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Olaimat AN, Taybeh AO, Al-Nabulsi A, Al-Holy M, Hatmal MM, Alzyoud J, Aolymat I, Abughoush MH, Shahbaz H, Alzyoud A, Osaili T, Ayyash M, Coombs KM, Holley R. Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:190. [PMID: 38398699 PMCID: PMC10890126 DOI: 10.3390/life14020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human viruses and viruses from animals can cause illnesses in humans after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Contamination may occur during preparation by infected food handlers, during food production because of unsuitably controlled working conditions, or following the consumption of animal-based foods contaminated by a zoonotic virus. This review discussed the recent information available on the general and clinical characteristics of viruses, viral foodborne outbreaks and control strategies to prevent the viral contamination of food products and water. Viruses are responsible for the greatest number of illnesses from outbreaks caused by food, and risk assessment experts regard them as a high food safety priority. This concern is well founded, since a significant increase in viral foodborne outbreaks has occurred over the past 20 years. Norovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus are the major common viruses associated with water or foodborne illness outbreaks. It is also suspected that many human viruses including Aichi virus, Nipah virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, H5N1 avian influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) also have the potential to be transmitted via food products. It is evident that the adoption of strict hygienic food processing measures from farm to table is required to prevent viruses from contaminating our food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Asma’ O. Taybeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Anas Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Murad Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Jihad Alzyoud
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Iman Aolymat
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Mahmoud H. Abughoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
- Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Anas Alzyoud
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain 53000, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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2
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Pigeaud DD, Geisbert TW, Woolsey C. Animal Models for Henipavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:1980. [PMID: 37896758 PMCID: PMC10610982 DOI: 10.3390/v15101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus Henipavirus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. Outbreaks of HeV and NiV have led to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals characterized by a high mortality rate. Despite the grave threat HNVs pose to public health and global biosecurity, no approved medical countermeasures for human use currently exist against HeV or NiV. To develop candidate vaccines and therapeutics and advance the field's understanding of HNV pathogenesis, animal models of HeV and NiV have been instrumental and remain indispensable. Various species, including rodents, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), have been employed for HNV investigations. Among these, NHPs have demonstrated the closest resemblance to human HNV disease, although other animal models replicate some key disease features. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the currently available animal models (mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, horses, and swine) to support HNV research. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of each model for conducting pathogenesis and transmission studies on HeV and NiV and for the evaluation of medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan D. Pigeaud
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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3
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Li H, Kim JYV, Pickering BS. Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential new emergence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167085. [PMID: 37529329 PMCID: PMC10387552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are biosafety level 4 zoonotic pathogens causing severe and often fatal neurological and respiratory disease. These agents have been recognized by the World Health Organization as top priority pathogens expected to result in severe future outbreaks. HeV has caused sporadic infections in horses and a small number of human cases in Australia since 1994. The NiV Malaysia genotype (NiV-M) was responsible for the 1998-1999 epizootic outbreak in pigs with spillover to humans in Malaysia and Singapore. Since 2001, the NiV Bangladesh genotype (NiV-B) has been the predominant strain leading to outbreaks almost every year in Bangladesh and India, with hundreds of infections in humans. The natural reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are fruit bats, which carry the viruses without clinical manifestation. The transmission pathways of henipaviruses from bats to humans remain poorly understood. Transmissions are often bridged by an intermediate animal host, which amplifies and spreads the viruses to humans. Horses and pigs are known intermediate hosts for the HeV outbreaks in Australia and NiV-M epidemic in Malaysia and Singapore, respectively. During the NiV-B outbreaks in Bangladesh, following initial spillover thought to be through the consumption of date palm sap, the spread of infection was largely human-to-human transmission. Spillover of NiV-B in recent outbreaks in India is less understood, with the primary route of transmission from bat reservoir to the initial human infection case(s) unknown and no intermediate host established. This review aims to provide a concise update on the epidemiology of henipaviruses covering their previous and current outbreaks with emphasis on the known and potential role of livestock as intermediate hosts in disease transmission. Also included is an up-to-date summary of newly emerging henipa-like viruses and animal hosts. In these contexts we discuss knowledge gaps and new challenges in the field and propose potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Li
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ji-Young V. Kim
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley S. Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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4
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Juelich T, Smith J, Freiberg AN. Syrian Golden Hamster Model for Nipah Virus Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:219-229. [PMID: 37610585 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Small rodent animal models that recapitulate the symptomology and pathology of the human disease caused by Nipah virus (NiV) are crucial not only to study virus-induced disease but also a critical component for the development of vaccine and therapeutic candidates. The Syrian golden hamster is the most commonly used small animal model for NiV and develops clinical symptoms and pathologies that closely resemble NiV disease in humans. In this chapter, we describe standard techniques used to infect hamsters and conduct evaluation of therapeutics and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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van Doremalen N, Avanzato VA, Goldin K, Feldmann F, Schulz JE, Haddock E, Okumura A, Lovaglio J, Hanley PW, Cordova K, Saturday G, de Wit E, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Munster VJ. ChAdOx1 NiV vaccination protects against lethal Nipah Bangladesh virus infection in African green monkeys. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:171. [PMID: 36543806 PMCID: PMC9768398 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic and re-emerging virus, which causes sporadic but severe infections in humans. Currently, no vaccines against NiV have been approved. We previously showed that ChAdOx1 NiV provides full protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh (NiV-B) in hamsters. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiV in the lethal African green monkey (AGM) NiV challenge model. AGMs were vaccinated either 4 weeks before challenge (prime vaccination), or 8 and 4 weeks before challenge with ChAdOx1 NiV (prime-boost vaccination). A robust humoral and cellular response was detected starting 14 days post-initial vaccination. Upon challenge, control animals displayed a variety of signs and had to be euthanized between 5 and 7 days post inoculation. In contrast, vaccinated animals showed no signs of disease, and we were unable to detect infectious virus in tissues and all but one swab. No to limited antibodies against fusion protein or nucleoprotein antigen could be detected 42 days post challenge, suggesting that vaccination induced a very robust protective immune response preventing extensive virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Victoria A Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, Georgia
| | - Kerry Goldin
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kathleen Cordova
