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Becker M, Conca DV, Dorma N, Mistry N, Hahlin E, Frängsmyr L, Bally M, Arnberg N, Gerold G. Efficient clathrin-mediated entry of enteric adenoviruses in human duodenal cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0077023. [PMID: 37823645 PMCID: PMC10617564 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00770-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enteric adenoviruses have historically been difficult to grow in cell culture, which has resulted in lack of knowledge of host factors and pathways required for infection of these medically relevant viruses. Previous studies in non-intestinal cell lines showed slow infection kinetics and generated comparatively low virus yields compared to other adenovirus types. We suggest duodenum-derived HuTu80 cells as a superior cell line for studies to complement efforts using complex intestinal tissue models. We show that viral host cell factors required for virus entry differ between cell lines from distinct origins and demonstrate the importance of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Becker
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dario Valter Conca
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Noemi Dorma
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nitesh Mistry
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elin Hahlin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Frängsmyr
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Fantini J. Lipid rafts and human diseases: why we need to target gangliosides. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1636-1650. [PMID: 37052878 PMCID: PMC10476576 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are functional components of membrane lipid rafts that control critical functions in cell communication. Many pathologies involve raft gangliosides, which therefore represent an approach of choice for developing innovative therapeutic strategies. Beginning with a discussion of what a disease is (and is not), this review lists the major human pathologies that involve gangliosides, which includes cancer, diabetes, and infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. In most cases, the problem is due to a protein whose binding to gangliosides either creates a pathological condition or impairs a physiological function. Then, I draw up an inventory of the different molecular mechanisms of protein-ganglioside interactions. I propose to classify the ganglioside-binding domains of proteins into four categories, which I name GBD-1, GBD-2, GBD-3, and GBD-4. This structural and functional classification could help to rationalize the design of innovative molecules capable of disrupting the binding of selected proteins to gangliosides without generating undesirable effects. The biochemical specificities of gangliosides expressed in the human brain must also be taken into account to improve the reliability of animal models (or any animal-free alternative) of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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3
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Parshad B, Schlecht MN, Baumgardt M, Ludwig K, Nie C, Rimondi A, Hönzke K, Angioletti-Uberti S, Khatri V, Schneider P, Herrmann A, Haag R, Hocke AC, Wolff T, Bhatia S. Dual-Action Heteromultivalent Glycopolymers Stringently Block and Arrest Influenza A Virus Infection In Vitro and Ex Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4844-4853. [PMID: 37220024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the concerted inhibition of different influenza A virus (IAV) strains using a low-molecular-weight dual-action linear polymer. The 6'-sialyllactose and zanamivir conjugates of linear polyglycerol are optimized for simultaneous targeting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on the IAV surface. Independent of IAV subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition data suggest better adsorption of the heteromultivalent polymer than homomultivalent analogs onto the virus surface. Cryo-TEM images imply heteromultivalent compound-mediated virus aggregation. The optimized polymeric nanomaterial inhibits >99.9% propagation of various IAV strains 24 h postinfection in vitro at low nM concentrations and is up to 10000× more effective than the commercial zanamivir drug. In a human lung ex vivo multicyclic infection setup, the heteromultivalent polymer outperforms the commercial drug zanamivir and homomultivalent analogs or their physical mixtures. This study authenticates the translational potential of the dual-action targeting approach using small polymers for broad and high antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Parshad
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marlena N Schlecht
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Fiedlerstr. 40, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Morris Baumgardt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agustina Rimondi
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hönzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vinod Khatri
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department for Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, 13359 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Wang J, Yang N, Vogel HJ. Lactoferrin, a Great Wall of host-defence? Biometals 2023; 36:385-390. [PMID: 37171688 PMCID: PMC10127966 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Yang
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, Gene Engineering Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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5
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Liang M, Li Y, Zhang K, Zhu Y, Liang J, Liu M, Zhang S, Chen D, Liang H, Liang L, An S, Zhu X, He Z. Host factor DUSP5 potently inhibits dengue virus infection by modulating cytoskeleton rearrangement. Antiviral Res 2023; 215:105622. [PMID: 37149044 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton has been reported to play an essential role in facilitating the viral life cycle. However, whether the host can exert its antiviral effects by modulating the cytoskeleton is not fully understood. In this study, we identified that host factor DUSP5 was upregulated after dengue virus (DENV) infection. In addition, we demonstrated that overexpression of DUSP5 remarkably inhibited DENV replication. Conversely, the depletion of DUSP5 led to an increase in viral replication. Moreover, DUSP5 was found to restrain viral entry into host cells by suppressing F-actin rearrangement via negatively regulating the ERK-MLCK-Myosin IIB signaling axis. Depletion of dephosphorylase activity of DUSP5 abolished its above inhibitory effects. Furthermore, we also revealed that DUSP5 exhibited broad-spectrum antiviral effects against DENV and Zika virus. Taken together, our studies identified DUSP5 as a key host defense factor against viral infection and uncovered an intriguing mechanism by which the host exerts its antiviral effects through targeting cytoskeleton rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Liang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yizhe Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yujia Zhu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingyao Liang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuqing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Delin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Cancer Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Linyue Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shu An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Central Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519060, China.
| | - Zhenjian He
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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6
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Tomris I, Unione L, Nguyen L, Zaree P, Bouwman KM, Liu L, Li Z, Fok JA, Ríos Carrasco M, van der Woude R, Kimpel ALM, Linthorst MW, Kilavuzoglu SE, Verpalen ECJM, Caniels TG, Sanders RW, Heesters BA, Pieters RJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Klassen JS, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-Terminal Domain Engages 9- O-Acetylated α2-8-Linked Sialic Acids. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1180-1191. [PMID: 37104622 PMCID: PMC10178783 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viruses engage ACE2 as a functional receptor with their spike protein. The S1 domain of the spike protein contains a C-terminal receptor binding domain (RBD) and an N-terminal domain (NTD). The NTD of other coronaviruses includes a glycan binding cleft. However, for the SARS-CoV-2 NTD, protein-glycan binding was only observed weakly for sialic acids with highly sensitive methods. Amino acid changes in the NTD of variants of concern (VoC) show antigenic pressure, which can be an indication of NTD-mediated receptor binding. Trimeric NTD proteins of SARS-CoV-2, alpha, beta, delta, and omicron did not reveal a receptor binding capability. Unexpectedly, the SARS-CoV-2 beta subvariant strain (501Y.V2-1) NTD binding to Vero E6 cells was sensitive to sialidase pretreatment. Glycan microarray analyses identified a putative 9-O-acetylated sialic acid as a ligand, which was confirmed by catch-and-release ESI-MS, STD-NMR analyses, and a graphene-based electrochemical sensor. The beta (501Y.V2-1) variant attained an enhanced glycan binding modality in the NTD with specificity toward 9-O-acetylated structures, suggesting a dual-receptor functionality of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 domain, which was quickly selected against. These results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can probe additional evolutionary space, allowing binding to glycan receptors on the surface of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Tomris
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Unione
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Pouya Zaree
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M Bouwman
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle A Fok
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - María Ríos Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roosmarijn van der Woude
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L M Kimpel
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirte W Linthorst
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinan E Kilavuzoglu
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico C J M Verpalen
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical Center of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical Center of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Organic Chemistry, II Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Patel CN, Mall R, Bensmail H. AI-driven drug repurposing and binding pose meta dynamics identifies novel targets for Monkeypox virus. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:799-807. [PMID: 36966703 PMCID: PMC10014505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was confirmed in May 2022 and designated a global health emergency by WHO in July 2022. MPX virions are big, enclosed, brick-shaped, and contain a linear, double-stranded DNA genome as well as enzymes. MPXV particles bind to the host cell membrane via a variety of viral-host protein interactions. As a result, the wrapped structure is a potential therapeutic target. DeepRepurpose, an artificial intelligence-based compound-viral proteins interaction framework, was used via a transfer learning setting to prioritize a set of FDA approved and investigational drugs which can potentially inhibit MPXV viral proteins. To filter and narrow down the lead compounds from curated collections of pharmaceutical compounds, we used a rigorous computational framework that included homology modeling, molecular docking, dynamic simulations, binding free energy calculations, and binding pose metadynamics. We identified Elvitegravir as a potential inhibitor of MPXV virus using our comprehensive pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad-380009, India,Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD-21702, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee-38105, USA,Biotechnology Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi-9639, United Arab Emirates,Corresponding author at: Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee-38105, USA
