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Li Y, Guo M, Wang Q, Zhou H, Wu W, Lin H, Fan H. Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 induces pyroptosis via the RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 pathway in swine tracheal epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110127. [PMID: 38797057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a common Gram-negative commensal bacterium in the upper respiratory tract of swine that can cause Glässer's disease under stress conditions. Pyroptosis is an important immune defence mechanism of the body that plays a crucial role in clearing pathogen infections and endogenous danger signals. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of G. parasuis serotype 5 SQ (GPS5-SQ)-induced pyroptosis in swine tracheal epithelial cells (STECs). The results of the present study demonstrated that GPS5-SQ infection induces pyroptosis in STECs by enhancing the protein level of the N-terminal domain of gasdermin D (GSDMD-N) and activating the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Furthermore, the levels of pyroptosis-related proteins, including GSDMD-N and cleaved caspase-1 were considerably decreased in STECs after the knockdown of retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS). These results indicated that GPS5-SQ might trigger pyroptosis through the activation of the RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 signaling pathway. More importantly, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) repressed the activation of the RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 signaling and rescued the decrease in Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) after GPS5-SQ infection. Overall, our findings show that GPS5-SQ can activate RIG-I/MAVS/NLRP3 signaling and destroy the integrity of the epithelial barrier by inducing ROS generation in STECs, shedding new light on G. parasuis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengru Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenda Wu
- Joint Research Center for Foodborne Functional Factors and Green Preparation, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China.
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2
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Lyu Y, Wang T, Huang S, Zhang Z. Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Metabolism in the Regulation of Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:665-679. [PMID: 37666239 PMCID: PMC10601681 DOI: 10.1159/000533602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system, as the host's first line of defense against intruders, plays a critical role in recognizing, identifying, and reacting to a wide range of microbial intruders. There is increasing evidence that mitochondrial stress is a major initiator of innate immune responses. When mitochondria's integrity is disrupted or dysfunction occurs, the mitochondria's contents are released into the cytosol. These contents, like reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial DNA, and double-stranded RNA, among others, act as damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can bind to multiple innate immune sensors, particularly pattern recognition receptors, thereby leading to inflammation. To avoid the production of DAMPs, in addition to safeguarding organelles integrity and functionality, mitochondria may activate mitophagy or apoptosis. Moreover, mitochondrial components and specific metabolic regulations modify properties of innate immune cells. These include macrophages, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and so on, in steady state or in stimulation that are involved in processes ranging from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid metabolism. Here we provide a brief summary of mitochondrial DAMPs' initiated and potentiated inflammatory response in the innate immune system. We also provide insights into how the state of activation, differentiation, and functional polarization of innate immune cells can be influenced by alteration to the metabolic pathways in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Lyu
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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3
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Zheng J, Shi W, Yang Z, Chen J, Qi A, Yang Y, Deng Y, Yang D, Song N, Song B, Luo D. RIG-I-like receptors: Molecular mechanism of activation and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:1-74. [PMID: 37453753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During RNA viral infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize the intracellular pathogenic RNA species derived from viral replication and activate antiviral innate immune response by stimulating type 1 interferon expression. Three RLR members, namely, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 are homologous and belong to a subgroup of superfamily 2 Helicase/ATPase that is preferably activated by double-stranded RNA. RLRs are significantly different in gene architecture, RNA ligand preference, activation, and molecular functions. As switchable macromolecular sensors, RLRs' activities are tightly regulated by RNA ligands, ATP, posttranslational modifications, and cellular cofactors. We provide a comprehensive review of the structure and function of the RLRs and summarize the molecular understanding of sensing and signaling events during the RLR activation process. The key roles RLR signaling play in both anti-infection and immune disease conditions highlight the therapeutic potential in targeting this important molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjia Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Liu Y, Wei Y, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Pang Z, Liao M, Sun H. Overexpression of TRIM16 Reduces the Titer of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus and Promotes the Expression of Antioxidant Genes through Regulating the SQSTM1-NRF2-KEAP1 Axis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020391. [PMID: 36851605 PMCID: PMC9960857 DOI: 10.3390/v15020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a vital role in viral replication. Tripartite motif containing 16 (TRIM16) is involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the role of TRIM16 in oxidative stress induced by infection of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is unclear. We found that under conditions of H5N1 HPAIV infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in A549 cells peaked at 24 h post infection (hpi), and antioxidant genes' expression levels were down-regulated. Overexpression of TRIM16 in A549 cells resulted in a decrease in the titter of H5N1 HPAIV and led to significant up-regulation of the antioxidant genes' expression levels, which indicates that TRIM16 positively regulates the sequestosome 1/Kelch-like associated enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 protein/nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-derived 2-like 2 (SQSTM1/NRF2/KEAP1) pathway. Under basal conditions, TRIM16 led to a modification of NRF2 through an increase in K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of NRF2. Collectively, our findings provide new insight into understanding TRIM16's role in anti-oxidative stress in H5N1 HPAIV infected A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yifan Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxia Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-18675861636 (H.S.)
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (H.S.); Tel.: +86-18675861636 (H.S.)
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5
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Mitochondria Dysfunction at the Heart of Viral Myocarditis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020351. [PMID: 36851568 PMCID: PMC9963085 DOI: 10.3390/v15020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocardium/heart is the most mitochondria-rich tissue in the human body with mitochondria comprising approximately 30% of total cardiomyocyte volume. As the resident "powerhouse" of cells, mitochondria help to fuel the high energy demands of a continuously beating myocardium. It is no surprise that mitochondrial dysfunction underscores the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular ailments, including those of viral origin such as virus-induced myocarditis. Enteroviruses have been especially linked to injuries of the myocardium and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy for which no effective therapies currently exist. Intriguingly, recent mechanistic insights have demonstrated viral infections to directly damage mitochondria, impair the mitochondrial quality control processes of the cell, such as disrupting mitochondrial antiviral innate immune signaling, and promoting mitochondrial-dependent pathological inflammation of the infected myocardium. In this review, we briefly highlight recent insights on the virus-mitochondria crosstalk and discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting mitochondria to preserve heart function and ultimately combat viral myocarditis.
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6
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Xing X, Xu F, Wang Y, Liu H. Role of the OTUB1/IRF7/NOX4 axis in oxidative stress injury and inflammatory responses in mice with Parkinson's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2023; 23:32-44. [PMID: 36332656 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders and is associated with oxidative stress injury (OSI) and inflammatory responses. This study sought to investigate the mechanism of ovarian tumour domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1 (OTUB1) in OSI and inflammatory responses in PD, providing a theoretical foundation for PD treatment. METHODS The PD mouse model was established by an intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, followed by behavioural tests, observation of brain pathological changes, and quantification of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10) and OS (ROS, SOD, and MDA) factors. Next, the expression levels of OTUB1, interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) levels were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay, the binding of OTUB1 to IRF7 was analysed by co-immunoprecipitation, and the ubiquitination level of IRF7 and the enrichment and binding of IRF7 and the NOX4 promoter were measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assays. Afterwards, rescue experiments were performed with IRF7 or NOX4 overexpression in OTUB1 knockout PD mice. RESULTS OTUB1 was upregulated in brain tissues of PD mice. Inhibition of OTUB1 alleviated PD progression, OSI, and inflammatory responses. OTUB1 stabilized IRF7 through deubiquitination, and IRF7 bound to the NOX4 promoter to promote NOX4 expression. IRF7 or NOX4 overexpression reversed the effects of silencing OTUB1 on OSI and inflammatory responses in PD mice. CONCLUSION OTUB1-mediated deubiquitination stabilized IRF7 and upregulated NOX4 expression, thereby promoting OSI and inflammatory responses in PD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Xing
- Department of Neurology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Departments of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tong ji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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7
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NOX2 oxidase inhibitor GSK2795039 possess antiviral activity against H1N1 influenza A virus in vitro and vivo. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105942. [PMID: 36502994 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The continuous zoonotic circulation and reassortment potential of influenza A viruses (IAV) in nature represents an enormous public health threat to humans. Beside vaccination antivirals are needed to efficiently control spreading of the disease. The previous research has shown that NOX2 involved in IAV replication, but the detailed mechanism has not been reported. In the present study we investigated the roles of NOX2 in host inflammatory response and IAV replication using a novel inhibitor GSK2795039. The drug significantly reduced H1N1 virus induced NOX2 activity and ROS release in human lung epithelial cells. The results of time course experiments suggested that GSK2795039 inhibited an early post-entry step of viral infection. Concomitantly, there was a decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-β and interleukin (IL)-6) in NOX2 suppressed cells. In vivo, compared with control groups, suppression of NOX2 improved the survival rate of mice infected with H1N1 virus (42.9% in GSK2795039 treated mice versus >0% of control mice) and viral burden also decreased in the GSK2795039 treated group. Thus, our data demonstrated a critical role for NOX2 in the establishment of H1N1 infection and subsequent inflammatory reactions, which suggest that GSK2795039 may be a potential therapeutic drug for IAV infection.
