this knowledge is further extensively explored regarding fungal endophytes in plants for production of potential phytochemicals, then it will help in exploring a keen area of interest for pharmacognosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Devi
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India.
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249405, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Business Management, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Sunil Puri
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Monika Thakur
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Saurav Chauhan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, H.P., 173229, India
| | - Prem Parkash Chauhan
- Lal Bahadur Shastri Government Degree College, Saraswati Nagar, Shimla, H.P., 171206, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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10
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Anti-Alzheimer's Natural Products Derived from Plant Endophytic Fungi. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052259. [PMID: 36903506 PMCID: PMC10005758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and seriously affects patients' daily tasks. Plant endophytic fungi are known for providing novel and unique secondary metabolites with diverse activities. This review focuses primarily on the published research regarding anti-Alzheimer's natural products derived from endophytic fungi between 2002 and 2022. Following a thorough review of the literature, 468 compounds with anti-Alzheimer's-related activities are reviewed and classified based on their structural skeletons, primarily including alkaloids, peptides, polyketides, terpenoids, and sterides. The classification, occurrences, and bioactivities of these natural products from endophytic fungi are summarized in detail. Our results provide a reference on endophytic fungi natural products that may assist in the development of new anti-Alzheimer's compounds.
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Bai X, Sheng Y, Tang Z, Pan J, Wang S, Tang B, Zhou T, Shi L, Zhang H. Polyketides as Secondary Metabolites from the Genus Aspergillus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:261. [PMID: 36836375 PMCID: PMC9962652 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are an important class of structurally diverse natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone and methylene groups. These compounds have attracted the worldwide attention of pharmaceutical researchers since they are endowed with a wide array of biological properties. As one of the most common filamentous fungi in nature, Aspergillus spp. is well known as an excellent producer of polyketide compounds with therapeutic potential. By extensive literature search and data analysis, this review comprehensively summarizes Aspergillus-derived polyketides for the first time, regarding their occurrences, chemical structures and bioactivities as well as biosynthetic logics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yue Sheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhenxing Tang
- School of Culinary Arts, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Jingyi Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shigui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lu’e Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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12
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Tiwari P, Kang S, Bae H. Plant-endophyte associations: Rich yet under-explored sources of novel bioactive molecules and applications. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Elhamouly NA, Hewedy OA, Zaitoon A, Miraples A, Elshorbagy OT, Hussien S, El-Tahan A, Peng D. The hidden power of secondary metabolites in plant-fungi interactions and sustainable phytoremediation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044896. [PMID: 36578344 PMCID: PMC9790997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global environment is dominated by various small exotic substances, known as secondary metabolites, produced by plants and microorganisms. Plants and fungi are particularly plentiful sources of these molecules, whose physiological functions, in many cases, remain a mystery. Fungal secondary metabolites (SM) are a diverse group of substances that exhibit a wide range of chemical properties and generally fall into one of four main family groups: Terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, or a combination of the latter two. They are incredibly varied in their functions and are often related to the increased fitness of the respective fungus in its environment, often competing with other microbes or interacting with plant species. Several of these metabolites have essential roles in the biological control of plant diseases by various beneficial microorganisms used for crop protection and biofertilization worldwide. Besides direct toxic effects against phytopathogens, natural metabolites can promote root and shoot development and/or disease resistance by activating host systemic defenses. The ability of these microorganisms to synthesize and store biologically active metabolites that are a potent source of novel natural compounds beneficial for agriculture is becoming a top priority for SM fungi research. In this review, we will discuss fungal-plant secondary metabolites with antifungal properties and the role of signaling molecules in induced and acquired systemic resistance activities. Additionally, fungal secondary metabolites mimic plant promotion molecules such as auxins, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, which modulate plant growth under biotic stress. Moreover, we will present a new trend regarding phytoremediation applications using fungal secondary metabolites to achieve sustainable food production and microbial diversity in an eco-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Atta Elhamouly
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Omar A. Hewedy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelica Miraples
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Omnia T. Elshorbagy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Hussien
- Botany Department Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mehta T, Meena M, Nagda A. Bioactive compounds of Curvularia species as a source of various biological activities and biotechnological applications. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1069095. [PMID: 36569099 PMCID: PMC9777749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi are known to produce several secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds during their growth and reproduction with sort of various biological activities. Genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae) is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus that exhibits a facultative pathogenic and endophytic lifestyle. It contains ~213 species among which Curvularia lunata, C. geniculata, C. clavata, C. pallescens, and C. andropogonis are well-known. Among them, C. lunata is a major pathogenic species of various economical important crops especially cereals of tropical regions while other species like C. geniculata is of endophytic nature with numerous bioactive compounds. Curvularia species contain several diverse groups of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenes, polyketides, and quinones. Which possess various biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and phytotoxicity. Several genes and gene factors are involved to carry and regulate the expression of these activities which are influenced by environmental signals. Some species of Curvularia also show negative impacts on humans and animals. Apart from their negative effects, there are some beneficial implications like production of enzymes of industrial value, bioherbicides, and source of nanoparticles is reported. Many researchers are working on these aspects all over the world but there is no review in literature which provides significant understanding about these all aspects. Thus, this review will provide significant information about secondary metabolic diversity, their biological activities and biotechnological implications of Curvularia species.