| | - Halima Bensmail
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha-34110, Qatar,Corresponding author
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8
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Río-Bergé C, Cong Y, Reggiori F. Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins. Traffic 2023; 24:114-130. [PMID: 35146839 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential component of the cell and it is involved in multiple physiological functions, including intracellular organization and transport. It is composed of three main families of proteinaceous filaments; microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments and their accessory proteins. Motor proteins, which comprise the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies, are a remarkable group of accessory proteins that mainly mediate the intracellular transport of cargoes along with the cytoskeleton. Like other cellular structures and pathways, viruses can exploit the cytoskeleton to promote different steps of their life cycle through associations with motor proteins. The complexity of the cytoskeleton and the differences among viruses, however, has led to a wide diversity of interactions, which in most cases remain poorly understood. Unveiling the details of these interactions is necessary not only for a better comprehension of specific infections, but may also reveal new potential drug targets to fight dreadful diseases such as rabies disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this review, we describe a few examples of the mechanisms that some human viruses, that is, rabies virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and papillomavirus, have developed to hijack dyneins, kinesins and myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Río-Bergé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Abbas HS, Abd-elhakeem MM, Abd El Galil RM, Reyad OA, Mohamed HA, Ismail SES, Nabil MA. Natural Immunomodulators Treat the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:79-87. [PMID: 36721816 PMCID: PMC9871270 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the world has been dealing with a destructive global pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, since 2020; there were millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. With sequencing generations of the virus, around 60% are expected to become infected during the pandemic. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has been approved because no real evidence from clinical trials in treatment was reached. According to current thinking, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mortality is caused by a cytokine storm syndrome in patients with hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in acute respiratory distress and finally death. In this review, we discuss the various types of natural immune-modulatory agents and their role in the management of SARS-CoV-2, and cytokine storm syndrome. For example, Polyphenols as natural products can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to host cell receptor ACE2, stop viral entry into the host cell and block viral RNA replication. Also, saikosaponins (A, B2, C, and D), triterpene glycosides, which are isolated from medicinal plants exert antiviral action against HCoV-22E9, and Houttuynia cordata water extract has antiviral effects on SARS-CoV. Moreover, eucalyptus oil has promising potential for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. There is an urgent need for research to improve the function of the human immune system all over the world. As a result, actions for better understanding and improving the human immune system are critical steps toward mitigating risks and negative outcomes. These approaches will be strongly recommended for future emerging viruses and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Salah Abbas
- Microbiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research(NODCAR), Egyptian Drug Authority, Giza, Egypt.,Corresponding Author: Heba Salah Abbas,
| | | | | | | | - Heba Ahmed Mohamed
- Master Student, Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Egypt
| | | | - Manal Ahmed Nabil
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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10
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Berkowitz RL, Ostrov DA. The Elusive Coreceptors for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Viruses 2022; 15:67. [PMID: 36680105 PMCID: PMC9862613 DOI: 10.3390/v15010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with host coreceptors that participate in viral entry. Resolving the identity of coreceptors has important clinical implications as it may provide the basis for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccine candidates. The majority of characteristic mutations in variants of concern (VOCs) have occurred in the NTD and receptor binding domain (RBD). Unlike the RBD, mutations in the NTD have clustered in the most flexible parts of the spike protein. Many possible coreceptors have been proposed, including various sugars such as gangliosides, sialosides, and heparan sulfate. Protein coreceptors, including neuropilin-1 and leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), are also proposed coreceptors that engage the NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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11
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Guzman G, Creek C, Farley S, Tafesse FG. Genetic Tools for Studying the Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2610:1-16. [PMID: 36534277 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a critical family of membrane lipids with diverse functions in eukaryotic cells, and a growing body of literature supports that these lipids play essential roles during the lifecycles of viruses. While small molecule inhibitors of sphingolipid synthesis and metabolism are widely used, the advent of CRISPR-based genomic editing techniques allows for nuanced exploration into the manners in which sphingolipids influence various stages of viral infections. Here we describe some of these critical considerations needed in designing studies utilizing genomic editing techniques for manipulating the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, as well as the current body of literature regarding how viruses depend on the products of this pathway. Here, we highlight the ways in which sphingolipids affect viruses as these pathogens interact with and influence their host cell and describe some of the many open questions remaining in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen Guzman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cameron Creek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scotland Farley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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12
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Tomris I, Unione L, Nguyen L, Zaree P, Bouwman KM, Liu L, Li Z, Fok JA, Ríos Carrasco M, van der Woude R, Kimpel ALM, Linthorst MW, Verpalen ECJM, Caniels TG, Sanders RW, Heesters BA, Pieters RJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Klassen JS, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. The SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain engages 9- O -acetylated α2-8-linked sialic acids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.09.14.507904. [PMID: 36263070 PMCID: PMC9580382 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.14.507904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 viruses engage ACE2 as a functional receptor with their spike protein. The S1 domain of the spike protein contains a C-terminal receptor-binding domain (RBD) and an N-terminal domain (NTD). The NTD of other coronaviruses includes a glycan-binding cleft. However, for the SARS-CoV-2 NTD protein-glycan binding was only observed weakly for sialic acids with highly sensitive methods. Amino acid changes in the NTD of Variants of Concern (VoC) shows antigenic pressure, which can be an indication of NTD-mediated receptor binding. Trimeric NTD proteins of SARS-CoV-2, Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron did not reveal a receptor binding capability. Unexpectedly, the SARS-CoV-2 Beta subvariant strain (501Y.V2-1) NTD binding to Vero E6 cells was sensitive to sialidase pretreatment. Glycan microarray analyses identified a putative 9- O -acetylated sialic acid as a ligand, which was confirmed by catch-and-release ESI-MS, STD-NMR analyses, and a graphene-based electrochemical sensor. The Beta (501Y.V2-1) variant attained an enhanced glycan binding modality in the NTD with specificity towards 9- O -acetylated structures, suggesting a dual-receptor functionality of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 domain, which was quickly selected against. These results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can probe additional evolutionary space, allowing binding to glycan receptors on the surface of target cells. Graphical abstract Synopsis Coronaviruses utilize their N-terminal domain (NTD) for initial reversible low-affinity interaction to (sialylated) glycans. This initial low-affinity/high-avidity engagement enables viral surfing on the target membrane, potentially followed by a stronger secondary receptor interaction. Several coronaviruses, such as HKU1 and OC43, possess a hemagglutinin-esterase for viral release after sialic acid interaction, thus allowing viral dissemination. Other coronaviruses, such as MERS-CoV, do not possess a hemagglutinin-esterase, but interact reversibly to sialic acids allowing for viral surfing and dissemination. The early 501Y.V2-1 subvariant of the Beta SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern has attained a receptor-binding functionality towards 9- O -acetylated sialic acid using its NTD. This binding functionality was selected against rapidly, most likely due to poor dissemination. Ablation of sialic acid binding in more recent SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern suggests a fine balance of sialic acid interaction of SARS-CoV-2 is required for infection and/or transmission.
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13
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Cross-attention PHV: Prediction of human and virus protein-protein interactions using cross-attention-based neural networks. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5564-5573. [PMID: 36249566 PMCID: PMC9546503 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-attention PHV implements two key technologies: cross-attention mechanism and 1D-CNN. It accurately predicts PPIs between human and unknown influenza viruses/SARS-CoV-2. It extracts critical taxonomic and evolutionary differences responsible for PPI prediction.