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8
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Cheng ML, Wu CH, Chien KY, Lai CH, Li GJ, Liu YY, Lin G, Ho HY. Enteroviral 2B Interacts with VDAC3 to Regulate Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That Is Essential to Viral Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081717. [PMID: 36016340 PMCID: PMC9416218 DOI: 10.3390/v14081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) 71 caused episodes of outbreaks in China and Southeast Asia during the last few decades. We have previously reported that EV71 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Co-immunoprecipitation-proteomic analysis revealed that enteroviral 2B protein interacted with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3). Knockdown (KD) of VDAC3 expression specifically inhibited enteroviral replication. Single-round viral replication was also inhibited in KD cells, suggesting that VDAC3 plays an essential role in replication. Consistent with this, VDAC3 gene KD significantly reduced the EV71-induced mitochondrial ROS generation. Exogenous 2B expression could induce the mitochondrial ROS generation that was significantly reduced in VDAC3-KD cells or in the Mito-TEMPO-treated cells. Moreover, VDAC3 appears to be necessary for regulation of antioxidant metabolism. VDAC3 gene KD led to the enhancement of such pathways as hypotaurine/taurine synthesis in the infected cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that 2B and VDAC3 interact to enhance mitochondrial ROS generation, which promotes viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsueh Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jie Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Gigin Lin
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Imaging Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 3318)
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Wang S, Atkinson GRS, Hayes WB. SANA: cross-species prediction of Gene Ontology GO annotations via topological network alignment. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2022; 8:25. [PMID: 35859153 PMCID: PMC9300714 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-022-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Topological network alignment aims to align two networks node-wise in order to maximize the observed common connection (edge) topology between them. The topological alignment of two protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks should thus expose protein pairs with similar interaction partners allowing, for example, the prediction of common Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Unfortunately, no network alignment algorithm based on topology alone has been able to achieve this aim, though those that include sequence similarity have seen some success. We argue that this failure of topology alone is due to the sparsity and incompleteness of the PPI network data of almost all species, which provides the network topology with a small signal-to-noise ratio that is effectively swamped when sequence information is added to the mix. Here we show that the weak signal can be detected using multiple stochastic samples of “good” topological network alignments, which allows us to observe regions of the two networks that are robustly aligned across multiple samples. The resulting network alignment frequency (NAF) strongly correlates with GO-based Resnik semantic similarity and enables the first successful cross-species predictions of GO terms based on topology-only network alignments. Our best predictions have an AUPR of about 0.4, which is competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms, even when there is no observable sequence similarity and no known homology relationship. While our results provide only a “proof of concept” on existing network data, we hypothesize that predicting GO terms from topology-only network alignments will become increasingly practical as the volume and quality of PPI network data increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3435, USA
| | - Giles R S Atkinson
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3435, USA
| | - Wayne B Hayes
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3435, USA.
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10
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Kumova OK, Galani IE, Rao A, Johnson H, Triantafyllia V, Matt SM, Pascasio J, Gaskill PJ, Andreakos E, Katsikis PD, Carey AJ. Severity of neonatal influenza infection is driven by type I interferon and oxidative stress. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1309-1320. [PMID: 36352099 PMCID: PMC9724789 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonates exhibit increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections, attributed to inflammation at the developing pulmonary air-blood interface. IFN I are antiviral cytokines critical to control viral replication, but also promote inflammation. Previously, we established a neonatal murine influenza virus (IV) model, which demonstrates increased mortality. Here, we sought to determine the role of IFN I in this increased mortality. We found that three-day-old IFNAR-deficient mice are highly protected from IV-induced mortality. In addition, exposure to IFNβ 24 h post IV infection accelerated death in WT neonatal animals but did not impact adult mortality. In contrast, IFN IIIs are protective to neonatal mice. IFNβ induced an oxidative stress imbalance specifically in primary neonatal IV-infected pulmonary type II epithelial cells (TIIEC), not in adult TIIECs. Moreover, neonates did not have an infection-induced increase in antioxidants, including a key antioxidant, superoxide dismutase 3, as compared to adults. Importantly, antioxidant treatment rescued IV-infected neonatal mice, but had no impact on adult morbidity. We propose that IFN I exacerbate an oxidative stress imbalance in the neonate because of IFN I-induced pulmonary TIIEC ROS production coupled with developmentally regulated, defective antioxidant production in response to IV infection. This age-specific imbalance contributes to mortality after respiratory infections in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogan K. Kumova
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ioanna-Evdokia Galani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Johnson
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stephanie M. Matt
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judy Pascasio
- Pathology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter J. Gaskill
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alison J. Carey
- Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Label-free proteomics-based analysis of peripheral nerve injury induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. J Proteomics 2022; 264:104619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Henrik SZŐKE, István BÓKKON, David M, Jan V, Ágnes K, Zoltán K, Ferenc F, Tibor K, László SL, Ádám D, Odilia M, Andrea K. The innate immune system and fever under redox control: A Narrative Review. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4324-4362. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220203122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
In living cells, redox potential is vitally important for normal physiological processes that are closely regulated by antioxidants, free amino acids and proteins that either have reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capture capability or can be compartmentalized. Although hundreds of experiments support the regulatory role of free radicals and their derivatives, several authors continue to claim that these perform only harmful and non-regulatory functions. In this paper we show that countless intracellular and extracellular signal pathways are directly or indirectly linked to regulated redox processes. We also briefly discuss how artificial oxidative stress can have important therapeutic potential and the possible negative effects of popular antioxidant supplements.
Next, we present the argument supported by a large number of studies that several major components of innate immunity, as well as fever, is also essentially associated with regulated redox processes. Our goal is to point out that the production of excess or unregulated free radicals and reactive species can be secondary processes due to the perturbed cellular signal pathways. However, researchers on pharmacology should consider the important role of redox mechanisms in the innate immune system and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- SZŐKE Henrik
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - BÓKKON István
- Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Vision Research Institute,
Lowell, MA, USA
| | - martin David
- Department of Human Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Vagedes Jan
- University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - kiss Ágnes
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - kovács Zoltán
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - fekete Ferenc
- Department of Nyerges Gábor Pediatric Infectology, Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - kocsis Tibor
- Department of Clinical Governance, Hungarian National Ambulance Service, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - kisbenedek Andrea
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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13
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), an obligatory intracellular parasite, uses host cellular molecules to complete its replication cycle and suppress immune responses. Proteasome subunit alpha type 2 (PSMA2) is a cellular protein highly expressed in IAV-infected human lung epithelial A549 cells. PSMA2 is part of the 20S proteasome complex that degrades or recycles defective proteins and involves proteolytic modification of many cellular regulatory proteins. However, the role of PSMA2 in IAV replication is not well understood. In this study, PSMA2 knockdown (KD) in A549 cells caused a significant reduction in extracellular progeny IAV, but intracellular viral protein translation and viral RNA transcription were not affected. This indicates that PSMA2 is a critical host factor for IAV maturation. To better understand the interplay between PSMA2 KD and IAV infection at the proteomic level, we used the SomaScan 1.3K version, which measures 1,307 proteins to analyze alterations induced by these treatments. We found seven cellular signaling pathways, including phospholipase C signaling, Pak signaling, and nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress response signaling, that were inhibited by IAV infection but significantly activated by PSMA2 KD. Further analysis of NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response signaling indicated IAV inhibits accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but ROS levels significantly increased during IAV infection in PSMA2 KD cells. However, IAV infection caused significantly higher NFR2 nuclear translocation that was inhibited in PSMA2 KD cells. This indicates that PSMA2 is required for NRF2-mediated ROS neutralization and that IAV uses PSMA2 to escape viral clearance via the NRF2-mediated cellular oxidative response. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) remains one of the most significant infectious agents, responsible for 3 million to 5 million illnesses each year and more than 50 million deaths during the 20th century. The cellular processes that promote and inhibit IAV infection and pathogenesis remain only partially understood. PSMA2 is a critical component of the 20S proteasome and ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is important in the replication of numerous viruses. This study examined host protein responses to IAV infection alone, PSMA2 knockdown alone, and IAV infection in the presence of PSMA2 knockdown and determined that interfering with PSMA2 function affected IAV maturation. These results help us better understand the importance of PSMA2 in IAV replication and may pave the way for designing additional IAV antivirals targeting PSMA2 or the host proteasome for the treatment of seasonal flu.
