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Leveringhaus E, Poljakovic R, Herrmann G, Roman-Sosa G, Becher P, Postel A. Porcine low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an important role in classical swine fever virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2327385. [PMID: 38514916 PMCID: PMC10962300 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2327385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Several cellular factors have been reported to be required for replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. However, many steps of its replication cycle are still poorly understood. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is involved in cell entry and post-entry processes of different viruses including other members of the Flaviviridae. In this study, the relevance of LDLR in replication of CSFV and another porcine pestivirus, Bungowannah pestivirus (BuPV), was investigated by antibody-mediated blocking of LDLR and genetically engineered porcine cell lines providing altered LDLR expression levels. An LDLR-specific antibody largely blocked infection with CSFV, but had only a minor impact on BuPV. Infections of the genetically modified cells confirmed an LDLR-dependent replication of CSFV. Compared to wild type cells, lower and higher expression of LDLR resulted in a 3.5-fold decrease or increase in viral titers already 20 h post infection. Viral titers were 25-fold increased in LDLR-overexpressing cells compared to cells with reduced LDLR expression at 72 h post infection. The varying LDLR expression levels had no clear effect on permissivity to BuPV. A decoy receptor assay using recombinant soluble LDLR provided no evidence that LDLR may function as a receptor for CSFV or BuPV. Differences in their dependency on LDLR suggest that CSFV and BuPV likely use different mechanisms to interact with their host cells. Moreover, this study reveals similarities in the replication cycles of CSFV and other members of the family Flaviviridae that are dependent on LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Leveringhaus
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robin Poljakovic
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gina Herrmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Postel
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Rani A, Stadler JT, Marsche G. HDL-based therapeutics: A promising frontier in combating viral and bacterial infections. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108684. [PMID: 38964560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and impaired HDL functionality have been consistently associated with increased susceptibility to infection and its serious consequences. This has been attributed to the critical role of HDL in maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis, which is essential for the proper functioning of immune and structural cells. HDL, a multifunctional particle, exerts pleiotropic effects in host defense against pathogens. It functions as a natural nanoparticle, capable of sequestering and neutralizing potentially harmful substances like bacterial lipopolysaccharides. HDL possesses antiviral activity, preventing viruses from entering or fusing with host cells, thereby halting their replication cycle. Understanding the complex relationship between HDL and the immune system may reveal innovative targets for developing new treatments to combat infectious diseases and improve patient outcomes. This review aims to emphasize the role of HDL in influencing the course of bacterial and viral infections and its and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alankrita Rani
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Julia T Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria.
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3
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Ritter M, Canus L, Gautam A, Vallet T, Zhong L, Lalande A, Boson B, Gandhi A, Bodoirat S, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Freitas N, Roingeard P, Barr JN, Lotteau V, Legros V, Mathieu C, Cosset FL, Denolly S. The low-density lipoprotein receptor and apolipoprotein E associated with CCHFV particles mediate CCHFV entry into cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4542. [PMID: 38806525 PMCID: PMC11133370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging pathogen of the Orthonairovirus genus that can cause severe and often lethal hemorrhagic diseases in humans. CCHFV has a broad tropism and can infect a variety of species and tissues. Here, by using gene silencing, blocking antibodies or soluble receptor fragments, we identify the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) as a CCHFV entry factor. The LDL-R facilitates binding of CCHFV particles but does not allow entry of Hazara virus (HAZV), another member of the genus. In addition, we show that apolipoprotein E (apoE), an exchangeable protein that mediates LDL/LDL-R interaction, is incorporated on CCHFV particles, though not on HAZV particles, and enhances their specific infectivity by promoting an LDL-R dependent entry. Finally, we show that molecules that decrease LDL-R from the surface of target cells could inhibit CCHFV infection. Our study highlights that CCHFV takes advantage of a lipoprotein receptor and recruits its natural ligand to promote entry into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Ritter
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Lola Canus
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Anupriya Gautam
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Li Zhong
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Boson
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Apoorv Gandhi
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Sergueï Bodoirat
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
- Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Tours, France
| | - Natalia Freitas
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Inserm U1259, Morphogénèse et Antigénicité du VIH et des Virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH), Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
- Université de Tours and CHRU de Tours, Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Tours, France
| | - John N Barr
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Vincent Legros
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Campus vétérinaire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Solène Denolly
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France.