Viral infections represent a major health concern worldwide. The alarming rate at which SARS-CoV-2 spreads, for example, led to a worldwide pandemic. Viruses incorporate genetic material into the host genome to hijack host cell functions such as the cell cycle and apoptosis. In these viral processes, protein–protein interactions (PPIs) play critical roles. Therefore, the identification of PPIs between humans and viruses is crucial for understanding the infection mechanism and host immune responses to viral infections and for discovering effective drugs. Experimental methods including mass spectrometry-based proteomics and yeast two-hybrid assays are widely used to identify human-virus PPIs, but these experimental methods are time-consuming, expensive, and laborious. To overcome this problem, we developed a novel computational predictor, named cross-attention PHV, by implementing two key technologies of the cross-attention mechanism and a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). The cross-attention mechanisms were very effective in enhancing prediction and generalization abilities. Application of 1D-CNN to the word2vec-generated feature matrices reduced computational costs, thus extending the allowable length of protein sequences to 9000 amino acid residues. Cross-attention PHV outperformed existing state-of-the-art models using a benchmark dataset and accurately predicted PPIs for unknown viruses. Cross-attention PHV also predicted human–SARS-CoV-2 PPIs with area under the curve values >0.95. The Cross-attention PHV web server and source codes are freely available at https://kurata35.bio.kyutech.ac.jp/Cross-attention_PHV/ and https://github.com/kuratahiroyuki/Cross-Attention_PHV, respectively.
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Key Words
- 1D-CNN, One-dimensional-CNN
- AC, Accuracy
- AUC, Area under the curve
- CNN, Convolutional neural network
- Convolutional neural network
- DT, Decision tree
- F1, F1-score
- HV-PPIs, Human-virus PPIs
- HuV-PPI, Human–unknown virus PPI
- Human
- LR, Linear regression
- MCC, Matthews correlation coefficient
- PPIs, Protein-protein interactions
- Protein–protein interaction
- RF, Random forest
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SN, Sensitivity
- SP, Specificity
- SVM, Support vector machine
- T-SNE, T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding
- Virus
- W2V, Word2vec
- Word2vec
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14
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Abidine Y, Liu L, Wallén O, Trybala E, Olofsson S, Bergström T, Bally M. Cellular Chondroitin Sulfate and the Mucin-like Domain of Viral Glycoprotein C Promote Diffusion of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 While Heparan Sulfate Restricts Mobility. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081836. [PMID: 36016458 PMCID: PMC9412521 DOI: 10.3390/v14081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of viruses at the cell membrane is essential to reach a suitable entry site and initiate subsequent internalization. Although many viruses take advantage of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) to bind to the cell surface, little is known about the dynamics of the virus–GAG interactions. Here, single-particle tracking of the initial interaction of individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virions reveals a heterogeneous diffusive behavior, regulated by cell-surface GAGs with two main diffusion types: confined and normal free. This study reports that different GAGs can have competing influences in mediating diffusion on the cells used here: chondroitin sulfate (CS) enhances free diffusion but hinders virus attachment to cell surfaces, while heparan sulfate (HS) promotes virus confinement and increases entry efficiency. In addition, the role that the viral mucin-like domains (MLD) of the HSV-1 glycoprotein C plays in facilitating the diffusion of the virus and accelerating virus penetration into cells is demonstrated. Together, our results shed new light on the mechanisms of GAG-regulated virus diffusion at the cell surface for optimal internalization. These findings may be extendable to other GAG-binding viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Abidine
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Oskar Wallén
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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15
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Chang K, Majmudar H, Tandon R, Volin MV, Tiwari V. Induction of Filopodia During Cytomegalovirus Entry Into Human Iris Stromal Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834927. [PMID: 35450284 PMCID: PMC9018114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses exploit thin projections of filopodia for cell entry and cell-to-cell spread. Using primary cultures of human iris stromal (HIS) cells derived from human eye donors, we report a significant increase in filopodia formation during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Using confocal microscopy, we observed a large number of virions being frequently associated along the filopodia prior to cell infection. Depolymerization of actin filaments resulted in a significant inhibition of HCMV entry into HIS cell. Our results further revealed that the transient expression of HCMV envelope glycoprotein B (gB) triggers the induction of the filopodial system. Since gB is known to bind the diverse chains of heparan sulfate (HS), a comparative study was performed to evaluate the gB-mediated filopodial induction in cells expressing either wild-type HS and/or 3-O sulfated HS (3-OS HS). We found that cells co-expressing HCMV gB together with the 3-O sulfotranseferase-3 (3-OST-3) enzyme had a much higher and robust filopodia induction compared to cells co-expressing gB with wild-type HS. The above results were further verified by pre-treating HIS cells with anti-3-OS HS (G2) peptide and/or heparinase-I before challenging with HCMV infection, which resulted in a significant loss in the filopodial counts as well as decreased viral infectivity. Taken together, our findings highlight that HCMV entry into HIS cells actively modulates the actin cytoskeleton via coordinated actions possibly between gB and the 3-OS HS receptor to influence viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Hardik Majmudar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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16
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Nugent MA. The Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Good (or Bad) Can the SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein Get? Cells 2022; 11:cells11050855. [PMID: 35269476 PMCID: PMC8909208 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has infected an estimated 400 million people world-wide, causing approximately 6 million deaths from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV2 Spike protein plays a critical role in viral attachment and entry into host cells. The recent emergence of highly transmissible variants of SARS-CoV2 has been linked to mutations in Spike. This review provides an overview of the structure and function of Spike and describes the factors that impact Spike’s ability to mediate viral infection as well as the potential limits to how good (or bad) Spike protein can become. Proposed here is a framework that considers the processes of Spike-mediated SARS-CoV2 attachment, dissociation, and cell entry where the role of Spike, from the standpoint of the virus, is to maximize cell entry with each viral-cell collision. Key parameters are identified that will be needed to develop models to identify mechanisms that new Spike variants might exploit to enhance viral transmission. In particular, the importance of considering secondary co-receptors for Spike, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans is discussed. Accurate models of Spike-cell interactions could contribute to the development of new therapies in advance of the emergence of new highly transmissible SARS-CoV2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Nugent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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17
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Understanding the key functions of Myosins in viral infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:597-607. [PMID: 35212367 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosins, a class of actin-based motor proteins existing in almost any organism, are originally considered only involved in driving muscle contraction, reshaping actin cytoskeleton, and anchoring or transporting cargoes, including protein complexes, organelles, vesicles. However, accumulating evidence reveals that myosins also play vital roles in viral infection, depending on viral species and infection stages. This review systemically summarizes the described various myosins, the performed functions, and the involved mechanisms or molecular pathways during viral infection. Meanwhile, the existing issues are also discussed. Additionally, the important technologies or agents, including siRNA, gene editing, and myosin inhibitors, would facilitate dissecting the actions and mechanisms for described and undescribed myosins, which could be adopted to prevent or control viral infection are also characterized.