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Dai K, Zhu M, Liang Z, Pan J, Zhang Z, Xue R, Cao G, Hu X, Gong C. Bombyx mori Akirin hijacks a viral peptide vSP27 encoded by BmCPV circRNA and activates the ROS-NF-κB pathway against viral infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:223-232. [PMID: 34875309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV), a member of the family Reoviridae, is a model of Cypovirus, has a 10 segmented double-stranded RNA genome. However, so far, only one viral small peptide vSP27 with negative regulation on viral infection was identified; the mechanisms underlying host-BmCPV interaction are still unknown. Here, we identified that vSP27 was translated from a BmCPV derived circular RNA (circRNA-vSP27). Subsequently, results showed that vSP27 induced generation of ROS activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, induced the expression of antimicrobial peptides, and suppressed BmCPV infection. On the other hand, we identified a nuclear protein Akirin that could hijack vSP27, positively regulate the NF-κB pathway, and lead to inhibiting the viral infection. Altogether, our data suggested that BmCPV derived circRNA-vSP27 with small peptide translation activity may be employed by the host immunity in defense against the BmCPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jun Pan
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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15
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Sharma A, Kontodimas K, Bosmann M. The MAVS Immune Recognition Pathway in Viral Infection and Sepsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1376-1392. [PMID: 34348482 PMCID: PMC8817698 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: It is estimated that close to 50 million cases of sepsis result in over 11 million annual fatalities worldwide. The pathognomonic feature of sepsis is a dysregulated inflammatory response arising from viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. Immune recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is a hallmark of the host immune defense to combat microbes and to prevent the progression to sepsis. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is a ubiquitous adaptor protein located at the outer mitochondrial membrane, which is activated by the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5), following binding of viral RNA agonists. Recent Advances: Substantial progress has been made in deciphering the activation of the MAVS pathway with its interacting proteins, downstream signaling events (interferon [IFN] regulatory factors, nuclear factor kappa B), and context-dependent type I/III IFN response. Critical Issues: In the evolutionary race between pathogens and the host, viruses have developed immune evasion strategies for cleavage, degradation, or blockade of proteins in the MAVS pathway. For example, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) M protein and ORF9b protein antagonize MAVS signaling and a protective type I IFN response. Future Directions: The role of MAVS as a sensor for nonviral pathogens, host cell injury, and metabolic perturbations awaits better characterization in the future. New technical advances in multidimensional single-cell analysis and single-molecule methods will accelerate the rate of new discoveries. The ultimate goal is to manipulate MAVS activities in the form of immune-modulatory therapies to combat infections and sepsis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1376-1392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sharma
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Kontodimas
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Taylor JP, Tse HM. The role of NADPH oxidases in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 48:102159. [PMID: 34627721 PMCID: PMC8487856 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an electron donor. There are seven enzymes in the NOX family: NOX1-5 and dual oxidase (DUOX) 1-2. NOX enzymes in humans play important roles in diverse biological functions and vary in expression from tissue to tissue. Importantly, NOX2 is involved in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, including regulation of type I interferons, the inflammasome, phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and cell signaling. DUOX1 and DUOX2 play important roles in innate immune defenses at epithelial barriers. This review discusses the role of NOX enzymes in normal physiological processes as well as in disease. NOX enzymes are important in autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes and have also been implicated in acute lung injury caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Targeting NOX enzymes directly or through scavenging free radicals may be useful therapies for autoimmunity and acute lung injury where oxidative stress contributes to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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17
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Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300. mBio 2021; 12:e0209421. [PMID: 34399606 PMCID: PMC8406260 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), encodes two proteases required for replication. The main protease (Mpro), encoded as part of two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, is responsible for 11 different cleavages of these viral polyproteins to produce mature proteins required for viral replication. Mpro is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Certain proteins in cells under oxidative stress undergo modification of reactive cysteines. We show Mpro is susceptible to glutathionylation, leading to inhibition of dimerization and activity. Activity of glutathionylated Mpro could be restored with reducing agents or glutaredoxin. Analytical studies demonstrated that glutathionylated Mpro primarily exists as a monomer and that modification of a single cysteine with glutathione is sufficient to block dimerization and inhibit its activity. Gel filtration studies as well as analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed that glutathionylated Mpro exists as a monomer. Tryptic and chymotryptic digestions of Mpro as well as experiments using a C300S Mpro mutant revealed that Cys300, which is located at the dimer interface, is a primary target of glutathionylation. Moreover, Cys300 is required for inhibition of activity upon Mpro glutathionylation. These findings indicate that Mpro dimerization and activity can be regulated through reversible glutathionylation of a non-active site cysteine, Cys300, which itself is not required for Mpro activity, and provides a novel target for the development of agents to block Mpro dimerization and activity. This feature of Mpro may have relevance to the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and related bat coronaviruses.
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Kurhaluk N, Tkachenko H, Czopowicz M, Sikora J, Urbańska DM, Kawęcka A, Kaba J, Bagnicka E. A Comparison of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Serum of Healthy Polish Dairy Goats with Those Naturally Infected with Small Ruminant Lentivirus in the Course of Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1945. [PMID: 34209911 PMCID: PMC8300365 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the effects of natural infection by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in the two most common goat breeds in Poland, i.e., Polish white improved and polish fawn improved. It focuses on biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidatively modified proteins and antioxidant defenses, ceruloplasmin level as an acute phase protein, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the goat serum. It was conducted on 24 goats divided into two equal groups: one SRLV-seropositive (SRLV-SP) and another SRLV-seronegative (SRLV-SN). Both groups were identical in terms of breed and parity. Despite infection, the SRLV-SP goats demonstrated no symptoms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In addition, the SRLV-SP goats did not reveal pronounced dysfunctions in oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum compared to the SRLV-SN animals. However, both groups demonstrated elevated levels of the aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins during the lactation period. In addition, both groups retained a high total antioxidant capacity in serum despite the decrease of enzyme antioxidant defenses throughout the 200-day lactation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; (N.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; (N.K.); (H.T.)
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Sikora
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Daria M. Urbańska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland;
| | - Aldona Kawęcka
- National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (J.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland;
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Yildiz H, Alp HH, Ekin S, Arisoy A, Gunbatar H, Asker S, Cilingir BM, Sunnetcioglu A, Celikel M, Esen N, Bedirhanoglu S, Baykal ND, Haylu M. Analysis of endogenous oxidative damage markers and association with pulmonary involvement severity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Infect Dis Now 2021; 51:429-434. [PMID: 34146758 PMCID: PMC8236077 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2021.06.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 virus affects many organs, especially the lungs, with widespread inflammation. We aimed to compare the endogenous oxidative damage markers of coenzyme Q10, nicotinamide dinucleotide oxidase 4, malondialdehyde, and ischemia-modified albumin levels in patients with pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and in an healthy control group. We also aimed to compare these parameters between patients with severe and non-severe pulmonary involvement. Methods The study included 58 adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and 30 healthy volunteers. CoQ10 and MDA levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. NOX4 and IMA levels were determined by ELISA assay and colorimetric method. Results Higher levels of CoQ10, MDA, NOX4, and IMA and lower levels of COQ10H were observed in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia than in the control group. MDA, IMA, NOX4, and CoQ10 levels were significantly higher in patients with severe pulmonary involvement than in patients with non-severe pulmonary involvement, but no significant difference was observed in CoQ10H levels. CoQ10 levels were significantly and positively correlated with both ferritin and CRP levels. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is significantly associated with increased endogenous oxidative damage. Oxidative damage seems to be associated with pulmonary involvement severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifi Yildiz
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey.