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4
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Xu ZS, Du WT, Wang SY, Wang MY, Yang YN, Li YH, Li ZQ, Zhao LX, Yang Y, Luo WW, Wang YY. LDLR is an entry receptor for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Cell Res 2024; 34:140-150. [PMID: 38182887 PMCID: PMC10837205 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most widespread tick-born zoonotic bunyavirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever and death in humans. CCHFV enters the cell via clathrin-mediated endocytosis which is dependent on its surface glycoproteins. However, the cellular receptors that are required for CCHFV entry are unknown. Here we show that the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is an entry receptor for CCHFV. Genetic knockout of LDLR impairs viral infection in various CCHFV-susceptible human, monkey and mouse cells, which is restored upon reconstitution with ectopically-expressed LDLR. Mutagenesis studies indicate that the ligand binding domain (LBD) of LDLR is necessary for CCHFV infection. LDLR binds directly to CCHFV glycoprotein Gc with high affinity, which supports virus attachment and internalization into host cells. Consistently, a soluble sLDLR-Fc fusion protein or anti-LDLR blocking antibodies impair CCHFV infection into various susceptible cells. Furthermore, genetic knockout of LDLR or administration of an LDLR blocking antibody significantly reduces viral loads, pathological effects and death following CCHFV infection in mice. Our findings suggest that LDLR is an entry receptor for CCHFV and pharmacological targeting of LDLR may provide a strategy to prevent and treat Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Tian Du
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mo-Yu Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Qi Li
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xin Zhao
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Ma YX, Chai YJ, Han YQ, Zhao SB, Yang GY, Wang J, Ming SL, Chu BB. Pseudorabies virus upregulates low-density lipoprotein receptors to facilitate viral entry. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166423. [PMID: 38054618 PMCID: PMC10804996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01664-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is a transcriptional target of the sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and participates in the uptake of LDL-derived cholesterol. However, the involvement of LDLR in PRV infection has not been well characterized. We observed an increased expression level of LDLR mRNA in PRV-infected 3D4/21, PK-15, HeLa, RAW264.7, and L929 cells. The LDLR protein level was also upregulated by PRV infection in PK-15 cells and in murine lung and brain. The treatment of cells with the SREBP inhibitor, fatostatin, or with SREBP2-specific small interfering RNA prevented the PRV-induced upregulation of LDLR expression as well as viral protein expression and progeny virus production. This suggested that PRV activated SREBPs to induce LDLR expression. Furthermore, interference in LDLR expression affected PRV proliferation, while LDLR overexpression promoted it. This indicated that LDLR was involved in PRV infection. The study also demonstrated that LDLR participated in PRV invasions. The overexpression of LDLR or inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which binds to LDLR and targets it for lysosomal degradation, significantly enhanced PRV attachment and entry. Mechanistically, LDLR interacted with PRV on the plasma membrane, and pretreatment of cells with LDLR antibodies was able to neutralize viral entry. An in vivo study indicated that the treatment of mice with the PCSK9 inhibitor SBC-115076 promoted PRV proliferation. The data from the study indicate that PRV hijacks LDLR for viral entry through the activation of SREBPs.IMPORTANCEPseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus that primarily manifests as fever, pruritus, and encephalomyelitis in various domestic and wild animals. Owing to its lifelong latent infection characteristics, PRV outbreaks have led to significant financial setbacks in the global pig industry. There is evidence that PRV variant strains can infect humans, thereby crossing the species barrier. Therefore, gaining deeper insights into PRV pathogenesis and developing updated strategies to contain its spread are critical. This study posits that the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) could be a co-receptor for PRV infection. Hence, strategies targeting LDLR may provide a promising avenue for the development of effective PRV vaccines and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Jing Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Qi Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shi-Bo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Longhu Advanced Immunization Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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6
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Zhai X, Li X, Veit M, Wang N, Wang Y, Merits A, Jiang Z, Qin Y, Zhang X, Qi K, Jiao H, He WT, Chen Y, Mao Y, Su S. LDLR is used as a cell entry receptor by multiple alphaviruses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:622. [PMID: 38245515 PMCID: PMC10799924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes and are pathogenic to humans and livestock, causing a substantial public health burden. So far, several receptors have been identified for alphavirus entry; however, they cannot explain the broad host range and tissue tropism of certain alphaviruses, such as Getah virus (GETV), indicating the existence of additional receptors. Here we identify the evolutionarily conserved low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) as a new cell entry factor for GETV, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Ross River virus (RRV) and Bebaru virus (BEBV). Ectopic expression of LDLR facilitates cellular binding and internalization of GETV, which is mediated by the interaction between the E2-E1 spike of GETV and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of LDLR. Antibodies against LBD block GETV infection in cultured cells. In addition, the GST-LBD fusion protein inhibits GETV infection both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we identify the key amino acids in LDLR-LBD that played a crucial role in viral entry; specific mutations in the CR4 and CR5 domain of LDLR-LBD reduce viral entry to cells by more than 20-fold. These findings suggest that targeting the LDLR-LBD could be a potential strategy for the development of antivirals against multiple alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ningning Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Nooruse Street 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaili Qi
