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Johnson SL, Rasmussen JM, Mansoor M, Ibrahim H, Rono W, Goel P, Vissoci JRN, Von Isenburg M, Puffer ES. Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration in Adolescents and Young Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1168-1183. [PMID: 37226506 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231173428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health crisis with long-term adverse consequences for both victims and perpetrators. Patterns of violence often begin during adolescence, yet most interventions target adult relationships. A systematic review was conducted to identify correlates of IPV victimization and perpetration among adolescents and young adults in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Eligible studies included participants 10 to 24 years old, took place in SSA, and tested a statistical association between a correlate and an IPV outcome. Correlates were defined as any condition or characteristic associated with statistically significant increased or decreased risk of IPV victimization or perpetration. PsycInfo, PubMed, Embase, and African Index Medicus were searched and included studies published between January 1, 2000 and February 4, 2022. The search resulted in 3,384 original studies, of which 55 met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Correlates were first qualitatively synthesized by developmental period (e.g., early adolescence, older adolescence, and young adulthood) and then organized in a conceptual framework by correlate type (e.g., socio-demographic; health, behavior, and attitudes; relational; or contextual). Over two decades of literature reveals variability in evidence by developmental period but also substantial overlap in the correlates of victimization and perpetration. This review identifies multiple points for intervention and results suggest the urgent need for earlier, developmentally appropriate prevention efforts among younger adolescents as well as combined approaches that target both victimization and perpetration of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah L Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin M Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Hawo Ibrahim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilter Rono
- Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Pari Goel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - João R N Vissoci
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Megan Von Isenburg
- Duke University Medical Center Library, Duke University Medical Center Archives, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eve S Puffer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
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Seya MKS, Matthews S, Zhu L, Brown C, Lefevre A, Agathis N, Chiang LF, Annor FB, McOwen J, Augusto A, Manuel P, Kamagate MF, Nobah MT, Coomer R, Kambona C, Low A. Parenting-related positive childhood experiences, adverse childhood experiences, and mental health-Four sub-Saharan African countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 150:106493. [PMID: 37839988 PMCID: PMC11264190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are associated with poor mental health outcomes and risk-taking behaviors. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) may mitigate these negative impacts. OBJECTIVE This study 1) assessed the associations between ACEs and negative health outcomes and risk-taking behaviors among young adults, and 2) evaluated whether - and which - PCEs moderate the association between ACEs and these outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS This multi-country analysis combined cross-sectional representative survey data from young adults, ages 18-24 years, from the 2019 Kenya, 2018 Lesotho, 2019 Mozambique, and 2019 Namibia Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys. The association between experiencing any ACEs and each health outcome was assessed using Wald's chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analyses assessed the association between each PCE and each outcome of interest. RESULTS Females who experienced any ACEs had higher odds of experiencing moderate to severe mental distress (aOR = 2.7, 95%CI: 1.9, 3.9). Males who experienced any ACEs had higher odds of experiencing suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 6.7, 95%CI: 2.8, 16.0) and substance use (aOR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.4, 4.2). In females, strong mother-child relationship was protective against moderate to severe mental distress (aOR = 0.7, 95%CI: 0.6, 0.9), suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.9), and substance use (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.9). For males, a strong mother-child relationship was protective against suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.2, 0.9), and a strong father-child relationship was protective against suicidal/self-harm behaviors (aOR = 0.4, 95%CI: 0.2, 0.7) and substance use (aOR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4, 0.8). CONCLUSIONS Strong parenting programs may likely play an important role in improving the psychosocial health of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Liping Zhu
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Colvette Brown
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Adrienne Lefevre
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Nickolas Agathis
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Laura F Chiang
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Francis B Annor
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, GA, USA
| | - Jordan McOwen
- Division of Global Health HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mozambique
| | | | - Pedro Manuel
- Division of Global Health HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mozambique
| | - Maman Fathim Kamagate
- Division of Global Health HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Marie-Therese Nobah
- Division of Global Health HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Rachel Coomer
- Division of Global Health HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Namibia
| | - Caroline Kambona
- Division of Global Health HIV and TB, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
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Ibitoye M, Sommer M, Davidson LL, Sandfort TGM. Exploring the effect of early menarche on sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women in southeastern Ghana: a longitudinal mediation analysis. Sex Reprod Health Matters 2023; 31:2244271. [PMID: 37656485 PMCID: PMC10478596 DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2023.2244271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research from several high-income countries links early menarche with an increased risk for sexual violence. However, the role of early menarche in adolescent girls' and young women's sexual violence risk in sub-Saharan Africa, where sexual violence rates are high, is not well understood. The current study explores the association between early menarche and sexual violence in Ghana with secondary analysis of data collected from 700 adolescent girls and young women followed over three years. Logistic regressions were used to assess the cross-sectional association between early menarche and sexual violence. Generalised estimating equations were used to assess whether the association between early menarche and sexual violence persisted over time. Inverse odds weighting was used to test potential mediators of the association between early menarche and sexual violence. Sexual violence was fairly common in the study sample, with 27% reporting having experienced sexual violence at baseline, and approximately 50% at year three. Early menarche was associated with 72% greater odds of having experienced sexual violence at baseline (95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.93). However, the odds ratio attenuated and lost significance over the three-year study period, with a lower risk of sexual violence among girls with early menarche at year three. Neither child marriage nor early sexual initiation significantly mediated the association between early menarche and sexual violence. The findings suggest that early-maturing girls may be particularly vulnerable to sexual violence in early adolescence, thus necessitating prevention interventions around the time of menarche to reduce the risk for sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobolaji Ibitoye
