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Ayoub SM, Holloway BM, Miranda AH, Roberts BZ, Young JW, Minassian A, Ellis RJ. The Impact of Cannabis Use on Cognition in People with HIV: Evidence of Function-Dependent Effects and Mechanisms from Clinical and Preclinical Studies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:87-115. [PMID: 38602558 PMCID: PMC11129923 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cannabis may have beneficial anti-inflammatory effects in people with HIV (PWH); however, given this population's high burden of persisting neurocognitive impairment (NCI), clinicians are concerned they may be particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cannabis on cognition. Here, we present a systematic scoping review of clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the effects of cannabinoid exposure on cognition in HIV. RECENT FINDINGS Results revealed little evidence to support a harmful impact of cannabis use on cognition in HIV, with few eligible preclinical data existing. Furthermore, the beneficial/harmful effects of cannabis use observed on cognition were function-dependent and confounded by several factors (e.g., age, frequency of use). Results are discussed alongside potential mechanisms of cannabis effects on cognition in HIV (e.g., anti-inflammatory), and considerations are outlined for screening PWH that may benefit from cannabis interventions. We further highlight the value of accelerating research discoveries in this area by utilizing translatable cross-species tasks to facilitate comparisons across human and animal work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
| | - Breanna M Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Alannah H Miranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Benjamin Z Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Hossein-Javaheri N, O’Connor K, Steinhart H, Deshpande A, Maxwell C, Huang V, Tandon P. Perceptions and Prevalence of Cannabis Use in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2024; 7:204-211. [PMID: 38596807 PMCID: PMC10999762 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may use cannabis for relief of symptoms. During pregnancy, however, cannabis exposure may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to determine the prevalence and perceptions of cannabis use in women with IBD. Methods Through recruitment at Mount Sinai Hospital and online platforms such as Twitter, women with IBD (age 18-45) were asked to complete anonymous surveys on demographics, cannabis use, perception of use during pregnancy, and discussing its use with healthcare providers (HCP). Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and compared across groups with the chi-square test. Results One-hundred and two pregnant patients with IBD were included in this study, 19 (18.6%) reported using cannabis. Current users were more likely to report constant pain in the last 12 months and discuss its use with their HCP. Fifty-three (52.0%) women were unsure of the specific risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy, and only 15 (14.7%) had ever discussed its use with their HCP. Those who had discussed cannabis use with their HCP were more likely to have prior IBD-related surgery, perceive its use unsafe during pregnancy, and be more likely to be using cannabis. Conclusion Many women with IBD report uncertainty of the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy and the majority have never discussed cannabis use with their providers. With the increasing legalization of cannabis in many jurisdictions, it is imperative patients and healthcare providers discuss the risks and benefits of its use, particularly during vulnerable times such as pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Hossein-Javaheri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Katie O’Connor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5Canada
| | - Hillary Steinhart
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5Canada
| | - Amol Deshpande
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Quality and Innovation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Maxwell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivian Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5Canada
| | - Parul Tandon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5Canada
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Compton W, Weiss S. Commentary on Petrilli et al.: Assessing cannabis use in real-world settings - advances using standard THC units. Addiction 2024; 119:784-785. [PMID: 38263762 DOI: 10.1111/add.16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Susan Weiss
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Lewis N, Eliash-Fizik H, Har-Even A, Sznitman SR. Media Framing of Causes, Risks, and Policy Solutions for Cannabis-Impaired Driving: Does Medical vs. Non-Medical Cannabis Context Matter? HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:828-837. [PMID: 36914573 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2187956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driving under the influence of cannabis (DUIC) is a major cause of preventable death and a growing public health concern. News media coverage of DUIC may influence public perceptions of causal factors for DUIC, risks of DUIC, and potential policy solutions. This study examines Israeli news media coverage of DUIC, and contrasts media coverage according to whether news items refer to cannabis use for medical vs. non-medical purposes. We conducted a quantitative content analysis of news articles related to driving accidents and cannabis use (N = 299) from eleven of the highest circulation newspapers in Israel between 2008 and 2020. We apply attribution theory to analyze media coverage of accidents that were linked to medical cannabis, use compared with non-medical use. News items describing DUIC in the context of non-medical (vs. medical) cannabis use were more likely to: (a) emphasize individual causes (vs. social and political); (b) describe drivers in negative terms (vs. neutral or positive); (c) refer to an increased accident risk due to cannabis use (vs. inconclusive or low risk); and (d) call for increased enforcement rather than education. Results show that Israeli news media coverage of cannabis-impaired driving varied significantly depending on whether it referred to cannabis use for medical purposes, or non-medical purposes. News media coverage may influence public perceptions of the risks of DUIC, the factors that are associated with this issue, and potential policy solutions that may reduce the prevalence of DUIC in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehama Lewis
- Department of Communication, University of Haifa
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5
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Spindle TR, Zamarripa CA, Russo E, Pollak L, Bigelow G, Ward AM, Tompson B, Sempio C, Shokati T, Klawitter J, Christians U, Vandrey R. Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 257:111267. [PMID: 38498958 PMCID: PMC11031290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis contains hundreds of chemical constituents beyond delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is believed to drive most of its acute pharmacodynamic effects. The entourage effect theory asserts that non-THC constituents can impact acute cannabis effects, but few empirical studies have systematically evaluated this theory in humans. This study assessed whether the cannabis terpenoid d-limonene mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of THC. METHODS Twenty healthy adults completed nine, double-blind outpatient sessions in which they inhaled vaporized THC alone (15mg or 30mg), d-limonene alone (1mg or 5mg), the same doses of THC and d-limonene together, or placebo; a subset of participants (n=12) completed a tenth session in which 30mg THC+15mg d-limonene was administered. Outcomes included subjective drug effects, cognitive/psychomotor performance, vital signs, and plasma THC and d-limonene concentrations. RESULTS When d-limonene was administered alone, pharmacodynamic outcomes did not differ from placebo. Administration of 15mg and 30mg THC alone produced subjective, cognitive, and physiological effects typical of acute cannabis exposure. Ratings of anxiety-like subjective effects qualitatively decreased as d-limonene dose increased and concurrent administration of 30mg THC+15mg d-limonene significantly reduced ratings of "anxious/nervous" and "paranoid" compared with 30mg THC alone. Other pharmacodynamic effects were unchanged by d-limonene. D-limonene plasma concentrations were dose orderly, and concurrent administration of d-limonene did not alter THC pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS D-limonene selectively attenuated THC-induced anxiogenic effects, suggesting this terpenoid could increase the therapeutic index of THC. Future research should determine whether this effect extends to oral dose formulations and evaluate the interactions between other cannabis terpenoids or cannabinoids and THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory R Spindle
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - C Austin Zamarripa
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ethan Russo
- CReDO Science, 20402 81st Avenue SW, Vashon, WA 98070, USA
| | - Lauren Pollak
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - George Bigelow
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Alexandra M Ward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bridget Tompson
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cristina Sempio
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Touraj Shokati
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Borodovsky JT, Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Walsh C, Livne O, Aharonovich E, Struble CA, Habib MI, Budney AJ. Typical Hits, Grams, or Joints: Evaluating Cannabis Survey Measurement Strategies for Quantifying Consumption. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:646-658. [PMID: 36577020 PMCID: PMC10998027 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Standardized survey measures that capture diverse cannabis consumption patterns are needed to inform public health and policy. Our team is developing a flexible, personalized, low-burden survey item inventory to measure cannabis use patterns and estimate milligrams of THC (mgTHC) consumption in large samples. This study aimed to identify measurement gaps and analysis implications associated with an initial pool of candidate items that assessed use of cannabis flower and concentrate products (smoked and/or vaporized). Methods: Adult cannabis consumers (n=4247) completed an online survey assessing cannabis use frequency, quantity, product types, product potencies (%THC), and methods of administration. Participants chose to report their consumption quantities using one of three units: "hits per day," "grams per week," or "joints per week." Respondents also indicated whether their past 7-day consumption pattern represented their typical pattern. Results: Eighty-one percent had used cannabis daily in the past week. Thirty-two percent, 53%, and 15% chose to report flower and concentrate consumption quantity in hits, grams, and joints, respectively. Approximately 80-90% of responses for the number of hits, grams, and joints consumed were less than the maximum response option-suggesting that response options captured the full range of potential cannabis consumption behaviors. Those who chose grams or joints units were generally more likely to endorse higher risk cannabis use (e.g., morning use, high %THC products) in the past week than those who chose the hits unit (adjusted Odds Ratio range: 1.2-3.9). Among those who reported that the past week represented their typical behavior (83%), past 30-day and past 7-day frequencies were highly correlated (Spearman's Rho=0.77)-supporting the feasibility of using lower burden "typical week" items to extrapolate patterns beyond a 1-week time frame. Conclusion: Results from this online convenience sample of frequent cannabis consumers suggest that the current items yield coherent and expected response patterns. Although additional testing is required, a standardized, flexible survey instrument for large-scale assessment of cannabis patterns and calculation of mgTHC seems within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Borodovsky
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ofir Livne
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cara A. Struble
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mohammad I. Habib
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alan J. Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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7
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Goulette M, Schlienz NJ, Case AA, Hansen E, Rivard C, Ashare RL, Goniewicz ML, Bansal-Travers M, Hyland A, Smith DM. Self-reported knowledge of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol concentration in cannabis products among cancer patients and survivors. Support Care Cancer 2024; 32:210. [PMID: 38443674 PMCID: PMC10915076 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabis use may introduce risks and/or benefits among people living with cancer, depending on product type, composition, and nature of its use. Patient knowledge of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or cannabidiol (CBD) concentration could provide information for providers about cannabis use during and after treatment that may aide in risk and benefit assessments. This study aimed to examine knowledge of THC or CBD concentration among patients living with cancer who consume cannabis, and factors associated with knowledge of cannabinoid concentrations. METHODS People living with cancer who consumed cannabis since their diagnosis (n = 343) completed an anonymous, mixed-mode survey. Questions assessed usual mode of delivery (MOD), knowledge of THC/CBD concentration, and how source of acquisition, current cannabis use, and source of instruction are associated with knowledge of THC/CBD concentration. Chi-square and separate binary logistic regression analyses were examined and weighted to reflect the Roswell Park patient population. RESULTS Less than 20% of people living with cancer had knowledge of THC and CBD concentration for the cannabis products they consumed across all MOD (smoking- combustible products, vaping- vaporized products (e-cigarettes), edibles-eating or drinking it, and oral- taking by mouth (pills)). Source of acquisition (smoking-AOR:4.6, p < 0.01, vaping-AOR:5.8, p < 0.00, edibles-AOR:2.6, p < 0.04), current cannabis use (edibles-AOR:5.4, p < 0.01, vaping-AOR: 11.2, p < 0.00, and oral-AOR:9.3, p < 0.00), and source of instruction (vaping only AOR:4.2, p < 0.05) were found to be variables associated with higher knowledge of THC concentration. CONCLUSION Self-reported knowledge of THC and CBD concentration statistically differed according to MOD, source of acquisition, source of instruction, and current cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Goulette
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas J Schlienz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Amy A Case
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Eric Hansen
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Cheryl Rivard