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Van, Turkey
| | - Selami Ekin
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Arisoy
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Hulya Gunbatar
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Selvi Asker
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Buket Mermit Cilingir
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Aysel Sunnetcioglu
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Masuk Celikel
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Esen
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Serhat Bedirhanoglu
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Nuruban Delal Baykal
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
| | - Mine Haylu
- Van Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chest Diseases, Van, Turkey
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Massalska MA, Gober HJ. How Children Are Protected From COVID-19? A Historical, Clinical, and Pathophysiological Approach to Address COVID-19 Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2021; 12:646894. [PMID: 34177895 PMCID: PMC8226076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.646894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin and the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020 was accompanied by high rates of mortality in regions belonging to the ancient silk road, such as the south of China, Iran, Turkey and the northern parts of Italy. However, children seem to be spared in the epidemic as very small percentage worldwide being ill. The protection of children and neonates suggests the involvement of a specific component of adaptive immunity present at early development. Native immunoglobulin belonging to the class of IgM is abundantly present in neonates and children and is known for its recognition of self- and altered self-antigens. Native IgM may be able to neutralize virus by the recognition of endogenous "danger signal" encoded in the viral envelope and originally imprinted in the membranes of infected and stressed cells. Noteworthy, thrombosis and vasculitis, two symptoms in severely affected adult and pediatric patients are shared between COVID-19 and patients with Behcet's disease, an autoimmune disorder exhibiting a region-specific prevalence in countries of the former silk road. Molecular mechanisms and clinical indicators suggest reactive oxygen species as trigger factor for severe progression of COVID-19 and establish a link to the innate immune defense against bacteria. The selective pressure exerted by bacterial pathogens may have shaped the genetics of inhabitants at this ancient trade route in favor of bacterial defense, to the detriment of severe COVID-19 progression in the 21th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Anna Massalska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology, and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Dumas A, Knaus UG. Raising the 'Good' Oxidants for Immune Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698042. [PMID: 34149739 PMCID: PMC8213335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox medicine is a new therapeutic concept targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondary reaction products for health benefit. The concomitant function of ROS as intracellular second messengers and extracellular mediators governing physiological redox signaling, and as damaging radicals instigating or perpetuating various pathophysiological conditions will require selective strategies for therapeutic intervention. In addition, the reactivity and quantity of the oxidant species generated, its source and cellular location in a defined disease context need to be considered to achieve the desired outcome. In inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative damage and tissue injury, ROS source specific inhibitors may provide more benefit than generalized removal of ROS. Contemporary approaches in immunity will also include the preservation or even elevation of certain oxygen metabolites to restore or improve ROS driven physiological functions including more effective redox signaling and cell-microenvironment communication, and to induce mucosal barrier integrity, eubiosis and repair processes. Increasing oxidants by host-directed immunomodulation or by exogenous supplementation seems especially promising for improving host defense. Here, we summarize examples of beneficial ROS in immune homeostasis, infection, and acute inflammatory disease, and address emerging therapeutic strategies for ROS augmentation to induce and strengthen protective host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Dumas
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Zamorano Cuervo N, Fortin A, Caron E, Chartier S, Grandvaux N. Pinpointing cysteine oxidation sites by high-resolution proteomics reveals a mechanism of redox-dependent inhibition of human STING. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/680/eaaw4673. [PMID: 33906974 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein function is regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), among which reversible oxidation of cysteine residues has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism of cellular responses. Given the redox regulation of virus-host interactions, the identification of oxidized cysteine sites in cells is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms involved. Here, we present a proteome-wide identification of reversibly oxidized cysteine sites in oxidant-treated cells using a maleimide-based bioswitch method coupled to mass spectrometry analysis. We identified 2720 unique oxidized cysteine sites within 1473 proteins with distinct abundances, locations, and functions. Oxidized cysteine sites were found in numerous signaling pathways, many relevant to virus-host interactions. We focused on the oxidation of STING, the central adaptor of the innate immune type I interferon pathway, which is stimulated in response to the detection of cytosolic DNA by cGAS. We demonstrated the reversible oxidation of Cys148 and Cys206 of STING in cells. Molecular analyses led us to establish a model in which Cys148 oxidation is constitutive, whereas Cys206 oxidation is inducible by oxidative stress or by the natural ligand of STING, 2'3'-cGAMP. Our data suggest that the oxidation of Cys206 prevented hyperactivation of STING by causing a conformational change associated with the formation of inactive polymers containing intermolecular disulfide bonds. This finding should aid the design of therapies targeting STING that are relevant to autoinflammatory disorders, immunotherapies, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Zamorano Cuervo
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Audray Fortin
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Caron
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Stéfany Chartier
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- CRCHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 900 rue Saint Denis, Montréal, H2X 0A9 Québec, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3C 3J7 Québec, Canada
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Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and NADPH Oxidase: Implications in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7086512. [PMID: 33953837 PMCID: PMC8068554 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7086512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase as an important source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) has gained enormous importance over the years, and the detailed structures of all the isoenzymes of the NADPH oxidase family and their regulation have been well explored. The enzyme has been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. The present brief review examines the body of evidence that links NADPH oxidase with the genesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In short, evidence suggests that microglial activation and inflammatory response in the AD brain is associated with increased production of ROS by microglial NADPH oxidase. Along with other inflammatory mediators, ROS take part in neuronal degeneration and enhance the microglial activation process. The review also evaluates the current state of NADPH oxidase inhibitors as potential disease-modifying agents for AD.
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Jabeen K, Malik U, Mansoor S, Shahzad S, Zahid S, Javed A. Effect of oxidative stress and calcium deregulation on FAM26F (CALHM6) expression during hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:228. [PMID: 33639860 PMCID: PMC7913464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family with sequence similarity 26, member F (FAM26F) is an important innate immunity modulator playing a significant role in diverse immune responses, however, the association of FAM26F expression with HBV infection is not yet known. Thus, the current study aims to explore the differential expression of FAM26F in vitro in HepAD38 and HepG2 cell lines upon HBV infection, and in vivo in HBV infected individuals. The effects of antioxidant and calcium inhibitors on the regulation of FAM26F expression were also evaluated. The expression of FAM26F was simultaneously determined with well-established HBV infection markers: IRF3, and IFN-β. Methods The expression of FAM26F and marker genes was analyzed through Real-time qPCR and western blot. Results Our results indicate that the differential expression of FAM26F followed the same trend as that of IRF3 and IFN-β. The in vitro study revealed that, in both HBV infected cell lines, FAM26F expression was significantly down-regulated as compared to uninfected control cells. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), EGTA-AM, BAPTA-AM, and Ru360 significantly upregulated the expression of FAM26F in both the cell lines. Moreover, in in vivo study, FAM26F expression was significantly downregulated in all HBV infected groups as compared to controls (p = 0.0007). The expression was higher in the HBV recovered cases, probably due to the decrease in infection and increase in the immunity of these individuals. Conclusion Our study is the first to show the association of FAM26F with HBV infection. It is proposed that FAM26F expression could be an early predictive marker for HBV infection, and thus is worthy of further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05888-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkshan Jabeen
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Malik
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Mansoor
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Shahzad
- Genomics Research Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Zahid
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Javed
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D3 as Potential Treatment Adjuncts for COVID-19. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3512. [PMID: 33202670 PMCID: PMC7697253 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type (SARS-CoV2, also known as COVID-19), which is the latest pandemic infectious disease, constitutes a serious risk to human health. SARS-CoV2 infection causes immune activation and systemic hyperinflammation which can lead to respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS victims are characterized by a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-1. Macrophage activation, associated with the "cytokine storm", promotes the dysregulation of the innate immunity. So far, without vaccines or specific therapy, all efforts to design drugs or clinical trials are worthwhile. Vitamin D and its receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) exert a critical role in infections due to their remarkable impact on both innate and adaptive immune responses and on the suppression of the inflammatory process. The protective properties of vitamin D supplementation have been supported by numerous observational studies and by meta-analysis of clinical trials for prevention of viral acute respiratory infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms of the host immune response to SARS-CoV2 infection and the immunomodulatory actions that vitamin D exerts in order to consider the preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation on SARS-CoV2 viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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COVID-19: Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the Cytokine Storm. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6401341. [PMID: 33014275 PMCID: PMC7519203 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a high mortality rate due to some patients developing a large innate immune response associated with a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This is characterized at the molecular level by decreased energy metabolism, altered redox state, oxidative damage, and cell death. Therapies that increase levels of (R)-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-BHB), such as the ketogenic diet or consuming exogenous ketones, should restore altered energy metabolism and redox state. R-BHB activates anti-inflammatory GPR109A signaling and inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and histone deacetylases, while a ketogenic diet has been shown to protect mice from influenza virus infection through a protective γδ T cell response and by increasing electron transport chain gene expression to restore energy metabolism. During a virus-induced cytokine storm, metabolic flexibility is compromised due to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that damage, downregulate, or inactivate many enzymes of central metabolism including the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). This leads to an energy and redox crisis that decreases B and T cell proliferation and results in increased cytokine production and cell death. It is hypothesized that a moderately high-fat diet together with exogenous ketone supplementation at the first signs of respiratory distress will increase mitochondrial metabolism by bypassing the block at PDC. R-BHB-mediated restoration of nucleotide coenzyme ratios and redox state should decrease ROS and RNS to blunt the innate immune response and the associated cytokine storm, allowing the proliferation of cells responsible for adaptive immunity. Limitations of the proposed therapy include the following: it is unknown if human immune and lung cell functions are enhanced by ketosis, the risk of ketoacidosis must be assessed prior to initiating treatment, and permissive dietary fat and carbohydrate levels for exogenous ketones to boost immune function are not yet established. The third limitation could be addressed by studies with influenza-infected mice. A clinical study is warranted where COVID-19 patients consume a permissive diet combined with ketone ester to raise blood ketone levels to 1 to 2 mM with measured outcomes of symptom severity, length of infection, and case fatality rate.