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Xie MM, Jiang JY, Zou ZB, Xu L, Zhang Y, Wang CF, Liu CB, Yan QX, Liu Z, Yang XW. Chemical Constituents of the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Cladosporium oxysporum 170103 and Their Antibacterial Effects. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200963. [PMID: 36436828 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Cladosporium fungi, one of the largest genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes, could produce various bioactive secondary metabolites. From the AcOEt-soluble extract of Cladosporium oxysporum 170103, three new secopatulolides (1-3) and thirteen known compounds (4-16) were obtained. Their structures were established by detailed analysis of the NMR and HR-ESI-MS data. All sixteen compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahemolyticus, ergosterol (10) presented moderate effect with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μM. It can destruct the membrane integrity of Vibrio parahemolyticus to change the cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia-Yang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, 58 People's Avenue, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zheng-Biao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chao-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, 58 People's Avenue, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
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16
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Tariq MR, Shaheen F, Mustafa S, ALI S, Fatima A, Shafiq M, Safdar W, Sheas MN, Hameed A, Nasir MA. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms isolated from medicinal plants improve growth of mint. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13782. [PMID: 35996668 PMCID: PMC9392447 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The current research project involves isolation and characterization of PSM (phosphate solubilizing microorganisms) from the rhizospheric soil of certain medicinal plants and to determine their effect on plant growth. Medicinal plants, Aloe vera, Bauhinia variegata, Cannabis sativa, Lantana camara and Mentha viridis were selected for the isolation of PSMs. Soil status of the selected medicinal plants was also checked. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were observed under stereomicroscope for their morphological characteristics and Gram's staining. Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) were also identified microscopically. Colony diameter, halo zone diameter and solubilization index were determined on PVK agar plates. TLC results indicated that citric acid was the most common acid produced by PSM strains. All strains were found to be non-pathogenic in pathogenicity test. A positive plant growth response to PSM inoculation was observed in all studies. In study 1, individual inoculation of PSM showed a significant increased effect on plant growth parameter i.e., fresh and dry weight, plant height and root and shoot length as compared to control. In study2, composite inoculation of PSM along with different P sources revealed that rock phosphate (RP) with PSM increased growth of plants significantly. The present study suggests that PSM inoculation along with RP amendment can be used as biofertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fouzia Shaheen
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid ALI
- Department of Agronomy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Fatima
- Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Safdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Sheas
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Ibadat International University, Islamabad, Federal, Pakistan
| | - Amna Hameed
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Ibadat International University, Islamabad, Federal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Nasir
- Department of Diet and Nutritional Sciecnes, University of Lahore, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
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17
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Microbial endophytes: application towards sustainable agriculture and food security. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5359-5384. [PMID: 35902410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial endophytes are ubiquitous and exist in each recognised plant species reported till date. Within the host plant, the entire community of microbes lives non-invasively within the active internal tissues without causing any harm to the plant. Endophytes interact with their host plant via metabolic communication enables them to generate signal molecules. In addition, the host plant's genetic recombination with endophytes helps them to imitate the host's physicochemical functions and develop identical active molecules. Therefore, when cultured separately, they begin producing the host plant phytochemicals. The fungal species Penicillium chrysogenum has portrayed the glory days of antibiotics with the invention of the antibiotic penicillin. Therefore, fungi have substantially supported social health by developing many bioactive molecules utilised as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and anticancerous agents. But plant-related microbes have emanated as fountainheads of biologically functional compounds with higher levels of medicinal perspective in recent years. Researchers have been motivated by the endless need for potent drugs to investigate alternate ways to find new endophytes and bioactive molecules, which tend to be a probable aim for drug discovery. The current research trends with these promising endophytic organisms are reviewed in this review paper. KEY POINTS: • Identified 54 important bioactive compounds as agricultural relevance • Role of genome mining of endophytes and "Multi-Omics" tools in sustainable agriculture • A thorough description and graphical presentation of agricultural significance of plant endophytes.