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | | | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Danielle M Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Hammond CJ, Hyer JM, Boustead AE, Fristad MA, Steelesmith DL, Brock GN, Hasin DS, Fontanella CA. Association Between Marijuana Laws and Suicide Among 12- to 25-Year-Olds in the United States From 2000 to 2019. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:345-354. [PMID: 37385585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use is associated with suicide-related outcomes in both adolescents and adults, and may be increasing amid shifting cannabis policies. However, little is known about the impact of medical marijuana legalization (MML) and recreational marijuana legalization (RML) policies on youth suicide. Using 20 years of national data, we examined associations between MML, RML, and suicide-related mortality among US individuals aged 12 to 25 years, and assessed whether they varied based on age and sex. METHOD Suicide deaths (N = 113,512) from the 2000-2019 National Vital Statistics System Multiple Cause of Death files for age groups 12 to 13, 14 to 16, 17 to 19, 20 to 22, and 23 to 25 years were examined in relation to time-varying cannabis law status using a staggered adoption difference-in-difference (DiD) approach with a negative binomial regression to determine associations between MML, RML, and suicide rates, controlling for individual- and state-level covariates and accounting for the varying effective dates of MML and RML by state. RESULTS The overall unadjusted annual suicide rate was 10.93/100,000, varying from 9.76 (states without marijuana laws (ML)) to 12.78 (MML states) to 16.68 (RML states). In multivariable analysis, both MML (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.15) and RML (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.06-1.27) were associated with higher suicide rates among female youth compared to those in states without ML. Youth aged 14 to 16 years had higher rates of suicide in states with RML compared to states with MML (IRR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00-1.30) and states without ML (IRR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00-1.20). Findings were consistent across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION MML and RML were associated with increased suicide-related mortality in female youth and 14- to- 16-year-old individuals of both sexes. Mechanisms through which cannabis policies are related to increased youth suicide warrant further study and should inform legislative reform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Madison Hyer
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Mary A Fristad
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Guy N Brock
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Deborah S Hasin
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
| | - Cynthia A Fontanella
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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9
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Yang S, Cotter LM, Lu L, Kriss LA, Minich M, Liu J, Silver LD, Cascio CN. Countering online marketing and user endorsements with enhanced cannabis warning labels: An online experiment among at-risk youth and young adults. Prev Med 2024; 180:107877. [PMID: 38266719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As cannabis legalization expands and online marketing intensifies, this study examines whether online social cues can amplify youth-targeted cannabis advertising and whether cannabis warning labels (CWLs) can counteract these influences. A U.S. online sample of 970 adolescents and 1776 young adults susceptible to cannabis use were recruited from Qualtrics in summer 2022. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of the 3 (CWLs: none vs. textual vs. pictorial) by 3 (comments: none vs. anti-cannabis vs. pro-cannabis) conditions in an online experiment. Participants were exposed to three online marketing posts promoting marijuana edibles (randomly selected from a large pool, N = 1260), each with either no warning label, a textual warning, or a pictorial warning (text and picture), and with either five comments (pro- or anti-cannabis in valence) or none. Results showed that among adolescents, pro-cannabis comments increased product appeal (vs. anti-cannabis comments: b = 0.18, p = .025; vs. no comments: b = 0.21, p = .021), and did so more than young adults. For adolescents, only pictorial warnings reduced product appeal (b = -0.20, p = .028). For young adults, both pictorial (b = -0.18, p = .002) and textual warnings (b = -0.12, p = .029) reduced product appeal. Furthermore, both textual (adolescents: b = -0.20, p = .004; young adults: b = -0.15, p = .005) and pictorial (adolescents: b = -0.30, p < .001; young adults: b = -0.18, p = .001) warnings reduced cannabis use intentions. Findings support requiring enhanced CWLs accompany online marketing ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Yang
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
| | - Lynne M Cotter
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Linqi Lu
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Lauren A Kriss
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America; UT Center for Health Communication, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Matt Minich
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Communication, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Lynn D Silver
- Public Health Institute, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher N Cascio
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
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10
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Ali MM, Novak P, Maykrantz SA. Trends in cannabis use among parenting women with major depressive episode in the United States. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024; 87:159-161. [PMID: 38087751 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mir M Ali
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Maryland, USA.
| | - Priscilla Novak
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Maryland, USA
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11
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Ajrawat P, Yang Y, Wasilewski E, Leroux T, Ladha KS, Bhatia A, Singh M, Thaker S, Kapoor M, Furlan AD, Kotra LP, Clarke H. Medical Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Among Adult Chronic Pain Patients. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:267-281. [PMID: 36342776 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Utilizing cannabis as a therapeutic option for chronic pain (CP) has increased significantly. However, data regarding the potential immunomodulatory effects of cannabis in CP patients remain scarce. We aimed at exploring the relationship between cannabis use and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines among a cohort of CP patients. Methods: Adult patients with a CP diagnosis and medical authorization of cannabis were enrolled. Patients completed validated clinical questionnaires and self-reported the effectiveness of cannabis for symptom management. Patients' blood and cannabis samples were analyzed for the presence of four major cannabinoids, two major cannabinoid metabolites, 29 different cytokines/chemokines, and cortisol. The multivariable linear regression model was used to identify cannabis and patient factors associated with immune markers. Results: Fifty-six patients (48±15 years; 64% females) were included, with dried cannabis (53%) being the most common type of cannabis consumed. Seventy percent of products were considered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-dominant. The majority of patients (96%) self-reported effective pain management, and 76% reported a significant decrease in analgesic medication usage (p≤0.001). Compared with males, female patients had higher plasma levels of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid, Δ9-THC, and 11-hydroxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol but lower concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Females had significantly lower eotaxin levels (p=0.04) in comparison to male patients. The regression analysis indicated that high cannabis doses were related to increased levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40 (p=0.02) and IL-6 (p=0.01), whereas female sex was associated with decreased eotaxin (p≤0.01) concentrations. Blood CBD levels were associated with lower vascular endothelial growth factor (p=0.04) concentrations, and THC-COOH was a factor related to decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (p=0.02) and IL-12p70 (p=0.03). Conclusion: This study provides further support for the patient-perceived effectiveness of cannabis in managing CP symptoms and reducing analgesic medication consumption. The results suggest a potential sex difference in metabolizing cannabinoids, and the varying immune marker concentrations may support a possible immunomodulatory effect associated with patient sex and cannabis product type. These preliminary findings provide grounds for further validation using larger, well-designed studies with longer follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabjit Ajrawat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Leroux
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karim S Ladha
- Department of Anesthesia, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anuj Bhatia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonalben Thaker
- Pain Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea D Furlan
- Centre for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P Kotra
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pain Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hance Clarke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pain Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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King DD, Gill CJ, Cadieux CS, Singh N. The role of stigma in cannabis use disclosure: an exploratory study. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38273362 PMCID: PMC10811895 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cannabis use incidence, societal acceptance, and legislation all trend positively, cannabis remains federally illegal in the USA. Prior studies have revealed that patients are reluctant to disclose their cannabis use history in the healthcare system, which can negatively impact patient care. This study reports the frequency of cannabis use disclosure with special considerations for stigmatization. To better understand the limitations, providers face in providing collaborative, comprehensive, and informed care, this study evaluated four domains of stigma: perceived, anticipated, enacted, and internalized. METHODS This study used a descriptive exploratory design. Data collection occurred using an anonymous, online national survey with a convenience sample in the USA. Recruitment relied on electronic media and occurred between July and December 2022. Participants were adults older than 21 years and self-identified as having used cannabis and accessed the healthcare system within the last five years. The survey measured demographic characteristics, cannabis use, and disclosure patterns. Stigma was measured using the Stigma Use Stigma Mechanism Scale (SU-SMS) and Substance Abuse Use Self-Stigma Scale (SASSS) with language modifications for cannabis. Ordinal logistic regression models were performed to evaluate associations between the frequency of cannabis use disclosure patterns and each stigma category. Associations were assessed using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Data were available for 249 respondents. Most participants (57.1%) reported initiating a conversation about cannabis with their healthcare provider; 27.8% of the time, cannabis is never discussed, and healthcare providers initiate only 15.1% of related discussions. Anticipated stigma [95% CI 1.045-1.164] and total stigma [95% CI 1.001-1.039] had statistically significant associations with nondisclosure. Annual household income (p = .04), chronicity of cannabis use (p = .03), frequency of cannabis use (p = .02), and a known amount of CBD in products consumed (p = .01) had statistically significant associations with the frequency of cannabis use disclosure. CONCLUSIONS Patients who use cannabis experience stigmatization in the healthcare setting that may limit disclosure of cannabis use history. Future studies would be well served to explore anticipated stigma more deeply. Healthcare providers should be knowledgeable to lead such conversations relating to cannabis while maintaining an unbiased perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D King
- College of Nursing, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Christopher J Gill
- National Board of Certification and Recertification for Nurse Anesthetists, 8725 West Higgins Road, Suite 525, Chicago, IL, 60631, USA
| | - Carey S Cadieux
- Pacific College of Health and Science, 7445 Mission Valley Road #105, San Diego, CA, 92108, USA
| | - Neha Singh
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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13
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Bidwell LC, Martin-Willett R, Skrzynski C, Lisano J, Ortiz Torres M, Giordano G, Hutchison KE, Bryan AD. Acute and Extended Anxiolytic Effects of Cannabidiol in Cannabis Flower: A Quasi-Experimental ad libitum Use Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38252547 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have varying pharmacological actions with differential effects on acute and extended affective states, incuding anxiety. We aimed to study these effects on anxiety in legal market forms of cannabis. Method: This study makes use of a nonequivalent control group quasiexperimental design. Forty-two participants with anxiety symptions who were not using cannabis were compared to 258 participants with anxiety symptoms who used cannabis flower (∼3-4 times per week). Participants who used cannabis were randomly assigned to one of three legal market cannabis conditions; THC-dominant (24% THC, <1% CBD), THC+CBD (12% THC, 12% CBD), or CBD-dominant (<1% THC, 24% CBD). Changes in anxiety symptoms over 4-weeks were measured by the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) scale and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS). Acute changes in subjective mood immediately after cannabis use were measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Elation, Tension, and Paranoia subscales and the Addiction Research Center Inventory intoxication scale. Results: While all participants reported anxiety reductions over the 4-week study on the PGIC (F=30.65, p<0.001) and DASS anxiety measures (F=115.88, p<0.001), ad libitum CBD-dominant cannabis use was associated with lower scores on the DASS anxiety subscale compared to THC-dominant use when accounting for frequency of use (difference=-1.03, SE=0.45, p=0.02). Similarly, acute CBD-dominant cannabis use was associated with lower scores on the POMS tension and paranoia subscales (POMS tension: CBD-dominant vs. THC-dominant: difference=-0.41 SE=0.1, p<0.001; CBD-dominant vs. THC+CBD: difference=-0.28, SE=0.07, p=0.04; POMS paranoia: CBD-dominant vs. THC-dominant: difference=-0.49, SE=0.1, p<0.001; CBD-dominant vs. THC+CBD: difference=-0.33, SE=0.09, p=0.01). Participants in all cannabis conditions experienced acute changes in positive mood and subjective drug effects. Conclusions: This study provides novel information on the impacts of legal market cannabis with varying ratios of THC to CBD in indviduals with anxiety symptoms. Findings suggest that THC did not increase anxiety and that CBD-dominant forms of cannabis were associated with acute tension reduction that may translate to longer-term reductions in anxiety symptoms. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03491384.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cinnamon Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Renée Martin-Willett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carillon Skrzynski
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathon Lisano
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marco Ortiz Torres
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory Giordano
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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14