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Tao L, Lemoff A, Wang G, Zarek C, Lowe A, Yan N, Reese TA. Reactive oxygen species oxidize STING and suppress interferon production. eLife 2020; 9:e57837. [PMID: 32886065 PMCID: PMC7473769 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of cellular respiration that can promote oxidative stress and damage cellular proteins and lipids. One canonical role of ROS is to defend the cell against invading bacterial and viral pathogens. Curiously, some viruses, including herpesviruses, thrive despite the induction of ROS, suggesting that ROS are beneficial for the virus. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that ROS impaired interferon response during murine herpesvirus infection and that the inhibition occurred downstream of cytoplasmic DNA sensing. We further demonstrated that ROS suppressed the type I interferon response by oxidizing Cysteine 147 on murine stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an ER-associated protein that mediates interferon response after cytoplasmic DNA sensing. This inhibited STING polymerization and activation of downstream signaling events. These data indicate that redox regulation of Cysteine 147 of mouse STING, which is equivalent to Cysteine 148 of human STING, controls interferon production. Together, our findings reveal that ROS orchestrates anti-viral immune responses, which can be exploited by viruses to evade cellular defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Guoxun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Christina Zarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Alexandria Lowe
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Thioredoxin 2 Negatively Regulates Innate Immunity to RNA Viruses by Disrupting the Assembly of the Virus-Induced Signaling Adaptor Complex. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01756-19. [PMID: 31915282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01756-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) complex plays a critical role in the innate immune response to RNA viruses. However, the mechanism of VISA complex formation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that thioredoxin 2 (TRX2) interacts with VISA at mitochondria both in vivo and in vitro Knockdown and knockout of TRX2 enhanced the formation of the VISA-associated complex, as well as virus-triggered activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and transcription of the interferon beta 1 (IFNB1) gene. TRX2 inhibits the formation of VISA aggregates by repressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby disrupting the assembly of the VISA complex. Furthermore, our data suggest that the C93 residue of TRX2 is essential for inhibition of VISA aggregation, whereas the C283 residue of VISA is required for VISA aggregation. Collectively, these findings uncover a novel mechanism of TRX2 that negatively regulates VISA complex formation.IMPORTANCE The VISA-associated complex plays pivotal roles in inducing type I interferons (IFNs) and eliciting the innate antiviral response. Many host proteins are identified as VISA-associated-complex proteins, but how VISA complex formation is regulated by host proteins remains enigmatic. We identified the TRX2 protein as an important regulator of VISA complex formation. Knockout of TRX2 increases virus- or poly(I·C)-triggered induction of type I IFNs at the VISA level. Mechanistically, TRX2 inhibits the production of ROS at its C93 site, which impairs VISA aggregates at its C283 site, and subsequently impedes the assembly of the VISA complex. Our findings suggest that TRX2 plays an important role in the regulation of VISA complex assembly.
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Avian Flavivirus Infection of Monocytes/Macrophages by Extensive Subversion of Host Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00978-19. [PMID: 31462573 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00978-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian Tembusu virus (TMUV) is a newly emerging avian pathogenic flavivirus in China and Southeast Asia with features of rapid spread, an expanding host range, and cross-species transmission. The mechanisms of its infection and pathogenesis remain largely unclear. Here, we investigated the tropism of this arbovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) ducks and SPF chickens and identified monocytes/macrophages as the key targets of TMUV infection. In vivo studies in SPF ducks and SPF chickens with monocyte/macrophage clearance demonstrated that the infection of monocytes/macrophages was crucial for viral replication, transmission, and pathogenesis. Further genome-wide transcriptome analyses of TMUV-infected chicken macrophages revealed that host antiviral innate immune barriers were the major targets of TMUV in macrophages. Despite the activation of major pattern recognition receptor signaling, the inductions of alpha interferon (IFN-α) and IFN-β were blocked by TMUV infection on transcription and translation levels, respectively. Meanwhile, TMUV inhibited host redox responses by repressing the transcription of genes encoding NADPH oxidase subunits and promoting Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses. The recovery of either of the above-mentioned innate immune barriers was sufficient to suppress TMUV infection. Collectively, we identify an essential step of TMUV infection and reveal extensive subversion of host antiviral innate immune responses.IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include a group of pathogenic viruses that cause serious diseases in humans and animals, including dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. These flaviviruses are zoonotic and use animals, including birds, as amplifying and reservoir hosts. Avian Tembusu virus (TMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that is pathogenic for many avian species and can infect cells derived from mammals and humans in vitro Although not currently pathogenic for primates, the infection of duck industry workers and the potential risk of TMUV infection in immunocompromised individuals have been highlighted. Thus, the prevention of TMUV in flocks is important for both avian and mammalian health. Our study reveals the escape of TMUV from the first line of the host defense system in the arthropod-borne transmission route of arboviruses, possibly helping to extend our understanding of flavivirus infection in birds and refine the design of anti-TMUV therapeutics.
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31
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Flaviviridae Viruses and Oxidative Stress: Implications for Viral Pathogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1409582. [PMID: 31531178 PMCID: PMC6720866 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1409582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is induced once the balance of generation and neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is broken in the cell, and it plays crucial roles in a variety of natural and diseased processes. Infections of Flaviviridae viruses trigger oxidative stress, which affects both the cellular metabolism and the life cycle of the viruses. Oxidative stress associated with specific viral proteins, experimental culture systems, and patient infections, as well as its correlations with the viral pathogenesis attracts much research attention. In this review, we primarily focus on hepatitis C virus (HCV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) as representatives of Flaviviridae viruses and we summarize the mechanisms involved in the relevance of oxidative stress for virus-associated pathogenesis. We discuss the current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by Flaviviridae viruses and highlight the relevance of autophagy and DNA damage in the life cycle of viruses. Understanding the crosstalk between viral infection and oxidative stress-induced molecular events may offer new avenues for antiviral therapeutics.