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Houqi Jiao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wan-Ting He
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuo Su
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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7
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Carriquí-Madroñal B, Sheldon J, Duven M, Stegmann C, Cirksena K, Wyler E, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Vondran FWR, Gerold G. The matrix metalloproteinase ADAM10 supports hepatitis C virus entry and cell-to-cell spread via its sheddase activity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011759. [PMID: 37967063 PMCID: PMC10650992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exploits the four entry factors CD81, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI, also known as SCARB1), occludin, and claudin-1 as well as the co-factor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to infect human hepatocytes. Here, we report that the disintegrin and matrix metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) associates with CD81, SR-BI, and EGFR and acts as HCV host factor. Pharmacological inhibition, siRNA-mediated silencing and genetic ablation of ADAM10 reduced HCV infection. ADAM10 was dispensable for HCV replication but supported HCV entry and cell-to-cell spread. Substrates of the ADAM10 sheddase including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and E-cadherin, which activate EGFR family members, rescued HCV infection of ADAM10 knockout cells. ADAM10 did not influence infection with other enveloped RNA viruses such as alphaviruses and a common cold coronavirus. Collectively, our study reveals a critical role for the sheddase ADAM10 as a HCV host factor, contributing to EGFR family member transactivation and as a consequence to HCV uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carriquí-Madroñal
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Julie Sheldon
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mara Duven
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Karsten Cirksena
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Zapatero-Belinchón
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Regenerative Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Carriquí-Madroñal B, Lasswitz L, von Hahn T, Gerold G. Genetic and pharmacological perturbation of hepatitis-C virus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 62:101362. [PMID: 37678113 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis-C virus (HCV) chronically infects 58 million individuals worldwide with variable disease outcome. While a subfraction of individuals exposed to the virus clear the infection, the majority develop chronic infection if untreated. Another subfraction of chronically ill proceeds to severe liver disease. The underlying causes of this interindividual variability include genetic polymorphisms in interferon genes. Here, we review available data on the influence of genetic or pharmacological perturbation of HCV host dependency factors on the clinically observed interindividual differences in disease outcome. We focus on host factors mediating virus entry into human liver cells. We assess available data on genetic variants of the major entry factors scavenger receptor class-B type I, CD81, claudin-1, and occludin as well as pharmacological perturbation of these entry factors. We review cell culture experimental and clinical cohort study data and conclude that entry factor perturbation may contribute to disease outcome of hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carriquí-Madroñal
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lisa Lasswitz
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas von Hahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Interventional Endoscopy, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Semmelweis University, Campus Hamburg, 22307 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Toon K, Kalemera MD, Palor M, Rose NJ, Takeuchi Y, Grove J, Mattiuzzo G. GB Virus B and Hepatitis C Virus, Distantly Related Hepaciviruses, Share an Entry Factor, Claudin-1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0046923. [PMID: 37310242 PMCID: PMC10373534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00469-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increased and broadened screening efforts, the last decade has seen a rapid expansion in the number of viral species classified into the Hepacivirus genus. Conserved genetic features of hepaciviruses suggest that they have undergone specific adaptation and have evolved to hijack similar host proteins for efficient propagation in the liver. Here, we developed pseudotyped viruses to elucidate the entry factors of GB virus B (GBV-B), the first hepacivirus described in an animal after hepatitis C virus (HCV). GBV-B-pseudotyped viral particles (GBVBpp) were shown to be uniquely sensitive to the sera of tamarins infected with GBV-B, validating their usefulness as a surrogate for GBV-B entry studies. We screened GBVBpp infection of human hepatoma cell lines that were CRISPR/Cas9 engineered to ablate the expression of individual HCV receptors/entry factors and found that claudin-1 is essential for GBV-B infection, indicating the GBV-B and HCV share an entry factor. Our data suggest that claudin-1 facilitates HCV and GBV-B entry through distinct mechanisms since the former requires the first extracellular loop and the latter is reliant on a C-terminal region containing the second extracellular loop. The observation that claudin-1 is an entry factor shared between these two hepaciviruses suggests that the tight junction protein is of fundamental mechanistic importance during cell entry. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health burden; approximately 58 million individuals have chronic HCV infection and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. To achieve the World Health Organization's target of eliminating hepatitis by 2030, new therapeutics and vaccines are needed. Understanding how HCV enters cells can inform the design of new vaccines and treatments targeting the first stage of infection. However, the HCV cell entry mechanism is complex and has been sparsely described. Studying the entry of related hepaciviruses will increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the first stages of HCV infection, such as membrane fusion, and inform structure-guided HCV vaccine design; in this work, we have identified a protein, claudin-1, that facilitates the entry of an HCV-related hepacivirus but with a mechanism not described for HCV. Similar work on other hepaciviruses may unveil a commonality of entry factors and, possibly, new mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mphatso D. Kalemera