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Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Dodson H, Ramineni S, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148638. [PMID: 37858856 PMCID: PMC10873064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is highly prevalent especially among people living with HIV (PLWH). Activation of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective endocannabinoid system by phytocannabinoids, i.e. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been proposed to reduce HIV symptoms. However, THC's effects on HIV-related memory deficits are unclear. Using HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice, the current study investigates acute THC effects on various behavioral outcomes and the endocannabinoid system. For the rodent tetrad model, THC doses (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) induced known antinociceptive effects, with Tat induction increasing antinociceptive THC effects at 3 and 10 mg/kg doses. Only minor or no effects were noted for acute THC on body temperature, locomotor activity, and coordination. Increased anxiety-like behavior was found for females compared to males, but acute THC had no effect on anxiety. Object recognition memory was diminished by acute THC in Tat(-) females but not Tat(+) females, without affecting males. The endocannabinoid system and related lipids were not affected by acute THC, except for THC-induced decreases in CB1R protein expression levels in the spinal cord of Tat(-) mice. Female sex and Tat induction was associated with elevated 2-AG, AEA, AA, CB1R, CB2R, FAAH and/or MAGL expression in various brain regions. Further, AEA levels in the prefrontal cortex of Tat(+) females were negatively associated with object recognition memory. Overall, findings indicate that acute THC exerts differential effects on antinociception and memory, dependent on sex and HIV Tat expression, potentially in relation to an altered endocannabinoid system, which may be of relevance in view of potential cannabis-based treatment options for PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin L Gorman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hailey Dodson
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shreya Ramineni
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - E Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle R Peace
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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15
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Boehnke KF, Wu CL, Clauw DJ. Thoughtfully Integrating Cannabis Products Into Chronic Pain Treatment. Anesth Analg 2024; 138:5-15. [PMID: 38100797 PMCID: PMC10730114 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis products (CPs) and cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) are becoming increasingly available and are commonly used for pain management. The growing societal acceptance of cannabis and liberalization of cannabis laws allows patients to access CPs with minimal clinical oversight. While there is mechanistic plausibility that CPs and CBMs may be useful for pain management, the clinical trial literature is limited and does not refute or support the use of CBMs for pain management. Complicating matters, a large and growing body of observational literature shows that many people use CPs for pain management and in place of other medications. However, products and dosing regimens in existing trials are not generalizable to the current cannabis market, making it difficult to compare and reconcile these 2 bodies of literature. Given this complexity, clinicians need clear, pragmatic guidance on how to appropriately educate and work with patients who are using CBMs for pain management. In this review, we narratively synthesize the evidence to enable a clear view of current landscape and provide pragmatic advice for clinicians to use when working with patients. This advice revolves around 3 principles: (1) maintaining the therapeutic alliance; (2) harm reduction and benefit maximization; and (3) pragmatism, principles of patient-centered care, and use of best clinical judgment in the face of uncertainty. Despite the lack of certainty CPs and chronic pain management use, we believe that following these principles can make most of the clinical opportunity presented by discussions around CPs and also enhance the likelihood of clinical benefit from CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F. Boehnke
- Anesthesiology Department, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher L. Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care; Hospital for Special Surgery; New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J. Clauw
- Anesthesiology Department, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Kapler S, Adery L, Hoftman GD, Amir CM, Grigoryan V, Cooper ZD, Bearden CE. Assessing evidence supporting cannabis harm reduction practices for adolescents at clinical high-risk for psychosis: a review and clinical implementation tool. Psychol Med 2024; 54:245-255. [PMID: 37882050 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is consistently associated with both increased incidence of frank psychotic disorders and acute exacerbations of psychotic symptoms in healthy individuals and people with psychosis spectrum disorders. Although there is uncertainty around causality, cannabis use may be one of a few modifiable risk factors for conversion to psychotic disorders in individuals with Clinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) syndromes, characterized by functionally impairing and distressing subthreshold psychotic symptoms. To date, few recommendations beyond abstinence to reduce adverse psychiatric events associated with cannabis use have been made. This narrative review synthesizes existing scientific literature on cannabis' acute psychotomimetic effects and epidemiological associations with psychotic disorders in both CHR-P and healthy individuals to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and practical mental health intervention. There is compelling evidence for cannabis acutely exacerbating psychotic symptoms in CHR-P, but its impact on conversion to psychotic disorder is unclear. Current evidence supports a harm reduction approach in reducing frequency of acute psychotic-like experiences, though whether such interventions decrease CHR-P individuals' risk of conversion to psychotic disorder remains unknown. Specific recommendations include reducing frequency of use, lowering delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content in favor of cannabidiol-only products, avoiding products with inconsistent potency like edibles, enhancing patient-provider communication about cannabis use and psychotic-like experiences, and utilizing a collaborative and individualized therapeutic approach. Despite uncertainty surrounding cannabis' causal association with psychotic disorders, cautious attempts to reduce acute psychosis risk may benefit CHR-P individuals uninterested in abstinence. Further research is needed to clarify practices associated with minimization of cannabis-related psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kapler
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura Adery
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gil D Hoftman
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Amir
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vardui Grigoryan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ziva D Cooper
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Carlini BH, Garrett SB, Matos P, Nims LN, Kestens Y. Identifying policy options to regulate high potency cannabis: A multiple stakeholder concept mapping study in Washington State, USA. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104270. [PMID: 38043404 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis legalization in some U.S.A. states has catapulted the mass production of concentrates, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations ranging from 50-90%. A major public health concern is that these products will increase cannabis-related harms such as use disorders, psychotic symptoms, and accidental poisonings. This paper describes and contextualizes the results of a study requested by the WA State Legislature to understand perspectives of WA stakeholders on the topic. METHODS Concept Mapping (CM), a mixed-methods research approach that supports people-centered policy decisions was utilized. The goal of the study was to explore stakeholders' concern levels and support of policies to address the availability of high THC cannabis products. For analysis purposes, stakeholders were categorized into three groups: community, professionals, and cannabis advocates. RESULTS CM generated an inventory of policy ideas for regulating high-potency cannabis from a variety of stakeholders. Notably, stakeholders from community and professional groups supported environmental policy changes such as such as taxation, increasing minimum age for high concentration cannabis products, and advertising prohibition. Meanwhile, cannabis advocates (mostly industry actors) opposed taxation per THC content, proposed lowering taxes, and supported policies with low population impact such as educating parents, teachers, and youth. CONCLUSION Support for regulating high concentration THC products varied by stakeholder group. Consistent with how other health compromising industries have historically acted, cannabis industry stakeholders rejected regulation of their products. Future studies should explore non-cannabis industry stakeholders' willingness to work towards minimizing the influence of the cannabis industry in policy development processes to assure public health regulations prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz H Carlini
- Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
| | - Sharon B Garrett
- Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Lexi N Nims
- Addictions, Drug & Alcohol Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Yan Kestens
- École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Montréal, Canada
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18
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Bero L, Lawrence R, Oberste JP, Li T, Leslie L, Rittiphairoj T, Piper C, Wang GS, Brooks-Russell A, Yim TW, Tung G, Samet JM. Health Effects of High-Concentration Cannabis Products: Scoping Review and Evidence Map. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:1332-1342. [PMID: 37939329 PMCID: PMC10632847 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Background. The concentration of pharmacologically active tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis products has been increasing over the past decade. Concerns about potential harmful health effects of using these increasingly higher-concentration products have led some states to consider regulation of cannabis product THC concentration. We conducted a scoping review of health effects of high-concentration cannabis products to inform policy on whether the THC concentrations of cannabis product should be regulated or limited. Objectives. We conducted a scoping review to (1) identify and describe human studies that explore the relationship of high-concentration cannabis products with any health outcomes in the literature and (2) create an interactive evidence map of the included studies to facilitate further analyses. Search Methods. An experienced medical information specialist designed a comprehensive search strategy of 7 electronic databases. Selection Criteria. We included human studies of any epidemiological design with no restrictions by age, sex, health status, country, or outcome measured that reported THC concentration or included a known high-concentration cannabis product. Data Collection and Analysis. We imported search results into Distiller SR, and trained coders conducted artificial intelligence‒assisted screening. We developed, piloted, and revised data abstraction forms. One person performed data abstraction, and a senior reviewer verified a subset. We provide a tabular description of study characteristics, including exposures and outcomes measured, for each included study. We interrogated the evidence map published in Tableau to answer specific questions and provide the results as text and visual displays. Main Results. We included 452 studies in the scoping review and evidence map. There was incomplete reporting of exposure characteristics including THC concentration, duration and frequency of use, and products used. The evidence map shows considerable heterogeneity among studies in exposures, outcomes, and populations studied. A limited number of reports provided data that would facilitate further quantitative synthesis of the results across studies. Conclusions. This scoping review and evidence map support strong conclusions concerning the utility of the literature for characterizing risks and benefits of the current cannabis marketplace and the research approaches followed in the studies identified. Relevance of the studies to today's products is limited. Public Health Implications. High-quality evidence to address the policy question of whether the THC concentration of cannabis products should be regulated is scarce. The publicly available interactive evidence map is a timely resource for other entities concerned with burgeoning access to high-concentration cannabis. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(12):1332-1342. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307414).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bero
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Rosa Lawrence
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Jean-Pierre Oberste
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Tianjing Li
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Louis Leslie
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Thanitsara Rittiphairoj
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Christi Piper
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - George Sam Wang
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Ashley Brooks-Russell
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Tsz Wing Yim
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Gregory Tung
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Jonathan M Samet
- Lisa Bero and Rosa Lawrence are with the Department of General Internal Medicine, Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. Jean-Pierre Oberste, Tianjing Li, Louis Leslie, and Tsz Wing Yim are with Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Thanitsara Rittiphairoj is with Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Christi Piper is with Strauss Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. George Sam Wang is with Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Ashley Brooks-Russell is with Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Gregory Tung is with Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus. Jonathan M. Samet is with Office of the Dean, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus