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Cable J, Fauci A, Dowling WE, Günther S, Bente DA, Yadav PD, Madoff LC, Wang L, Arora RK, Van Kerkhove M, Chu MC, Jaenisch T, Epstein JH, Frost SDW, Bausch DG, Hensley LE, Bergeron É, Sitaras I, Gunn MD, Geisbert TW, Muñoz‐Fontela C, Krammer F, de Wit E, Nordenfelt P, Saphire EO, Gilbert SC, Corbett KS, Branco LM, Baize S, van Doremalen N, Krieger MA, Clemens SAC, Hesselink R, Hartman D. Lessons from the pandemic: Responding to emerging zoonotic viral diseases-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:209-225. [PMID: 36183296 PMCID: PMC9538336 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caught the world largely unprepared, including scientific and policy communities. On April 10-13, 2022, researchers across academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations met at the Keystone symposium "Lessons from the Pandemic: Responding to Emerging Zoonotic Viral Diseases" to discuss the successes and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and what lessons can be applied moving forward. Speakers focused on experiences not only from the COVID-19 pandemic but also from outbreaks of other pathogens, including the Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Nipah virus. A general consensus was that investments made during the COVID-19 pandemic in infrastructure, collaborations, laboratory and manufacturing capacity, diagnostics, clinical trial networks, and regulatory enhancements-notably, in low-to-middle income countries-must be maintained and strengthened to enable quick, concerted responses to future threats, especially to zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection ResearchHamburgGermany
| | - Dennis A. Bente
- University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston National LaboratoryGalvestonTexasUSA,Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pragya Dhruv Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research‐National Institute of VirologyPuneIndia
| | - Lawrence C. Madoff
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Chan School of MedicineWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Rahul K. Arora
- Department of Community Health SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - May C. Chu
- Colorado School of Public HealthAnschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Colorado School of Public HealthAnschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | | | | | | | - Lisa E. Hensley
- Partnership for Research on Vaccines and Infectious Diseases in Liberia (PREVAIL)MonroviaLiberia,Division of Clinical ResearchNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High‐Consequence Pathogens and PathologyCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael D. Gunn
- Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- University of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada,Galveston National Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - César Muñoz‐Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection ResearchHamburgGermany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology and Department of PathologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine ResearchLa Jolla Institute for ImmunologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales EmergentesInstitut PasteurLyonFrance,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI)LyonFrance,INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure de LyonUniversité de LyonLyonFrance
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Marco A. Krieger
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas InstituteOswaldo Cruz Foundation ‐ ParanáCuritibaBrazil,Integrated Translational Program in Chagas Disease from Fiocruz (Fio‐Chagas)Oswaldo Cruz Foundation ‐ Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Sue Ann Costa Clemens
- Oxford Vaccine GroupOxford UniversityOxfordUK,Institute for Global HealthUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Renske Hesselink
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)OsloNorway
| | - Dan Hartman
- Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationSeattleWashingtonUSA
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7
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Smither SJ, Eastaugh LS, O’Brien LM, Phelps AL, Lever MS. Aerosol Survival, Disinfection and Formalin Inactivation of Nipah Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092057. [PMID: 36146863 PMCID: PMC9504694 DOI: 10.3390/v14092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus is a relatively newly discovered emerging virus on the WHO list of priority pathogens which has the potential to cause outbreaks with high fatality rates. Whilst progress is being made in the development of animal models for evaluating vaccines and therapies, some of the more fundamental data on Nipah virus are lacking. We performed studies to generate novel information on the aerosol survival of Nipah virus and to look at the efficacy of two common disinfectants. We also performed studies to evaluate the inactivation of Nipah virus by using neutral buffered formalin. Nipah virus was relatively stable in a small particle (1–5 µm) aerosol in the dark, with it having a decay rate of 1.46%min−1. Sodium hypochlorite (at 10%) and ethanol (at 80%) reduced the titre of Nipah virus to undetectable levels. Nipah virus that was in tissue culture medium was also inactivated after 24 h in the presence of 10% formalin.
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8
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Widerspick L, Vázquez CA, Niemetz L, Heung M, Olal C, Bencsik A, Henkel C, Pfister A, Brunetti JE, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Lawrence P, Muñoz Fontela C, Diederich S, Escudero-Pérez B. Inactivation Methods for Experimental Nipah Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051052. [PMID: 35632791 PMCID: PMC9145063 DOI: 10.3390/v14051052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe disease in humans and livestock. Due to its high pathogenicity in humans and the lack of available vaccines and therapeutics, NiV needs to be handled in biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories. Safe inactivation of samples containing NiV is thus necessary to allow further processing in lower containment areas. To date, there is only limited information available on NiV inactivation methods validated by BSL-4 facilities that can be used as a reference. Here, we compare some of the most common inactivation methods in order to evaluate their efficacy at inactivating NiV in infected cells, supernatants and organs. Thus, several physical and chemical inactivation methods, and combinations thereof, were assessed. Viral replication was monitored for 3 weeks and NiV presence was assessed by RT-qPCR, plaque assay and indirect immunofluorescence. A total of nineteen methods were shown to reduce NiV infectious particles in cells, supernatants and organs to undetectable levels. Therefore, we provide a list of methods for the safe and efficient inactivation of NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Widerspick
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cecilia Alejandra Vázquez
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Linda Niemetz
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michelle Heung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Catherine Olal
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - András Bencsik
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Henkel
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anneke Pfister
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jesús Emanuel Brunetti
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Center (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France;
| | - César Muñoz Fontela
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (L.W.); (L.N.); (M.H.); (C.O.); (A.B.); (C.H.); (A.P.); (J.E.B.); (C.M.F.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Tian J, Sun J, Li D, Wang N, Wang L, Zhang C, Meng X, Ji X, Suchard MA, Zhang X, Lai A, Su S, Veit M. Emerging viruses: Cross-species transmission of Coronaviruses, Filoviruses, Henipaviruses and Rotaviruses from bats. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110969. [PMID: 35679864 PMCID: PMC9148931 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases, especially if caused by bat-borne viruses, significantly affect public health and the global economy. There is an urgent need to understand the mechanism of interspecies transmission, particularly to humans. Viral genetics; host factors, including polymorphisms in the receptors; and ecological, environmental, and population dynamics are major parameters to consider. Here, we describe the taxonomy, geographic distribution, and unique traits of bats associated with their importance as virus reservoirs. Then, we summarize the origin, intermediate hosts, and the current understanding of interspecies transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, Marburg virus, and rotaviruses. Finally, the molecular interactions of viral surface proteins with host cell receptors are examined, and a comparison of these interactions in humans, intermediate hosts, and bats is conducted. This uncovers adaptive mutations in virus spike protein that facilitate cross-species transmission and risk factors associated with the emergence of novel viruses from bats.