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32
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Yang Q, Bai SY, Li LF, Li S, Zhang Y, Munir M, Qiu HJ. Human Hemoglobin Subunit Beta Functions as a Pleiotropic Regulator of RIG-I/MDA5-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2019; 93:e00718-19. [PMID: 31167908 PMCID: PMC6675906 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00718-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is an important oxygen-carrying protein and plays crucial roles in establishing host resistance against pathogens and in regulating innate immune responses. The hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) is an essential component of hemoglobin, and we have previously demonstrated that the antiviral role of the porcine HB (pHB) is mediated by promoting type I interferon pathways. Thus, considering the high homology between human HB (hHB) and pHB, we hypothesized that hHB also plays an important role in the antiviral innate immunity. In this study, we characterized hHB as a regulatory factor for the replication of RNA viruses by differentially regulating the RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling pathways. Furthermore, we showed that hHB directly inhibited MDA5-mediated signaling by reducing the MDA5-double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) interaction. Additionally, hHB required hHB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote RIG-I-mediated signaling through enhancement of K63-linked RIG-I ubiquitination. Taken together, our findings suggest that hHB is a pleiotropic regulator of RIG-I/MDA5-mediated antiviral responses and further highlight the importance of the intercellular microenvironment, including the redox state, in regulating antiviral innate immune responses.IMPORTANCE Hemoglobin, the most important oxygen-carrying protein, is involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. We have previously reported that the porcine hemoglobin subunit beta (HB) exerts antiviral activity through regulation of type I interferon production. However, the antiviral activities and the underlying mechanisms of HBs originating from other animals have been poorly understood. Here, we identified human HB (hHB) as a pleiotropic regulator of the replication of RNA viruses through regulation of RIG-I/MDA5-mediated signaling pathways. hHB enhances RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses by promoting RIG-I ubiquitination depending on the hHB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), while it blocks MDA5-mediated antiviral signaling by suppressing the MDA5-dsRNA interaction. Our results contribute to an understanding of the crucial roles of hHB in the regulation of the RIG-I/MDA5-mediated signaling pathways. We also provide novel insight into the correlation of the intercellular redox state with the regulation of antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Si-Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Hedgehog Interacting Protein (Hhip) Regulates Insulin Secretion in Mice Fed High Fat Diets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11183. [PMID: 31371780 PMCID: PMC6673691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) is essential for islet formation and beta-cell proliferation during pancreatic development; abnormally elevated Hhip expression has been linked to human pancreatitis. Here, we investigate the role of Hhip in modulating insulin secretion in adult Hhip mice (Hhip +/− vs. Hhip+/+) fed high fat diets (HFD). Both sexes of HFD-Hhip +/+ mice developed impaired glucose intolerance, that was only ameliorated in male HFD-Hhip +/− mice that had high levels of circulating plasma insulin, but not in female HFD-Hhip +/− mice. HFD stimulated Hhip gene expression, mainly in beta cells. Male HFD-Hhip +/+ mice had more large islets in which insulin content was reduced; islet architecture was disordered; and markers of oxidative stress (8-OHdG and Nox 2) were increased. In contrast, male HFD-Hhip +/− mice had more small islets with increased beta cell proliferation, enhanced GSIS, less oxidative stress and preserved islet integrity. In vitro, recombinant Hhip increased Nox2 and NADPH activity and decreased insulin-positive beta cells. siRNA-Hhip increased GSIS and abolished the stimulation of sodium palmitate (PA)-BSA on Nox2 gene expression. We conclude that pancreatic Hhip gene inhibits insulin secretion by altering islet integrity and promoting Nox2 gene expression in beta cells in response to HDF-mediated beta cell dysfunction, a novel finding.
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The DNA damage induced by the Cytosine Deaminase APOBEC3A Leads to the production of ROS. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4714. [PMID: 30886206 PMCID: PMC6423136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 proteins (APOBEC3s or A3s) are cytosine deaminases that protect cells by introducing promutagenic uraciles in invading retro-elements. However as a drawback of this protective activity, A3s can also target cellular DNA, leading to DNA damage and to the accumulation of somatic mutations that may contribute to tumorigenesis. Among A3s, A3A has been shown to be particularly proficient at mutagenizing cellular DNA, but whether this enzyme exerts additional effects on the cellular physiology remains unclear. Here, we show that A3A editing of cellular DNA leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through Nox-enzymes. ROS production occurs in two distinct model cell lines and it is contingent upon DNA replication and intact enzymatic properties of A3A. For the first time, our results indicate that the editing activity of A3A results in the induction of a pro-inflammatory state that may possibly contribute to the constitution of a tumorigenic-prone environment.
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Wang R, Zhu Y, Lin X, Ren C, Zhao J, Wang F, Gao X, Xiao R, Zhao L, Chen H, Jin M, Ma W, Zhou H. Influenza M2 protein regulates MAVS-mediated signaling pathway through interacting with MAVS and increasing ROS production. Autophagy 2019; 15:1163-1181. [PMID: 30741586 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1580089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus can evade host innate immune response that is involved in several viral proteins with complicated mechanisms. To date, how influenza A M2 protein modulates the host innate immunity remains unclear. Herein, we showed that M2 protein colocalized and interacted with MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein) on mitochondria, and positively regulated MAVS-mediated innate immunity. Further studies revealed that M2 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that was required for activation of macroautophagy/autophagy and enhancement of MAVS signaling pathway. Importantly, the proton channel activity of M2 protein was demonstrated to be essential for ROS production and antagonizing the autophagy pathway to control MAVS aggregation, thereby enhancing MAVS signal activity. In conclusion, our studies provided novel insights into mechanisms of M2 protein in modulating host antiviral immunity and uncovered a new mechanism into biology and pathogenicity of influenza A virus. Abbreviations: AKT/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase; Apo: apocynin; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BAPTA-AM: 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis; BECN1: beclin 1; CARD: caspase recruitment domain; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CQ: chloroquine; DCF: dichlorodihyd-rofluorescein; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; DDX58: DExD/H-box helicase 58; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EGTA: ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; hpi: hours post infection; IAV: influenza A virus; IFN: interferon; IP: immunoprecipitation; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; ISRE: IFN-stimulated response elements; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MOI, multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NC: negative control; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K: class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RLR: RIG-I-like-receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEV: sendai virus; TM: transmembrane; TMRM: tetramethylrhodamine methylester; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xian Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Chenwei Ren
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Jiachang Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Rong Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Lianzhong Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Meilin Jin
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- c Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS , USA
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.,b Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province , the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production , Wuhan , China
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Abstract
Mitochondria are functionally versatile organelles. In addition to their conventional role of meeting the cell's energy requirements, mitochondria also actively regulate innate immune responses against infectious and sterile insults. Components of mitochondria, when released or exposed in response to dysfunction or damage, can be directly recognized by receptors of the innate immune system and trigger an immune response. In addition, despite initiation that may be independent from mitochondria, numerous innate immune responses are still subject to mitochondrial regulation as discrete steps of their signaling cascades occur on mitochondria or require mitochondrial components. Finally, mitochondrial metabolites and the metabolic state of the mitochondria within an innate immune cell modulate the precise immune response and shape the direction and character of that cell's response to stimuli. Together, these pathways result in a nuanced and very specific regulation of innate immune responses by mitochondria.
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Key Words
- ASC, Apoptosis Associated Speck like protein containing CARD
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate
- CAPS, cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes
- CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain
- CL, cardiolipin
- CLR, C-type lectin receptor
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- Cgas, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ESCIT, evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in the toll pathway
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- JNK, cJUN NH2-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine rich repeat
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MARCH5, membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MFN1/2, mitofusin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- NFκB, Nuclear factor κ B
- NLR, NOD like receptor
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-accelerated receptor
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene I
- RLR, retinoic acid inducible gene like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon gene
- TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1
- TANK, TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator
- TBK1, TANK Binding Kinase 1
- TCA, Tri-carboxylic acid
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll Like Receptor
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β
- TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor.
- fMet, N-formylated methionine
- mROS, mitochondrial ROS
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- n-fp, n-formyl peptides
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Banoth B, Cassel SL. Mitochondria in innate immune signaling. Transl Res 2018; 202:52-68. [PMID: 30165038 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.07.014.mitochondria] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are functionally versatile organelles. In addition to their conventional role of meeting the cell's energy requirements, mitochondria also actively regulate innate immune responses against infectious and sterile insults. Components of mitochondria, when released or exposed in response to dysfunction or damage, can be directly recognized by receptors of the innate immune system and trigger an immune response. In addition, despite initiation that may be independent from mitochondria, numerous innate immune responses are still subject to mitochondrial regulation as discrete steps of their signaling cascades occur on mitochondria or require mitochondrial components. Finally, mitochondrial metabolites and the metabolic state of the mitochondria within an innate immune cell modulate the precise immune response and shape the direction and character of that cell's response to stimuli. Together, these pathways result in a nuanced and very specific regulation of innate immune responses by mitochondria.
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Key Words
- ASC, Apoptosis Associated Speck like protein containing CARD
- ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
- ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate
- CAPS, cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes
- CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain
- CL, cardiolipin
- CLR, C-type lectin receptor
- CREB, cAMP response element binding protein
- Cgas, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ESCIT, evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in the toll pathway
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- JNK, cJUN NH2-terminal kinase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine rich repeat
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MARCH5, membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MFN1/2, mitofusin
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NBD, nucleotide binding domain
- NFκB, Nuclear factor κ B
- NLR, NOD like receptor
- NOD, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pattern
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-accelerated receptor
- PRRs, pathogen recognition receptors
- RIG-I, retinoic acid inducible gene I
- RLR, retinoic acid inducible gene like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon gene
- TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1
- TANK, TRAF family member-associated NFκB activator
- TBK1, TANK Binding Kinase 1
- TCA, Tri-carboxylic acid
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll Like Receptor
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β
- TUFM, Tu translation elongation factor.