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Bonar EE, Goldstick JE, Tan CY, Bourque C, Carter PM, Duval ER, McAfee J, Walton MA. A remote brief intervention plus social media messaging for cannabis use among emerging adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial in emergency department patients. Addict Behav 2023; 147:107829. [PMID: 37598642 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interventions addressing cannabis use among emerging adults (ages 18-25) are currently needed to prevent negative outcomes. Emergency Department (ED) visits provide an opportunity to initiate interventions. In this pilot study, we created a brief intervention (BI), extended with private social media messaging for emerging adult ED patients who use cannabis regularly. Study aims were to examine intervention feasibility, acceptability, and descriptive outcomes. METHODS We recruited and randomized N = 58 emerging adults (M age 21.5 years, 65.5% female) who used cannabis from an ED in-person and remotely after their ED visit (given COVID-19 restrictions). Participants randomized to the intervention (N = 30) received a Motivational Interviewing-based BI and 4 weeks of health coaching via private social media; control participants received a resource brochure and entertaining social media messaging. Follow-ups occurred at 1-month and 3-months. RESULTS Most intervention participants liked the BI (95.8%), found it helpful to discuss cannabis use in the BI (91.7%), and liked interacting with coaches on social media (86.3%). Social media content (e.g., video clips, images/still pictures/memes) were highly rated. Descriptively, the intervention group showed theory-consistent changes in importance of and intentions to change cannabis (increases vs. decrease/stability in control group), whereas findings for cannabis consumption/consequences were mixed. CONCLUSIONS This BI paired with social media messaging was acceptable in a sample of emerging adults from an ED who used cannabis regularly. Despite feasibility challenges due to COVID-19, this intervention warrants future investigation with a larger sample and longer follow-up period, with attention to the changing cannabis landscape when measuring outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jason E Goldstick
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Chiu Yi Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Carrie Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, 1 Hurley Plaza, Flint, MI 48503, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Duval
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jenna McAfee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Burlington Building, 325 E. Eisenhower Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Building 10, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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20
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Larsen SF, Johnson AJ, Larimer ME, Dager SR, Kleinhans NM. Self-report methodology for quantifying standardized cannabis consumption in milligrams delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:723-732. [PMID: 37506343 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2232525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: There is currently no format-independent method to determine delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in milligrams for self-report studies.Objectives: Validate self-report method for quantifying mg THC from commercially available cannabis products using product labeling, which includes both net weight and product potency.Methods: 53 adult cannabis users (24 M, 29F), 21-39 years of age (M = 28.38, SD = 4.15), were instructed to report daily use via a weekly survey for two consecutive weeks, provide product label photographs, abstain from use for 24 h, submit a urine sample and complete the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test - Revised (CUDIT-R) and the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire - Short Form (MCQ-SF). Milligrams of THC were determined by multiplying quantity of product used by its THC concentration. Urine was analyzed for the urine metabolite 11-nor-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) via liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. THC and THC-COOH values were log10 transformed prior to correlational analyses.Results: Median daily THC consumption was 102.53 mg (M = 203.68, SD = 268.13). Thirty-three (62%) of the 53 participants reported using two or more formats over the 2-week period. There was a significant positive correlation between log10 THC-COOH and log10 THC mg (r(41) = .59, p < .001), log10 THC mg and MCQ-SF score (r(41) = .59, p < .001), and log10 THC mg dose and CUDIT-R score, (r(41) = .39, p = .010).Conclusion: Our label-based methodology provides consumption information across all modalities of cannabis use in standard units that can be combined across products for calculation of dose. It is a viable and valid method for quantifying mg of THC consumed and can be utilized in any region where cannabis is legal, and labeling is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Larsen
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allegra J Johnson
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen R Dager
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalia M Kleinhans
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Integrated Brain Imaging Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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21
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Glinn MA, Michaud GP. Potency levels of regulated cannabis products in Michigan 2021-2022. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1894-1905. [PMID: 37501559 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of cannabinoid concentrations in products from the legal cannabis market has been fraught with uncertainty. The lack of standardized testing methodology and the susceptibility of cannabinoids to degradation under certain storage conditions complicates the efforts to assess total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels across wide geographic areas. There are few peer-reviewed surveys of cannabinoid concentrations in regulated products. Those that have been done have not characterized the effects of differences in analytical methodology, sample population, and storage conditions. Viridis Laboratories, which operates two cannabis safety compliance facilities in Michigan, has analyzed over 34,000 cannabis products throughout 2021 and 2022 before the sale in the regulated market. Fifteen cannabinoids in cannabis flower, concentrates, and infused products were tested using methanolic extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Methods were validated before use, and the flower analysis procedure was certified by the Association of Analytical Collaboration. All the samples were tested before submission for sale and therefore had not undergone prolonged storage. The results are compared with those seen in other states as well as in the illicit market. Total THC levels in cannabis flower from the regulated market are significantly higher than those seen in illicit products. The distribution of cannabinoid levels is similar in flowers intended for either the medicinal or adult-use markets, with an average potency of 18%-23% of total THC. Total THC in concentrates averages up to 82%. Other cannabinoids are observed at significant levels, mostly in products specifically formulated to contain them. These results may act as a benchmark for potency levels in the regulated market.
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22
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Milad N, Fantauzzi MF, McGrath JJ, Cass SP, Thayaparan D, Wang P, Afkhami S, Aguiar JA, Ask K, Doxey AC, Stampfli MR, Hirota JA. Cannabis smoke suppresses antiviral immune responses to influenza A in mice. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00219-2023. [PMID: 38020563 PMCID: PMC10680033 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00219-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Despite its increasingly widespread use, little is known about the impact of cannabis smoking on the response to viral infections like influenza A virus (IAV). Many assume that cannabis smoking will disrupt antiviral responses in a manner similar to cigarette smoking; however, since cannabinoids exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, cannabis smoke exposure may impact viral infection in distinct ways. Methods Male and female BALB/c mice were exposed daily to cannabis smoke and concurrently intranasally instilled with IAV. Viral burden, inflammatory mediator levels (multiplex ELISA), lung immune cells populations (flow cytometry) and gene expression patterns (RNA sequencing) were assessed in the lungs. Plasma IAV-specific antibodies were measured via ELISA. Results We found that cannabis smoke exposure increased pulmonary viral burden while decreasing total leukocytes, including macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cell populations in the lungs. Furthermore, infection-induced upregulation of certain inflammatory mediators (interferon-γ and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) was blunted by cannabis smoke exposure, which in females was linked to the transcriptional downregulation of pathways involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, plasma levels of IAV-specific IgM and IgG1 were significantly decreased in cannabis smoke-exposed, infected mice compared to infected controls, only in female mice. Conclusions Overall, cannabis smoke exposure disrupted host-defence processes, leading to increased viral burden and dampened inflammatory signalling. These results suggest that cannabis smoking is detrimental to the maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis during viral infection and highlight the need for data regarding the impact on immune competency in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Milad
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to the studies and manuscript
| | - Matthew F. Fantauzzi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to the studies and manuscript
| | - Joshua J.C. McGrath
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven P. Cass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Danya Thayaparan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peiyao Wang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R. Stampfli
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Hirota
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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23
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Bosley HG, Peña JM, Penn AD, Sorensen JL, Tierney M, Flentje A. A Pragmatic, Person-Centered View of Cannabis in the United States: Pursuing Care That Transcends Beliefs. Subst Abus 2023; 44:337-347. [PMID: 37902034 DOI: 10.1177/08897077231202836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of cannabis use are increasing in the United States, likely as a result of changes in societal attitudes and expanding legalization. Although many patients report wanting to discuss the risks and benefits of cannabis use with their clinical providers, many providers hold conflicting beliefs regarding cannabis use and often do not engage patients in discussion about cannabis. This dilemma is underscored by the limitations imposed on cannabis related research, and lack of empirically based best-practice guidelines for clinicians when addressing cannabis use with patients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to briefly summarize clinician and patient attitudes toward cannabis use and review current clinical guidelines and provide suggestions to assist health care providers and clinicians in increasing their comfort and skill in discussing cannabis use with patients. METHODS A narrative review on attitudes toward cannabis use and clinical guidelines was performed to summarize the literature and provide evidence-based recommendations. RESULTS Attitudes toward cannabis use have been shaped by personal and political factors and contribute to clinician hesitance in speaking with patients about the topic. Administrative barriers have hindered the development of clearer public health guidelines that might enable the dissemination of evidence-based information on the health effects of cannabis use and might ultimately lead to better health outcomes. CONCLUSION Not discussing cannabis use with patients may be a crucial missed opportunity for harm reduction. In the absence of empirically supported best-practice guidelines, a person-centered approach can facilitate conversations on the harms and benefits of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Bosley
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Berkeley Therapy Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Juan M Peña
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Berg CJ, Romm KF, Pannell A, Sridharan P, Sapra T, Rajamahanty A, Cui Y, Wang Y, Yang YT, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Cannabis retailer marketing strategies and regulatory compliance: A surveillance study of retailers in 5 US cities. Addict Behav 2023; 143:107696. [PMID: 36966547 PMCID: PMC10674052 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
As cannabis retail expands in the US, its surveillance is crucial to inform regulations and protect consumers. This study addresses this need by conducting point-of-sale audits examining regulatory compliance (e.g., age verification, signage), advertising/promotional strategies, products, and pricing among 150 randomly-selected cannabis retailers in 5 US cities (30/city: Denver, Colorado; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon; Las Vegas, Nevada; Los Angeles, California) in Summer 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses characterized the retailers overall and across cities. Age verification rates were high (>90%). The majority of retailers had signage indicating restricted access (e.g., no minors; 87.3%), onsite consumption (73.3%), and distribution to minors (53.3%). Retailers were likely to post warnings regarding use during pregnancy/breastfeeding (72.0%), followed by health risks (38.0%), impacts on children/youth (18.7%), and DUI (14.0%). Overall, 28.7% posted health claims, 20.7% posted youth-oriented signage, and 18.0% had youth-oriented packaging. Price promotions were prevalent, particularly price specials (75.3%), daily/weekly/monthly specials (66.7%), and membership programs (39.3%). One-fourth had signs/promotions indicating curbside delivery/pick-up (28.0%) and/or online ordering (25.3%); 64.7% promoted their website or social media page. The most potent cannabis products were most often e-liquids (38.0%) or oils (24.7%); the least potent were often edibles (53.0%). The most expensive product was often bud/flower (58.0%); the least was joints (54.0%). The vast majority (≥81%) sold vaporizers, wrapping papers, and hookah/waterpipes/bongs, and 22.6% sold CBD products. Marketing strategies differed across cities, reflecting differences in state-specific regulations and/or gaps in compliance/enforcement. Findings underscore the need for ongoing cannabis retail surveillance to inform future regulatory and enforcement efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alexandria Pannell
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Priyanka Sridharan
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tanvi Sapra
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aishwarya Rajamahanty
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yuxian Cui
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Tony Yang
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Community of Policy, Populations and Systems, School of Nursing, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Nigam K, Curseen KA, Beaussant Y. Psychedelics and Related Pharmacotherapies as Integrative Medicine for Older Adults in Palliative Care. Clin Geriatr Med 2023; 39:423-436. [PMID: 37385694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychological distress at the end of life is a common experience that lacks effective treatments. This is in part due to the multidimensional nature of psychological distress at the end of life, encompassing an interplay between psychosocial and existential distress as well as physical symptom burden. Research shows that psychedelic-assisted therapy is an effective treatment of end of life distress. Ketamine and cannabis may help with quick and effective treatment of symptom burden at the end of life. Although these novel interventions show promise, further data is needed, particularly in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Nigam
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School.