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18
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Zhu T, Sun Y, Chen X. Arabidopsis Tetraspanins Facilitate Virus Infection via Membrane-Recognition GCCK/RP Motif and Cysteine Residues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:805633. [PMID: 35310653 PMCID: PMC8927881 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.805633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins (TETs) function as key molecular scaffolds for surface signal recognition and transduction via the assembly of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. TETs' function in mammalian has been intensively investigated for the organization of multimolecular membrane complexes, regulation of cell migration and cellular adhesion, whereas plant TET studies lag far behind. Animal and plant TETs share similar topologies, despite the hallmark of "CCG" in the large extracellular loop of animal TETs, plant TETs contain a plant specific GCCK/RP motif and more conserved cysteine residues. Here, we showed that the GCCK/RP motif is responsible for TET protein association with the plasma membrane. Moreover, the conserved cysteine residues located within or neighboring the GCCK/RP motif are both crucial for TET anchoring to membrane. During virus infection, the intact TET3 protein enhanced but GCCK/RP motif or cysteine residues-deficient TET3 variants abolished the cell-to-cell movement capability of virus. This study provides cellular evidence that the GCCK/RP motif and the conserved cysteine residues are the primary determinants for the distribution and function of TET proteins in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xu Chen,
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19
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Uribe J, Traberg WC, Hama A, Druet V, Mohamed Z, Ooi A, Pappa AM, Huerta M, Inal S, Owens RM, Daniel S. Dual Mode Sensing of Binding and Blocking of Cancer Exosomes to Biomimetic Human Primary Stem Cell Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5585-5597. [PMID: 34802228 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-derived exosomes (cEXOs) facilitate transfer of information between tumor and human primary stromal cells, favoring cancer progression. Although the mechanisms used during this information exchange are still not completely understood, it is known that binding is the initial contact established between cEXOs and cells. Hence, studying binding and finding strategies to block it are of great therapeutic value. However, such studies are challenging for a variety of reasons, including the need for human primary cell culture, the difficulty in decoupling and isolating binding from internalization and cargo delivery, and the lack of techniques to detect these specific interactions. In this work, we created a supported biomimetic stem cell membrane incorporating membrane components from human primary adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). We formed the supported membrane on glass and on multielectrode arrays to offer the dual option of optical or electrical detection of cEXO binding to the membrane surface. Using our platform, we show that cEXOs bind to the stem cell membrane and that binding is blocked when an antibody to integrin β1, a component of ADSC surface, is exposed to the membrane surface prior to cEXOs. To test the biological outcome of blocking this interaction, we first confirm that adding cEXOs to cultured ADSCs leads to the upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, a measure of proangiogenic activity. Next, when ADSCs are first blocked with anti-integrin β1 and then exposed to cEXOs, the upregulation of proangiogenic activity and cell proliferation are significantly reduced. This biomimetic membrane platform is the first cell-free label-free in vitro platform for the recapitulation and study of cEXO binding to human primary stem cells with potential for therapeutic molecule screening as it is compatible with scale-up and multiplexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Uribe
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Walther C Traberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Hama
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 3955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 3955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab Mohamed
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Amanda Ooi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 3955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miriam Huerta
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5201, United States
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 3955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Daniel
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States.,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5201, United States
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20
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Sun XL. The role of cell surface sialic acids for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1245-1253. [PMID: 33909065 PMCID: PMC8600286 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new virus that has higher contagious capacity than any other previous human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and causes the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Sialic acids are a group of nine-carbon acidic α-keto sugars, usually located at the end of glycans of cell surface glycoconjugates and serve as attachment sites for previous HCoVs. It is therefore speculated that sialic acids on the host cell surface could serve as co-receptors or attachment factors for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry as well. Recent in silico modeling, molecular modeling predictions and microscopy studies indicate potential sialic acid binding by SARS-CoV-2 upon cell entry. In particular, a flat sialic acid-binding domain was proposed at the N-terminal domain of the spike protein, which may lead to the initial contact and interaction of the virus on the epithelium followed by higher affinity binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, likely a two-step attachment fashion. However, recent in vitro and ex vivo studies of sialic acids on ACE2 receptor confirmed an opposite role for SARS-CoV-2 binding. In particular, neuraminidase treatment of epithelial cells and ACE2-expressing 293T cells increased SARS-CoV-2 binding. Furthermore, the ACE2 glycosylation inhibition studies indicate that sialic acids on ACE2 receptor prevent ACE2-spike protein interaction. On the other hand, a most recent study indicates that gangliosides could serve as ligands for receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This mini-review discusses what has been predicted and known so far about the role of sialic acid for SARS-CoV-2 infection and future research perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
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21
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Avota E, Bodem J, Chithelen J, Mandasari P, Beyersdorf N, Schneider-Schaulies J. The Manifold Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715527. [PMID: 34658908 PMCID: PMC8511394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we want to exemplarily illustrate what is known about the interactions of sphingolipids with various viruses at different steps of their replication cycles. This includes structural interactions during entry at the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, early interactions leading to sphingolipid-mediated signal transduction, interactions with internal membranes and lipids during replication, and interactions during virus assembly and budding. Targeted interventions in sphingolipid metabolism - as far as they can be tolerated by cells and organisms - may open novel possibilities to support antiviral therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have intensively been studied, but for other viral infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus, Ebola virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), investigations are still in their beginnings. As many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism are already in clinical use against other diseases, repurposing studies for applications in some viral infections appear to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janice Chithelen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Putri Mandasari
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Cellular Organelles Involved in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091206. [PMID: 34578238 PMCID: PMC8469867 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of acute hepatitis worldwide, infects approximately 20 million individuals annually. HEV can infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, and cause frequent zoonotic spillover, increasingly raising public health concerns. To establish a successful infection, HEV needs to usurp host machineries to accomplish its life cycle from initial attachment to egress. However, relatively little is known about the HEV life cycle, especially the functional role(s) of cellular organelles and their associated proteins at different stages of HEV infection. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the relation of HEV with the different cell organelles during HEV infection. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanisms by which HEV infection is precisely regulated in infected cells and the modification of host cell organelles and their associated proteins upon HEV infection.
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23
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Schneider-Schaulies S, Schumacher F, Wigger D, Schöl M, Waghmare T, Schlegel J, Seibel J, Kleuser B. Sphingolipids: Effectors and Achilles Heals in Viral Infections? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092175. [PMID: 34571822 PMCID: PMC8466362 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, any step during their life cycle strictly depends on successful interaction with their particular host cells. In particular, their interaction with cellular membranes is of crucial importance for most steps in the viral replication cycle. Such interactions are initiated by uptake of viral particles and subsequent trafficking to intracellular compartments to access their replication compartments which provide a spatially confined environment concentrating viral and cellular components, and subsequently, employ cellular membranes for assembly and exit of viral progeny. The ability of viruses to actively modulate lipid composition such as sphingolipids (SLs) is essential for successful completion of the viral life cycle. In addition to their structural and biophysical properties of cellular membranes, some sphingolipid (SL) species are bioactive and as such, take part in cellular signaling processes involved in regulating viral replication. It is especially due to the progress made in tools to study accumulation and dynamics of SLs, which visualize their compartmentalization and identify interaction partners at a cellular level, as well as the availability of genetic knockout systems, that the role of particular SL species in the viral replication process can be analyzed and, most importantly, be explored as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Dominik Wigger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
| | - Marie Schöl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Trushnal Waghmare
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.-S.); (M.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department for Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Department for Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-8386-9823
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24
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Arias-Arias JL, Corrales-Aguilar E, Mora-Rodríguez RA. A Fluorescent Real-Time Plaque Assay Enables Single-Cell Analysis of Virus-Induced Cytopathic Effect by Live-Cell Imaging. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071193. [PMID: 34206483 PMCID: PMC8310316 DOI: 10.3390/v13071193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional plaque assays rely on the use of overlays to restrict viral infection allowing the formation of distinct foci that grow in time as the replication cycle continues leading to countable plaques that are visualized with standard techniques such as crystal violet, neutral red, or immunolabeling. This classical approach takes several days until large enough plaques can be visualized and counted with some variation due to subjectivity in plaque recognition. Since plaques are clonal lesions produced by virus-induced cytopathic effect, we applied DNA fluorescent dyes with differential cell permeability to visualize them by live-cell imaging. We could observe different stages of that cytopathic effect corresponding to an early wave of cells with chromatin-condensation followed by a wave of dead cells with membrane permeabilization within plaques generated by different animal viruses. This approach enables an automated plaque identification using image analysis to increase single plaque resolution compared to crystal violet counterstaining and allows its application to plaque tracking and plaque reduction assays to test compounds for both antiviral and cytotoxic activities. This fluorescent real-time plaque assay sums to those next-generation technologies by combining this robust classical method with modern fluorescence microscopy and image analysis approaches for future applications in virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Arias-Arias
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (E.C.-A.); (R.A.M.-R.)
- Dulbecco Lab Studio, Residencial Lisboa 2G, Alajuela 20102, Costa Rica
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (E.C.-A.); (R.A.M.-R.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Mora-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (E.C.-A.); (R.A.M.-R.)
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25
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Mazzotta S, Berastegui-Cabrera J, Vega-Holm M, García-Lozano MDR, Carretero-Ledesma M, Aiello F, Vega-Pérez JM, Pachón J, Iglesias-Guerra F, Sánchez-Céspedes J. Design, synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of a novel class of anti-adenovirus agents based on 3-amino-1,2-propanediol. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105095. [PMID: 34175724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays there is not an effective drug for the treatment of infections caused by human adenovirus (HAdV) which supposes a clinical challenge, especially for paediatric and immunosuppressed patients. Here, we describe the design, synthesis and biological evaluation as anti-adenovirus agents of a new library (57 compounds) of diester, monoester and triazole derivatives based on 3-amino-1,2-propanediol skeleton. Seven compounds (17, 20, 26, 34, 44, 60 and 66) were selected based on their high anti-HAdV activity at low micromolar concentration (IC50 from 2.47 to 5.75 µM) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 from 28.70 to >200 µM). In addition, our mechanistic assays revealed that compounds 20 and 44 might be targeting specifically the HAdV DNA replication process, and compound 66 would be targeting HAdV E1A mRNA transcription. For compounds 17, 20, 34 and 60, the mechanism of action seems to be associated with later steps after HAdV DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mazzotta
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41071 Seville, Spain; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Judith Berastegui-Cabrera
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Margarita Vega-Holm
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41071 Seville, Spain.
| | - María Del Rosario García-Lozano
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41071 Seville, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), SeLiver Group, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Ledesma
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - José Manuel Vega-Pérez
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41071 Seville, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Pachón
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Seville, E-41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Iglesias-Guerra
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, E-41071 Seville, Spain.
| | - Javier Sánchez-Céspedes
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, E41013 Seville, Spain.