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18
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Zou ZB, Chen LH, Hu MY, Xu L, Hao YJ, Yan QX, Wang CF, Xie CL, Yang XW. Cladosporioles A and B, Two New Indole Derivatives from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides 170056. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200538. [PMID: 35773242 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two new (cladosporioles A and B, 1 and 2) and fourteen known (3-16) compounds were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides 170056. The relative structures of the new compounds were elucidated mainly by detailed analysis of their NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data. Their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Compound 15 exhibited weak effect with the MIC value of 156.25 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Biao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liang-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Physiology and Biochemistry of Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, 361006, China
| | - Man-Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - You-Jia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qing-Xiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chao-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chun-Lan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
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19
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Production of a Polyketide Pigment by Fusarium chlamydosporum. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was focused to study the production of secondary metabolite by the fungus, F. chlamydosporum on a non-defined medium with less concentration of nitrogen; the organic nitrogen source being peptone and beef extract. In this context, we have been successful in extracting a polyketide pigment from the fungus by using the homogenization technique. The pigments thus extracted were subjected to various purification techniques via thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, UV-visible spectrophotometry, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and finally molecular determination by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The polyketide red pigment was finally characterized and identified to be fusarubin following which its cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by using normal lung fibroblast cell lines (MRC-5). In the verge of researchers identifying novel compounds for various applications, the production of fusarubin by the fungus can be a major breakthrough as fusarubin has been investigated to exhibit many pharmacological activities. Though fusarubin is reported to be produced by other Fusarium species, this is the foremost study on the production of fusarubin by F. chlamydosporum; the composition of the culture medium is also unique. The production of this polyketide probably correlates in the pathogenesis of F. chlamydosporum as studies comment on this fungus as an opportunistic pathogen.
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20
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Bioprospecting of fungal endophytes from Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz with antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264673. [PMID: 35298472 PMCID: PMC8929595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, a medicinal plant, shows numerous pharmacological properties which may be attributed to the bioactive compounds produced by O. indicum or due to associated endophytes. In the present study, leaf of O. indicum was evaluated for the presence of associated fungal endophytes, and antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of bioactive compounds produced from them. Using culture-dependent approach, eight fungal endophytes belonging to five different genera were identified. Two endophytes Daldinia eschscholtzii and Ectophoma multirostrata have been reported for the first time from the leaf of O. indicum plant. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) of ethyl acetate (EA) extract of isolated fungal endophytes showed a distinct fingerprinting profile in EA extract of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Among identified endophytes, EA extract of C. gloeosporioides showed significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical, superoxide anion radical, nitric oxide radical and hydroxyl radical with EC50 values of 22.24±1.302 μg/mL, 67.46±0.576 μg/mL, 80.10±0.706 μg/mL and 61.55±1.360 μg/mL, respectively. EA extract of C. gloeosporioides exhibited potential cytotoxicity against HCT116, HeLa and HepG2 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 76.59 μg/mL, 176.20 μg/mL and 1750.70 μg/mL, respectively. A comparative HPTLC fingerprinting and the antioxidant activity of C. gloeosporioides associated with two different hosts (leaf of O. indicum and dead twigs of other plant) showed that C. gloeosporioides produces bioactive compounds in a host-dependent manner.
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AlSharari SS, Galal FH, Seufi AM. Composition and Diversity of the Culturable Endophytic Community of Six Stress-Tolerant Dessert Plants Grown in Stressful Soil in a Hot Dry Desert Region. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030241. [PMID: 35330243 PMCID: PMC8948987 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Saudi Arabia is part of a hot dry desert region and is characterized by stressful conditions. The main goal of this research was to identify endophytic fungal (EF) community composition, diversity and abundance in relation to their plant hosts and soil stress. The above-ground parts of six wild plants (Haloxylon salicornicum, Salsola kali, Heliotropium bacciferum, Erica verticillata, Salsola imbricata and Bienertia sinuspersici) were sampled, surface-sterilized and cut into small pieces, which were cultured and incubated for 4–6 weeks. Isolates were grouped and identified by using both morphological and ITS rDNA molecular data. The diversity and community structure of plant-endophyte associations were studied. A total of 455 EF isolates were grouped into 25 different taxa; 21 of which were identified at the species level, 2 at genus level and 2 were unclassified fungi. Here, 95.65% of the identified genera were Ascomycota; of which 36.36, 31.81 and 31.81% were members of the classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, respectively. S. imbricata showed the highest isolation rate and colonization frequency (CF%) of EF when compared to other plant species. Additionally, S. imbricata demonstrated the highest species richness and species diversity of the EF community predominated by the genus Fusarium. Conclusively, the core culturable EF genera of six wild plants were identified (unculturable taxa were not identified in this study). The composition of the EF community was revealed to have a strong correlation to both the electrical conductivity and pH of the soil and a moderate correlation to both the host species and the host family. The abundance and diversity of EF communities of the six plants were environment-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam S. AlSharari
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Fatma H. Galal
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt
| | - AlaaEddeen M. Seufi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza P.O. Box 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.S.A.); (A.M.S.)