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10
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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11
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Griffin BD, Warner BM, Chan M, Valcourt E, Tailor N, Banadyga L, Leung A, He S, Boese AS, Audet J, Cao W, Moffat E, Garnett L, Tierney K, Tran KN, Albietz A, Manguiat K, Soule G, Bello A, Vendramelli R, Lin J, Deschambault Y, Zhu W, Wood H, Mubareka S, Safronetz D, Strong JE, Embury-Hyatt C, Kobasa D. Host parameters and mode of infection influence outcome in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. iScience 2021; 24:103530. [PMID: 34870132 PMCID: PMC8627009 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The golden hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection recapitulates key characteristics of COVID-19. In this work we examined the influence of the route of exposure, sex, and age on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in hamsters. We report that delivery of SARS-CoV-2 by a low- versus high-volume intranasal or intragastric route results in comparable viral titers in the lung and viral shedding. However, low-volume intranasal exposure results in milder weight loss, whereas intragastric exposure leads to a diminished capacity to regain body weight. Male hamsters, and particularly older male hamsters, display an impaired capacity to recover from illness and delayed viral clearance. These factors were found to influence the nature of the host inflammatory cytokine response but had a minimal effect on the quality and durability of the humoral immune response and susceptibility to re-infection. These data further elucidate key factors that impact pre-clinical challenge studies carried out in the hamster model of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Griffin
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Bryce M. Warner
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, MB, Canada
| | - Mable Chan
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Emelissa Valcourt
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Shihua He
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Amrit S. Boese
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Estella Moffat
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3M4, MB, Canada
| | - Lauren Garnett
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, MB, Canada
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Alixandra Albietz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Kathy Manguiat
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Geoff Soule
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Alexander Bello
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Jessica Lin
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Yvon Deschambault
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto M4N 3M5, ON, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, MB, Canada
| | - James E. Strong
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, MB, Canada
- Pediatrics & Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, MB, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3M4, MB, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 0J9, MB, Canada
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12
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Gamble A, Yeo YY, Butler AA, Tang H, Snedden CE, Mason CT, Buchholz DW, Bingham J, Aguilar HC, Lloyd-Smith JO. Drivers and Distribution of Henipavirus-Induced Syncytia: What Do We Know? Viruses 2021; 13:1755. [PMID: 34578336 PMCID: PMC8472861 DOI: 10.3390/v13091755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syncytium formation, i.e., cell-cell fusion resulting in the formation of multinucleated cells, is a hallmark of infection by paramyxoviruses and other pathogenic viruses. This natural mechanism has historically been a diagnostic marker for paramyxovirus infection in vivo and is now widely used for the study of virus-induced membrane fusion in vitro. However, the role of syncytium formation in within-host dissemination and pathogenicity of viruses remains poorly understood. The diversity of henipaviruses and their wide host range and tissue tropism make them particularly appropriate models with which to characterize the drivers of syncytium formation and the implications for virus fitness and pathogenicity. Based on the henipavirus literature, we summarized current knowledge on the mechanisms driving syncytium formation, mostly acquired from in vitro studies, and on the in vivo distribution of syncytia. While these data suggest that syncytium formation widely occurs across henipaviruses, hosts, and tissues, we identified important data gaps that undermined our understanding of the role of syncytium formation in virus pathogenesis. Based on these observations, we propose solutions of varying complexity to fill these data gaps, from better practices in data archiving and publication for in vivo studies, to experimental approaches in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gamble
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Yao Yu Yeo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (Y.Y.Y.); (D.W.B.); (H.C.A.)
| | - Aubrey A. Butler
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Hubert Tang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Celine E. Snedden
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
| | - Christian T. Mason
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - David W. Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (Y.Y.Y.); (D.W.B.); (H.C.A.)
| | - John Bingham
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (Y.Y.Y.); (D.W.B.); (H.C.A.)
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.A.B.); (H.T.); (C.E.S.); (J.O.L.-S.)
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13
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van Doremalen N, Purushotham JN, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Bushmaker T, Carmody A, Port JR, Yinda CK, Okumura A, Saturday G, Amanat F, Krammer F, Hanley PW, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Anzick SL, Barbian K, Martens C, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccination reduces viral shedding after SARS-CoV-2 D614G challenge in preclinical models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabh0755. [PMID: 34315826 PMCID: PMC9267380 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 is an approved adenovirus-based vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) currently being deployed globally. Previous studies in rhesus macaques revealed that intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 provided protection against pneumonia but did not reduce shedding of SARS-CoV-2 from the upper respiratory tract. Here, we investigated whether intranasally administered ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduces detection of virus in nasal swabs after challenging vaccinated macaques and hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 carrying a D614G mutation in the spike protein. Viral loads in swabs obtained from intranasally vaccinated hamsters were decreased compared to control hamsters, and no viral RNA or infectious virus was found in lung tissue after a direct challenge or after direct contact with infected hamsters. Intranasal vaccination of rhesus macaques resulted in reduced virus concentrations in nasal swabs and a reduction in viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and lower respiratory tract tissue. Intranasal vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 reduced virus concentrations in nasal swabs in two different SARS-CoV-2 animal models, warranting further investigation as a potential vaccination route for COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jyothi N Purushotham
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Claude K Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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14
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O'Brien B, Goodridge L, Ronholm J, Nasheri N. Exploring the potential of foodborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103709. [PMID: 33397626 PMCID: PMC8035669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the question whether this virus, which is known to be spread primarily though respiratory droplets, could be spread through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature exploring the potential foodborne transmission of several respiratory viruses including human coronaviruses, avian influenza virus (AVI), parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and Nipah virus. Multiple lines of evidence, including documented expression of receptor proteins on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vivo viral replication in gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines, extended fecal shedding of respiratory viruses, and the ability to remain infectious in food environments for extended periods of time raises the theoretical ability of some human respiratory viruses, particularly human coronaviruses and AVI, to spread via food. However, to date, neither epidemiological data nor case reports of clear foodborne transmission of either viruses exist. Thus, foodborne transmission of human respiratory viruses remains only a theoretical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Food Virology Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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15
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McKee CD, Islam A, Luby SP, Salje H, Hudson PJ, Plowright RK, Gurley ES. The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats. Viruses 2021; 13:169. [PMID: 33498685 PMCID: PMC7910977 DOI: 10.3390/v13020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus is a bat-borne paramyxovirus that produces yearly outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in Bangladesh. Understanding the ecological conditions that lead to spillover from bats to humans can assist in designing effective interventions. To investigate the current and historical processes that drive Nipah spillover in Bangladesh, we analyzed the relationship among spillover events and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution and size of Pteropus medius roosts, and patterns of land-use change in Bangladesh over the last 300 years. We found that 53% of annual variation in winter spillovers is explained by winter temperature, which may affect bat behavior, physiology, and human risk behaviors. We infer from changes in forest cover that a progressive shift in bat roosting behavior occurred over hundreds of years, producing the current system where a majority of P. medius populations are small (median of 150 bats), occupy roost sites for 10 years or more, live in areas of high human population density, and opportunistically feed on cultivated food resources-conditions that promote viral spillover. Without interventions, continuing anthropogenic pressure on bat populations similar to what has occurred in Bangladesh could result in more regular spillovers of other bat viruses, including Hendra and Ebola viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifton D. McKee
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Ausraful Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine Division, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK;
| | - Peter J. Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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16
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van Doremalen N, Purushotham JN, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Bushmaker T, Carmody A, Port JR, Yinda CK, Okumura A, Saturday G, Amanat F, Krammer F, Hanley PW, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Anzick SL, Barbian K, Martens C, Gilbert S, Lambe T, Munster VJ. Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccination reduces shedding of SARS-CoV-2 D614G in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.09.426058. [PMID: 33447831 PMCID: PMC7808328 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.09.426058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 protected rhesus macaques against pneumonia but did not reduce shedding of SARS-CoV-2. Here we investigate whether intranasally administered ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reduces shedding, using a SARS-CoV-2 virus with the D614G mutation in the spike protein. Viral load in swabs obtained from intranasally vaccinated hamsters was significantly decreased compared to controls and no viral RNA or infectious virus was found in lung tissue, both in a direct challenge and a transmission model. Intranasal vaccination of rhesus macaques resulted in reduced shedding and a reduction in viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage and lower respiratory tract tissue. In conclusion, intranasal vaccination reduced shedding in two different SARS-CoV-2 animal models, justifying further investigation as a potential vaccination route for COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jyothi N Purushotham
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude K Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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17
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Lo MK, Spengler JR, Krumpe LRH, Welch SR, Chattopadhyay A, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Scholte FEM, Hotard AL, Fuqua JL, Rose JK, Nichol ST, Palmer KE, O'Keefe BR, Spiropoulou CF. Griffithsin Inhibits Nipah Virus Entry and Fusion and Can Protect Syrian Golden Hamsters From Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S480-S492. [PMID: 32037447 PMCID: PMC7199786 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. There is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against NiV infection. Griffithsin (GRFT) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric tandemer (3mG) against NiV and other viruses from 4 virus families. The 3mG had comparatively greater potency than GRFT against NiV due to its enhanced ability to block NiV glycoprotein-induced syncytia formation. Our initial in vivo prophylactic evaluation of an oxidation-resistant GRFT (Q-GRFT) showed significant protection against lethal NiV challenge in Syrian golden hamsters. Our results warrant further development of Q-GRFT and 3mG as potential NiV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren R H Krumpe
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anne L Hotard
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua L Fuqua
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - John K Rose
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040465. [PMID: 32325930 PMCID: PMC7232522 DOI: 10.3390/v12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world’s deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private–public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.