- Postdoctoral Scholar, Institute for Population Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marni Sommer
- Professor of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leslie L. Davidson
- Professor Emerita of Epidemiology and of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theo G. M. Sandfort
- Professor of Clinical Sociomedical Sciences (in Psychiatry), Division of Gender, Sexuality and Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Brathwaite R, Mutumba M, Nanteza J, Filiatreau LM, Migadde H, Namatovu P, Nabisere B, Mugisha J, Mwebembezi A, Ssewamala FM. Assessing the Feasibility of Economic Approaches to Prevent Substance Abuse Among Adolescents: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e46486. [PMID: 37314844 PMCID: PMC10337321 DOI: 10.2196/46486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent alcohol and drug use (ADU) is a significant public health challenge. Uganda, one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), has the second-highest rate of per capita alcohol consumption in SSA, and over one-third of Ugandan adolescents have used alcohol in their lifetime (over 50% of them engage in heavy episodic drinking). These estimates further increase in fishing villages, a key HIV-vulnerable population, where ADU is normative. However, few studies have assessed ADU among adolescents and youths living with HIV despite their increased risk for ADU and its impact on engagement in HIV care. Moreover, data on risk and resilience factors for ADU are scarce as only few studies evaluating ADU interventions in SSA have reported positive outcomes. The majority have been implemented in school settings, potentially excluding adolescents in fishing communities with high school dropout rates, and none have targeted risk factors including poverty and mental health, which are rampant among adolescents and youths living with HIV and their families, undermine their coping skills and resources, and have been associated with increased risk for ADU among them. OBJECTIVE We propose a mixed methods study with a sample of 200 adolescents and youths living with HIV (aged 18-24 years) seen at 6 HIV clinics in southwestern Uganda's fishing communities to (1) examine the prevalence and consequences of ADU and identify the multilevel risk and resilience factors associated with ADU among them and (2) explore the feasibility and short-term effects of an economic empowerment intervention on ADU among them. METHODS This study comprises four components: (1) focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescents and youths living with HIV (n=20) and in-depth qualitative interviews with health providers (n=10) from 2 randomly selected clinics; (2) a cross-sectional survey with 200 adolescents and youths living with HIV; (3) a randomized controlled trial with a subgroup of adolescents and youths living with HIV (n=100); and (4) 2 postintervention FGD with adolescents and youths living with HIV (n=10 per group). RESULTS Participant recruitment for the first qualitative phase has completed. As of May 4, 2023, ten health providers from 6 clinics have been recruited, provided written consent to participate, and participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. Two FGDs was conducted with 20 adolescents and youths living with HIV from 2 clinics. Data transcription, translation, and analysis of qualitative data has commenced. The cross-sectional survey will commence shortly after and dissemination of the main study findings is targeted for 2024. CONCLUSIONS Our findings will advance our understanding of ADU among adolescents and youths living with HIV and inform the design of future interventions to address ADU among them. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05597865; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05597865. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/46486.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Brathwaite
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Massy Mutumba
- Department of Health Behavior & Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Lindsey M Filiatreau
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Herbert Migadde
- International Center for Child Health and Development, Masaka, Uganda
| | - Phionah Namatovu
- International Center for Child Health and Development, Masaka, Uganda
| | - Betina Nabisere
- International Center for Child Health and Development, Masaka, Uganda
| | | | | | - Fred M Ssewamala
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
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Kutywayo A, Frade S, Chidumwa G, Mahuma T, Naidoo NP, Mullick S. Experiences of violence among female and male grade eight learners: baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial across three South African townships. Gates Open Res 2023. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13276.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: South African adolescents experience disproportionally high rates of violence, with lifelong health, social and economic impacts. Few papers present risk factors associated with experiences of adolescent violence. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional survey was done (April 2017 – Sept 2018) with 3432 grade 8 learners in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 high schools in three townships (Soweto and Tembisa, Gauteng and Khayelitsha, Western Cape). Collected data on lifetime experiences of different types of violence, perpetrators, and place of violence. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to enumerate experiences of, and factors associated with violence. Results: A total of 2383 respondents are included. Most (63.1%) were girls, 81.5% aged 12-14. In total 25.9% had ever experienced violence, higher among boys (p=<0.001). Physical violence was most common (35.7%), then psychological (21.8%), sexual (13.1%), neglect (10.6%), cyberbullying (7.6%), corporal punishment (6.5%) and economic abuse (4.8%). Boys experienced more physical violence (36.0%); girls experienced more psychological violence (22.2%). Gauteng had double the reports of sexual violence (18.4% vs 7.6%, p<0.001). Violence happened most at school (27.4%), followed by the park (19.8%) or their friends’ home (12.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that boys (aOR 1.68; 95% CV 1.32-2.14; p<0.001), those aged 15-17 years (aOR 1.41; 95% CV 1.04-1.89; p=0.025), those who ever used substances (aOR 1.90; 95% CI 1.9-2.28; p<0.001), and those who sometimes feel worthless (aOR 1.33; 95% CI 1.09-1.63, p=0.005) were at higher odds of ever experiencing violence. Those who had ever had sex were more likely to have ever experienced violence (aOR 1.42; 95% CI 1.10-1.83; p=0.008). Conclusion: Urgently need wider adoption, scaling, and sustaining of evidence-based primary violence prevention and structural interventions are required to reduce the high burden of adolescent violence. Stakeholders across the ecological model are needed to tackle harmful cultural norms that perpetuate violence.