- fMet, N-formylated methionine
- mROS, mitochondrial ROS
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- n-fp, n-formyl peptides
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Banoth
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Burg AR, Tse HM. Redox-Sensitive Innate Immune Pathways During Macrophage Activation in Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1373-1398. [PMID: 29037052 PMCID: PMC6166692 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulting in β-cell destruction mediated by islet-infiltrating leukocytes. The role of oxidative stress in human and murine models of T1D is highly significant as these noxious molecules contribute to diabetic complications and β-cell lysis, but their direct impact on dysregulated autoimmune responses is highly understudied. Pro-inflammatory macrophages play a vital role in the initiation and effector phases of T1D by producing free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines to facilitate β-cell destruction and to present antigen to autoreactive T cells. Recent Advances: Redox modulation of macrophage functions may play critical roles in autoimmunity. These include enhancing pro-inflammatory innate immune signaling pathways in response to environmental triggers, enforcing an M1 macrophage differentiation program, controlling antigen processing, and altering peptide recognition by oxidative post-translational modification. Therefore, an oxidative environment may act on multiple macrophage functions to orchestrate T1D pathogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms involved in the initiation of T1D remain unclear, making preventive and early therapeutics difficult to develop. Although many of these advances in the redox regulation of macrophages are in their infancy, they provide insight into how oxidative stress aids in the precipitating event of autoimmune activation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future studies should be aimed at mechanistically determining which redox-regulated macrophage functions are pertinent in T1D pathogenesis, as well as at investigating potential targetable therapeutics to halt and/or dampen innate immune activation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Therapeutic Modulation of Virus-Induced Oxidative Stress via the Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidative Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6208067. [PMID: 30515256 PMCID: PMC6234444 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6208067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the viral life cycle as well as the pathogenesis of viral diseases. In response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by a virus, a host cell activates an antioxidative defense system for its own protection. Particularly, a nuclear factor erythroid 2p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway works in a front-line for cytoprotection and detoxification. Recently, a series of studies suggested that a group of clinically relevant viruses have the capacity for positive and negative regulations of the Nrf2 pathway. This virus-induced modulation of the host antioxidative response turned out to be a crucial determinant for the progression of several viral diseases. In this review, virus-specific examples of positive and negative modulations of the Nrf2 pathway will be summarized first. Then a number of successful genetic and pharmacological manipulations of the Nrf2 pathway for suppression of the viral replication and the pathogenesis-associated oxidative damage will be discussed later. Understanding of the interplay between virus-induced oxidative stress and antioxidative host response will aid in the discovery of potential antiviral supplements for better management of viral diseases.
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Chen WC, Tseng CK, Lin CK, Wang SN, Wang WH, Hsu SH, Wu YH, Hung LC, Chen YH, Lee JC. Lucidone suppresses dengue viral replication through the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Virulence 2018; 9:588-603. [PMID: 29338543 PMCID: PMC5955471 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1421893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes life-threatening diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic agent or vaccine against DENV infection; hence, there is an urgent need to discover anti-DENV agents. The potential therapeutic efficacy of lucidone was first evaluated in vivo using a DENV-infected Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) suckling mouse model by monitoring body weight, clinical score, survival rate, and viral titer. We found that lucidone effectively protected mice from DENV infection by sustaining survival rate and reducing viral titers in DENV-infected ICR suckling mice. Then, the anti-DENV activity of lucidone was confirmed by western blotting and quantitative-reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis, with an EC50 value of 25 ± 3 μM. Lucidone significantly induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) production against DENV replication by inhibiting DENV NS2B/3 protease activity to induce the DENV-suppressed antiviral interferon response. The inhibitory effect of lucidone on DENV replication was attenuated by silencing of HO-1 gene expression or blocking HO-1 activity. In addition, lucidone-stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is involved in transactivation of HO-1 expression for its anti-DENV activity. Taken together, the mechanistic investigations revealed that lucidone exhibits significant anti-DENV activity in in vivo and in vitro by inducing Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression, leading to blockage of viral protease activity to induce the anti-viral interferon (IFN) response. These results suggest that lucidone is a promising candidate for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chen
- a Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kai Tseng
- b Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,c Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kuang Lin
- d Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Shen-Nien Wang
- e Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Taiwan.,f Department of Surgery , Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Wang
- g Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsien Hsu
- a Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Wu
- b Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan.,c Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chien Hung
- h Division of Infectious Diseases , Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,i School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- h Division of Infectious Diseases , Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,i School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Center for Dengue Fever Control and Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,j Department of Biological Science and Technology , College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University , HsinChu , Taiwan.,k Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- a Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,l Department of Biotechnology , College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,m Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,n Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.,o Department of Medical Research , Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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Krishnan R, Jeena K, Prasad KP. Preliminary investigations on the role of Drp-1 dependent mitochondrial fission in attenuating RLR downstream signaling during nervous necrosis virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:618-623. [PMID: 29981473 PMCID: PMC7111691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Member of the dynamin family of large GTPases, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) dependent mitochondrial fission is an intricate process regulating both cellular and organ dynamics. Present study shows that NNV perturbs mitochondrial dynamics by promoting Drp-1 dependent mitochondrial fission, which attenuates MAVS mediated downstream signaling. NNV infected SISS cells revealed induction in Drp1 expression and subsequent translocation into mitochondria. The level of MAVS expression was up-regulated over a period of 24 hpi and declined with the progression of NNV infection at 48 and 72 hpi confirmed by western blot and mRNA transcript analysis. Drp-1 displayed its association with fragmented mitochondria and the transcript abundance was significant post infection along with Mff. Expression levels of IRF-3 IFN-1 and Mx followed a similar pattern with abundant expression at 48 hpi and diminished expression during the further period. Importantly, silencing of Drp1 caused significant elevation in the RLR downstream molecules and reduction in viral RNA expression. These results suggest that NNV-induced mitochondrial fission serve to attenuate host RLR signaling. This provides an illustration of host-pathogen interaction in which the virus evades innate immunity by enhancing mitochondrial fission and perturbs MAVS, and the downstream molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Krishnan
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
| | - K Jeena
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Kurcheti Pani Prasad
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
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42
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Xiong Y, Ye Y, Li P, Xiong Y, Mao J, Huang Y, Chen W, Wang B. Serum NOX2 as a new biomarker candidate for HBV-related disorders. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2350-2361. [PMID: 30210675 PMCID: PMC6129512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the notion that serum NAPDH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is an important regulator that contributes to the initiation and progression of various types of diseases. However, so far, it remains elusive about the relationship between levels of serum NOX2 and HBV-related diseases. The overall purpose of the study is to get a better insight into whether or not serum NOX2 is involved in HBV-related disorders. Serum levels of NOX2, from 105 patients with chronic hepatitis B, 58 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis, 48 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and 104 healthy individuals, were measured with sandwich ELISA kits that we developed. In this study, we found that NOX2 values were significantly higher in patients compared to healthy control (P < 0.01) and that the levels of serum NOX2 were significantly correlated with the serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Interestingly, we found that a significant positive correlation between NOX2 and HBV viral load only in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis. Therefore, Serum NOX2 levels maybe an important indicator of the pathogenesis of progression of HBV-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Health Center for Women and ChildrenChongqing 401147, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Yahui Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Jinju Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400010, China
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43
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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080392. [PMID: 30049972 PMCID: PMC6115776 DOI: 10.3390/v10080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract and they are responsible for the common cold—the most prevalent disease in the world. In many cases the common cold results in severe illness due to complications, such as fever or pneumonia. Children, old people, and immunosuppressed patients are at the highest risk and require fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. However, the availability and efficiencies of existing therapeutic approaches vary depending on the virus. Investigation of the pathologies that are associated with infection by respiratory viruses will be paramount for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the development of new therapies. Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Our review summarizes current knowledge on changes to redox homeostasis, as induced by the different respiratory viruses.