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26
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Briana DD, Papadopoulou A, Syridou G, Marchisio E, Kapsabeli E, Daskalaki A, Papaevangelou V. Early human milk lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:6704-6707. [PMID: 33969775 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1920010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Early human milk provides protection against viral infections due to its high nutritional value, abundance of maternal antibodies and the specific role of lactoferrin (Lf). Lf blocks the early interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells by binding to specific cell receptors and has been proposed as a preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19. This preliminary report aimed to investigate concentrations of Lf in early milk of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers versus non-infected controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a cohort of 13 SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers and 15 controls, breast milk concentrations of Lf were determined by ELISA on day 3 postpartum. Additionally, colostrum samples of infected mothers were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG determination using RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS No differences were found in breast milk Lf concentrations between SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers and controls. In a subgroup analysis, however, symptomatic mothers (n = 7) presented with lower breast milk Lf concentrations, as compared to asymptomatic mothers (p = .041) and healthy controls (p = .029). All milk samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Early human milk of infected mothers displayed IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 specific reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed a different early breast milk Lf "profile" between COVID-19 symptomatic and asymptomatic mothers with the latter being at non-COVID levels (control group). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in any breast milk sample. Early human milk Lf levels are potentially influenced by the severity of maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina D Briana
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Papadopoulou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Syridou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Edoardo Marchisio
- R&D laboratories, DIA.PRO Diagnostic Bioprobes Srl, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Eleni Kapsabeli
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Daskalaki
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
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27
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Mattar EH, Elrashdy F, Almehdar HA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Natural resources to control COVID-19: could lactoferrin amend SARS-CoV-2 infectivity? PeerJ 2021; 9:e11303. [PMID: 33954061 PMCID: PMC8052957 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world population is still facing the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a challenge requires complicated tools to control, namely vaccines, effective cures, and complementary agents. Here we present one candidate for the role of an effective cure and/or complementary agent: lactoferrin. It is the cross-talking mediator between many organs/cellular systems in the body. It serves as a physiological, immunological, and anti-microbial barrier, and acts as a regulator molecule. Furthermore, lactoferrin has receptors on most tissues cells, and is a rich source for bioactive peptides, particularly in the digestive system. In the past months, in vitro and in vivo evidence has accumulated regarding lactoferrin's ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in different indicated scenarios. Also, lactoferrin or whey milk (of human or other mammal's origin) is a cheap, easily available, and safe agent, the use of which can produce promising results. Pharmaceutical and/or food supplementary formulas of lactoferrin could be particularly effective in controlling the gastrointestinal COVID-19-associated symptoms and could limit the fecal-oral viral infection transmission, through mechanisms that mimic that of norovirus infection control by lactoferrin via induction of intestinal innate immunity. This natural avenue may be effective not only in symptomatic patients, but could also be more helpful in asymptomatic patients as a main or adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab H. Mattar
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Elrashdy
- Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein A. Almehdar
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Poelaert KCK, Williams RM, Matullo CM, Rall GF. Noncanonical Transmission of a Measles Virus Vaccine Strain from Neurons to Astrocytes. mBio 2021; 12:e00288-21. [PMID: 33758092 PMCID: PMC8092232 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00288-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses, including members of the herpes-, entero-, and morbillivirus families, are the most common cause of infectious encephalitis in mammals worldwide. During most instances of acute viral encephalitis, neurons are typically the initial cell type that is infected. However, as replication and spread ensue, other parenchymal cells can become viral targets, especially in chronic infections. Consequently, to ascertain how neurotropic viruses trigger neuropathology, it is crucial to identify which central nervous system (CNS) cell populations are susceptible and permissive throughout the course of infection, and to define how viruses spread between distinct cell types. Using a measles virus (MV) transgenic mouse model that expresses human CD46 (hCD46), the MV vaccine strain receptor, under the control of a neuron-specific enolase promoter (NSE-hCD46+ mice), a novel mode of viral spread between neurons and astrocytes was identified. Although hCD46 is required for initial neuronal infection, it is dispensable for heterotypic spread to astrocytes, which instead depends on glutamate transporters and direct neuron-astrocyte contact. Moreover, in the presence of RNase A, astrocyte infection is reduced, suggesting that nonenveloped ribonucleoproteins (RNP) may cross the neuron-astrocyte synaptic cleft. The characterization of this novel mode of intercellular transport offers insights into the unique interaction of neurons and glia and may reveal therapeutic targets to mitigate the life-threatening consequences of measles encephalitis.IMPORTANCE Viruses are the most important cause of infectious encephalitis in mammals worldwide; several thousand people, primarily the very young and the elderly, are impacted annually, and few therapies are reliably successful once neuroinvasion has occurred. To understand how viruses contribute to neuropathology, and to develop tools to prevent or ameliorate such infections, it is crucial to define if and how viruses disseminate among the different cell populations within the highly complex central nervous system. This study defines a noncanonical mode of viral transmission between neurons and astrocytes within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien C K Poelaert
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riley M Williams
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M Matullo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Avota E, Bodem J, Chithelen J, Mandasari P, Beyersdorf N, Schneider-Schaulies J. The Manifold Roles of Sphingolipids in Viral Infections. Front Physiol 2021. [PMID: 34658908 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.71552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential components of eukaryotic cells. In this review, we want to exemplarily illustrate what is known about the interactions of sphingolipids with various viruses at different steps of their replication cycles. This includes structural interactions during entry at the plasma membrane or endosomal membranes, early interactions leading to sphingolipid-mediated signal transduction, interactions with internal membranes and lipids during replication, and interactions during virus assembly and budding. Targeted interventions in sphingolipid metabolism - as far as they can be tolerated by cells and organisms - may open novel possibilities to support antiviral therapies. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections have intensively been studied, but for other viral infections, such as influenza A virus (IAV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus, Ebola virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), investigations are still in their beginnings. As many inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism are already in clinical use against other diseases, repurposing studies for applications in some viral infections appear to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Avota
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janice Chithelen
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Putri Mandasari
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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30
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Primary HIV-1 and Infectious Molecular Clones Are Differentially Susceptible to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040782. [PMID: 33371189 PMCID: PMC7767270 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent the spread of HIV-1, a vaccine should elicit antibodies that block viral entry for all cell types. Recently, we have developed a virus capture assay to quantitatively examine early time points of infection. Here we present data on the ability of bNAbs to inhibit capture (1 h) or replication (48 h) of purified primary acute or chronic HIV or infectious molecular clones (IMCs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as quantified by qRT-PCR. Although bNAbs significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication in PBMCs in a virus subtype and in a PBMC-donor specific manner, they did not inhibit virus capture of primary viruses. In contrast, IMC capture and replication in PBMCs and purified CD4+ T cells were significantly inhibited by bNAbs, thus indicating that unlike IMCs, primary HIV-1 may initially bind to other cell surface molecules, which leads to virus capture even in the presence of bNAbs. Our results demonstrate that the initial interactions and some aspects of infectivity of primary HIV-1 and IMCs are inherently different, which underscores the importance of studying virus transmission using primary viruses in in vitro studies, an issue that could impact HIV-1 vaccine design strategies.