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Santos RC, Dalfovo NP, de Freitas Machado J, de Azeredo LA, Grassi-Oliveira R, Portuguez MW, Buchweitz A. A cross-sectional study of the association between exposure to violence, intelligence, and executive function in Brazilian youths. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2023; 36:6. [PMID: 36843084 PMCID: PMC9968669 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-023-00249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We carried out an exploratory study of the association between exposure to violence, intelligence, and executive functions in Brazilian preadolescents. The study included 56 participants (31 males) aged 8 to 14 years old (mean = 11.3, SD = 1.0). We administered neuropsychological tests to evaluate executive functions and the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) to evaluate exposure to violence. We used the following neuropsychological instruments: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), Stroop Color-Word Interference task, digits subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and an N-back task. We generated a composite score from neuropsychological test scores and investigated the association of that score, and individual test scores, with exposure to violence and socioeconomic status (SES). Results suggest, first, that exposure to violence is associated with a 0.5-point lower intelligence quotient score for every reported victimization event in the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. Results also show that the digits backward subtest scores showed a significant negative correlation with exposure to violence (JVQ; rho = -0.29, p < 0.05); both analyses were adjusted for the level of schooling of parents or guardians, which was also found to be significantly associated with lower intelligence quotient scores. We discuss results in the light of the existing literature on the effects of exposure to violence on adolescent development, and the amounting evidence that suggests an association of exposure to violence, and of victimization, with tests that evaluate constructs of executive functions. The study struggled with low compliance from participants, and we underscore the challenges of carrying out empirical studies aimed at better understanding the development of underrepresented youths, such as those from Central and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaná Carolina Santos
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Nicole Prigol Dalfovo
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Julia de Freitas Machado
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Lucas Araújo de Azeredo
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 13, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mirna Wetters Portuguez
- BraIns — Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS 90610-000 Brazil ,grid.412519.a0000 0001 2166 9094School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900 Brazil
| | - Augusto Buchweitz
- BraIns - Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil. .,School of Life and Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil. .,School of Medicine, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil. .,Department of Psychological Science, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, 06901, USA.
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Miedema SS, Le VD, Chiang L, Ngann T, Shortt JW. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth in Cambodia: A Latent Class Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1446-NP1472. [PMID: 35471130 PMCID: PMC10263171 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health problem, including in low- and middle-income country settings, and are associated with increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) during young adulthood. However, current measurement of ACEs may underestimate sequelae of different combinations, or classes, of ACEs and mask class-specific associations with adult exposure to IPV. We used data among ever-partnered young women and men aged 18-24 years from the Cambodia Violence Against Children Survey (Nw = 369; Nm = 298). Participants retrospectively reported on seven ACEs and lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV victimization and perpetration. Latent classes comprised of ACEs were used as predictors of physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration and victimization, controlling for household wealth. Identified latent classes for women were "Low ACEs" (60%), "Community Violence and Physical Abuse" (23%), and "Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse" (17%). Latent classes for men were "Low ACEs" (48%) and "Household and Community Violence" (52%). Among women, those in the Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse class were more likely to experience and perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV in their romantic relationships compared to the reference group (Low ACEs). Women in the Community Violence and Physical Abuse class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV, but not experience IPV, compared to women in the Low ACEs class. Among men, those in the Household and Community Violence class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV against a partner, compared to men in the Low ACEs class. Overall, patterns of ACEs were differently associated with IPV outcomes among young women and men in Cambodia. National violence prevention efforts might consider how different combinations of childhood experiences shape risk of young adulthood IPV and tailor interventions accordingly to work with youth disproportionately affected by varied combinations of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Miedema
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vi Donna Le
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Chiang
- Field Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thanak Ngann
- Gender and Development for Cambodia (GAD/C), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Joann Wu Shortt