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19
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Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a newly emerging zoonosis that causes severe disease in humans. Nipah virus is one of the lesser studied of the WHO emerging pathogens for which research is a priority. Survival and persistence data is important for risk management and understanding the hazard of the virus for laboratory and health care workers that may work with the virus and we present some initial findings on the survival of Nipah virus in blood and tissue culture media under different conditions. The titre of Nipah virus in blood or media at two different temperatures and exposed or sealed to the atmosphere was measured every day for three days and after a week. Nipah virus was very stable in blood in closed tubes held at room temperature with minimal decay over seven days. Decay was observed in all the other conditions tested and was more rapid in samples exposed to the atmosphere. Persistence data is useful for safety planning and risk management.
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20
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019; 39:26-55. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH), University of Canberra, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyma K. Latheef
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Devendra T. Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India, Pune, India
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21
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Escaffre O, Hill T, Ikegami T, Juelich TL, Smith JK, Zhang L, Perez DE, Atkins C, Park A, Lawrence WS, Sivasubramani SK, Peel JE, Peterson JW, Lee B, Freiberg AN. Experimental Infection of Syrian Hamsters With Aerosolized Nipah Virus. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1602-1610. [PMID: 29912426 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus (genus Henipavirus) that can cause severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans. Transmission occurs through consumption of NiV-contaminated foods, and contact with NiV-infected animals or human body fluids. However, it is unclear whether aerosols derived from aforesaid sources or others also contribute to transmission, and current knowledge on NiV-induced pathogenicity after small-particle aerosol exposure is still limited. Methods Infectivity, pathogenicity, and real-time dissemination of aerosolized NiV in Syrian hamsters was evaluated using NiV-Malaysia (NiV-M) and/or its recombinant expressing firefly luciferase (rNiV-FlucNP). Results Both viruses had an equivalent pathogenicity in hamsters, which developed respiratory and neurological symptoms of disease, similar to using intranasal route, with no direct correlations to the dose. We showed that virus replication was predominantly initiated in the lower respiratory tract and, although delayed, also intensely in the oronasal cavity and possibly the brain, with gradual increase of signal in these regions until at least day 5-6 postinfection. Conclusion Hamsters infected with small-particle aerosolized NiV undergo similar clinical manifestations of the disease as previously described using liquid inoculum, and exhibit histopathological lesions consistent with NiV patient reports. NiV droplets could therefore play a role in transmission by close contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Terence Hill
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Terry L Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - David E Perez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Arnold Park
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - William S Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | | | - Jennifer E Peel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Johnny W Peterson
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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22
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Cortes MC, Cauchemez S, Lefrancq N, Luby SP, Jahangir Hossain M, Sazzad HMS, Rahman M, Daszak P, Salje H, Gurley ES. Characterization of the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Nipah Virus Spillover Events in Bangladesh, 2007-2013. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1390-1394. [PMID: 29351657 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus harbored by bats and lethal to humans. Bat-to-human spillovers occur every winter in Bangladesh. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the number of spillovers detected by district and year that remains unexplained. We analyzed data from all 57 spillovers during 2007-2013 and found that temperature differences explained 36% of the year-to-year variation in the total number of spillovers each winter and that distance to surveillance hospitals explained 45% of spatial heterogeneity. Interventions to prevent human infections may be most important during colder winters. Further work is needed to understand how dynamics of bat infections explains spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cortes
- Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Noemie Lefrancq
- Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - M Jahangir Hossain
- icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Medical Research Council Unit, Banjul, Gambia
| | | | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute for Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modeling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, Paris, France.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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23
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Lara A, Cong Y, Jahrling PB, Mednikov M, Postnikova E, Yu S, Munster V, Holbrook MR. Peripheral immune response in the African green monkey model following Nipah-Malaysia virus exposure by intermediate-size particle aerosol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007454. [PMID: 31166946 PMCID: PMC6576798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to appropriately mimic human disease is critical for using animal models as a tool for understanding virus pathogenesis. In the case of Nipah virus (NiV), infection of humans appears to occur either through inhalation, contact with or consumption of infected material. In two of these circumstances, respiratory or sinusoidal exposure represents a likely route of infection. In this study, intermediate-size aerosol particles (~7 μm) of NiV-Malaysia were used to mimic potential routes of exposure by focusing viral deposition in the upper respiratory tract. Our previous report showed this route of exposure extended the disease course and a single animal survived the infection. Here, analysis of the peripheral immune response found minimal evidence of systemic inflammation and depletion of B cells during acute disease. However, the animal that survived infection developed an early IgM response with rapid development of neutralizing antibodies that likely afforded protection. The increase in NiV-specific antibodies correlated with an expansion of the B cell population in the survivor. Cell-mediated immunity was not clearly apparent in animals that succumbed during the acute phase of disease. However, CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory cells increased in the survivor with correlating increases in cytokines and chemokines associated with cell-mediated immunity. Interestingly, kinetic changes of the CD4+ and CD8bright T cell populations over the course of acute disease were opposite from animals that succumbed to infection. In addition, increases in NK cells and basophils during convalescence of the surviving animal were also evident, with viral antigen found in NK cells. These data suggest that a systemic inflammatory response and "cytokine storm" are not major contributors to NiV-Malaysia pathogenesis in the AGM model using this exposure route. Further, these data demonstrate that regulation of cell-mediated immunity, in addition to rapid production of NiV specific antibodies, may be critical for surviving NiV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lara
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Yu Cong
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark Mednikov
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Elena Postnikova
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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24
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Vora KS, Latheef SK, Karthik K, Singh Malik Y, Singh R, Chaicumpa W, Mourya DT. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019. [PMID: 31006350 PMCID: PMC6830995 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1580827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Singh
- a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry , West Tripura , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- e Biomac Life Sciences Pvt Ltd. , Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar , Gujarat , India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- f Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Barkatullah University , Bhopal , India
| | - Kranti Suresh Vora
- g Wheels India Niswarth (WIN) Foundation, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) , University of Canberra , Gujarat , India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- h Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- i Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- j Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital , Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- k National Institute of Virology , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India , Pune , India
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25
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Abstract
Foodborne pathogens cause acute and chronic health outcomes of very different durations, severity and mortality, resulting in high costs and burdens to society. The issues of food safety and food poisoning are being increasingly emphasised, particularly in developed countries. Infection/contamination with many agents i.e., bacterial, parasitic and viral entities can result in foodborne illness. This article will focus mainly on viral agents of infection. A range of different viruses can cause food poisoning/foodborne infection, and infection can result in a myriad of symptoms, ranging from mild, acute disease to chronic, debilitating disease and even death. Due to the inherent differences between bacteria and viruses, namely the fact that viruses do not replicate in food, while bacteria do, viruses are frequently difficult to detect. This is compounded by the fact that many of the viruses associated with enteric disease do not replicate in cell culture. These factors can lead to a lag between reporting, detection and analysis of foodborne viruses versus bacterial agents. Despite these constraints, it is now evident that there are both well-established and emerging viruses implicated in foodborne infections, and the role of molecular detection and characterisation is becoming increasingly important.