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22
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Hussein ME, Mohamed OG, El-Fishawy AM, El-Askary HI, El-Senousy AS, El-Beih AA, Nossier ES, Naglah AM, Almehizia AA, Tripathi A, Hamed AA. Identification of Antibacterial Metabolites from Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, Isolated from Albizia lucidior Leaves (Fabaceae), Utilizing Metabolomic and Molecular Docking Techniques. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031117. [PMID: 35164382 PMCID: PMC8839868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus has become a problem to public health despite the presence of past trials devoted to controlling the infection. Thus, the current study aimed to explore the chemical composition of the extract of endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, isolated from Albizia lucidior leaves, and investigate the antimicrobial activity of isolated metabolites and their probable mode of actions. The chemical investigation of the fungal extract via UPLC/MS/MS led to the identification of at least forty-two metabolites, as well as the isolation and complete characterization of eight reported metabolites. The antibacterial activities of isolated metabolites were assessed against S. aureus using agar disc diffusion and microplate dilution methods. Compounds ergosterol, helvolic acid and monomethyl sulochrin-4-sulphate showed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 15.63, 1.95 and 3.90 µg/mL, respectively, compared to ciprofloxacin. We also report the inhibitory activity of the fungal extract on DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which led us to perform molecular docking using the three most active compounds isolated from the extract against both enzymes. These active compounds had the required structural features for S. aureus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV inhibition, evidenced via molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai E. Hussein
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; (O.G.M.); (A.M.E.-F.); (H.I.E.-A.); (A.S.E.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Osama G. Mohamed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; (O.G.M.); (A.M.E.-F.); (H.I.E.-A.); (A.S.E.-S.)
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Ahlam M. El-Fishawy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; (O.G.M.); (A.M.E.-F.); (H.I.E.-A.); (A.S.E.-S.)
| | - Hesham I. El-Askary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; (O.G.M.); (A.M.E.-F.); (H.I.E.-A.); (A.S.E.-S.)
| | - Amira S. El-Senousy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt; (O.G.M.); (A.M.E.-F.); (H.I.E.-A.); (A.S.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed A. El-Beih
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Eman S. Nossier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Naglah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.N.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.N.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ahmed A. Hamed
- Microbial Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
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Deshmukh SK, Dufossé L, Chhipa H, Saxena S, Mahajan GB, Gupta MK. Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Source of Antibacterial Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:164. [PMID: 35205918 PMCID: PMC8877021 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a burning issue due to the frequent use of antibiotics for curing common bacterial infections, indicating that we are running out of effective antibiotics. This has been more obvious during recent corona pandemics. Similarly, enhancement of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is strengthening the pathogenicity and virulence of infectious microbes. Endophytes have shown expression of various new many bioactive compounds with significant biological activities. Specifically, in endophytic fungi, bioactive metabolites with unique skeletons have been identified which could be helpful in the prevention of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The major classes of metabolites reported include anthraquinone, sesquiterpenoid, chromone, xanthone, phenols, quinones, quinolone, piperazine, coumarins and cyclic peptides. In the present review, we reported 451 bioactive metabolites isolated from various groups of endophytic fungi from January 2015 to April 2021 along with their antibacterial profiling, chemical structures and mode of action. In addition, we also discussed various methods including epigenetic modifications, co-culture, and OSMAC to induce silent gene clusters for the production of noble bioactive compounds in endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
- Agpharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO Lab) & ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97744 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Hemraj Chhipa
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University Kota, Jhalawar 322360, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- Agpharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Girish B Mahajan
- HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400086, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Kumar Gupta
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
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Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of an endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica (EHL2), inhabiting the medicinal plant Euphorbia hirta (dudhi) L. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:140. [PMID: 35039945 PMCID: PMC8763303 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Since endophytic fungi are pivotal sources of various bioactive natural compounds, the present study is aimed to investigate the antioxidant compounds of the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sphaerica isolated from a pantropical weed, Euphorbia hirta L. The fungus was fermented in four different media and each filtered broth was sequentially extracted in various solvents. Crude extracts collected from different solvents were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were maximal in ethyl acetate crude extract (EtOAcE) of endophyte fermented in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium (77.74 ± 0.046mgGAE/g and 230.59 ± 2.0 mgRE/g) with the highest 96.80% antioxidant activity. However, TPC and TFC were absent in hexane extract of Czapek Dox broth (CDB) medium exhibiting the lowest 4.63 ± 2.75% activity. The EtOAcE (PDB) showed a positive correlation between TFC and antiradical activity (R2 = 0.762; P < 0.05), whereas a high positive correlation was noticed between TPC and antioxidant activity (R2 = 0.989; P < 0.05). Furthermore, to determine the antioxidant activity, EtOAcE (PDB) was subjected to TLC bioautography-based partial purification, while GC/MS analysis of the partial purified extract was done to confirm the presence of phenolics along with antioxidant compounds that resulted in the detection of 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (13.83%), a phenolic compound accountable for the antioxidant potential. Conclusively, N. sphaerica is a potential candidate for natural antioxidant.