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Nyandwi A, Fredinah N, Rusanganwa V, Munyanshongore C, Nyirazinyoye L, Ndola P, Nshimiyimana JD, Ingabire MG, Anastasie N, Salant N, Mecthilde K, Emmanuel H, Mukabutera A. Predictors of physical violence against children in Rwanda: findings from a National Cross-Sectional Survey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2375. [PMID: 36536356 PMCID: PMC9761935 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address the challenges of limited national data on the prevalence and nature of violence experienced by children, Rwanda conducted, in 2015-2016, the first National Survey on Violence among female and male children and youth aged 13-24 years. To further contribute to these efforts to fill existing data gaps, we used the Rwanda survey data to assess the prevalence and predictors of physical violence (PV) in children aged 13-17. METHODS A nationally representative sample of 618 male and 492 female children were analysed. Nationally representative weighted descriptive statistics were used to analyse the prevalence of PV self-reported by children, and logistic regression models were applied to investigate its predictors. RESULTS Sixty percent of all children, including 36.53% of male and 23.38% of female children, reported having experienced any form of PV in their lifetime. Additionally, 21.81% of male children and 12.73% of female children reported experiences of PV within twelve months before the survey date. Older children (OR: 0.53 [0.40-0.72]), female children (OR: 0.43 [0.31-0.58]), and children not attending school (OR: 0.48 [0.31-0.73]) were less likely to be physically abused. However, sexually active children (OR: 1.66 [1.05-2.63]), children in households from the middle wealth quintile (OR: 1.63 [1.08-2.47]), children living in a larger family (OR: 1.55 [1.07-2.26]), and children who reported not feel close to both biological parents (OR: 2.14 [1.31-3.49]) had increased odds of reporting physical violence. CONCLUSION Higher rates of PV in children attending school were the key finding. There is an urgent need to design and implement particular national interventions to prevent and reduce the incidence of PV in schools in Rwanda. PV was also associated with poor parent-child relations. Parents and other adult caregivers should be sensitised to the consequences of PV on children and be urged to adopt positive parenting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alypio Nyandwi
- School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | | | | | - Cyprien Munyanshongore
- grid.10818.300000 0004 0620 2260School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Laetitia Nyirazinyoye
- grid.10818.300000 0004 0620 2260School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Prata Ndola
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | | | | | - Natasha Salant
- grid.452345.10000 0004 4660 2031Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Assumpta Mukabutera
- grid.10818.300000 0004 0620 2260School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Picchetti V, Stamatakis C, Annor FB, Massetti GM, Hegle J. Association between lifetime sexual violence victimization and selected health conditions and risk behaviors among 13-24-year-olds in Lesotho: Results from the Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS), 2018. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105916. [PMID: 36215756 PMCID: PMC9691579 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence is a serious public health concern worldwide. In Lesotho, one in seven women and one in twenty men aged 18 years and older experienced sexual violence during childhood. Sexual violence victimization may lead to long-term mental and physical health issues among victims, regardless of gender. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of lifetime sexual violence victimization (SV) among 13-24-year-olds in Lesotho and assess its association with selected health conditions and risk behaviors. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from 13 to 24-year-old participants (n = 8568) of the 2018 Lesotho Violence Against Children and Youth Survey were analyzed. METHODS SV was defined as reporting one or more types of sexual violence at any age. Logistic regression analyses measured associations between SV and selected health conditions (suicidal thoughts, self-harm behaviors, mental distress, STIs, and HIV), and risk behaviors (binge drinking in the past 30 days, drug use in the past 30 days, infrequent condom use in the past 12 months, multiple sex partners in the past 12 months, and transactional sex in the past 12 months). RESULTS After controlling for study covariates, SV was significantly associated with self-harm behaviors, suicidal thoughts, ever having an STI, binge drinking in the past 30 days, infrequent condom use in the past 12 months, and multiple sex partners in the past 12 months for both males and females; and mental distress and transactional sex in the past 12 months for females. CONCLUSIONS Preventing SV against children and youth in Lesotho may improve their health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viani Picchetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Caroline Stamatakis
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Francis B Annor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Greta M Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hegle
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Conceição MMD, Whitaker MCO, Grimaldi MRM, Silva LLPD, Silva LSD, Oliveira MMC, Camargo CLD. Child and adolescent victims of sexual violence: aspects of physical and emotional development. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 75Suppl 2:e20200584. [PMID: 35858019 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the multidisciplinary health team's perception on aspects of the physical and emotional development of children and adolescents who have suffered sexual violence. METHODS a qualitative study, carried out with 30 health professionals in a hospital in Bahia, Brazil, between June and July 2019. Data were collected from an interview guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. The results were interpreted according to Symbolic Interactionism. RESULTS some sexually violated children were under five years old and healthy, others had physical/mental disabilities. Victimized adolescents were in the pre-pubertal phase, with fragile body structure, not emotionally mature and unaware of sexuality. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS children's physical and emotional aspects make children vulnerable to sexual victimization, as they facilitate the control and dominion that offenders need to have over them. As a protection strategy, it is recommended using sexual and health education linked to greater surveillance of family members, multidisciplinary team and educators.