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26
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Yu J, Lv X, Yang Z, Gao S, Li C, Cai Y, Li J. The Main Risk Factors of Nipah Disease and Its Risk Analysis in China. Viruses 2018; 10:E572. [PMID: 30347642 PMCID: PMC6213763 DOI: 10.3390/v10100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah disease is a highly fatal zoonosis which is caused by the Nipah virus. The Nipah virus is a BSL-4 virus with fruit bats being its natural host. It is mainly prevalent in Southeast Asia. The virus was first discovered in 1997 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Currently, it is mainly harmful to pigs and humans with a high mortality rate. This study describes the route of transmission of the Nipah virus in different countries and analyzes the possibility of the primary disease being in China and the method of its transmission to China. The risk factors are analyzed for different susceptible populations to Nipah disease. The aim is to improve people's risk awareness and prevention and control of the disease and reduce its risk of occurring and spreading in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Xinbo Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Zijun Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Shengbin Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Changming Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Yumei Cai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Jinming Li
- China Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Qingdao 266000, China.
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27
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Sun B, Jia L, Liang B, Chen Q, Liu D. Phylogeography, Transmission, and Viral Proteins of Nipah Virus. Virol Sin 2018; 33:385-393. [PMID: 30311101 PMCID: PMC6235768 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a zoonotic paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus, is classified as a Biosafety Level-4 pathogen based on its high pathogenicity in humans and the lack of available vaccines or therapeutics. Since its initial emergence in 1998 in Malaysia, this virus has become a great threat to domestic animals and humans. Sporadic outbreaks and person-to-person transmission over the past two decades have resulted in hundreds of human fatalities. Epidemiological surveys have shown that NiV is distributed in Asia, Africa, and the South Pacific Ocean, and is transmitted by its natural reservoir, Pteropid bats. Numerous efforts have been made to analyze viral protein function and structure to develop feasible strategies for drug design. Increasing surveillance and preventative measures for the viral infectious disease are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyao Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijia Jia
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bilin Liang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Di Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Hassan MZ, Sazzad HMS, Luby SP, Sturm-Ramirez K, Bhuiyan MU, Rahman MZ, Islam MM, Ströher U, Sultana S, Kafi MAH, Daszak P, Rahman M, Gurley ES. Nipah Virus Contamination of Hospital Surfaces during Outbreaks, Bangladesh, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:15-21. [PMID: 29260663 PMCID: PMC5749460 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.161758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) has been transmitted from patient to caregivers in Bangladesh presumably through oral secretions. We aimed to detect whether NiV-infected patients contaminate hospital surfaces with the virus. During December 2013–April 2014, we collected 1 swab sample from 5 surfaces near NiV-infected patients and tested surface and oral swab samples by real-time reverse transcription PCR for NiV RNA. We identified 16 Nipah patients; 12 cases were laboratory-confirmed and 4 probable. Of the 12 laboratory-confirmed cases, 10 showed NiV RNA in oral swab specimens. We obtained surface swab samples for 6 Nipah patients; 5 had evidence of NiV RNA on >1 surface: 4 patients contaminated towels, 3 bed sheets, and 1 the bed rail. Patients with NiV RNA in oral swab samples were significantly more likely than other Nipah patients to die. To reduce the risk for fomite transmission of NiV, infection control should target hospital surfaces.
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29
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Henipavirus Infection: Natural History and the Virus-Host Interplay. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-018-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Neethirajan S, Ahmed SR, Chand R, Buozis J, Nagy É. Recent Advances in Biosensor Development for Foodborne Virus Detection. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:272-295. [PMID: 29071193 PMCID: PMC5646734 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne diseases related to fresh produce have been increasing in North America and Europe. Viral foodborne pathogens are poorly understood, suffering from insufficient awareness and surveillance due to the limits on knowledge, availability, and costs of related technologies and devices. Current foodborne viruses are emphasized and newly emerging foodborne viruses are beginning to attract interest. To face current challenges regarding foodborne pathogens, a point-of-care (POC) concept has been introduced to food testing technology and device. POC device development involves technologies such as microfluidics, nanomaterials, biosensors and other advanced techniques. These advanced technologies, together with the challenges in developing foodborne virus detection assays and devices, are described and analysed in this critical review. Advanced technologies provide a path forward for foodborne virus detection, but more research and development will be needed to provide the level of manufacturing capacity required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Neethirajan
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Syed Rahin Ahmed
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rohit Chand
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John Buozis
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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31
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Loss in lung volume and changes in the immune response demonstrate disease progression in African green monkeys infected by small-particle aerosol and intratracheal exposure to Nipah virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005532. [PMID: 28388650 PMCID: PMC5397074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus (genus Henipavirus) that emerged in the late 1990s in Malaysia and has since been identified as the cause of sporadic outbreaks of severe febrile disease in Bangladesh and India. NiV infection is frequently associated with severe respiratory or neurological disease in infected humans with transmission to humans through inhalation, contact or consumption of NiV contaminated foods. In the work presented here, the development of disease was investigated in the African Green Monkey (AGM) model following intratracheal (IT) and, for the first time, small-particle aerosol administration of NiV. This study utilized computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to temporally assess disease progression. The host immune response and changes in immune cell populations over the course of disease were also evaluated. This study found that IT and small-particle administration of NiV caused similar disease progression, but that IT inoculation induced significant congestion in the lungs while disease following small-particle aerosol inoculation was largely confined to the lower respiratory tract. Quantitative assessment of changes in lung volume found up to a 45% loss in IT inoculated animals. None of the subjects in this study developed overt neurological disease, a finding that was supported by MRI analysis. The development of neutralizing antibodies was not apparent over the 8–10 day course of disease, but changes in cytokine response in all animals and activated CD8+ T cell numbers suggest the onset of cell-mediated immunity. These studies demonstrate that IT and small-particle aerosol infection with NiV in the AGM model leads to a severe respiratory disease devoid of neurological indications. This work also suggests that extending the disease course or minimizing the impact of the respiratory component is critical to developing a model that has a neurological component and more accurately reflects the human condition. Nipah virus (NiV) was identified in the late 1990s as the causative agent of severe respiratory and neurological disease in Malaysia and Bangladesh. The virus is transmitted by inhalation, contact or consumption of contaminated material. In this study, our objective was to characterize NiV-induced disease progression in the African Green Monkey model utilizing clinical imaging capabilities. In this work, we also provide the first temporal evaluation of the immune response to infection following NiV infection and the first characterization of disease following aerosol exposure. Here, we found that NiV infection following intratracheal and aerosol exposure lead to a severe respiratory disease and rapid disease course with no overt clinical evidence of neurological disease. Despite the rapid course of disease, changes in the cytokine response and peripheral immune cell populations suggest development of a cell-mediated immune response in the latter stage of disease. While the current model for evaluating NiV infection is useful for testing of medical countermeasures, further work is required to understand how this model can represent human disease.