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Machaela Palor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
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10
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Vieyres G, Pietschmann T. The role of human lipoproteins for hepatitis C virus persistence. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101327. [PMID: 37031484 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic virus that establishes a chronic infection in most individuals. Effective treatments are available; however, many patients are not aware of their infection. Consequently, they do not receive treatment and HCV transmission remains high, particularly among groups at high risk of exposure such as people who inject intravenous drugs. A prophylactic vaccine may reduce HCV transmission, but is currently not available. HCV has evolved immune evasion strategies, which facilitate persistence and complicate development of a protective vaccine. The peculiar association of HCV particles with human lipoproteins is thought to facilitate evasion from humoral immune response and viral homing to liver cells. A better understanding of these aspects provides the basis for development of protective vaccination strategies. Here, we review key information about the composition of HCV particles, the mechanisms mediating lipoprotein incorporation, and the functional consequences of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Integrative Analysis of Pathogen-Induced Compartments, Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hanover, Germany.
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11
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Arandhara VL, McClure CP, Tarr AW, Chappell S, Morgan K, Baumert TF, Irving WL, Ball JK. Scavenger receptor class B type I genetic variants associated with disease severity in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28331. [PMID: 36415047 PMCID: PMC10100136 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of host genetic polymorphisms is an increasingly important tool for understanding and predicting pathogenesis and treatment response of viral diseases. The gene locus of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), encoding a cell entry factor and receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV), contains several genetic polymorphisms. We applied a probe extension assay to determine the frequency of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SR-BI gene locus in 374 individuals with history of HCV infection. In addition, SR-BI messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analyzed in liver biopsy specimens of chronically infected HCV subjects. The rs5888 variant allele T was present at a higher frequency in subjects with advanced fibrosis (χ2 , p = 0.016) and after adjusting for age, duration of infection and alcohol intake as confounding factors. Haplotype analysis of SNP frequencies showed that a haplotype consisting of rs61932577 variant allele C and rs5888 variant allele T was associated with an increased risk of advanced liver fibrosis (defined by an Ishak score 4-6) (adjusted odds ratio 2.81; 95% confidence interval 1.06-7.46. p = 0.038). Carriers of the rs5888 variant allele T displayed reduced SR-BI mRNA expression in liver biopsy specimens. In conclusion the rs5888 polymorphism variant is associated with decreased SR-BI expression and an increased risk of development of advanced fibrosis in chronic HCV infection. These findings provide further evidence for a role of SR-BI in HCV pathogenesis and provides a genetic marker for prediction of those infected individuals at greater risk of developing severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Arandhara
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charles Patrick McClure
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingha, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingha, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally Chappell
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kevin Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Strasbourg, France.,IHU Strasbourg, Pôle hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - William L Irving
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingha, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingha, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Stejskal L, Kalemera MD, Lewis CB, Palor M, Walker L, Daviter T, Lees WD, Moss DS, Kremyda-Vlachou M, Kozlakidis Z, Gallo G, Bailey D, Rosenberg W, Illingworth CJR, Shepherd AJ, Grove J. An entropic safety catch controls hepatitis C virus entry and antibody resistance. eLife 2022; 11:e71854. [PMID: 35796426 PMCID: PMC9333995 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E1 and E2 (E1E2), the fusion proteins of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), are unlike that of any other virus yet described, and the detailed molecular mechanisms of HCV entry/fusion remain unknown. Hypervariable region-1 (HVR-1) of E2 is a putative intrinsically disordered protein tail. Here, we demonstrate that HVR-1 has an autoinhibitory function that suppresses the activity of E1E2 on free virions; this is dependent on its conformational entropy. Thus, HVR-1 is akin to a safety catch that prevents premature triggering of E1E2 activity. Crucially, this mechanism is turned off by host receptor interactions at the cell surface to allow entry. Mutations that reduce conformational entropy in HVR-1, or genetic deletion of HVR-1, turn off the safety catch to generate hyper-reactive HCV that exhibits enhanced virus entry but is thermally unstable and acutely sensitive to neutralising antibodies. Therefore, the HVR-1 safety catch controls the efficiency of virus entry and maintains resistance to neutralising antibodies. This discovery provides an explanation for the ability of HCV to persist in the face of continual immune assault and represents a novel regulatory mechanism that is likely to be found in other viral fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Stejskal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mphatso D Kalemera
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte B Lewis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Machaela Palor
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucas Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tina Daviter
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Shared Research Facilities, The Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William D Lees