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11
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Kutywayo A, Frade S, Mahuma T, Naidoo NP, Mullick S. Experiences of violence among female and male grade eight learners: baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial across three South African townships. Gates Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13276.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: South African adolescents experience disproportionally high rates of violence, with lifelong health, social and economic impacts. Few papers present risk factors associated with experiences of adolescent violence. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional survey was done (April 2017 – Sept 2018) with 3432 grade 8 learners in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 high schools in three townships (Soweto and Tembisa, Gauteng and Khayelitsha, Western Cape). Collected data on lifetime experiences of different types of violence, perpetrators, and place of violence. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to enumerate experiences of, and factors associated with violence. Results: A total of 2383 respondents are included. Most (63.1%) were girls, 81.5% aged 12-14. In total 25.9% had ever experienced violence, higher among boys (p=<0.001). Physical violence was most common (35.7%), then psychological (21.8%), sexual (13.1%), neglect (10.6%), cyberbullying (7.6%), corporal punishment (6.5%) and economic abuse (4.8%). Boys experienced more physical violence (36.0%); girls experienced more psychological violence (22.2%). Gauteng had double the reports of sexual violence (18.4% vs 7.6%, p<0.001). Violence happened most at school (27.4%), followed by the park (19.8%) or their friends’ home (12.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that boys (aOR 1.57; 95% CV 1.27-1.94; p=0.000), those aged 15-17 years (aOR 1.41; 95% CV 1.07-1.84; p=0.013), those who ever used substances (aOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.54-2.37; p=0.000), and those who sometimes feel worthless (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.10-1.64, p=0.003) were at higher odds of ever experiencing violence. Those who had never had sex were less likely to have ever experienced violence (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.83; p=0.001). Conclusion: Urgently need wider adoption, scaling, and sustaining of evidence-based primary violence prevention and structural interventions are required to reduce the high burden of adolescent violence. Stakeholders across the ecological model are needed to tackle harmful cultural norms that perpetuate violence.
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12
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Seff I, Rodriguez DO, Meinhart M, Colarelli J, Vahedi L, Stark L. Age at first exposure to violence and later mental health outcomes: A sex-disaggregated, multi-country analysis in sub-Saharan Africa. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 125:105509. [PMID: 35066266 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research has begun examining the relationship between a child's age at first exposure to violence and outcomes of mental wellbeing, though no studies have assessed these relationships in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) region. OBJECTIVE Given known gender and sex differences in violence exposure and mental health symptomology, this study conducts a multi-country, gender-stratified analysis of the relationship between age at first incident of physical violence and outcomes of wellbeing in SSA. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This study uses data from the Violence Against Children Surveys on 13-24-year-old males and females in five SSA countries (Kenya (2010), Malawi (2013), Nigeria (2014), Tanzania (2009), and Uganda (2015)). METHODS The predictor of interest is a categorical variable indicating whether a respondent's first exposure to physical violence took place from 0 to 5, 6-11, 12 and older, or never. Outcomes of interest include: sadness, anxiety, suicide ideation, smoking, drug use, and alcohol use. Employing both country-specific and pooled data, gender-stratified, multiple logistic regressions are used to estimate the effect of age at first exposure to physical violence on the six outcomes of interest. RESULTS Findings show significant variation across countries in age at first exposure to physical violence. For females, findings reveal no association between age at first exposure and outcomes of wellbeing; all periods were equally associated with poor outcomes. For males, results show increased likelihood of anxiety, suicide ideation, and alcohol use when the first violence exposure occurred from 0 to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS This study advances the literature on gender and sex differences in mental health symptomology, suggesting that boys and girls may exhibit different symptomology in response to comparable exposures to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Seff
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States of America.
| | - Deidi Olaya Rodriguez
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Melissa Meinhart
- National Coalition of Independent Scholars, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Colarelli
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Luissa Vahedi
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States of America
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Flynn-O’Brien KT, Rivara FP. Factors associated with physical violence against children in Haiti: a national population-based cross-sectional survey. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2022; 29:66-75. [PMID: 34758707 PMCID: PMC10537557 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2021.1996398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considering the recent sociopolitical and environmental stress in Haiti, from the COVID pandemic to repeated natural disasters, we aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with childhood physical violence (CPV) after the 2010 earthquake. A population-based national survey was administered to 13-24-year-old Haitians in 2012. A three-stage clustered sample design was utilized. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and risk ratios (aRR). 64% of survey respondents experienced CPV were estimated. Respondents who reported emotional and/or sexual abuse prior to age 12 were twice as likely to be victims of physical violence later during childhood (emotional aRR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.7; sexual aRR 2.1, 95% CI 1.4-3.1). Feeling close or very close to one's mother was protective (aPR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.92). This study is the first to describe risk and protective factors and also delineate temporality of exposures associated with CPV.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.1996398.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Flynn-O’Brien
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Wisconsin, milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Surgery, medical College of Wisconsin, milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Frederick P. Rivara
- Departments of Pediatrics and epidemiology, university of Washington & Harborview Injury Prevention and research Center, Seattle, Wa, USA
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14
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Rahill GJ, Joshi M, Blanc J, Littlewood K, Salinas-Miranda A, Rice C. Self-reported sleep disturbance patterns in urban haitians: A latent class analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2022.2041266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guitele J. Rahill
- College of Behavioral & Community Sciences (CBCS), University of South Florida (USF), Tampa Florida, FL, USA
| | - Manisha Joshi
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Judite Blanc
- Center for Healthful Behavior, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Kerry Littlewood
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Christopher Rice
- School of Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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15
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Conceição MMD, Whitaker MCO, Grimaldi MRM, Silva LLPD, Silva LSD, Oliveira MMC, Camargo CLD. Crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual: aspectos do desenvolvimento físico e emocional. Rev Bras Enferm 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0584pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a percepção da equipe multiprofissional de saúde sobre os aspectos do desenvolvimento físico e emocional de crianças e adolescentes que sofreram violência sexual. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 30 profissionais de saúde em hospital da Bahia, Brasil, entre junho e julho de 2019. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevista norteada por questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados foram interpretados conforme o Interacionismo Simbólico. Resultados: algumas crianças violadas sexualmente tinham menos de cinco anos e aspecto saudável, outras portavam deficiências físicas/mentais. Adolescentes vitimizadas estavam em fase pré-púbere, com estrutura corporal frágil, pouco amadurecidas emocionalmente e desconheciam sobre sexualidade. Considerações finais: aspectos físicos e emocionais infantojuvenis vulnerabilizam crianças para a vitimização sexual, pois facilitam o controle e domínio que o agressor necessita ter sobre elas. Como estratégia de proteção, recomenda-se o uso da educação sexual e em saúde atreladas a maior vigilância de familiares, da equipe multiprofissional e educadores.