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31
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Seyran M, Takayama K, Uversky VN, Lundstrom K, Palù G, Sherchan SP, Attrish D, Rezaei N, Aljabali AAA, Ghosh S, Pizzol D, Chauhan G, Adadi P, Mohamed Abd El-Aziz T, Soares AG, Kandimalla R, Tambuwala M, Hassan SS, Azad GK, Pal Choudhury P, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Serrano-Aroca Á, Brufsky AM, Uhal BD. The structural basis of accelerated host cell entry by SARS-CoV-2†. FEBS J 2020; 288:5010-5020. [PMID: 33264497 PMCID: PMC7753708 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is the causative agent of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) that exhibits an overwhelming contagious capacity over other human coronaviruses (HCoVs). This structural snapshot describes the structural bases underlying the pandemic capacity of SARS‐CoV‐2 and explains its fast motion over respiratory epithelia that allow its rapid cellular entry. Based on notable viral spike (S) protein features, we propose that the flat sialic acid‐binding domain at the N‐terminal domain (NTD) of the S1 subunit leads to more effective first contact and interaction with the sialic acid layer over the epithelium, and this, in turn, allows faster viral ‘surfing’ of the epithelium and receptor scanning by SARS‐CoV‐2. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE‐2) protein on the epithelial surface is the primary entry receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, and protein–protein interaction assays demonstrate high‐affinity binding of the spike protein (S protein) to ACE‐2. To date, no high‐frequency mutations were detected at the C‐terminal domain of the S1 subunit in the S protein, where the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) is located. Tight binding to ACE‐2 by a conserved viral RBD suggests the ACE2‐RBD interaction is likely optimal. Moreover, the viral S subunit contains a cleavage site for furin and other proteases, which accelerates cell entry by SARS‐CoV‐2. The model proposed here describes a structural basis for the accelerated host cell entry by SARS‐CoV‐2 relative to other HCoVs and also discusses emerging hypotheses that are likely to contribute to the development of antiviral strategies to combat the pandemic capacity of SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Seyran
- Doctoral Studies in Natural and Technical Sciences (SPL 44), University of Vienna, Austria.,Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diksha Attrish
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (North Camps), Delhi, India
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Shinjini Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Damiano Pizzol
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation - Khartoum, Al Amarat, Sudan
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Antonio G Soares
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, India
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Sk Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Paschim Medinipur, India
| | | | | | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adam M Brufsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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32
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Georgi F, Andriasyan V, Witte R, Murer L, Hemmi S, Yu L, Grove M, Meili N, Kuttler F, Yakimovich A, Turcatti G, Greber UF. The FDA-Approved Drug Nelfinavir Inhibits Lytic Cell-Free but Not Cell-Associated Nonlytic Transmission of Human Adenovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01002-20. [PMID: 32601166 PMCID: PMC7449217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are prevalent and give rise to chronic and recurrent disease. Human AdV (HAdV) species B and C, such as HAdV-C2, -C5, and -B14, cause respiratory disease and constitute a health threat for immunocompromised individuals. HAdV-Cs are well known for lysing cells owing to the E3 CR1-β-encoded adenovirus death protein (ADP). We previously reported a high-throughput image-based screening framework and identified an inhibitor of HAdV-C2 multiround infection, nelfinavir mesylate. Nelfinavir is the active ingredient of Viracept, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartyl protease that is used to treat AIDS. It is not effective against single-round HAdV infections. Here, we show that nelfinavir inhibits lytic cell-free transmission of HAdV, indicated by the suppression of comet-shaped infection foci in cell culture. Comet-shaped foci occur upon convection-based transmission of cell-free viral particles from an infected cell to neighboring uninfected cells. HAdV lacking ADP was insensitive to nelfinavir but gave rise to comet-shaped foci, indicating that ADP enhances but is not required for cell lysis. This was supported by the notion that HAdV-B14 and -B14p1 lacking ADP were highly sensitive to nelfinavir, although HAdV-A31, -B3, -B7, -B11, -B16, -B21, -D8, -D30, and -D37 were less sensitive. Conspicuously, nelfinavir uncovered slow-growing round HAdV-C2 foci, independent of neutralizing antibodies in the medium, indicative of nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission. Our study demonstrates the repurposing potential of nelfinavir with postexposure efficacy against different HAdVs and describes an alternative nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission mode of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Yu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Grove
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Meili
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chang R, Ng TB, Sun WZ. Lactoferrin as potential preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106118. [PMID: 32738305 PMCID: PMC7390755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a naturally occurring, pleiotropic, non-toxic glycoprotein. Lf has broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Lf shows in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, which is likely similar against SARS-CoV-2 via the same mechanism. Lf's immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects may be especially relevant as a potential adjunct for severe COVID-19.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly advancing across the globe despite drastic public and personal health measures. Antivirals and nutritional supplements have been proposed as potentially useful against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, but few have been clinically established. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a naturally occurring, non-toxic glycoprotein that is orally available as a nutritional supplement and has established in vitro antiviral efficacy against a wide range of viruses, including SARS-CoV, a closely related coronavirus to SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, Lf possesses unique immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that may be especially relevant to the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 cases. Here we review the underlying biological mechanisms of Lf as an antiviral and immune regulator, and propose its unique potential as a preventative and adjunct treatment for COVID-19. We hope that further research and development of Lf nutritional supplementation would establish its role for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Chang
- Institute of East-West Medicine, 102 E 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Institute of East-West Medicine, 102 E 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S. Road., Taipei, Taiwan
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Kami D, Gojo S. From Cell Entry to Engraftment of Exogenous Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144995. [PMID: 32679802 PMCID: PMC7404190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transfer has been recognized to play a role in a variety of processes, ranging from fertilization to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases as well as mammalian horizontal gene transfer. It is achieved through either exogeneous or intercellular mitochondrial transfer. From the viewpoint of evolution, exogeneous mitochondrial transfer is quite akin to the initial process of symbiosis between α-protobacterium and archaea, although the progeny have developed more sophisticated machinery to engulf environmental materials, including nutrients, bacteria, and viruses. A molecular-based knowledge of endocytosis, including macropinocytosis and endosomal escape involving bacteria and viruses, could provide mechanistic insights into exogeneous mitochondrial transfer. We focus on exogeneous mitochondrial transfer in this review to facilitate the clinical development of the use of isolated mitochondria to treat various pathological conditions. Several kinds of novel procedures to enhance exogeneous mitochondrial transfer have been developed and are summarized in this review.
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Campione E, Cosio T, Rosa L, Lanna C, Di Girolamo S, Gaziano R, Valenti P, Bianchi L. Lactoferrin as Protective Natural Barrier of Respiratory and Intestinal Mucosa against Coronavirus Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144903. [PMID: 32664543 PMCID: PMC7402319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the world has been dealing with a devastating global pandemic coronavirus infection, with more than 12 million infected worldwide and over 300,000 deaths as of May 15th 2020, related to a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), characterized by a spherical morphology and identified through next-generation sequencing. Although the respiratory tract is the primary portal of entry of SARS-CoV-2, gastrointestinal involvement associated with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea may also occur. No drug or vaccine has been approved due to the absence of evidence deriving from rigorous clinical trials. Increasing interest has been highlighted on the possible preventative role and adjunct treatment of lactoferrin, glycoprotein of human secretions part of a non-specific defensive system, known to play a crucial role against microbial and viral infections and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on different mucosal surfaces and able to regulate iron metabolism. In this review, analysing lactoferrin properties, we propose designing a clinical trial to evaluate and verify its effect using a dual combination treatment with local, solubilized intranasal spray formulation and oral administration. Lactoferrin could counteract the coronavirus infection and inflammation, acting either as natural barrier of both respiratory and intestinal mucosa or reverting the iron disorders related to the viral colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campione
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Stefano Di Girolamo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (T.C.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
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Llorente García I, Marsh M. A biophysical perspective on receptor-mediated virus entry with a focus on HIV. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183158. [PMID: 31863725 PMCID: PMC7156917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As part of their entry and infection strategy, viruses interact with specific receptor molecules expressed on the surface of target cells. The efficiency and kinetics of the virus-receptor interactions required for a virus to productively infect a cell is determined by the biophysical properties of the receptors, which are in turn influenced by the receptors' plasma membrane (PM) environments. Currently, little is known about the biophysical properties of these receptor molecules or their engagement during virus binding and entry. Here we review virus-receptor interactions focusing on the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a model system. HIV is one of the best characterised enveloped viruses, with the identity, roles and structure of the key molecules required for infection well established. We review current knowledge of receptor-mediated HIV entry, addressing the properties of the HIV cell-surface receptors, the techniques used to measure these properties, and the macromolecular interactions and events required for virus entry. We discuss some of the key biophysical principles underlying receptor-mediated virus entry and attempt to interpret the available data in the context of biophysical mechanisms. We also highlight crucial outstanding questions and consider how new tools might be applied to advance understanding of the biophysical properties of viral receptors and the dynamic events leading to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Marsh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
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37
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Dynamic competition for hexon binding between core protein VII and lytic protein VI promotes adenovirus maturation and entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13699-13707. [PMID: 32467158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920896117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus minor coat protein VI contains a membrane-disrupting peptide that is inactive when VI is bound to hexon trimers. Protein VI must be released during entry to ensure endosome escape. Hexon:VI stoichiometry has been uncertain, and only fragments of VI have been identified in the virion structure. Recent findings suggest an unexpected relationship between VI and the major core protein, VII. According to the high-resolution structure of the mature virion, VI and VII may compete for the same binding site in hexon; and noninfectious human adenovirus type 5 particles assembled in the absence of VII (Ad5-VII-) are deficient in proteolytic maturation of protein VI and endosome escape. Here we show that Ad5-VII- particles are trapped in the endosome because they fail to increase VI exposure during entry. This failure was not due to increased particle stability, because capsid disruption happened at lower thermal or mechanical stress in Ad5-VII- compared to wild-type (Ad5-wt) particles. Cryoelectron microscopy difference maps indicated that VII can occupy the same binding pocket as VI in all hexon monomers, strongly arguing for binding competition. In the Ad5-VII- map, density corresponding to the immature amino-terminal region of VI indicates that in the absence of VII the lytic peptide is trapped inside the hexon cavity, and clarifies the hexon:VI stoichiometry conundrum. We propose a model where dynamic competition between proteins VI and VII for hexon binding facilitates the complete maturation of VI, and is responsible for releasing the lytic protein from the hexon cavity during entry and stepwise uncoating.