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David S Moss
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health OrganizationLyonFrance
| | | | | | - William Rosenberg
- Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher JR Illingworth
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Institut für Biologische Physik, Universität zu KölnCologneGermany
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Shepherd
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
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13
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Salama II, Raslan HM, Abdel-Latif GA, Salama SI, Sami SM, Shaaban FA, Abdelmohsen AM, Fouad WA. Impact of direct-acting antiviral regimens on hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1053-1073. [PMID: 35978668 PMCID: PMC9258264 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of liver disease and is associated with various extrahepatic manifestations (EHMs). This mini-review outlines the currently available treatments for HCV infection and their prognostic effect on hepatic manifestations and EHMs. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens are considered pan-genotypic as they achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) > 85% after 12 wk through all the major HCV genotypes, with high percentages of SVR even in advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The risk factors for DAA failure include old males, cirrhosis, and the presence of resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) in the region targeted by the received DAAs. The effectiveness of DAA regimens is reduced in HCV genotype 3 with baseline RAS like A30K, Y93H, and P53del. Moreover, the European Association for the Study of the Liver recommended the identification of baseline RAS for HCV genotype 1a. The higher rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after DAA therapy may be related to the fact that DAA regimens are offered to patients with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, where interferon was contraindicated to those patients. The change in the growth of pre-existing subclinical, undetectable HCC upon DAA treatment might be also a cause. Furthermore, after DAA therapy, the T cell-dependent immune response is much weaker upon HCV clearance, and the down-regulation of TNF-α or the elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio might increase the risk of HCC. DAAs can result in reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HCV co-infected patients. DAAs are effective in treating HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia, with clinical and immunological responses, and have rapid and high effectiveness in thrombocytopenia. DAAs improve insulin resistance in 90% of patients, increase glomerular filtration rate, and decrease proteinuria, hematuria and articular manifestations. HCV clearance by DAAs allows a significant improvement in atherosclerosis and metabolic and immunological conditions, with a reduction of major cardiovascular events. They also improve physical function, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and quality of life. Early therapeutic approach with DAAs is recommended as it cure many of the EHMs that are still in a reversible stage and can prevent others that can develop due to delayed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ibrahim Salama
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hala M Raslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Abdel-Latif
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Somaia I Salama
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Samia M Sami
- Department of Child Health, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Shaaban
- Department of Child Health, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Aida M Abdelmohsen
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Fouad
- Department of Community Medicine Research, National Research Center, Giza 12622, Dokki, Egypt
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14
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Clark LE, Clark SA, Lin C, Liu J, Coscia A, Nabel KG, Yang P, Neel DV, Lee H, Brusic V, Stryapunina I, Plante KS, Ahmed AA, Catteruccia F, Young-Pearse TL, Chiu IM, Llopis PM, Weaver SC, Abraham J. VLDLR and ApoER2 are receptors for multiple alphaviruses. Nature 2021; 602:475-480. [PMID: 34929721 PMCID: PMC8808280 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses, like many other arthropod-borne viruses, infect vertebrate species and insect vectors separated by hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Entry into evolutionarily divergent host cells can be accomplished by recognition of different cellular receptors in different species, or by binding to receptors that are highly conserved across species. Although multiple alphavirus receptors have been described1–3, most are not shared among vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Here we identify the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) as a receptor for the prototypic alphavirus Semliki forest virus. We show that the E2 and E1 glycoproteins (E2–E1) of Semliki forest virus, eastern equine encephalitis virus and Sindbis virus interact with the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of VLDLR and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), two closely related receptors. Ectopic expression of either protein facilitates cellular attachment, and internalization of virus-like particles, a VLDLR LBD–Fc fusion protein or a ligand-binding antagonist block Semliki forest virus E2–E1-mediated infection of human and mouse neurons in culture. The administration of a VLDLR LBD–Fc fusion protein has protective activity against rapidly fatal Semliki forest virus infection in mouse neonates. We further show that invertebrate receptor orthologues from mosquitoes and worms can serve as functional alphavirus receptors. We propose that the ability of some alphaviruses to infect a wide range of hosts is a result of their engagement of evolutionarily conserved lipoprotein receptors and contributes to their pathogenesis. Studies using viral coat glycoproteins show that alphaviruses can enter cells via the very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2), members of an evolutionarily conserved family of lipoprotein receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars E Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - ChieYu Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianying Liu
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Adrian Coscia
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine G Nabel
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan V Neel