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16
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Seff I, Meinhart M, Harker Roa A, Stark L, Villaveces A. Predicting adolescent boys' and young men's perpetration of youth violence in Colombia. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2021; 29:123-131. [PMID: 34823440 PMCID: PMC10084713 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2021.2009519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Youth violence poses a substantive public health burden in Latin America, particularly among adolescent boys and young men. Understanding predictors of youth violence perpetration among boys and young men is critical to more effectively target and tailor prevention programs, especially in Colombia, which has endured decades-long internal armed conflict. This study uses Colombia's nationally representative 2018 Violence Against Children and Youth Survey data to examine risk and protective factors associated with violence perpetration among 13- to 24-year-old male. Amongst adolescent boys and young men in Colombia, the prevalence of ever perpetrating violence against someone other than an intimate partner was approximately 23%. Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that physical violence victimization by peers, emotional violence victimization by caregivers, having lost or been separated from a mother during childhood, and witnessing community violence were all associated with lifetime perpetration of youth violence. Programs targeting reduction of youth violence among boys might consider addressing the previously identified predictors earlier in the life course and at the individual, family and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Seff
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melissa Meinhart
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Lindsay Stark
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Kutywayo A, Frade S, Mahuma T, Naidoo NP, Mullick S. Experiences of violence among female and male grade eight learners: baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial across three South African townships. Gates Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13276.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: South African adolescents experience disproportionally high rates of violence, with lifelong health, social and economic impacts. Few papers present risk factors associated with experiences of adolescent violence. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional survey was done (April 2017 – Sept 2018) with 3432 grade 8 learners in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 high schools in three townships (Soweto and Tembisa, Gauteng and Khayelitsha, Western Cape). Collected data on lifetime experiences of different types of violence, perpetrators, and place of violence. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to enumerate experiences of, and factors associated with violence. Results: A total of 2383 respondents are included. Most (63.1%) were girls, 81.5% aged 12-14. In total 26% had ever experienced violence, higher among boys (p=<0.001). Physical violence was most common (35.7%), then psychological (21.8%), sexual (13.1%), neglect (10.6%), cyberbullying (7.6%), corporal punishment (6.5%) and economic abuse (4.8%). Boys experienced more physical violence (36.0%); girls experienced more psychological violence (22.2%). Gauteng had double the reports of sexual violence (18.4% vs 7.6%, p<0.001). Violence happened most at school (27.4%), followed by the park (19.8%) or their friends’ home (12.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that boys (aOR 1.57; 95% CV 1.27-1.94; p=0.000), those aged 15-17 years (aOR 1.41; 95% CV 1.07-1.84; p=0.013), those who ever used substances (aOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.54-2.37; p=0.000), and those who sometimes feel worthless (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.10-1.64, p=0.003) were at higher odds of ever experiencing violence. Those who had never had sex were less likely to have ever experienced violence (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.83; p=0.001). Conclusion: Urgently need wider adoption, scaling, and sustaining of evidence-based primary violence prevention and structural interventions are required to reduce the high burden of adolescent violence. Stakeholders across the ecological model are needed to tackle harmful cultural norms that perpetuate violence.