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Yue Y, Chen C, Zhong K, Wu Y, Gao H. Purification, Fermentation Optimization, and Antibacterial Activity of Pyrrole-2-carboxylic Acid Produced by an Endophytic Bacterium, Bacillus cereus ZBE, Isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Yue
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhong
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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Jing H, Du X, Mo L, Wang H. Self-coacervation of carboxymethyl chitosan as a pH-responsive encapsulation and delivery strategy. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1169-1177. [PMID: 34678379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-based complex coacervate has attracted much attention in drug oral delivery due to its pH-responsive property. As a unique ampholyte polymer, the self-coacervation of CMCS has great research potential. In this work, CMCS self-coacervates were prepared by adjusting the pH of the CMCS aqueous solution close to its isoelectric point. The Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions were involved in the self-coacervation of CMCS. The obtained self-coacervates presented a dense surface structure, and were stable at a wide pH range of 3.0-6.0, and gradually dissolved under basic conditions. Although self-coacervation decreased the crystallinity and thermal stability of CMCS, the obtained coacervates showed excellent pH-responsive properties and ionic strength stability. We also investigated its potential in lactoferrin (LF) encapsulation and oral delivery. The CMCS self-coacervates exhibited a high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 94.79 ± 0.49% and loading capacity (LC) of 26.29 ± 0.52% when the addition amount of LF was 2 mg. The simulated gastric digestion results demonstrated that CMCS self-coacervates could protect more than 80% of LF from hydrolysis and maintain the bioactivities of LF. Accordingly, the self-coacervation of CMCS could be used as a pH-responsive encapsulation and delivery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Ling Mo
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China; School of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China.
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Deep learning strategies for active secondary metabolites biosynthesis from fungi: Harnessing artificial manipulation and application. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mazumder K, Ruma YN, Akter R, Aktar A, Hossain MM, Shahina Z, Mazumdar S, Kerr PG. Identification of bioactive metabolites and evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antinociceptive and antiarthritic activities of endophyte fungi isolated from Elaeocarpus floribundus blume. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113975. [PMID: 33652111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Functional disability associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease is a challenging concern in healthcare systems. Along with environmental factors and epigenetic disorders, multiple pathways are reported as prominent mechanism for the progression of RA symptoms including; pain, swelling and stiffness of joints. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume has been used as a folklore medicine for RA from ancient times. This plant harbours a suite of endophytic fungi that produce a range of metabolites of potential interest. Thus, for the establishment of a scientific basis for this folklore use, it is essential to find out the involvement, if any, of the endophytic fungi living in this plant and the metabolites they elaborate, for the management of RA. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to isolate, identify and evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antinociceptive and antiarthritic activities of the compounds produced by the endophytic fungi living in different parts of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume. MATERIALS AND METHODS Endophytic fungi from different parts of the plant were isolated and cultured for the production of secondary metabolites. Chromatographically fractionated fungal extracts were assessed for anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. For the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro cyclooxygenase (COX1/COX2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory assays were performed. For the evaluation of in vivo antinociceptive activity, hot plate acetic acid induced writhing, and formalin induced paw licking methods were adopted, whereas complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced poly-arthritic method was adopted for the evaluation of antiarthritic activity. The most effective fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) in search of the bioactive extracellular metabolites. RESULTS Five endophytic fungi viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, and Syncephalastrum racemosum were isolated. COX1/COX2 and 5-LOX inhibitory assays state that the Aspergillus niger fraction possesses the greatest activity against these enzymes of inflammatory process. In vivo antinociceptive showed significant (***P<0.001) reduction of pain in a dose dependent manner. As well, significant (***P<0.001) reduction of paw volume was observed in CFA induce poly-arthritic test. LC/MS analysis of the Aspergillus niger fraction revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including tensyuic acid, hexylitaconic acid, chlorogenic acid, nigragillin, TMC-256C1, asnipyrone B, asperenone, fumaric acid and fusarubin, all having reported pharmacological activities. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi living in various parts of Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume had potential to relief pain and inflammation. The endophytes were found to contain multiple biomolecules effective in rheumatoid arthritis. These findings provide a rationale for the folklore use of the plant in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh; School of Biomedical Science, Charles Sturt University, Booroma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yasmeen Nazim Ruma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Basic Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Foy's Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rasheda Akter