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vesna Brusic
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iryna Stryapunina
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Asim A Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Flaminia Catteruccia
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paula Montero Llopis
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,MicRoN Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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He J, Ren W, Wang W, Han W, Jiang L, Zhang D, Guo M. Exosomal targeting and its potential clinical application. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:2385-2402. [PMID: 34973131 PMCID: PMC9458566 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by a variety of living cells, which have a certain degree of natural targeting as nano-carriers. Almost all exosomes released by cells will eventually enter the blood circulation or be absorbed by other cells. Under the action of content sorting mechanism, some specific surface molecules can be expressed on the surface of exosomes, such as tetraspanins protein and integrin. To some extent, these specific surface molecules can fuse with specific cells, so that exosomes show specific cell natural targeting. In recent years, exosomes have become a drug delivery system with low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and high efficacy. Nucleic acids, polypeptides, lipids, or small molecule drugs with therapeutic function are organically loaded into exosomes, and then transported to specific types of cells or tissues in vivo, especially tumor tissues, to achieve targeting drug delivery. The natural targeting of exosome has been found and recognized in some studies, but there are still many challenges in effective clinical treatments. The use of the natural targeting of exosomes alone is incapable of accurately transporting the goods loaded to specific sites. Besides, the natural targeting of exosomes is still an open question in disease targeting and efficient gene/chemotherapy combined therapy. Engineering transformation and modification on exosomes can optimize its natural targeting and deliver the goods to a specific location, providing wide use in clinical treatment. This review summarizes the research progress of exosomal natural targeting and transformation strategy of obtained targeting after transformation. The mechanism of natural targeting and obtained targeting after transformation are also reviewed. The potential value of exosomal targeting in clinical application is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao He
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Guo
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Iso-O N, Komatsuya K, Tokumasu F, Isoo N, Ishigaki T, Yasui H, Yotsuyanagi H, Hara M, Kita K. Malaria Parasites Hijack Host Receptors From Exosomes to Capture Lipoproteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749153. [PMID: 34858976 PMCID: PMC8631964 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites cannot multiply in host erythrocytes without cholesterol because they lack complete sterol biosynthesis systems. This suggests parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) need to capture host sterols, but its mechanism remains unknown. Here we identified a novel high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-delivery pathway operating in blood-stage Plasmodium. In parasitized mouse plasma, exosomes positive for scavenger receptor CD36 and platelet-specific CD41 increased. These CDs were detected in pRBCs and internal parasites. A low molecular antagonist for scavenger receptors, BLT-1, blocked HDL uptake to pRBCs and suppressed Plasmodium growth in vitro. Furthermore, platelet-derived exosomes were internalized in pRBCs. Thus, we presume CD36 is delivered to malaria parasites from platelets by exosomes, which enables parasites to steal HDL for cholesterol supply. Cholesterol needs to cross three membranes (RBC, parasitophorous vacuole and parasite’s plasma membranes) to reach parasite, but our findings can explain the first step of sterol uptake by intracellular parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Iso-O
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of 4th Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Komatsuya
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Biomembrane, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Tokumasu
- Department of Lipidomics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cellular Architecture Studies, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Isoo
- Department of Physiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishigaki
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasui
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of 4th Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Pagano S, Yerly S, Meyer B, Juillard C, Suh N, Le Terrier C, Daguer JP, Farrera-Soler L, Barluenga S, Piumatti G, Hartley O, Lemaitre B, Eberhardt CS, Siegrist CA, Eckerle I, Stringhini S, Guessous I, Kaiser L, Pugin J, Winssinger N, Vuilleumier N. SARS-CoV-2 infection as a trigger of humoral response against apolipoprotein A-1. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13661. [PMID: 34324704 PMCID: PMC8420318 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unravelling autoimmune targets triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection may provide crucial insights into the physiopathology of the disease and foster the development of potential therapeutic candidate targets and prognostic tools. We aimed at determining (a) the association between anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-apoA-1 humoral response and (b) the degree of linear homology between SARS-CoV-2, apoA-1 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) epitopes. DESIGN Bioinformatics modelling coupled with mimic peptides engineering and competition experiments were used to assess epitopes sequence homologies. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-apoA-1 IgG as well as cytokines were assessed by immunoassays on a case-control (n = 101), an intensive care unit (ICU; n = 126) and a general population cohort (n = 663) with available samples in the pre and post-pandemic period. RESULTS Using bioinformatics modelling, linear sequence homologies between apoA-1, TLR2 and Spike epitopes were identified but without experimental evidence of cross-reactivity. Overall, anti-apoA-1 IgG levels were higher in COVID-19 patients or anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals than in healthy donors or anti-SARS-CoV-2 seronegative individuals (P < .0001). Significant and similar associations were noted between anti-apoA-1, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, cytokines and lipid profile. In ICU patients, anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-apoA-1 seroconversion rates displayed similar 7-day kinetics, reaching 82% for anti-apoA-1 seropositivity. In the general population, SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals displayed higher anti-apoA-1 IgG seropositivity rates than nonexposed ones (34% vs 16.8%; P = .004). CONCLUSION COVID-19 induces a marked humoral response against the major protein of high-density lipoproteins. As a correlate of poorer prognosis in other clinical settings, such autoimmunity signatures may relate to long-term COVID-19 prognosis assessment and warrant further scrutiny in the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Pagano