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44
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Dong W, Lv H, Li C, Liu Y, Wang C, Lin J, Wang Y, Qian G, Guo K, Zhang Y. MAVS induces a host cell defense to inhibit CSFV infection. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1805-1821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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Cavalheiro MG, Costa LSDA, Campos HS, Alves LS, Assunção-Miranda I, Poian ATDA. Macrophages as target cells for Mayaro virus infection: involvement of reactive oxygen species in the inflammatory response during virus replication. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 88:1485-99. [PMID: 27627069 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses among the viruses that cause arthritis, consisting in a public health problem worldwide by causing localized outbreaks, as well as large epidemics in humans. Interestingly, while the Old World alphaviruses are arthritogenic, the New World alphaviruses cause encephalitis. One exception is Mayaro virus (MAYV), which circulates exclusively in South America but causes arthralgia and is phylogenetically related to the Old World alphaviruses. Although MAYV-induced arthritis in humans is well documented, the molecular and cellular factors that contribute to its pathogenesis are completely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that macrophages, key players in arthritis development, are target cells for MAYV infection, which leads to cell death through apoptosis. We showed that MAYV replication in macrophage induced the expression of TNF, a cytokine that would contribute to pathogenesis of MAYV fever, since TNF promotes an inflammatory profile characteristic of arthritis. We also found a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at early times of infection, which coincides with the peak of virus replication and precedes TNF secretion. Treatment of the cells with antioxidant agents just after infection completely abolished TNF secretion, indicating an involvement of ROS in inflammation induced during MAYV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Cavalheiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco E, Sala 18, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil
| | - Leandro Silva DA Costa
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco E, Sala 18, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil
| | - Holmes S Campos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco E, Sala 18, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil
| | - Letícia S Alves
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, Sala I0-55, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco I, Sala I0-55, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Andrea T DA Poian
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco E, Sala 18, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil
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Kim HJ, Seo YH, An S, Jo A, Kwon IC, Kim S. Chemiluminescence imaging of Duox2-derived hydrogen peroxide for longitudinal visualization of biological response to viral infection in nasal mucosa. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1798-1807. [PMID: 29556357 PMCID: PMC5858501 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) provides an important mechanism for resisting infectious pathogens within the respiratory tract, and accordingly, the in situ analysis of H2O2 generation in real time provides a valuable tool for assessing immune response. Methods: In this study, we applied a chemiluminescent nanoparticle-based real-time imaging approach to noninvasive evaluation of the Duox2-mediated H2O2 generation after viral infection, and assessed its usefulness for analytical purposes in mouse nasal mucosa. The chemiluminescent nanoprobe employed herein (BioNT) possesses appropriate physicochemical properties, such as high sensitivity and selectivity toward H2O2, no background noise, deliverability to the respiratory tract, and capability of multiple injections to a single animal subject for long-term repetitive imaging. Results: The favorable characteristics of BioNT allowed for a longitudinal study with the same mice to noninvasively evaluate the long-term evolution of endogenous H2O2 in the nasal epithelium after infection with influenza A virus (WS/33/H1N1). We found that nasal epithelial cells by themselves respond to viral infection by generating H2O2, and that the in vivo cumulative H2O2 level in the nasal mucosa peaks at day 3 post-infection. Such in vitro and in vivo temporal behaviors of the endogenous H2O2 generation showed a good correlation with those of Duox2 expression after infection. This correlation could be further confirmed with Duox2-deficient subjects (Duox2-knockdown NHNE cells and Duox2-knockout mutant mice) where no H2O2-induced chemiluminescence was detectable even after viral infection. Importantly, upon knock-down of Duox2 expression, the condition of mice caused by viral infection in the upper airway was significantly aggravated, evidencing the involvement of Duox2 in the immune defense. Conclusion: All these results reveal a critical role of Duox2 in the infection-induced H2O2 production and the H2O2-mediated immune response to infection in the respiratory tract, well elucidating the potential of BioNT as a noninvasive tool for fundamental in vivo studies of infectious diseases.
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Liu L, Tu X, Shen YF, Chen WC, Zhu B, Wang GX. The replication of spring viraemia of carp virus can be regulated by reactive oxygen species and NF-κB pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:211-217. [PMID: 28602749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Different viruses could induced ROS generation to alter intracellular redox state in the host cells, and unbalanced redox state was suggested to have various effects on viral replication. In this study, we investigated the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on replication of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) in fish cells. After SVCV infection, there existed a time-dependent increase in ROS generation. The present results revealed that antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) resulted in a lower ROS levels and increased SVCV replication in EPC cell. In contrast, a GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) induced ROS generation and decreased SVCV replication. In addition, activation of NF-κB suppressed SVCV replication by using two inhibitors of cytokine-induced IκBα phosphorylation. More importantly, enhancement of the activity of NF-κB was found in BSO treatment, which indicated that dropped SVCV replication likely occurred via ROS activation of NF-κB. Overall, our results revealed that the SVCV infection and replication could generate ROS and be affected by the redox state, where this progression was associated with the alteration in NF-κB pathway induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao Tu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yu-Feng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wei-Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Quicke KM, Diamond MS, Suthar MS. Negative regulators of the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:615-628. [PMID: 28295214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon recognition of specific molecular patterns on microbes, host cells trigger an innate immune response, which culminates in the production of type I interferons, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and restricts pathogen replication and spread within the host. At each stage of this response, there are stimulatory and inhibitory signals that regulate the magnitude, quality, and character of the response. Positive regulation promotes an antiviral state to control and eventually clear infection, whereas negative regulation dampens inflammation and prevents immune-mediated tissue damage. An overexuberant innate response can lead to cell and tissue destruction, and the development of spontaneous autoimmunity. The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), belong to a family of cytosolic host RNA helicases that recognize distinct nonself RNA signatures and trigger innate immune responses against several RNA viruses by signaling through the essential adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). The RLR signaling pathway is tightly regulated to maximize antiviral immunity and minimize immune-mediated pathology. This review highlights contemporary findings on negative regulators of the RLR signaling pathway, with specific focus on the proteins and biological processes that directly regulate RIG-I, MDA5 and MAVS signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Quicke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Effect of total flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn on PCV2 induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:244. [PMID: 28464928 PMCID: PMC5414385 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background This study was carried out to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn (TFSD) on PCV2 induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Methods Oxidative stress model was established in RAW264.7 cells by infecting with PCV2. Virus infected cells were then treated with various concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) of TFSD. The levels of oxidative stress related molecules (NO, ROS, GSH and GSSG) and activities of associated enzymes (SOD, MPO and XOD were analyzed using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, fluorescence method and commercialized detection kits. Results PCV2 infection induced significant increase of NO secretion, ROS generation, GSSG content, activities of both XOD and MPO, and dramatically decrease of GSH content and SOD activity in RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05). After treating with TFSD, PCV2 induced alteration of oxidative stress related molecule levels and enzyme activities were recovered to a level similar to control. Conclusion Our findings indicated that TFSD was able to regulate oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in RAW264.7 cells, which supports the ethnomedicinal use of this herb as an alternative or complementary therapeutic drug for reactive oxygen-associated pathologies.
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Differential expression of NADPH oxidase-2 (Nox-2) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from dengue patients. Virusdisease 2017; 28:54-60. [PMID: 28466056 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of dengue infection is not completely known. A recent study reveals the involvement of oxidative stress responsive molecules in the generation of host immune responses to dengue virus in vitro. Objective of the present study was to analyse the changes in the expression of oxidant-antioxidant genes Nox-2 (NADPH oxidase) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2) in patients with dengue during the early phase of infection compared to other febrile illness (OFI) cases and healthy controls using Real-time qPCR assay. The study enrolled 88 dengue patients, 31 OFI cases, and 63 healthy individuals as controls. Out of 88 dengue cases, 32 were classified as severe dengue cases (SD) and remaining 56 patients as non-severe dengue (NSD). Blood samples were collected firstly at the time of admission and a second sampling was done from the available individuals (38 dengue and 13 OFI cases) at the time of defervescence. Total RNA was extracted from the Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the transcripts level of Nox-2 and Nrf2 were analysed by qPCR. On DOA, both Nox-2 and Nrf2 expression was found to be down regulated in dengue and OFI cases (P < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. Interestingly at defervescence, the transcript levels were found to be significantly increased in dengue cases unlike OFI, where no such increment was evidenced. From DOA to DOD, the study observed a signficant increase in the levels of Nox-2 transcripts (P < 0.05) both in SD and NSD cases. But a significant Nrf2 activation was not observed in SD cases as we found in NSD cases. Thus a steady and significant increase in Nox-2 transcript level in severe, non-severe and secondary dengue infected groups observed in the current study supports the earlier reports on the involvement of anti-oxidant response in dengue severity. However further studies on its protein levels and mechanistic action would decipher the exact role of these potential molecules in the disease virulence.
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