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong Cantonment, Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh
| | - Asma Aktar
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jessore, 7408, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Monir Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Basic Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Foy's Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Zinnat Shahina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Foy's Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Santosh Mazumdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Chittagong Cantonment, Chittagong-4220, Bangladesh
| | - Philip G Kerr
- School of Biomedical Science, Charles Sturt University, Booroma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Cytotoxicity and Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Activities of Compounds Isolated from the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Curvularia sp. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060408. [PMID: 34067453 PMCID: PMC8224630 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the mycelia of the pathogenic fungus Curvularia sp. which was isolated from a leaf of Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass), resulted in the isolation of a new compound, curvulariahawadride (5), along with five known compounds (1-4, and 6). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of 5 was established from experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Compounds 1, 3, and 5 showed nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 53.7, 32.8, and 12.8 µM, respectively. Compounds 2 and 4 showed significant cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells with an IC50 ranging value of 11.73 to 17.59 µM.
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Biological potential of bioactive metabolites derived from fungal endophytes associated with medicinal plants. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Balestrini R, Brunetti C, Cammareri M, Caretto S, Cavallaro V, Cominelli E, De Palma M, Docimo T, Giovinazzo G, Grandillo S, Locatelli F, Lumini E, Paolo D, Patanè C, Sparvoli F, Tucci M, Zampieri E. Strategies to Modulate Specialized Metabolism in Mediterranean Crops: From Molecular Aspects to Field. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062887. [PMID: 33809189 PMCID: PMC7999214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (SMs) play an important role in the interaction with the environment and are part of the plant defense response. These natural products are volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile compounds produced from common building blocks deriving from primary metabolic pathways and rapidly evolved to allow a better adaptation of plants to environmental cues. Specialized metabolites include terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, resins, etc. that can be used as phytochemicals, food additives, flavoring agents and pharmaceutical compounds. This review will be focused on Mediterranean crop plants as a source of SMs, with a special attention on the strategies that can be used to modulate their production, including abiotic stresses, interaction with beneficial soil microorganisms and novel genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01165-02927
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Maria Cammareri
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Sofia Caretto
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Valeria Cavallaro
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Monica De Palma
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Teresa Docimo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Giovanna Giovinazzo
- CNR-Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Silvana Grandillo
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Franca Locatelli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Erica Lumini
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
| | - Dario Paolo
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Patanè
- CNR-Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95126 Catania, Italy; (V.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- CNR-Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (F.L.); (D.P.); (F.S.)
| | - Marina Tucci
- CNR-Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.C.); (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (S.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- National Research Council (CNR)-Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Viale Mattioli 25 and Strada delle Cacce 73, 10125 and 10135 Torino, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (E.L.); (E.Z.)