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Juillard
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Suh
- Division of Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals and the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Le Terrier
- Division of Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals and the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Daguer
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lluc Farrera-Soler
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Barluenga
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Piumatti
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of BioMedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lemaitre
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Pathology-Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Pugin
- Division of Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals and the University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Aldana-Bitar J, Moore J, Budoff MJ. LDL receptor and pathogen processes: Functions beyond normal lipids. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:773-781. [PMID: 34645587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of the LDL receptor concerning lipids is well known, its role in various viral and parasitic infections, and in regulating the inflammatory response is poorly understood. Several infectious agents use the LDL receptor as a port of entry, and others depend on it for their cycle of infection. In this review, we focus on the discovery, structure, and normal function of the LDL receptor, as well as its role in a selection of infections. The LDL receptor plays an important role in certain infections and is a potential target for treatment deserving further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Aldana-Bitar
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Jeff Moore
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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19
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Li HC, Yang CH, Lo SY. Cellular factors involved in the hepatitis C virus life cycle. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4555-4581. [PMID: 34366623 PMCID: PMC8326260 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i28.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV), an obligatory intracellular pathogen, highly depends on its host cells to propagate successfully. The HCV life cycle can be simply divided into several stages including viral entry, protein translation, RNA replication, viral assembly and release. Hundreds of cellular factors involved in the HCV life cycle have been identified over more than thirty years of research. Characterization of these cellular factors has provided extensive insight into HCV replication strategies. Some of these cellular factors are targets for anti-HCV therapies. In this review, we summarize the well-characterized and recently identified cellular factors functioning at each stage of the HCV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Hing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yen Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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20
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Pervasive positive selection on virus receptors driven by host-virus conflicts in mammals. J Virol 2021; 95:e0102921. [PMID: 34319153 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01029-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses hijack cellular proteins known as viral receptors to initiate their infection. Viral receptors are subject to two conflicting directional forces, namely negative selection to maintain their cellular function and positive selection resulted from everchanging host-virus arms race. Much remains unclear how viral receptors evolved in mammals, and whether viral receptors from different mammal groups experienced different strength of natural selection. Here, we perform evolutionary analyses of 92 viral receptors in five major orders of mammals, including Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia. In all the five mammal orders, signals of positive selection are detected for a high proportion of viral receptors (from 41% in Carnivora to 65% in Rodentia). Many positively selected residues overlap host-virus interaction interface. Compared with control genes, we find viral receptors underwent elevated rate of adaptive evolution in all the five mammal orders, suggesting that host-virus conflicts are the main driver of the adaptive evolution of viral receptors in mammals. Interestingly, the overall strength of natural selection acting on viral receptors driven by host-virus arms race is largely homogenous and correlated among different mammal orders with bats and rodents, zoonosis reservoirs of importance, unexceptional. Taken together, our findings indicate host-virus conflicts have driven the elevated rate of adaptive evolution in viral receptors across mammals, and might have important implications in zoonosis surveillance and prediction. Importance Viral receptors are cellular proteins hijacked by viruses to help their infections. A complete picture on the evolution of viral receptors in mammals is still lacking. Here, we perform a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the evolution of 92 viral receptors in five mammal orders, including Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia. We find that positive selection pervasively occurred during the evolution of viral receptors, and viral receptors exhibit at an elevated rate of adaptive evolution than control genes in all the five mammal orders, suggesting host-virus conflicts are a major driver of the adaptive evolution of viral receptors. Interestingly, the strength of positive selection acting on viral receptors is similar among the five mammal orders. Our study might have important implications in understanding the evolution of host-virus interaction.