| | - Kimberly A Curseen
- Division of Palliative Care, Emory University, 1821 Clifton Road, NE, Suite 1017, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Yvan Beaussant
- Harvard Medical School; Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 375 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gilson MS, Kilmer JR, Fleming CB, Rhew IC, Calhoun BH, Guttmannova K. Substance-Specific Risk Factors for Cannabis and Alcohol Use Among Young Adults Following Implementation of Nonmedical Cannabis Legalization. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1047-1057. [PMID: 36114976 PMCID: PMC10020123 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Laws regarding cannabis are rapidly changing in the USA as more states legalize nonmedical cannabis for adults aged 21 and older. Previous research has examined whether legalization has led to an increase in cannabis use as well as the use of other substances. The current study examined changes in cannabis- and alcohol-specific risk factors following legalization of nonmedical cannabis. We used 6 years of annual cross-sectional data (2014-2019) from 12,951 young adults age 18 to 25 who resided in Washington state. Risk factors examined include perceiving that use was common among same-age peers, believing use was acceptable, having easy access, and low perceived physical and psychological harm from use. Logistic regression models estimated annual rate of increase in these risk factors. All cannabis-specific risk factors increased among those aged 21+ (range of ORs for annual rate of change: 1.07-1.31) while significant increase in cannabis-related risk factors among those under age 21 was limited to perceptions of cannabis use being common (medical use: OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.12; nonmedical use: OR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.18) and low perceived physical harm of occasional use (OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.13). Although descriptive norms for past-year use of alcohol among those aged 21+ increased (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.17), other risk factors for alcohol did not change significantly or, in the case of low perceived physical and psychological harm, decreased among both those under age 21 and those aged 21+ (range of ORs = 0.90-0.94). Given these findings show an increase in cannabis-specific risk factors since legalization was implemented, particularly among those young adults aged 21+, preventive interventions correcting risk misperceptions and related risk factors among young adults aged 21+ may prove efficacious in reducing use and resultant negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US.
| | - Jason R Kilmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Charles B Fleming
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Brian H Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
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Lyu X, Illamola SM, Marino SE, Leppik IE, Dahmer S, Lehfeldt P, Conway JM, Remmel RP, Kingsley K, Birnbaum AK. Medical Cannabis Received by Patients According to Qualifying Condition in a US State Cannabis Program: Product Choice, Dosing, and Age-Related Trends. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2023; 99:100709. [PMID: 37538850 PMCID: PMC10393751 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2023.100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the distribution of cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to patients participating in state medical cannabis programs. The Minnesota cannabis program requires third-party testing of products with limited formulations of cannabis for distribution to patients. Objective To characterize the distribution of cannabis products, their CBD/THC content, and dosing among patients with qualifying conditions. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of ∼50% of registered users receiving medical cannabis in Minnesota (June 16, 2016, to November 15, 2019). Data included formulation, CBD/THC prescribed doses, and qualifying conditions. The primary end points were calculated using daily dose and duration of use. Comparisons were made for CBD and THC total daily dose dispensed, patient age, and approved product. Nonparametric statistical tests were used (significance was set at p < 0.05). Results A total of 11,520 patients were listed with 1 qualifying condition. The most common condition was intractable pain (60.0%). Median dispensation duration varied from 53 days (cancer) to 322 days (muscle spasms). Most (≥62.8%) patients across all qualifying conditions received both CBD and THC. Median THC dose was lower in older (≥65 years) compared with younger adults with intractable pain (p < 0.0001) and cancer patients (p = 0.0152), and the same pattern was found CBD dose with seizure (p = 0.0498) patients. For commercial products with Food and Drug Administration indications, the median CBD total daily dose was 86.9% lower than the recommended doses for patients with seizures (Epidiolex: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto CA) and median THC total daily dose was 65.3% (Syndros: Benuvia Manufacturing, Round Rock, TX) or 79.3% lower (Marinol: Banner Pharmacaps, Inc., High Point, NC) for cancer patients. Conclusions A majority of patients received products containing both CBD and THC. Dosages varied by age group and were lower than recommended for conditions with Food and Drug Administration-approved products. Complex pharmacokinetics of THC and CBD, possible age-related changes in physiology, unknown efficacy, and potential for drug interactions all increase the need for monitoring of patients receiving cannabis products. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2023; 84:XXX-XXX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Lyu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sílvia M. Illamola
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Susan E. Marino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ilo E. Leppik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen Dahmer
- Family Medicine and Community Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Goodness Growth Holdings, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Jeannine M. Conway
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rory P. Remmel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Angela K. Birnbaum
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Ferland JMN, Ellis RJ, Rompala G, Landry JA, Callens JE, Ly A, Frier MD, Uzamere TO, Hurd YL. Dose mediates the protracted effects of adolescent THC exposure on reward and stress reactivity in males relevant to perturbation of the basolateral amygdala transcriptome. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2583-2593. [PMID: 35236956 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the belief that cannabis is relatively harmless, exposure during adolescence is associated with increased risk of developing several psychopathologies in adulthood. In addition to the high levels of use amongst teenagers, the potency of ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has increased more than fourfold compared to even twenty years ago, and it is unclear whether potency influences the presentation of THC-induced behaviors. Expanded knowledge about the impact of adolescent THC exposure, especially high dose, is important to delineating neural networks and molecular mechanisms underlying psychiatric risk. Here, we observed that repeated exposure to low (1.5 mg/kg) and high (5 mg/kg) doses of THC during adolescence in male rats produced divergent effects on behavior in adulthood. Whereas low dose rats showed greater sensitivity to reward devaluation and also self-administered more heroin, high dose animals were significantly more reactive to social isolation stress. RNA sequencing of the basolateral amygdala, a region linked to reward processing and stress, revealed significant perturbations in transcripts and gene networks related to synaptic plasticity and HPA axis that were distinct to THC dose as well as stress. In silico single-cell deconvolution of the RNAseq data revealed a significant reduction of astrocyte-specific genes related to glutamate regulation in stressed high dose animals, a result paired anatomically with greater astrocyte-to-neuron ratios and hypotrophic astrocytes. These findings emphasize the importance of dose and behavioral state on the presentation of THC-related behavioral phenotypes in adulthood and dysregulation of astrocytes as an interface for the protracted effects of high dose THC and subsequent stress sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline-Marie N Ferland
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randall J Ellis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Rompala
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Landry
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James E Callens
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annie Ly
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Micah D Frier
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teddy O Uzamere
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Colby AM, Dilley JA, Pensky HM, Johnson JK. Medical Cannabis Program Sustainability in the Era of Recreational Cannabis. Clin Ther 2023; 45:578-588. [PMID: 37414508 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since October 2022, a total of 21 states have enacted both medical-use and adult-use cannabis legalization, each with their own unique set of laws, regulations, implementation, structures, and enforcement ("policies"). Unlike adult-use programs, medical-use programs often represent a safer and affordable option for patients with diverse needs; however, current evidence suggests that medical-use program activity decreases after implementation of adult-use retail. The current study compares medical patient registration data and medical- and adult-use retail data from 3 distinct medical- and adult-use states (Colorado, Massachusetts, and Oregon) in the time after adult-use retail implementation in each state. METHODS To investigate changes in medical cannabis programs with simultaneous adult-use legalization, correlation and linear regression analyses were used to assess outcome measures: (1) medical-use retail sales; (2) adult-use retail sales; and (3) number of registered medical patients in all fiscal quarters after adult-use retail sales were implemented in each state to September 2022. FINDINGS Adult-use cannabis sales increased significantly over time in all 3 states. However, both medical-use sales and number of medical patients registered in the states increased only in Massachusetts. IMPLICATIONS Results indicate that states' preexisting medical-use programs may undergo critical changes after adult-use cannabis legalization is enacted and implemented. Key policy and program differences, such as regulatory differences in the implementation of adult-use retail sales, may have differential impacts on medical-use programs. For continued patient access, it is critical that future research assess the differences within and between states' medical-use and adult-use programs that permit sustainability of medical-use programs alongside adult-use legalization and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Colby
- Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Julia A Dilley
- Program Design and Evaluation Services, Multnomah County/Oregon Public Health Division, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hailey M Pensky
- Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie K Johnson
- Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Myers MG, Bonar EE, Bohnert KM. Driving under the influence of cannabis, alcohol, and illicit drugs among adults in the United States from 2016 to 2020. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107614. [PMID: 36652810 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driving under the influence (DUI) of substances increases motor vehicle crash risk. Understanding current national trends of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA), cannabis (DUIC), and drugs other than cannabis (DUID) can inform public health efforts. Herein, we provide updated trends among United States (US) adults regarding DUIA, DUIC, DUID, and DUI of any substance. METHOD We used nationally-representative National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2016-2020) data to derive prevalence estimates of past-year DUIC, DUIA, DUID, and DUI of any substance among non-institutionalized US adults and among those reporting respective past-year substance use. Prevalence estimates and adjusted logistic regressions characterized temporal trends of these behaviors among US adults, among those with respective past-year substance use, and among stratified demographic subpopulations. RESULTS Over 1 in 10 US adults reported DUI of any substance annually from 2016 to 2020.DUIA was most prevalent among all US adults (8.7% in 2017); however, this behavior is decreasing (AOR:0.96; 95%CI:0.94,0.98). No change in DUIC among the US adult population was found, but a decrease was found among those with past-year cannabis use (AOR:0.95; 95%CI:0.93,0.98), which coincided with a 29.1% increase in past-year cannabis use. There were no significant changes in overall DUID; however, females, those ages 26-34 and 65 or older with past-year use displayed increasing trends. DUI of any substance decreased among the US adult population. CONCLUSIONS DUI remains a salient public health concern in the US and results indicate population subgroups who may benefit from impaired driving prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Myers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 909 Wilson Rd Room B601, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Erin E Bonar