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Raimi A, Adeleke R. Bioprospecting of endophytic microorganisms for bioactive compounds of therapeutic importance. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:1917-1942. [PMID: 33677637 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Presently, several drug discovery investigations on therapeutic management of human health are aimed at bioprospecting for microorganisms, especially endophytic microbes of biotechnological importance. This review investigates the benefits of endophytes, especially in producing bioactive compounds useful in modern medicine by systematically reviewing published data from 12 databases. Only experimental studies investigating either or both bacterial and fungal endophytes and within the scope of this review were selected. The published data from the last 2 decades (2000-2019) revealed diverse endophytes associated with different plants produce a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds with therapeutic benefits. Notably, antibacterial, followed by anticancer and antifungal activities, were mostly reported. Only three studies investigated the anti-plasmodial activity. The variation observed in the synthesis of bioactive compounds amongst endophytes varied with host type, endophyte species, and cultivation medium. Fungal endophytes were more investigated than bacterial endophytes, with both endophytes having species diversity amongst literature. The endophytes were predominantly from medicinal plants and belonged to either Ascomycota (fungi) or Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (bacteria). This review presents excellent prospects of harnessing endophytes and their unique bioactive compounds in developing novel and effective compounds of medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Raimi
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Rasheed Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
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Yadav AN, Kaur T, Devi R, Kour D, Yadav N, Abdel-Azeem AM, Yadav A, Ahluwalia AS. Bioprospecting for Biomolecules from Industrially Important Fungi: Current Research and Future Prospects. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Current Research, Commercial Aspects, and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bastos APDSP, Cardoso PG, Santos ÍAFM, Trento MVC, Porto LCJ, Marcussi S. Enzymatic Modulators from Induratia spp. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3603-3611. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Itaconic acid derivatives: structure, function, biosynthesis, and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9041-9051. [PMID: 32945901 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Itaconic acid possessing a vinylidene group, which is mainly produced by fungi, is used as a biobased platform chemical and shows distinctive bioactivities. On the other hand, some fungi and lichens produce itaconic acid derivatives possessing itaconic acid skeleton, and the number of the derivatives is currently more than seventy. Based on the molecular structures, they can be categorized into two groups, alkylitaconic acids and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones. Interestingly, some itaconic acid derivatives show versatile functions such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and plant growth-regulating activities. The vinylidene group of itaconic acid derivatives likely participates in these functions. It is suggested that α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones are biosynthesized from alkylitaconic acids which are first biosynthesized from acyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid. Some modifying enzymes such as hydroxylase and dehydratase are likely involved in the further modification after biosynthesis of their precursors. This contributes to the diversity of itaconic acid derivatives. In this review, we summarize their structures, functions, and biosynthetic pathways together with a discussion of a strategy for the industrial use. KEY POINTS: • Itaconic acid derivatives can be categorized into alkylitaconic acids and α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones. • The vinylidene group of itaconic acid derivatives likely participates in their versatile function. • It is suggested that α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones are biosynthesized from alkylitaconic acids which are first synthesized from acyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid.
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Khiralla A, Spina R, Varbanov M, Philippot S, Lemiere P, Slezack-Deschaumes S, André P, Mohamed I, Yagi SM, Laurain-Mattar D. Evaluation of Antiviral, Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activities of the Endophytic Fungus Curvularia papendorfii, and Isolation of a New Polyhydroxyacid. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091353. [PMID: 32899776 PMCID: PMC7564059 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An endophytic fungus isolated from Vernonia amygdalina, a medicinal plant from Sudan, was taxonomically characterized as Curvularia papendorfii. Ethyl acetate crude extract of C. papendorfii revealed an important antiviral effect against two viral pathogens, the human coronavirus HCoV 229E and a norovirus surrogate, the feline coronavirus FCV F9. For the last one, 40% of the reduction of the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect at lower multiplicity of infection (MOI) 0.0001 was observed. Selective antibacterial activity was obtained against Staphylococcus sp. (312 µg/mL), and interesting antiproliferative activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 21.5 ± 5.9 µg/mL was observed against human breast carcinoma MCF7 cell line. Therefore, C. papendorfii crude extract was further investigated and fractionated. Twenty-two metabolites were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and two pure compounds, mannitol and a new polyhydroxyacid, called kheiric acid, were characterized. A combination of spectroscopic methods was used to elucidate the structure of the new aliphatic carboxylic acid: kheiric acid (3,7,11,15-tetrahydroxy-18-hydroxymethyl-14,16,20,22,24-pentamethyl-hexacosa-4E,8E,12E,16,18-pentaenoic acid). Kheiric acid showed an interesting result with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 µg/mL against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Hence, endophytes associated with medicinal plants from Sudan merit more attention, as they could be a treasure of new bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afra Khiralla
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.K.); (M.V.); (S.P.); (P.L.)
- Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Shendi University, P.O. Box 142 Shendi, Sudan
| | - Rosella Spina
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.K.); (M.V.); (S.P.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (D.L.-M.); Tel.: +33-3-7274-5226 (R.S.); +33-3-7274-5675 (D.L.-M.)
| | - Mihayl Varbanov
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.K.); (M.V.); (S.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Stéphanie Philippot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.K.); (M.V.); (S.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Pascal Lemiere
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.K.); (M.V.); (S.P.); (P.L.)
| | | | - Philippe André
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7021 CNRS, 67401 Illkirch, France;
| | - Ietidal Mohamed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, 11115 Khartoum, Sudan; (I.M.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Sakina Mohamed Yagi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, 11115 Khartoum, Sudan; (I.M.); (S.M.Y.)
| | - Dominique Laurain-Mattar
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.K.); (M.V.); (S.P.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (D.L.-M.); Tel.: +33-3-7274-5226 (R.S.); +33-3-7274-5675 (D.L.-M.)
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Sano M, Yada R, Nomura Y, Kusukawa T, Ando H, Matsumoto K, Wada K, Tanaka T, Ohara H, Aso Y. Microbial Screening Based on the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction Permits Exploration of Hydroxyhexylitaconic-Acid-Producing Fungi in Soils. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050648. [PMID: 32365722 PMCID: PMC7284703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we developed a unique microbial screening method based on the Mizoroki–Heck reaction for itaconic acid (IA)-producing fungi. This method revealed that 37 out of 240 fungal strains isolated from soils produce vinyl compounds, including IA. In this study, we further characterized these compounds in order to verify that the screening method permits the isolation of fungi that produce other vinyl compounds, excluding IA. HPLC analysis showed that 11 out of 37 isolated strains produced IA, similar to Aspergillus terreus S12-1. Surprisingly, the other 8 isolated strains produced two vinyl compounds with HPLC retention times different from that of IA. From these strains, the vinyl compounds of Aspergillus niger S17-5 were characterized. Mass spectrometric and NMR analyses showed that they were identical to 8-hydroxyhexylitaconic acid (8-HHIA) and 9-HHIA. This finding showed that 8-HHIA- and 9-HHIA-producing fungi, as well as IA-producing fungi, are ubiquitously found in soils. Neither 8-HHIA nor 9-HHIA showed antibacterial or anti-inflammatory activities. Interestingly, 8-HHIA and 9-HHIA showed cytotoxicity against the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human diploid cell line (MRC-5), and MRC-5 only, respectively, compared to IA at the same concentration. This study indicates that the screening method could easily discover fungi producing 8-HHIA and 9-HHIA in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sano
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.T.); (H.O.)
| | - Ryoki Yada
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.T.); (H.O.)
| | - Yusuke Nomura
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.T.); (H.O.)
| | - Takahiro Kusukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Corporate Research & Business Division, Kaneka Corporation, Osaka 530-8288, Japan; (H.A.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Matsumoto
- Corporate Research & Business Division, Kaneka Corporation, Osaka 530-8288, Japan; (H.A.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Kazuhito Wada
- Corporate Research & Business Division, Kaneka Corporation, Osaka 530-8288, Japan; (H.A.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.T.); (H.O.)
| | - Hitomi Ohara
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.T.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuji Aso
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (M.S.); (R.Y.); (Y.N.); (T.T.); (H.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-724-7694
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Aboagye SY, Amarh V, Lartey PA, Arthur PK. Wood-decaying fungi found in Southern Ghana: A potential source of new anti-infective compounds. AAS Open Res 2019; 2:20. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12957.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Discovery of bioactive natural products are instrumental for development of novel antibiotics. The discovery and development of natural products such as penicillin represented a major milestone in the treatment of bacterial infections. Currently, many antibiotics have lost their relevance in clinics due to the emergence of drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Hence, there is the need for continuous search of new compounds endowed with potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, wood-decaying fungi (WDF) from Southern Ghana were explored for their potential as sources of novel antimicrobial compounds with intent of expanding the effort into a drug discovery programme in the near future. Methods: A total of 54 WDF isolates were fermented in potato dextrose broth and the secondary metabolites obtained were analyzed for the presence of antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion assay. Chromatography techniques were used for preliminary analysis of the chemical composition of the extracts and for fractionation of the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity. Results: The extracts from 40 out of the 54 WDF isolates exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against either Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli or Candida albicans. Fractionation of these bioactive extracts, followed by bioassay of the organic fractions obtained, indicate that extracts exhibiting antimicrobial activity against more than one of the three test organisms could be attributed to the presence of different bioactive compounds. Analysis of the composition of the extracts revealed that terpenes were predominant. Conclusions: This study suggests that a significant proportion of WDF in Southern Ghana produce antimicrobial compounds which could be potential sources of novel anti-infective agents and support the plans of developing a drug discovery programme in Ghana based on the fermentation of WDF.
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