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18
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Kappel RH, Livingston MD, Patel SN, Villaveces A, Massetti GM. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and associated health risks and risk behaviors among young women and men in Honduras. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 115:104993. [PMID: 33611130 PMCID: PMC8136622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic childhood events associated with negative health outcomes. Limited data on ACEs exists from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). No ACEs studies have been done in Honduras. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the prevalence of ACEs in Honduras and associated health risks and risk behaviors among young adults. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from the 2017 Honduras Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) were used. Analyses were restricted to participants ages 18-24 years (n = 2701). METHODS This study uses nationally representative VACS data to estimate the weighted prevalence of ACEs (physical, emotional, and sexual violence; witnessing violence; parental migration). Logistic regression analyses assessed the relationship between individual ACEs, cumulative ACEs, and health risks and risk behaviors (psychological distress; suicide ideation or self-harm; binge drinking; smoking; drug use; STIs; early pregnancy). Chi-square tests examined differences by sex. RESULTS An estimated 77 % of 18-24 year olds in Honduras experienced at least 1 ACE and 39 % experienced 3+ ACEs. Women experienced significantly more sexual, emotional, and physical violence compared to men. Compared to youth with no ACEs, those with 1-2 ACEs and 3+ ACEs had 1.8 and 2.8 increased odds for psychological distress, 2.3 and 6.4 increased odds for suicidal ideation and self-harm, and 1.7 and 1.9 increased odds for smoking, respectively, adjusting for age, education, and food insecurity. Physical violence victimization and witnessing violence in the community were associated with increased odds of all health risks and risk behaviors. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of ACEs and associated negative health risks and risk behaviors in this population support the need for prevention and early intervention for ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Kappel
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Melvin D Livingston
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shilpa N Patel
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrés Villaveces
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Greta M Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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19
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Awungafac G, Mugamba S, Nalugoda F, Sjöland CF, Kigozi G, Rautiainen S, Malyabe RB, Ziegel L, Nakigozi G, Nalwoga GK, Kyasanku E, Nkale J, Watya S, Ekström AM, Kågesten A. Household food insecurity and its association with self-reported male perpetration of intimate partner violence: a survey of two districts in central and western Uganda. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045427. [PMID: 33789856 PMCID: PMC8016075 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the lifetime prevalence of male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV), and to assess the association with food insecurity, sociodemographic factors and health risk behaviours in Uganda in the year preceding COVID-19-associated lockdowns. DESIGN Population-based, cross-sectional household survey. SETTING Urban, semiurban and rural communities of the Wakiso and Hoima districts in Uganda. PARTICIPANTS A total of N=2014 males aged 13-80 years participated in the survey. The current study included males who reported having ever been in a sexual union and responded to the IPV questions (N=1314). MEASURES Data were collected face-to-face from May 2018 to July 2019 using an interviewer-mediated questionnaire. Lifetime IPV perpetration was measured as 'no physical and/or sexual IPV', 'physical' versus 'sexual violence only', and 'physical and sexual violence'. Past-year food insecurity was measured through the Food Insecurity Experience Scale and categorised into 'none', 'low' and 'high'. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the crude and adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs) of IPV perpetration in relation to self-reported food insecurity, adjusting for sociodemographic and health risk behaviours. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported lifetime IPV perpetration was 14.6% for physical and 6.5% for sexual violence, while 5.3% reported to have perpetrated both physical and sexual IPV. Most (75.7%) males reported no food insecurity, followed by low (20.7%) and high (3.6%) food insecurity. In adjusted models, food insecurity was associated with increased risk of having perpetrated both physical and sexual violence (aRRR=2.57, 95% CI 1.52 to 4.32). IPV perpetration was also independently associated with having had more than one lifetime sexual partner and drinking alcohol, but not with education level or religion. CONCLUSION This study suggests that food insecurity is associated with male IPV perpetration, and more efforts are needed to prevent and mitigate the expected worsening of this situation as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Awungafac
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Mugamba
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Nalugoda
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Godfrey Kigozi
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Susanne Rautiainen
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Leo Ziegel
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gertrude Nakigozi
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Emmanuel Kyasanku
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Nkale
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Watya
- Africa Medical and Behavioural Science Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Mia Ekström
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Kågesten
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Goessmann K, Ssenyonga J, Nkuba M, Hermenau K, Hecker T. Characterizing the prevalence and contributing factors of sexual violence: A representative cross-sectional study among school-going adolescents in two East African countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 109:104711. [PMID: 32927296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence against minors is a global phenomenon with wide-ranging negative consequences. Global reports suggest that it is a particularly serious issue in East African countries, although research on prevalence and characteristics of violence in these countries is scarce. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess sexual violence and its circumstances among Tanzanian and Ugandan adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Two representative samples of secondary school students aged 12-17 from Tanzania and Uganda (N = 1402) were included in this study. METHODS Data assessed using standardized questionnaires were analyzed to determine prevalence, characteristics, and contributing factors of sexual violence among youth. RESULTS We found high levels of sexual violence (27.2 %) exceeding global average estimates of under 20 %. Significantly more sexual violence experiences were reported by boys (29.9 %) than girls (24.6 %) and by older compared to younger adolescents (30.2 % vs. 19.6 %). Peers were the most frequent perpetrator group, named by 47.6 % of those reporting abuse. Several potential contributing factors for victimization were identified, such as rural living area, external financial support, and being in a romantic relationship. CONCLUSIONS Sexual violence is a relevant issue among East African adolescents that occurs in a variety of settings but appears to be most prevalent between peers. Comprehensive sexual education approaches may help to improve the protection of adolescents and to enhance autonomous sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Goessmann
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Joseph Ssenyonga
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78567, Konstanz, Germany; Department of Educational Foundations and Psychology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Mabula Nkuba
- Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, 2329, Dar es salaam, Tanzania; Vivo International e.V., Postbox 5108, 78430, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Katharin Hermenau
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78567, Konstanz, Germany; Vivo International e.V., Postbox 5108, 78430, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hecker
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Postbox 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany; Vivo International e.V., Postbox 5108, 78430, Konstanz, Germany.