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Koehler M, Delguste M, Sieben C, Gillet L, Alsteens D. Initial Step of Virus Entry: Virion Binding to Cell-Surface Glycans. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:143-165. [PMID: 32396772 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-122019-070025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection is an intricate process that requires the concerted action of both viral and host cell components. Entry of viruses into cells is initiated by interactions between viral proteins and cell-surface receptors. Various cell-surface glycans function as initial, usually low-affinity attachment factors, providing a first anchor of the virus to the cell surface, and further facilitate high-affinity binding to virus-specific cell-surface receptors, while other glycans function as specific entry receptors themselves. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using different techniques, define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes, and study these interactions at the single-virion level. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of glycans in viral infection and highlights experimental approaches to study virus-glycan binding along with specific examples. In particular, we highlight the development of the atomic force microscope to investigate interactions with glycans at the single-virion level directly on living mammalian cells, which offers new perspectives to better understand virus-glycan interactions in physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Martin Delguste
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Christian Sieben
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health center (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; .,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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Abstract
Viruses are obligatory parasites that take advantage of intracellular niches to replicate. During infection, their genomes are carried in capsids across the membranes of host cells to sites of virion production by exploiting cellular behaviour and resources to guide and achieve all aspects of delivery and the downstream virus manufacturing process. Successful entry hinges on execution of a precisely tuned viral uncoating program where incoming capsids disassemble in consecutive steps to ensure that genomes are released at the right time, and in the right place for replication to occur. Each step of disassembly is cell-assisted, involving individual pathways that transmit signals to regulate discrete functions, but at the same time, these signalling pathways are organized into larger networks, which communicate back and forth in complex ways in response to the presence of virus. In this review, we consider the elegant strategy by which adenoviruses (AdVs) target and navigate cellular networks to initiate the production of progeny virions. There are many remarkable aspects about the AdV entry program; for example, the virus gains targeted control of a large well-defined local network neighbourhood by coupling several interacting processes (including endocytosis, autophagy and microtubule trafficking) around a collective reference state centred on the interactional topology and multifunctional nature of protein VI. Understanding the network targeting activity of protein VI, as well as other built-in mechanisms that allow AdV particles to be efficient at navigating the subsystems of the cell, can be used to improve viral vectors, but also has potential to be incorporated for use in entirely novel delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Flatt
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences and HiLIFE-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki , Finland
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40
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Riedel C, Chen HW, Reichart U, Lamp B, Laketa V, Rümenapf T. Real Time Analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infection and Its Dependence on Bovine CD46. Viruses 2020; 12:E116. [PMID: 31963539 PMCID: PMC7019258 DOI: 10.3390/v12010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus attachment and entry is a complex interplay of viral and cellular interaction partners. Employing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) encoding an mCherry-E2 fusion protein (BVDVE2-mCherry), being the first genetically labelled member of the family Flaviviridae applicable for the analysis of virus particles, the early events of infection-attachment, particle surface transport, and endocytosis-were monitored to better understand the mechanisms underlying virus entry and their dependence on the virus receptor, bovine CD46. The analysis of 801 tracks on the surface of SK6 cells inducibly expressing fluorophore labelled bovine CD46 (CD46fluo) demonstrated the presence of directed, diffusive, and confined motion. 26 entry events could be identified, with the majority being associated with a CD46fluo positive structure during endocytosis and occurring more than 20 min after virus addition. Deletion of the CD46fluo E2 binding domain (CD46fluo∆E2bind) did not affect the types of motions observed on the cell surface but resulted in a decreased number of observable entry events (2 out of 1081 tracks). Mean squared displacement analysis revealed a significantly increased velocity of particle transport for directed motions on CD46fluo∆E2bind expressing cells in comparison to CD46fluo. These results indicate that the presence of bovine CD46 is only affecting the speed of directed transport, but otherwise not influencing BVDV cell surface motility. Instead, bovine CD46 seems to be an important factor during uptake, suggesting the presence of additional cellular proteins interacting with the virus which are able to support its transport on the virus surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Riedel
- Institute of Virology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.-W.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Hann-Wei Chen
- Institute of Virology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.-W.C.); (T.R.)
| | - Ursula Reichart
- VetCore Facility for Research, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benjamin Lamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (H.-W.C.); (T.R.)
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41
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Greber UF. Editorial: Physical Virology and the Nature of Virus Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:1-11. [PMID: 31317493 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Virus particles, 'virions', range in size from nano-scale to micro-scale. They have many different shapes and are composed of proteins, sugars, nucleic acids, lipids, water and solutes. Virions are autonomous entities and affect all forms of life in a parasitic relationship. They infect prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The physical properties of virions are tuned to the way they interact with cells. When virions interact with cells, they gain huge complexity and give rise to an infected cell, also known as 'virus'. Virion-cell interactions entail the processes of entry, replication and assembly, as well as egress from the infected cell. Collectively, these steps can result in progeny virions, which is a productive infection, or in silencing of the virus, an abortive or latent infection. This book explores facets of the physical nature of virions and viruses and the impact of mechanical properties on infection processes at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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42
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High-Content Analyses of Vaccinia Plaque Formation. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31240682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus plaque assays are employed for quantification of virus titer through serial dilution of virus on a monolayer of cells. Once the virus titer is diluted enough to allow for only few cells of the monolayer to be infected, clonal spread of infection can be detected by observing the lesion in the cell monolayer or using virus-specific staining methods. Beyond simple titration, plaque formation bares priceless underlying information about subtle virus-host interactions and their impact on virus spread during multiple rounds of infection. These include virus infectivity, mode of virus spread, virus replication rate, and spatiotemporal spread efficacy. How this underlying information can be harnessed using a high-content imaging setup is discussed here.