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd Building 18, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Kipling M Bohnert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 909 Wilson Rd Room B601, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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Hasin DS, Borodovsky J, Shmulewitz D, Walsh C, Struble CA, Livne O, Habib MI, Fink DS, Aharonovich E, Budney A. Adult use of highly-potent Δ9-THC cannabis concentrate products by U.S. state cannabis legalization status, 2021. Addict Behav 2023; 140:107617. [PMID: 36736229 PMCID: PMC9930475 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to plant/flower cannabis products, cannabis concentrates have higher average potency of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), which may be associated with greater likelihood of cannabis-related harms. Information on factors associated with use of cannabis concentrates is needed. METHODS Respondents were 4,328 adult past-7-day cannabis users from all 50 U.S. states and Washington DC (DC) who participated in an online 2021 survey. Using logistic regression to generate adjusted odds ratios (aOR), we investigated whether participants in states that enacted recreational cannabis laws (RCL, 12 states plus DC [treated as a state], n = 1,236) or medical cannabis laws (MCL-only, 23 states, n = 2,030) by December 31, 2020 were more likely than those in states without cannabis laws (no-CL, 15 states, n = 1,062) to use cannabis concentrate products in the prior 7 days. RESULTS Most participants (92.4%) used plant material in the prior 7 days; 57.0% used cannabis concentrates. In RCL, MCL and no-CL states, concentrate use was reported by 61.5%, 56.6%, and 52.5%, respectively. Compared to participants in no-CL states, odds of using cannabis concentrate products were greater among those in RCL states (aOR = 1.47; CI = 1.17-1.84) and MCL-only states (aOR = 1.29; CI = 1.08-1.55). Whether states had legally-authorized dispensaries had little effect on results. CONCLUSION Results suggest that individuals in MCL-only and RCL states are more likely to use cannabis concentrate products. Determining mechanisms underlying these results, e.g., commercialization, could provide important information for prevention. Clinicians should be alert to patient use of concentrates, especially in MCL-only and RCL states. Continued monitoring is warranted as additional states legalize cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168(th) St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Jacob Borodovsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Claire Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Cara A Struble
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Ofir Livne
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mohammad I Habib
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - David S Fink
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Alan Budney
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Tolan NV, Krasowski MD, Mathias PC, Wiencek JR, Babic N, Chai PR, Chambliss AB, Choucair I, Demetriou CA, Erickson TB, Feldhammer M, French D, Hayes BD, Kang P, El-Khoury JM, Knezevic CE, Monte A, Nerenz RD, Okorodudu AO, Roper SM, Saitman A, Thiriveedhi V, Uljon SN, Vest A, Woodworth A, Yu M, Melanson SEF. Cannabis positivity rates in 17 emergency departments across the United States with varying degrees of marijuana legalization. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:248-259. [PMID: 37129223 PMCID: PMC10793079 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2023.2177552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many states in the United States have progressed towards legalization of marijuana including decriminalization, medicinal and/or recreational use. We studied the impact of legalization on cannabis-related emergency department visits in states with varying degrees of legalization. METHODS Seventeen healthcare institutions in fifteen states (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Washington) participated. Cannabinoid immunoassay results and cannabis-related International Classification of Diseases (ninth and tenth versions) codes were obtained for emergency department visits over a 3- to 8-year period during various stages of legalization: no state laws, decriminalized, medical approval before dispensaries, medical dispensaries available, recreational approval before dispensaries and recreational dispensaries available. Trends and monthly rates of cannabinoid immunoassay and cannabis-related International Classification of Diseases code positivity were determined during these legalization periods. RESULTS For most states, there was a significant increase in both cannabinoid immunoassay and International Classification of Diseases code positivity as legalization progressed; however, positivity rates differed. The availability of dispensaries may impact positivity in states with medical and/or recreational approval. In most states with no laws, there was a significant but smaller increase in cannabinoid immunoassay positivity rates. CONCLUSIONS States may experience an increase in cannabis-related emergency department visits with progression toward marijuana legalization. The differences between states, including those in which no impact was seen, are likely multifactorial and include cultural norms, attitudes of local law enforcement, differing patient populations, legalization in surrounding states, availability of dispensaries, various ordering protocols in the emergency department, and the prevalence of non-regulated cannabis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Tolan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D. Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick C. Mathias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joesph R. Wiencek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nikolina Babic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Peter R. Chai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison B. Chambliss
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Choucair
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christiana A. Demetriou
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus, USA
| | - Timothy B. Erickson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Feldhammer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Deborah French
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan D. Hayes
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Kang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joe M. El-Khoury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Andrew Monte
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert D. Nerenz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Stephen M. Roper
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alec Saitman
- Providence Regional Laboratories, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vamsi Thiriveedhi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sacha N. Uljon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexis Vest
- University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alison Woodworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stacy E. F. Melanson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Peterswald TJ, Mieog JC, Azman Halimi R, Magner NJ, Trebilco A, Kretzschmar T, Purdy SJ. Moving Away from 12:12; the Effect of Different Photoperiods on Biomass Yield and Cannabinoids in Medicinal Cannabis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1061. [PMID: 36903921 PMCID: PMC10004775 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The standard practice to initiate flowering in medicinal cannabis involves reducing the photoperiod from a long-day period to an equal duration cycle of 12 h light (12L)/12 h dark (12D). This method reflects the short-day flowering dependence of many cannabis varieties but may not be optimal for all. We sought to identify the effect of nine different flowering photoperiod treatments on the biomass yield and cannabinoid concentration of three medicinal cannabis varieties. The first, "Cannatonic", was a high cannabidiol (CBD)-accumulating line, whereas the other two, "Northern Lights" and "Hindu Kush", were high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) accumulators. The nine treatments tested, following 18 days under 18 h light/6 h dark following cloning and propagation included a standard 12L:12D period, a shortened period of 10L:14D, and a lengthened period of 14L:10D. The other six treatments started in one of the aforementioned and then 28 days later (mid-way through flowering) were switched to one of the other treatments, thus causing either an increase of 2 or 4 h, or a decrease of 2 or 4 h. Measured parameters included the timing of reproductive development; the dry weight flower yield; and the % dry weight of the main target cannabinoids, CBD and THC, from which the total g cannabinoid per plant was calculated. Flower biomass yields were highest for all lines when treatments started with 14L:10D; however, in the two THC lines, a static 14L:10D photoperiod caused a significant decline in THC concentration. Conversely, in Cannatonic, all treatments starting with 14L:10D led to a significant increase in the CBD concentration, which led to a 50-100% increase in total CBD yield. The results show that the assumption that a 12L:12D photoperiod is optimal for all lines is incorrect as, in some lines, yields can be greatly increased by a lengthened light period during flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson James Peterswald
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 105 Prince Street, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Jos Cornelis Mieog
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Razlin Azman Halimi
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nelson Joel Magner
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 105 Prince Street, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Amy Trebilco
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 105 Prince Street, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Tobias Kretzschmar
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Sarah Jane Purdy
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, 105 Prince Street, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
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Hall W, Leung J, Carlini BH. How should policymakers regulate the tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis products in a legal market? Addiction 2023; 118:998-1003. [PMID: 36662648 DOI: 10.1111/add.16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An increased use of high-potency cannabis products since cannabis legalization in the United States, Canada and elsewhere may increase cannabis-related harm. Policymakers have good reasons for regulating more potent cannabis in ways that minimize harm, using approaches similar to those used to regulate alcohol; namely, banning the sale of high-potency cannabis, setting a cap on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content and imposing higher rates of taxes on more potent cannabis products. Given the difficulty that US policymakers have had in regulating cannabis extracts and edibles, governments that are planning to legalize cannabis need to put policies on extracts into enabling legislation and evaluate the impact of these policies on cannabis use and cannabis-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Hall
- The National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- The National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Beatriz H Carlini
- Addictions, Drug and Alcohol Institute-ADAI, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cannabis use in Attention - Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A scoping review. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 157:239-256. [PMID: 36508935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatments for Adult ADHD include stimulants, two non-stimulant medications, as well as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). These pharmacological agents are often associated with side effects, contributing to poor treatment adherence. Patients with ADHD have regularly stated that cannabis has helped improve their ADHD symptoms; however, scientific literature describing the effects of cannabis on symptoms of ADHD is scarce. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov. The searches included all publications in English up to June 27, 2022. We included both experimental and observational studies that assessed the effect of cannabis on ADHD symptomatology and neuropsychiatric outcomes. To synthesize our current understanding of the potential effects of cannabis use on ADHD symptoms and pathophysiology, and the effects of ADHD on cannabis use, data was extracted from each study regarding the characteristics of its population, methods used to assess both cannabis consumption and ADHD symptoms, and key findings. RESULTS Our scoping review included a total of 39 studies. Only one study employed a randomized and placebo-controlled design to directly measure the effect of cannabis on ADHD, and no significant effect was observed for the study's primary outcome, the QbTest (Est = -0.17, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.07, p = 0.16). Most of the literature consists of cross-sectional studies that evaluate the association between ADHD severity and cannabis use. 15 studies addressed the neuropsychiatric effects of cannabis on ADHD by employing either a battery of neuropsychiatric tests or neuroimaging. The concentration and amount of THC and CBD used were not well measured in most of the studies. Although some studies indicated that cannabis improved ADHD symptoms, most studies indicated it worsened or had no effect on ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Given the current evidence, cannabis is not recommended for people with ADHD. Limitations of the literature include the absence of objective measurements for cannabis exposure and ADHD symptoms, heterogenous definitions, oversampling, and small sample sizes.