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32
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Clayton BA. Nipah virus: transmission of a zoonotic paramyxovirus. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:97-104. [PMID: 28088124 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus is a recently-recognised, zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes severe disease and high fatality rates in people. Outbreaks have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, India and Bangladesh, and a putative Nipah virus was also recently associated with human disease in the Philippines. Worryingly, human-to-human transmission is common in Bangladesh, where outbreaks occur with near-annual frequency. Onward human transmission of Nipah virus in Bangladesh is associated with close contact with clinically-unwell patients or their infectious secretions. While Nipah virus isolates associated with outbreaks of human infection have not resulted in sustained transmission to date, specific exposures carry a high risk of person-to-person transmission, an observation which is supported by recent findings in animal models. Novel paramyxoviruses continue to emerge from wildlife hosts, and represent an ongoing threat to human health globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Anne Clayton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia.
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33
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Identifying Early Target Cells of Nipah Virus Infection in Syrian Hamsters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005120. [PMID: 27812087 PMCID: PMC5094696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nipah virus causes respiratory and neurologic disease with case fatality rates up to 100% in individual outbreaks. End stage lesions have been described in the respiratory and nervous systems, vasculature and often lymphoid organs in fatal human cases; however, the initial target organs of Nipah virus infection have not been identified. Here, we detected the initial target tissues and cells of Nipah virus and tracked virus dissemination during the early phase of infection in Syrian hamsters inoculated with a Nipah virus isolate from Malaysia (NiV-M) or Bangladesh (NiV-B). Methodology/Principal Findings Syrian hamsters were euthanized between 4 and 48 hours post intranasal inoculation and tissues were collected and analyzed for the presence of viral RNA, viral antigen and infectious virus. Virus replication was first detected at 8 hours post inoculation (hpi). Nipah virus initially targeted type I pneumocytes, bronchiolar respiratory epithelium and alveolar macrophages in the lung and respiratory and olfactory epithelium lining the nasal turbinates. By 16 hpi, virus disseminated to epithelial cells lining the larynx and trachea. Although the pattern of viral dissemination was similar for both virus isolates, the rate of spread was slower for NiV-B. Infectious virus was not detected in the nervous system or blood and widespread vascular infection and lesions within lymphoid organs were not observed, even at 48 hpi. Conclusions/Significance Nipah virus initially targets the respiratory system. Virus replication in the brain and infection of blood vessels in non-respiratory tissues does not occur during the early phase of infection. However, virus replicates early in olfactory epithelium and may serve as the first step towards nervous system dissemination, suggesting that development of vaccines that block virus dissemination or treatments that can access the brain and spinal cord and directly inhibit virus replication may be necessary for preventing central nervous system pathology. Nipah virus is a highly fatal paramyxovirus that causes respiratory and neurologic disease with widespread vascular damage. Although end stage disease has been characterized in humans and in animal models, the early phase of infection has yet to be described. Thus, it is known where the virus replicates during the final stages of infection, but not how the virus is transported to these end stage tissues or which tissues are targeted first. Using Syrian hamsters that were intranasally inoculated with virus as a model of Nipah virus infection, we show here that Nipah virus initially targets the respiratory tract, specifically the nasal cavity and lung, with virus replication being detected as early as 8 hours after inoculation. During the first 48 hours of infection, the virus slowly penetrates into the underlying tissues of the respiratory tract, but viremia and virus replication in the brain are not detected. In the lung, Nipah virus initially infects epithelial cells lining airways, followed by spread to arterial smooth muscle cells, suggesting that localized spread of the virus within an organ can lead to viral dissemination into the vasculature. Likewise, replication in the olfactory epithelium likely precedes spread of Nipah virus along the olfactory nerve into the brain. Understanding how Nipah virus spreads through the host to cause encephalitis is important for developing effective countermeasures that can target Nipah virus replication and prevent viral dissemination.
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34
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Simons RRL, Horigan V, Gale P, Kosmider RD, Breed AC, Snary EL. A Generic Quantitative Risk Assessment Framework for the Entry of Bat-Borne Zoonotic Viruses into the European Union. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165383. [PMID: 27788234 PMCID: PMC5082878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat-borne viruses have been linked to a number of zoonotic diseases; in 2014 there have been human cases of Nipah virus (NiV) in Bangladesh and Ebola virus in West and Central Africa. Here we describe a model designed to provide initial quantitative predictions of the risk of entry of such viruses to European Union (EU) Member States (MSs) through four routes: human travel, legal trade (e.g. fruit and animal products), live animal movements and illegal importation of bushmeat. The model utilises available datasets to assess the movement via these routes between individual countries of the world and EU MSs. These data are combined with virus specific data to assess the relative risk of entry between EU MSs. As a case study, the model was parameterised for NiV. Scenario analyses showed that the selection of exporting countries with NiV and potentially contaminated trade products were essential to the accuracy of all model outputs. Uncertainty analyses of other model parameters identified that the model expected number of years to an introduction event within the EU was highly susceptible to the prevalence of NiV in bats. The relative rankings of the MSs and routes, however, were more robust. The UK, the Netherlands and Germany were consistently the most likely points of entry and the ranking of most MSs varied by no more than three places (maximum variation five places). Legal trade was consistently the most likely route of entry, only falling below human travel when the estimate of the prevalence of NiV in bats was particularly low. Any model-based calculation is dependent on the data available to feed into the model and there are distinct gaps in our knowledge, particularly in regard to various pathogen/virus as well as host/bat characteristics. However, the strengths of this model lie in the provision of relative comparisons of risk among routes and MSs. The potential for expansion of the model to include other routes and viruses and the possibility of rapid parameterisation demonstrates its potential for use in an outbreak situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin R. L. Simons
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Verity Horigan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena D. Kosmider
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Breed
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Snary
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Department of Epidemiological Sciences, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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35
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Mire CE, Satterfield BA, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Yan L, Chan YP, Cross RW, Fenton KA, Broder CC, Geisbert TW. Pathogenic Differences between Nipah Virus Bangladesh and Malaysia Strains in Primates: Implications for Antibody Therapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30916. [PMID: 27484128 PMCID: PMC4971471 DOI: 10.1038/srep30916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus that causes severe disease in humans and animals. There are two distinct strains of NiV, Malaysia (NiVM) and Bangladesh (NiVB). Differences in transmission patterns and mortality rates suggest that NiVB may be more pathogenic than NiVM. To investigate pathogenic differences between strains, 4 African green monkeys (AGM) were exposed to NiVM and 4 AGMs were exposed to NiVB. While NiVB was uniformly lethal, only 50% of NiVM-infected animals succumbed to infection. Histopathology of lungs and spleens from NiVB-infected AGMs was significantly more severe than NiVM-infected animals. Importantly, a second study utilizing 11 AGMs showed that the therapeutic window for human monoclonal antibody m102.4, previously shown to rescue AGMs from NiVM infection, was much shorter in NiVB-infected AGMs. Together, these data show that NiVB is more pathogenic in AGMs under identical experimental conditions and suggests that postexposure treatments may need to be NiV strain specific for optimal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin A Satterfield
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yee-Peng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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36
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Broder CC, Weir DL, Reid PA. Hendra virus and Nipah virus animal vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:3525-34. [PMID: 27154393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic viruses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing disease outbreaks in livestock and people. HeV appeared in Queensland, Australia in 1994 causing a severe respiratory disease in horses along with a human case fatality. NiV emerged a few years later in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998-1999 causing a large outbreak of encephalitis with high mortality in people and also respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. The key pathological elements of HeV and NiV infection in several species of mammals, and also in people, are a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. In people, both HeV and NiV are also capable of causing relapsed encephalitis following recovery from an acute infection. The known reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are several species of pteropid fruit bats. Spillovers of HeV into horses continue to occur in Australia and NiV has caused outbreaks in people in Bangladesh and India nearly annually since 2001, making HeV and NiV important transboundary biological threats. NiV in particular possesses several features that underscore its potential as a pandemic threat, including its ability to infect humans directly from natural reservoirs or indirectly from other susceptible animals, along with a capacity of limited human-to-human transmission. Several HeV and NiV animal challenge models have been developed which have facilitated an understanding of pathogenesis and allowed for the successful development of both active and passive immunization countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States.