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21
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Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Associations of physical partner violence and sexual violence victimization on health risk behaviours and mental health among university students from 25 countries. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:937. [PMID: 32611321 PMCID: PMC7331220 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to investigate the associations between physical partner violence victimization (IPV) and/or sexual violence victimization and various health risk behaviours and mental health in university students in 25 countries. METHODS Using a cross-sectional study design, 18,335 university students with a median age of 20 years from 25 countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia, replied to self-reported measures of interpersonal violence, health compromising behaviours, mental health measures and protective factors. RESULTS In adjusted logistic regression analysis, physical IPV and/or sexual violence victimization was associated, among men and/or among women, with sexual risk behaviours (multiple sexual partners, alcohol use in the context of sex, diagnosed with HIV and pregnancy), violence related behaviour (in a physical fight and carrying a weapon), poor mental health (depression, loneliness, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleeping problem and short sleep), addictive behaviour (binge drinking, tobacco and drug use), and other health risk behaviour (skipping breakfast and frequent salt intake). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that physical IPV and/or sexual violence victimization among female and/or male university students was associated with 4 of 5 sexual risk behaviours, 2 violence related behaviours, 5 of 5 poor mental health indicators, 3 of 3 addictive behaviours and 2 of 7 other health risk behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supa Pengpid
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
| | - Karl Peltzer
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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22
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Anwar Y, Sall M, Cislaghi B, Miramonti A, Clark C, Bar Faye M, Canavera M. Assessing gender differences in emotional, physical, and sexual violence against adolescents living in the districts of Pikine and Kolda, Senegal. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 102:104387. [PMID: 32036291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locally representative research and data on violence against children are important to understand the nature and scale of the issue and to inform effective prevention and response programs and policies. In Senegal, few population-level data estimating the prevalence of physical, emotional, or sexual violence against adolescents exist. OBJECTIVE This study assesses whether the gender of adolescents in two Senegalese districts is associated with having experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence and whether such associations vary depending on district of residence and poverty status. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample comprised of 833 adolescents aged 13-18 residing in the peri-urban district of Pikine and rural district of Kolda. METHODS Cross-sectional population-based household survey data were analyzed using logistic regression models. RESULTS Adolescent boys had 1.6 times greater odds than adolescent girls of having experienced emotional abuse in the past month (adjusted OR = 1.6, 95 % CI 1.1, 2.5) in Pikine. Adolescents living in Pikine and in households with low poverty scores were more likely to have experienced physical abuse in the past month. Gender was a significant predictor of sexual abuse in Kolda, where the prevalence of sexual abuse among adolescent girls was twofold higher compared to boys (adjusted OR = 2.09, 95 % CI 1.03, 4.23). CONCLUSIONS Boys in Pikine were more likely to experience emotional violence, and girls in Kolda were at a significantly higher risk of experiencing sexual violence. Prevention and response programs must consider gender and geographic variation to maximize their potential to effectively reduce violence against children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Anwar
- Care and Protection of Children (CPC) Learning Network, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States.
| | - Mohamoudou Sall
- Institut de Population, Développement et Santé de la Reproduction (IPDSR), Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | | | - Courtney Clark
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, United States.
| | - Moussé Bar Faye
- Ecole Nationale des Travailleurs Sociaux Spécialisés, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Mark Canavera
- Care and Protection of Children (CPC) Learning Network, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States.
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Mathews B, Pacella R, Dunne MP, Simunovic M, Marston C. Improving measurement of child abuse and neglect: A systematic review and analysis of national prevalence studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227884. [PMID: 31990913 PMCID: PMC6986759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Child maltreatment through physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence, causes substantial adverse health, educational and behavioural consequences through the lifespan. The generation of reliable data on the prevalence and characteristics of child maltreatment in nationwide populations is essential to plan and evaluate public health interventions to reduce maltreatment. Measurement of child maltreatment must overcome numerous methodological challenges. Little is known to date about the extent, nature and methodological quality of these national studies. This study aimed to systematically review the most comprehensive national studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment, and critically appraise their methodologies to help inform the design of future studies. METHODS Guided by PRISMA and following a published protocol, we searched 22 databases from inception to 31 May 2019 to identify nationwide studies of the prevalence of either all five or at least four forms of child maltreatment. We conducted a formal quality assessment and critical analysis of study design. RESULTS This review identified 30 national prevalence studies of all five or at least four forms of child maltreatment, in 22 countries. While sound approaches are available for different settings, methodologies varied widely in nature and robustness. Some instruments are more reliable and obtain more detailed and useful information about the characteristics of the maltreatment, including its nature, frequency, and the relationship between the child and the person who inflicted the maltreatment. Almost all studies had limitations, especially in the level of detail captured about maltreatment, and the adequacy of constructs of maltreatment types. CONCLUSIONS Countries must invest in rigorous national studies of the prevalence of child maltreatment. Studies should use a sound instrument containing appropriate maltreatment constructs, and obtain nuanced information about its nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Mathews
- Director, Childhood Adversity Research Program, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Adjunct Professor, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Rosana Pacella
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Dunne
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marko Simunovic
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cicely Marston
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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