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Vargas G, Shrier LA, Chadi N, Harris SK. High-Potency Cannabis Use in Adolescence. J Pediatr 2023; 252:191-197.e1. [PMID: 35977620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vargas
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Lydia A Shrier
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Adolescent Behavioral Health Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nicholas Chadi
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sion K Harris
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Adolescent Behavioral Health Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Clarke H, Fitzcharles M. The evolving culture of medical cannabis in Canada for the management of chronic pain. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1153584. [PMID: 37089954 PMCID: PMC10119390 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1153584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although used therapeutically for millennia, cannabis has been a prohibited substance worldwide for most of the 20th Century. With revision of prohibitive regulations in many jurisdictions during the past 2 decades, cannabis is increasingly available to patients as a potential treatment option for various symptoms. Pain relief, sleep promotion and alleviation of distress, depression and anxiety are the most common reasons for cannabis use. Canada has been at the forefront of medical cannabis (MC) legislation revisions to enable and facilitate access for therapeutic use. Although initially viewed with caution and stigma, attitudes to cannabis in general have changed. Medical cannabis is identified as the herbal plant product sourced from a grower/producer and is not at present a regulated pharmaceutical product. Medical cannabis use is currently prevalent in Canada but has bypassed the rigorous study required for usual drug approval. Although uptake has been enthusiastic by patients, the medical community has voiced cautions and concerns. Access to medical cannabis is fairly easy once an approval document is obtained from a healthcare professional, but without obligation for medical or pharmacy oversight. The greatest concern is a dearth of sound clinical evidence for effects and harms. Emerging concerns include prevalent patient self-management with information based on personal research, an abundance of on-line information which may not always be accurate, the emergence of designated "cannabis clinics," potential risks to society due to accidents, and high cost of the legal medical product leading to access via the recreational market. With cannabis now entrenched in Canadian healthcare, physicians must be sufficiently knowledgeable to provide guidance that is evidence-based and will ensure personal and societal harm reduction. Examination of the changing culture of medical cannabis in Canada will provide insight for countries that may be anticipating similar revisions of cannabis regulations to allow cannabis access for their patient population and learn from the issues created by recreational legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Clarke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management Pain Research Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Transitional Pain Service, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M. Fitzcharles
- Department of Rheumatology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: M. Fitzcharles,
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Amann L, Kruse E, Lazard AJ, Reboussin BA, Wagoner KG, Romero-Sandoval EA. CBD Retailers in NC Promote CBD Online to Treat Pain Violating FDA Rules About Medical Claims and Offer Low-CBD/High-Price Products. J Pain Res 2022; 15:3847-3858. [PMID: 36514481 PMCID: PMC9741853 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s384996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cannabidiol (CBD) products are available nearly nationwide in the US and can coexist with medical or recreational programs. North Carolina (NC) is an example of a state with a program dedicated to integrating hemp cultivation and medicinal CBD exclusively, containing a multitude of retailers selling it as a primary product. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates that non-FDA approved CBD products cannot be marketed using medical or health-related claims and has sent warning letters to retailers violating these terms. We aim to characterize the online content of the NC CBD market by analyzing retailers' websites to determine whether hemp/CBD shops comply with FDA regulations in terms of medical claims and analyze the claimed CBD content and price of products offered online. Methods We randomly selected three CBD retailers from the ten most populated cities of NC. We analyzed their website content: product type, medical claims, other disclaimers, price, and CBD content. Results We found that edible, oral, inhalable, and topical products are offered in similar proportions. Word analysis of product description revealed that "pain" and "pain relief" were the most common medical claim, followed by inflammation and anxiety. Health claims were mostly related to wellbeing. Other attributes indicate that products are associated with pleasant flavors or sensations (ie, cool, lavender, delicious, honey, menthol), which resembles the strategies used for tobacco advertisement. Most products (61%) claimed to contain less than 1000 mg of CBD. The median price of products ranged from $15-30 per 300 mg. We found a positive correlation between CBD content and price. Discussion Our data demonstrate that the NC online CBD market does not comply with FDA regulations, primarily targets patients with pain, inflammation, or anxiety, and offers products with low CBD concentration and high prices. New policies should limit the access and online promotion of non-pharmaceutical grade CBD products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Amann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kruse
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Allison J Lazard
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel HIll, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kimberly G Wagoner
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA,Correspondence: E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Anesthesiology, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA, Tel +1 336-716-2725, Fax +1 336-713-2616, Email
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Han J, Ng’ombe JN. The supply-side effects of cannabis legalization. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:40. [PMID: 35864509 PMCID: PMC9306049 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study is to examine how cannabis legalization and corresponding taxation would affect the supply-side of the cannabis market. Specifically, the study considers various scenarios in which Oklahoma legalizes recreational cannabis for adult use and simulates changes in state-level market sales for other legal states and the average grower profits in Oklahoma. We assume that legalizing recreational cannabis in medical-only states would significantly increase the demand quantity in the legalized states and the local government would levy a significant level of tax on recreational cannabis. These assumptions are based on the post-legalization phenomena in other legalized US states. Method We simulate outcomes in the cannabis industry under the assumption of representative consumers with constant elasticity of substitution demand behavior and profit-maximizing firms with a Cobb-Douglas profit function. All agents are assumed to take exogenous prices as given. We calibrate the model using state-level sales data from 2020 and explore potential policies in Oklahoma and at the federal level. Results We find that, under the scenarios we consider, legalization of recreational cannabis in Oklahoma would lead to a decrease in the quantity of cannabis sold in Oklahoma’s medical cannabis market as well as decreases in the quantity of cannabis sold in other states on average. Furthermore, we find that as the excise tax rate on recreational cannabis in Oklahoma is increased, the demand quantity in recreational cannabis market would decrease while the other markets’ demand quantity would increase on average. As the elasticity of substitution between state-level products increases, the overall demand quantity would increase and the market quantity across states become more sensitive to Oklahoma’s tax policies. This pattern could become starker as the elasticity of substitution between recreational and medical cannabis increases. In terms of profit, heavy taxation and price decrease due to legalization would significantly decrease cannabis producers’ production and profit levels unless the cost reduction strategies complement legalization. Conclusion Based on our results, the legalization of recreational cannabis has the potential to generate tax revenue to fund critical government projects and services. However, such legalization would have to be done carefully because heavy excise taxes would decrease the legal cannabis market demand and growers’ profit, which would incentivize producers and consumers to move to the illicit cannabis market. Policymakers would have to compromise between the levels of interstate transportation and taxation to ensure that cannabis suppliers also realize some profit within the cannabis supply chain.
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Carlson Z, Pham S, El-Sokkary J, Apollonio DE. Cannabis use prevalence among Baby Boomers before and after implementation of recreational retail sales in California. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:17. [PMID: 35248117 PMCID: PMC8898516 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
As of 2021, 21 US states and territories allowed recreational cannabis use. Although previous research has identified an overall increase in prevalence of cannabis use after legalization, it has been less clear how this change will affect different parts of the population, including older adults, and specifically Baby Boomers, born 1946–1964, given their historically higher rates of use and a higher prevalence of comorbid conditions that could be either exacerbated or addressed by cannabis use. In this study we assessed whether implementation of recreational retail sales in California was associated with increased prevalence of cannabis use among Baby Boomers.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of cannabis use prevalence one year before and after the implementation of recreational retail sales in California using the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), a statewide public health surveillance dataset.
Results
We found that cannabis use prevalence did not change among Baby Boomers but increased among non-Baby Boomers. Most of the factors found to be predictive of cannabis use in past research did not predict cannabis use among Baby Boomers.
Conclusions
Baby Boomers did not change their consumption of cannabis in the first year after opening the retail market, despite previous research suggesting that cannabis consumption increases with access, and most previously identified predictors of use did not identify people who use cannabis in this generation. Further research is needed to determine whether these effects persist over time.
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Lim CCW, Chan GCK, Wadsworth E, Stjepanović D, Chiu V, Chung JYC, Sun T, Connor J, Leung J, Gartner C, Hall W, Hammond D. Trends and Socio-Demographic Differences of Cannabis Vaping in the USA and Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14394. [PMID: 36361272 PMCID: PMC9659122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the rise in cannabis vaping, it is important to highlight the heterogeneity in vaping different cannabis product because of the potential differences in their health risks. This study aims to estimate the trends and socio-demographic correlates of the use of various cannabis vaping products across jurisdiction with different legal status. Data from the 2018 (n = 27,169) and 2019 (n = 47,747) waves of the International Cannabis Policy Study (ICPS) were used. Respondents aged 16-65 completed web-based surveys. In 2019, proportions of past year vaping of cannabis oil, dried flower and concentrates in the overall sample were highest in U.S. jurisdictions where cannabis was legalized for non-medical use (17.4%, 6.0%, 4.9%), followed by U.S. jurisdiction where non-medical cannabis use is illegal (13.7%, 5.8%, 2.9%), and lowest in Canada (8.1%, 4.4%, 2.1%). Vaping dried flower decreased from 2019 to 2018 in U.S. legal jurisdictions and Canada, while vaping cannabis oil and concentrates increased in all jurisdictions (p < 0.001). The odds of vaping all forms of products were higher among younger respondents (16-55 years), males, respondents with some college education, and persons with low-risk perceptions on daily cannabis vaping. In both ICPS surveys (2018 and 2019), cannabis oil was the most frequently vaped products, followed by dried flower, and concentrates. Detailed measures of product forms for cannabis vaping should be considered in future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. W. Lim
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Gary C. K. Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Elle Wadsworth
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, 75 Albert St, Suite 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7, Canada
| | - Daniel Stjepanović
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Vivian Chiu
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jack Y. C. Chung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Tianze Sun
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Jason Connor
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Janni Leung
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence on Achieving the Tobacco Endgame, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Diggs HA, Rabinovich NE, Gilbert DG. Facilitated extinction of conditioned fear responses by delta 9-tetrahyrdrocannabidol in humans: a pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:e2853. [PMID: 35983959 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether acute delta 9-tetrahyrdrocannabidol (THC) administration would facilitate fear extinction in young occasional cannabis users, given that animal models indicate THC facilitates extinction learning, and recent studies indicate THC administration may also enhance threat memory extinction in humans. METHODS On each of the 2 days, 24+ hour THC-deprived participants were conditioned to fear visual stimuli in a delay conditioning and extinction paradigm. Both CS+ and CS- were faces of negative emotional valence, with the CS+ paired with mild electric shock. Throughout both conditioning and extinction paradigms, EEG was measured to quantify event-related potentials for these learning processes. Following conditioning, individuals, in a randomized and counter-balanced order, smoked either an active THC cigarette (26.25 mg/2.7% THC) or a placebo marijuana cigarette (0.002% THC) on 1 day and the opposite cigarette on the second day. After smoking, CS+ and CS- were presented without shock, resulting in extinction of conditioned fear. RESULTS Relative to placebo, THC facilitated extinction of the conditioned response to the CS+, as reflected by reductions in late positive potential amplitude during extinction learning. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that acute THC administration may facilitate extinction of the conditioned fear response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman A Diggs
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Norka E Rabinovich
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - David G Gilbert
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.,Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Llewellyn D, Golem S, Foley E, Dinka S, Jones AMP, Zheng Y. Indoor grown cannabis yield increased proportionally with light intensity, but ultraviolet radiation did not affect yield or cannabinoid content. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:974018. [PMID: 36237501 PMCID: PMC9551646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.974018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) flourishes under high light intensities (LI); making it an expensive commodity to grow in controlled environments, despite its high market value. It is commonly believed that cannabis secondary metabolite levels may be enhanced both by increasing LI and exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV). However, the sparse scientific evidence is insufficient to guide cultivators for optimizing their lighting protocols. We explored the effects of LI and UV exposure on yield and secondary metabolite composition of a high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis cultivar 'Meridian'. Plants were grown under short day conditions for 45 days under average canopy photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD, 400-700 nm) of 600, 800, and 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1, provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs). Plants exposed to UV had PPFD of 600 μmol m-2 s-1 plus either (1) UVA; 50 μmol m-2 s-1 of UVA (315-400 nm) from 385 nm peak LEDs from 06:30 to 18:30 HR for 45 days or (2) UVA + UVB; a photon flux ratio of ≈1:1 of UVA and UVB (280-315 nm) from a fluorescent source at a photon flux density of 3.0 μmol m-2 s-1, provided daily from 13:30 to 18:30 HR during the last 20 days of the trial. All aboveground biomass metrics were 1.3-1.5 times higher in the highest vs. lowest PPFD treatments, except inflorescence dry weight - the most economically relevant parameter - which was 1.6 times higher. Plants in the highest vs. lowest PPFD treatment also allocated relatively more biomass to inflorescence tissues with a 7% higher harvest index. There were no UV treatment effects on aboveground biomass metrics. There were also no intensity or UV treatment effects on inflorescence cannabinoid concentrations. Sugar leaves (i.e., small leaves associated with inflorescences) of plants in the UVA + UVB treatment had ≈30% higher THC concentrations; however, UV did not have any effect on the total THC in thesefoliar tissues. Overall, high PPFD levels can substantially increase cannabis yield, but we found no commercially relevant benefits of adding UV to indoor cannabis production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Llewellyn