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit Six, Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam, HI, 96860, United States
| | - Peter A Reid
- Equine Veterinary Surgeon, Brisbane, Queensland, 4034, Australia
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37
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Islam MS, Sazzad HMS, Satter SM, Sultana S, Hossain MJ, Hasan M, Rahman M, Campbell S, Cannon DL, Ströher U, Daszak P, Luby SP, Gurley ES. Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans Associated with Drinking Traditional Liquor Made from Date Palm Sap, Bangladesh, 2011-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:664-70. [PMID: 26981928 PMCID: PMC4806957 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus, and Pteropus spp. bats are the natural reservoir. From December 2010 through March 2014, hospital-based encephalitis surveillance in Bangladesh identified 18 clusters of NiV infection. The source of infection for case-patients in 3 clusters in 2 districts was unknown. A team of epidemiologists and anthropologists investigated these 3 clusters comprising 14 case-patients, 8 of whom died. Among the 14 case-patients, 8 drank fermented date palm sap (tari) regularly before their illness, and 6 provided care to a person infected with NiV. The process of preparing date palm trees for tari production was similar to the process of collecting date palm sap for fresh consumption. Bat excreta was reportedly found inside pots used to make tari. These findings suggest that drinking tari is a potential pathway of NiV transmission. Interventions that prevent bat access to date palm sap might prevent tari-associated NiV infection.
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38
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Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Vergara LA, Wen JW, Long D, Rockx B. Characterization of Nipah virus infection in a model of human airway epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1077-1086. [PMID: 26932515 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging paramyxovirus that can cause lethal respiratory illness in humans. No vaccine/therapeutic is currently licensed for humans. Human-to-human transmission was previously reported during outbreaks and NiV could be isolated from respiratory secretions, but the proportion of cases in Malaysia exhibiting respiratory symptoms was significantly lower than that in Bangladesh. Previously, we showed that primary human basal respiratory epithelial cells are susceptible to both NiV-Malaysia (M) and -Bangladesh (B) strains causing robust pro-inflammatory responses. However, the cells of the human respiratory epithelium that NiV targets are unknown and their role in NiV transmission and NiV-related lung pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Here, we characterized NiV infection of the human respiratory epithelium using a model of the human tracheal/bronchial (B-ALI) and small airway (S-ALI) epithelium cultured at an air-liquid interface. We show that NiV-M and NiV-B infect ciliated and secretory cells in B/S-ALI, and that infection of S-ALI, but not B-ALI, results in disruption of the epithelium integrity and host responses recruiting human immune cells. Interestingly, NiV-B replicated more efficiently in B-ALI than did NiV-M. These results suggest that the human tracheal/bronchial epithelium is favourable to NiV replication and shedding, while inducing a limited host response. Our data suggest that the small airways epithelium is prone to inflammation and lesions as well as constituting a point of virus entry into the pulmonary vasculature. The use of relevant models of the human respiratory tract, such as B/S-ALI, is critical for understanding NiV-related lung pathogenesis and identifying the underlying mechanisms allowing human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Escaffre
- Department of Pathology at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Pathology at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Leoncio A Vergara
- Center for Biomedical Engineering at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Julie W Wen
- Department of Pathology at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Long
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Microscopy Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Rare and Emerging Viral Infections and Response (EID), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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39
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Henipaviruses. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153454 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33133-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The first henipaviruses, Hendra virus (HeV), and Nipah virus (NiV) were pathogenic zoonoses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing serious disease outbreaks in livestock and humans. HeV was recognized in Australia 1994 in horses exhibiting respiratory disease along with a human case fatality, and then NiV was identified during a large outbreak of human cases of encephalitis with high mortality in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 along with respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. The recently identified third henipavirus isolate, Cedar virus (CedPV), is not pathogenic in animals susceptible to HeV and NiV disease. Molecular detection of additional henipavirus species has been reported but no additional isolates of virus have been reported. Central pathological features of both HeV and NiV infection in humans and several susceptible animal species is a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. In people, both viruses can also manifest relapsed encephalitis following recovery from an acute infection, particularly NiV. The recognized natural reservoir hosts of HeV, NiV, and CedPV are pteropid bats, which do not show clinical illness when infected. With spillovers of HeV continuing to occur in Australia and NiV in Bangladesh and India, these henipaviruses continue to be important transboundary biological threats. NiV in particular possesses several features that highlight a pandemic potential, such as its ability to infect humans directly from natural reservoirs or indirectly from other susceptible animals along with a capacity of limited human-to-human transmission. Several henipavirus animal challenge models have been developed which has aided in understanding HeV and NiV pathogenesis as well as how they invade the central nervous system, and successful active and passive immunization strategies against HeV and NiV have been reported which target the viral envelope glycoproteins.