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43
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Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Structural Insights into Rotavirus Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:45-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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44
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Bezgovsek J, Gulbins E, Friedrich SK, Lang KS, Duhan V. Sphingolipids in early viral replication and innate immune activation. Biol Chem 2018; 399:1115-1123. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which sphingolipids modulate virus multiplication and the host innate immune response, using a number of host-virus systems as illustrative models. Sphingolipids exert diverse functions, both at the level of the viral life cycle and in the regulation of antiviral immune responses. Sphingolipids may influence viral replication in three ways: by serving as (co)receptors during viral entry, by modulating virus replication, and by shaping the antiviral immune response. Several studies have demonstrated that sphingosine kinases (SphK) and their product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), enhance the replication of influenza, measles, and hepatitis B virus (HBV). In contrast, ceramides, particularly S1P and SphK1, influence the expression of type I interferon (IFN-I) by modulating upstream antiviral signaling and enhancing dendritic cell maturation, differentiation, and positioning in tissue. The synthetic molecule α-galactosylceramide has also been shown to stimulate natural killer cell activation and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. However, to date, clinical trials have failed to demonstrate any clinical benefit for sphingolipids in the treatment of cancer or HBV infection. Taken together, these findings show that sphingolipids play an important and underappreciated role in the control of virus replication and the innate immune response.
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45
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Naumenko V, Van S, Dastidar H, Kim DS, Kim SJ, Zeng Z, Deniset J, Lau A, Zhang C, Macia N, Heyne B, Jenne CN, Mahoney DJ. Visualizing Oncolytic Virus-Host Interactions in Live Mice Using Intravital Microscopy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 10:14-27. [PMID: 30073187 PMCID: PMC6070694 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an emerging cancer treatment that uses replicating viruses to infect and kill tumor cells and incite anticancer immunity. While the approach shows promise, it currently fails most patients, indicating strategies to improve OV activity are needed. Developing these will require greater understanding of OV biology, particularly in the context of OV delivery and clearance, the infection process within a complex tumor microenvironment, and the modulation of anticancer immunity. To help achieve this, we have established a technique for high-resolution 4D imaging of OV-host interactions within intact tissues of live mice using intravital microscopy (IVM). We show that oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) directly labeled with Alexa Fluor dyes is easily visualized by single- or multiphoton microscopy while retaining bioactivity in vivo. The addition of fluorophore-tagged antibodies and genetically encoded reporter proteins to image target cells and the virus infection enables real-time imaging of dynamic interactions between VSV and host cells in blood, tumor, and visceral organs of live mice. The method has sufficient in vivo resolution to observe leukocytes in blood binding to and transporting VSV particles, foci of VSV infection spreading through a tumor, and antigen-presenting cells in the spleen interacting with and being infected by VSV. Visualizing OV-host interactions by IVM represents a powerful new tool for studying OV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Naumenko
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,National University of Science and Technology "MISIS," Leninskiy prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Shinia Van
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Himika Dastidar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dae-Sun Kim
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Seok-Joo Kim
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Justin Deniset
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arthur Lau
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chunfen Zhang
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Macia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Belinda Heyne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Schönfelder J, Alonso-Caballero A, De Sancho D, Perez-Jimenez R. The life of proteins under mechanical force. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3558-3573. [PMID: 29473060 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although much of our understanding of protein folding comes from studies of isolated protein domains in bulk, in the cellular environment the intervention of external molecular machines is essential during the protein life cycle. During the past decade single molecule force spectroscopy techniques have been extremely useful to deepen our understanding of these interventional molecular processes, as they allow for monitoring and manipulating mechanochemical events in individual protein molecules. Here, we review some of the critical steps in the protein life cycle, starting with the biosynthesis of the nascent polypeptide chain in the ribosome, continuing with the folding supported by chaperones and the translocation into different cell compartments, and ending with proteolysis in the proteasome. Along these steps, proteins experience molecular forces often combined with chemical transformations, affecting their folding and structure, which are measured or mimicked in the laboratory by the application of force with a single molecule apparatus. These mechanochemical reactions can potentially be used as targets for fighting against diseases. Inspired by these insightful experiments, we devise an outlook on the emerging field of mechanopharmacology, which reflects an alternative paradigm for drug design.
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47
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Parveen N, Borrenberghs D, Rocha S, Hendrix J. Single Viruses on the Fluorescence Microscope: Imaging Molecular Mobility, Interactions and Structure Sheds New Light on Viral Replication. Viruses 2018; 10:E250. [PMID: 29748498 PMCID: PMC5977243 DOI: 10.3390/v10050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are simple agents exhibiting complex reproductive mechanisms. Decades of research have provided crucial basic insights, antiviral medication and moderately successful gene therapy trials. The most infectious viral particle is, however, not always the most abundant one in a population, questioning the utility of classic ensemble-averaging virology. Indeed, viral replication is often not particularly efficient, prone to errors or containing parallel routes. Here, we review different single-molecule sensitive fluorescence methods that we employ routinely to investigate viruses. We provide a brief overview of the microscopy hardware needed and discuss the different methods and their application. In particular, we review how we applied (i) single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to probe the subviral human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) integrase (IN) quaternary structure; (ii) single particle tracking to study interactions of the simian virus 40 with membranes; (iii) 3D confocal microscopy and smFRET to quantify the HIV-1 pre-integration complex content and quaternary structure; (iv) image correlation spectroscopy to quantify the cytosolic HIV-1 Gag assembly, and finally; (v) super-resolution microscopy to characterize the interaction of HIV-1 with tetherin during assembly. We hope this review is an incentive for setting up and applying similar single-virus imaging studies in daily virology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagma Parveen
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Doortje Borrenberghs
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Susana Rocha
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Hendrix
- Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- Dynamic Bioimaging Lab, Advanced Optical Microscopy Centre and Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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48
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Witte R, Andriasyan V, Georgi F, Yakimovich A, Greber UF. Concepts in Light Microscopy of Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E202. [PMID: 29670029 PMCID: PMC5923496 DOI: 10.3390/v10040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses threaten humans, livestock, and plants, and are difficult to combat. Imaging of viruses by light microscopy is key to uncover the nature of known and emerging viruses in the quest for finding new ways to treat viral disease and deepening the understanding of virus–host interactions. Here, we provide an overview of recent technology for imaging cells and viruses by light microscopy, in particular fluorescence microscopy in static and live-cell modes. The review lays out guidelines for how novel fluorescent chemical probes and proteins can be used in light microscopy to illuminate cells, and how they can be used to study virus infections. We discuss advantages and opportunities of confocal and multi-photon microscopy, selective plane illumination microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy. We emphasize the prevalent concepts in image processing and data analyses, and provide an outlook into label-free digital holographic microscopy for virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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49
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Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040166. [PMID: 29614729 PMCID: PMC5923460 DOI: 10.3390/v10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a dual nature: particles are “passive substances” lacking chemical energy transformation, whereas infected cells are “active substances” turning-over energy. How passive viral substances convert to active substances, comprising viral replication and assembly compartments has been of intense interest to virologists, cell and molecular biologists and immunologists. Infection starts with virus entry into a susceptible cell and delivers the viral genome to the replication site. This is a multi-step process, and involves the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Likewise, the egress of progeny virus particles from the replication site to the extracellular space is enhanced by the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. This overcomes the limitation of thermal diffusion, and transports virions and virion components, often in association with cellular organelles. This review explores how the analysis of viral trajectories informs about mechanisms of infection. We discuss the methodology enabling researchers to visualize single virions in cells by fluorescence imaging and tracking. Virus visualization and tracking are increasingly enhanced by computational analyses of virus trajectories as well as in silico modeling. Combined approaches reveal previously unrecognized features of virus-infected cells. Using select examples of complementary methodology, we highlight the role of actin filaments and microtubules, and their associated motors in virus infections. In-depth studies of single virion dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolutions thereby provide deep insight into virus infection processes, and are a basis for uncovering underlying mechanisms of how cells function.
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50
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Abstract
An implicit aim in cellular infection biology is to understand the mechanisms how viruses, microbes, eukaryotic parasites, and fungi usurp the functions of host cells and cause disease. Mechanistic insight is a deep understanding of the biophysical and biochemical processes that give rise to an observable phenomenon. It is typically subject to falsification, that is, it is accessible to experimentation and empirical data acquisition. This is different from logic and mathematics, which are not empirical, but built on systems of inherently consistent axioms. Here, we argue that modeling and computer simulation, combined with mechanistic insights, yields unprecedented deep understanding of phenomena in biology and especially in virus infections by providing a way of showing sufficiency of a hypothetical mechanism. This ideally complements the necessity statements accessible to empirical falsification by additional positive evidence. We discuss how computational implementations of mathematical models can assist and enhance the quantitative measurements of infection dynamics of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses and thereby help generating causal insights into virus infection biology.
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