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Youbin Zheng
- School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Hultgren BA, Guttmannova K, Lee CM, Acuna D, Cooper RL, Kilmer JR, Cadigan JM, Calhoun BH, Larimer ME. Daily level predictors of impaired driving behaviors in young adults: Protocol design for utilizing daily assessments. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275190. [PMID: 36166452 PMCID: PMC9514639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor vehicle crashes remain a leading cause of death among young adults (ages 18–25) in the United States. Many drivers implicated in these crashes are under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, or the simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis. Extremely limited research has assessed impaired driving behaviors and their predictors at the daily level. Perceived norms and motives to use substances have empirical support suggesting they may impact impaired driving-related behavior. Novel approaches to assess these associations at the daily level are needed and may inform future intervention and prevention programs. Objective The goal of the current study is to utilize electronic daily assessments to assess driving under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, or simultaneous use and riding with a driver impaired by these substances to assess variability and predictors of these impaired driving-related behaviors at the daily level. This present manuscript details a protocol, measures, and a plan of analyses to assess how within-person differences in perceived norms and motives to use are associated with the likelihood of engaging in impaired driving-related behaviors. Methods Participants include young adults in Washington State who report simultaneous use in the past month and either driving under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, or simultaneous use, or riding with a driver under the influence of both substances in the past 6 months. Individuals who verify their identity and meet eligibility requirements will complete a baseline assessment after which they will be scheduled for training on the daily assessment procedure via Zoom. Next, they will be invited to complete daily surveys on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday every other week for 6 months and a 6-month follow up assessment. Analyses will utilize multilevel models with days nested within individuals. Results The study is currently recruiting participants. A total of 192 participants have been recruited and 100 have completed the study protocol. Data collection is expected to be completed in Fall 2022. Conclusions This study utilizes a novel design to assess impaired driving and predictors at the daily level among young adults at high risk of impaired driving-related behaviors. Findings will provide unique data that will shape the knowledge base in the field of social science and public health substance use research and that may be helpful for future prevention and intervention efforts on impaired driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A. Hultgren
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniela Acuna
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Cooper
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Kilmer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Dobbins M, Rakkar M, Cunnane K, Pennypacker SD, Wagoner KG, Reboussin BA, Romero-Sandoval EA. Association of Tetrahydrocannabinol Content and Price in Herbal Cannabis Products Offered by Dispensaries in California: A Purview of Consumers/Patients. Front Public Health 2022; 10:893009. [PMID: 35784239 PMCID: PMC9247604 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.893009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and AimsThe U.S. legal cannabis market is saturated with products containing high levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with no distinction between medical and recreational programs. This omnipresence of potent cannabis products seems to be driven by the recreational realm, where cannabis with the highest THC content is prized. This prevalence of highly potent cannabis is conveyed to medical programs, which places consumers (patients) at higher risk for over consumption and cannabis use disorder. Thus, understanding what factors influence the market that patients face in medical cannabis programs could shed light on the risks of legal cannabis. The supply and demand dynamic of the US for-profit cannabis market could explain the current market composition; therefore, we postulate that a financial gain could influence the perpetuation of the prevalence of high THC products in legal cannabis dispensaries. We investigate whether THC content in popular cannabis products correlates with higher prices and assess whether some attributes (type of product, chemovars, or presence of cannabidiol (CBD) affect the association of THC with price.MethodsWe focus on the world's largest cannabis market, California. We randomly selected dispensaries across the state, screened for a web presence and product menu, determined the most prevalent product type, and collected THC and CBD concentration, price, and other product attributes.ResultsWe observed that herbal products were more common, they had THC concentrations greater than 10%, and THC concentrations positively correlated with price. This correlation existed in flower and preroll presentations, all chemovar, and independently of the level of CBD. CBD did not correlate with price; however, the presence of CBD diminished the THC and price correlation particularly in products with high THC (>15%).ConclusionsOverall, highly potent herbal cannabis products (>15% THC) are the majority of products offered and more expensive regardless of product type or chemovar in California dispensaries, suggesting that a financial gain contributes to the current market composition. Efforts to limit the availability of highly potent THC products and educate consumers about potential harms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryBeth Dobbins
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mannat Rakkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Katharine Cunnane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Sarah D. Pennypacker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kimberly G. Wagoner
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Beth A. Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - E. Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: E. Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
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Pennypacker SD, Cunnane K, Cash MC, Romero-Sandoval EA. Potency and Therapeutic THC and CBD Ratios: U.S. Cannabis Markets Overshoot. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921493. [PMID: 35734402 PMCID: PMC9207456 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The effects exuded by cannabis are a result of the cannabinoids trans-Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), and is dependent upon their pharmacological interaction and linked to the two cannabinoids’ concentrations and ratios. Based on current literature and trends of increasing cannabis potency, we postulate that most medical cannabis products with THC and CBD have ratios capable of producing significant acute intoxication and are similar to recreational products. We will test this by organizing products into clinically distinct categories according to TCH:CBD ratios, evaluating the data in terms of therapeutic potential, and comparing the data obtained from medical and recreational programs and from states with differing market policies. Methods: We utilized data encompassing online herbal dispensary product offerings from nine U.S. states. The products were analyzed after being divided into four clinically significant THC:CBD ratio categories identified based on the literature: CBD can enhance THC effects (THC:CBD ratios ≥1:1), CBD has no significant effect on THC effects (ratios ∼ 1:2), CBD can either have no effect or can mitigate THC effects (ratios 1:>2 < 6), or CBD is protective against THC effects (ratios ≤1:6). Results: A significant number of products (58.5%) did not contain any information on CBD content. Across all states sampled, the majority (72–100%) of both medical and recreational products with CBD (>0%) fall into the most intoxicating ratio category (≥1:1 THC:CBD), with CBD likely enhancing THC’s acute effects. The least intoxicating categories (1:>2 < 6 and ≤1:6 THC:CBD) provided the smallest number of products. Similarly, the majority of products without CBD (0%) contained highly potent amounts of THC (>15%). These results were consistent, regardless of differing market policies in place. Conclusions: Despite the distinct goals of medical and recreational cannabis users, medical and recreational program product offerings are nearly identical. Patients seeking therapeutic benefits from herbal cannabis products are therefore at a substantial risk of unwanted side effects, regardless of whether they obtain products from medical or recreational programs. Efforts are needed to better inform patients of the risks associated with high potency cannabis and the interaction between THC and CBD, and to help shape policies that promote more therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Pennypacker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Katharine Cunnane
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Mary Catherine Cash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - E Alfonso Romero-Sandoval
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Weiss SRB, Volkow ND. Coordinating cannabis data collection globally: Policy implications. Addiction 2022; 117:1520-1521. [PMID: 34888981 PMCID: PMC9300157 DOI: 10.1111/add.15751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. B. Weiss
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Wang GS, Buttorff C, Wilks A, Schwam D, Tung G, Pacula RL. Impact of cannabis legalization on healthcare utilization for psychosis and schizophrenia in Colorado. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 104:103685. [PMID: 35429874 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency department (ED) visits involving psychosis and schizophrenia have increased at a rate exceeding population growth in the United States over the past decade. Research shows a strong dose-response relationship between chronic use of high-potency cannabis and odds of developing symptoms of psychosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of cannabis legalization on psychosis and schizophrenia-related ED visits in Colorado. METHODS Using administrative data from Colorado Hospital Association (CHA) on county-level quarterly ED visits between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018, we applied a difference-in-difference analysis to examine how new exposure to recreational cannabis dispensaries after 2014 differentially influenced the rate of ED visits for psychosis and schizophrenia, comparing counties with no prior medical cannabis dispensary exposure to counties with low or high medical dispensary exposure. RESULTS As recreational dispensaries per 10,000 residents increased, there was no significant association with the rate of schizophrenia ED visits per capita (incidence rate ratio or IRR: 0.95, 95% CI [0.69, 1.30]) while the rate of psychosis visits increased 24% (IRR: 1.24, 95% CI [1.02, 1.49]). Counties with no previous medical dispensaries experienced larger increases in schizophrenia ED visits than counties already exposed to a low level of medical dispensaries, but this effect was not significant. Counties with low baseline medical exposure had lower increases in rates of psychosis visits than counties with high baseline medical exposure (IRR 0.83, 95% CI [0.69, 0.99]). CONCLUSIONS There was a positive association between the number of cannabis dispensaries and rates of psychosis ED visits across all counties in Colorado. Although it is unclear whether it is access to products, or the types of products that may be driving this association, our findings suggest there is a potential impact on the mental health of the local population that is observed after cannabis legalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sam Wang
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Children's, Hospital Colorado Department of Pediatrics 13123 East 16th Ave B251 Aurora CO 80045, United States.
| | | | - Asa Wilks
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street Santa Monica, CA 90407, United States.
| | - Daniel Schwam
- RAND Corporation, 1200 S. Hayes St Arlington VA 22202, United States.
| | - Gregory Tung
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Colorado School of Public Health Department of Health Systems, Management & Policy Program for Injury Prevention, Education and Research (PIPER) Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 E. 17th Place, MS B119, United States.
| | - Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
- University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics 635 Downey Way, VPD 514J, Los Angeles, CA 90089-3333, United States.
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Berberian S, Broussard ML, Tully C, Methuku V, Pardini DA, Meier MH. Young adults' familiarity with different cannabis product terms: the need for standardized cannabis surveys. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:14. [PMID: 35365236 PMCID: PMC8974070 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis legalization has resulted in the proliferation of cannabis products. Participants’ familiarity with terms for these products may have implications for assessment, as unfamiliarity with particular terms may result in under-reports of use. Methods A convenience sample of 861 college students from one U.S. university completed a survey in the spring of 2020 about their familiarity with a variety of cannabis product terms and use of a variety of cannabis products. Results Participants varied in their familiarity with cannabis product terms. For example, with regard to terms for cannabis concentrates with very high concentrations of THC, 85% of participants reported being familiar with the term “wax pen or THC oil,” but only 27% reported being familiar with the term “butane hash oil (BHO)” (i.e., the oil that composes most concentrates). Moreover, of participants who reported use of concentrates based on selecting pictures of the products they had used (n = 324, 40%), 99% (n = 322) reported having seen a “wax pen or THC oil” based on a written list of product terms, whereas only 20% (n = 65) reported having seen “butane hash oil (BHO).” This suggests that asking about use of “butane hash oil” use may result in lower rates of cannabis concentrate use than asking about use of “wax pen/THC oil.” With regard to terms for marijuana flower, 29% of participants (n = 248) reported being unfamiliar with the term marijuana “buds or flowers.” Of participants who reported use of marijuana flower based on selecting pictures of the products they had used (38% of the sample, n = 329), only 86% (n = 282) reported having seen marijuana “buds or flowers” based on a written list of product terms. This suggests that asking about use of marijuana “buds or flowers” use could result in under-reporting due to lack of familiarity with that term. Finally, when asked to select pictures of the cannabis product(s) that participants thought constituted “marijuana,” participants most commonly selected pictures of marijuana flower (93%), followed by wax pen/THC oil (57%) and edibles (49%). Conclusions Young adults vary in their familiarity with cannabis product terms, and some may under-report cannabis use in surveys that rely on written cannabis product terms. Young adults also differ in terms of which cannabis products they think constitute “marijuana.” Although participants’ familiarity with specific cannabis product terms in this sample may not generalize to other populations, results highlight the need for standardized surveys of cannabis use that incorporate pictures of cannabis products to overcome issues related to variability in familiarity with cannabis product terms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42238-022-00125-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Berberian
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - M L Broussard
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - C Tully
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - V Methuku
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - D A Pardini
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - M H Meier
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, PO Box 871104, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
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Middlekauff HR, Cooper ZD, Strauss SB. Drugs of Misuse: Focus on Vascular Dysfunction. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1364-1377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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