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40
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Nahar N, Paul RC, Sultana R, Gurley ES, Garcia F, Abedin J, Sumon SA, Banik KC, Asaduzzaman M, Rimi NA, Rahman M, Luby SP. Raw Sap Consumption Habits and Its Association with Knowledge of Nipah Virus in Two Endemic Districts in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142292. [PMID: 26551202 PMCID: PMC4638332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Nipah virus (NiV) infection in Bangladesh is a fatal disease that can be transmitted from bats to humans who drink contaminated raw date palm sap collected overnight during the cold season. Our study aimed to understand date palm sap consumption habits of rural residents and factors associated with consumption. In November-December 2012 the field team interviewed adult respondents from randomly selected villages from Rajbari and Kushtia Districts in Bangladesh. We calculated the proportion of people who consumed raw sap and had heard about a disease from raw sap consumption. We assessed the factors associated with raw sap consumption by calculating prevalence ratios (PR) adjusted for village level clustering effects. Among the 1,777 respondents interviewed, half (50%) reported drinking raw sap during the previous sap collection season and 37% consumed raw sap at least once per month. Few respondents (5%) heard about NiV. Thirty-seven percent of respondents reported hearing about a disease transmitted through raw sap consumption, inclusive of a 10% who related it with milder illness like diarrhea, vomiting or indigestion rather than NiV. Respondents who harvested date palm trees in their household were more likely to drink sap than those who did not own date palm trees (79% vs. 65% PR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3, p<0.001). When sap was available, respondents who heard about a disease from raw sap consumption were just as likely to drink it as those who did not hear about a disease (69% vs. 67%, PR 1.0, 95% CI 0.9–1.1, p = 0.512). Respondents’ knowledge of NiV was low. They might not have properly understood the risk of NiV, and were likely to drink sap when it was available. Implementing strategies to increase awareness about the risks of NiV and protect sap from bats might reduce the risk of NiV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmun Nahar
- ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Garcia
- FHI360, Washington DC Office, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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de Wit E, Munster VJ. Animal models of disease shed light on Nipah virus pathogenesis and transmission. J Pathol 2015; 235:196-205. [PMID: 25229234 DOI: 10.1002/path.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus is an emerging virus infection that causes yearly disease outbreaks with high case fatality rates in Bangladesh. Nipah virus causes encephalitis and systemic vasculitis, sometimes in combination with respiratory disease. Pteropus species fruit bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus and zoonotic transmission can occur directly or via an intermediate host; human-to-human transmission occurs regularly. In this review we discuss the current state of knowledge on the pathogenesis and transmission of Nipah virus, focusing on dissemination of the virus through its host, known determinants of pathogenicity and routes of zoonotic and human-to-human transmission. Since data from human cases are sparse, this knowledge is largely based on the results of studies performed in animal models that recapitulate Nipah virus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
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Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus are closely related, recently emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses, belonging to the Henipavirus genus. Both viruses induce generalized vasculitis affecting particularly the respiratory tract and CNS. The exceptionally broad species tropism of Henipavirus, the high case fatality rate and person-to-person transmission associated with Nipah virus outbreaks emphasize the necessity of effective antiviral strategies for these intriguing threatening pathogens. Current therapeutic approaches, validated in animal models, target early steps in viral infection; they include the use of neutralizing virus-specific antibodies and blocking membrane fusion with peptides that bind the viral fusion protein. A better understanding of Henipavirus pathogenesis is critical for the further advancement of antiviral treatment, and we summarize here the recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Baseler L, de Wit E, Scott DP, Munster VJ, Feldmann H. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) oronasally inoculated with a Nipah virus isolate from Bangladesh or Malaysia develop similar respiratory tract lesions. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:38-45. [PMID: 25352203 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814556189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus is a paramyxovirus in the genus Henipavirus, which has caused outbreaks in humans in Malaysia, India, Singapore, and Bangladesh. Whereas the human cases in Malaysia were characterized mainly by neurological symptoms and a case fatality rate of ∼40%, cases in Bangladesh also exhibited respiratory disease and had a case fatality rate of ∼70%. Here, we compared the histopathologic changes in the respiratory tract of Syrian hamsters, a well-established small animal disease model for Nipah virus, inoculated oronasally with Nipah virus isolates from human cases in Malaysia and Bangladesh. The Nipah virus isolate from Bangladesh caused slightly more severe rhinitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia 2 days after inoculation in Syrian hamsters. By day 4, differences in lesion severity could no longer be detected. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated Nipah virus antigen in the nasal cavity and pulmonary lesions; the amount of Nipah virus antigen present correlated with lesion severity. Immunohistochemistry indicated that both Nipah virus isolates exhibited endotheliotropism in small- and medium-caliber arteries and arterioles, but not in veins, in the lung. This correlated with the location of ephrin B2, the main receptor for Nipah virus, in the vasculature. In conclusion, Nipah virus isolates from outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh caused a similar type and severity of respiratory tract lesions in Syrian hamsters, suggesting that the differences in human disease reported in the outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh are unlikely to have been caused by intrinsic differences in these 2 virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baseler
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - E de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - D P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - V J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - H Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Alimonti J, Leung A, Jones S, Gren J, Qiu X, Fernando L, Balcewich B, Wong G, Ströher U, Grolla A, Strong J, Kobinger G. Evaluation of transmission risks associated with in vivo replication of several high containment pathogens in a biosafety level 4 laboratory. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5824. [PMID: 25059478 PMCID: PMC5376055 DOI: 10.1038/srep05824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Containment level 4 (CL4) laboratories studying biosafety level 4 viruses are under strict regulations to conduct nonhuman primate (NHP) studies in compliance of both animal welfare and biosafety requirements. NHPs housed in open-barred cages raise concerns about cross-contamination between animals, and accidental exposure of personnel to infectious materials. To address these concerns, two NHP experiments were performed. One examined the simultaneous infection of 6 groups of NHPs with 6 different viruses (Machupo, Junin, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Nipah and Hendra viruses). Washing personnel between handling each NHP group, floor to ceiling biobubble with HEPA filter, and plexiglass between cages were employed for partial primary containment. The second experiment employed no primary containment around open barred cages with Ebola virus infected NHPs 0.3 meters from naïve NHPs. Viral antigen-specific ELISAs, qRT-PCR and TCID50 infectious assays were utilized to determine antibody levels and viral loads. No transmission of virus to neighbouring NHPs was observed suggesting limited containment protocols are sufficient for multi-viral CL4 experiments within one room. The results support the concept that Ebola virus infection is self-contained in NHPs infected intramuscularly, at least in the present experimental conditions, and is not transmitted to naïve NHPs via an airborne route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judie Alimonti
- 1] Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba [2]
| | - Anders Leung
- 1] Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba [2]
| | - Shane Jones
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba
| | - Jason Gren
- Containment Services, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba
| | - Lisa Fernando
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba
| | - Brittany Balcewich
- Bioforensics Assay Development and Diagnostics; Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba
| | - Gary Wong
- 1] Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba [2] Departments of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ute Ströher
- 1] Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba [2]
| | - Allen Grolla
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba
| | - James Strong
- 1] Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba [2] Departments of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada [3] Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary Kobinger
- 1] Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg. Manitoba [2] Departments of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada [3] Departments of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada [4] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Karesh WB, Munster VJ. Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in milk. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:1263-4. [PMID: 24960335 PMCID: PMC4073862 DOI: 10.3201/eid2007.140500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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