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21
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Interdependent Impact of Lipoprotein Receptors and Lipid-Lowering Drugs on HCV Infectivity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071626. [PMID: 34209751 PMCID: PMC8303410 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HCV replication cycle is tightly associated with host lipid metabolism: Lipoprotein receptors SR-B1 and LDLr promote entry of HCV, replication is associated with the formation of lipid-rich membranous organelles and infectious particle assembly highjacks the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretory pathway. Hence, medications that interfere with the lipid metabolism of the cell, such as statins, may affect HCV infection. Here, we study the interplay between lipoprotein receptors, lipid homeostasis, and HCV infection by genetic and pharmacological interventions. We found that individual ablation of the lipoprotein receptors SR-B1 and LDLr did not drastically affect HCV entry, replication, or infection, but double lipoprotein receptor knock-outs significantly reduced HCV infection. Furthermore, we could show that this effect was neither due to altered expression of additional HCV entry factors nor caused by changes in cellular cholesterol content. Strikingly, whereas lipid-lowering drugs such as simvastatin or fenofibrate did not affect HCV entry or infection of immortalized hepatoma cells expressing SR-B1 and/or LDLr or primary human hepatocytes, ablation of these receptors rendered cells more susceptible to these drugs. Finally, we observed no significant differences between statin users and control groups with regards to HCV viral load in a cohort of HCV infected patients before and during HCV antiviral treatment. Interestingly, statin treatment, which blocks the mevalonate pathway leading to decreased cholesterol levels, was associated with mild but appreciable lower levels of liver damage markers before HCV therapy. Overall, our findings confirm the role of lipid homeostasis in HCV infection and highlight the importance of the mevalonate pathway in the HCV replication cycle.
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22
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Kalemera MD, Capella-Pujol J, Chumbe A, Underwood A, Bull RA, Schinkel J, Sliepen K, Grove J. Optimized cell systems for the investigation of hepatitis C virus E1E2 glycoproteins. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33147126 PMCID: PMC8116788 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Great strides have been made in understanding and treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) thanks to the development of various experimental systems including cell-culture-proficient HCV, the HCV pseudoparticle system and soluble envelope glycoproteins. The HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) system is a platform used extensively in studies of cell entry, screening of novel entry inhibitors, assessing the phenotypes of clinically observed E1 and E2 glycoproteins and, most pertinently, in characterizing neutralizing antibody breadth induced upon vaccination and natural infection in patients. Nonetheless, some patient-derived clones produce pseudoparticles that are either non-infectious or exhibit infectivity too low for meaningful phenotyping. The mechanisms governing whether any particular clone produces infectious pseudoparticles are poorly understood. Here we show that endogenous expression of CD81, an HCV receptor and a cognate-binding partner of E2, in producer HEK 293T cells is detrimental to the infectivity of recovered HCVpp for most strains. Many HCVpp clones exhibited increased infectivity or had their infectivity rescued when they were produced in 293T cells CRISPR/Cas9 engineered to ablate CD81 expression (293TCD81KO). Clones made in 293TCD81KO cells were antigenically very similar to their matched counterparts made parental cells and appear to honour the accepted HCV entry pathway. Deletion of CD81 did not appreciably increase the recovered titres of soluble E2 (sE2). However, we did, unexpectedly, find that monomeric sE2 made in 293T cells and Freestyle 293-F (293-F) cells exhibit important differences. We found that 293-F-produced sE2 harbours mostly complex-type glycans whilst 293T-produced sE2 displays a heterogeneous mixture of both complex-type glycans and high-mannose or hybrid-type glycans. Moreover, sE2 produced in 293T cells is antigenically superior; exhibiting increased binding to conformational antibodies and the large extracellular loop of CD81. In summary, this work describes an optimal cell line for the production of HCVpp and reveals that sE2 made in 293T and 293-F cells are not antigenic equals. Our findings have implications for functional studies of E1E2 and the production of candidate immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mphatso D Kalemera
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, The Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joan Capella-Pujol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Chumbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Underwood
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janke Schinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, The Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
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23
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Ninomiya R, Kubo S, Baba T, Kajiwara T, Tokunaga A, Nabeka H, Doihara T, Shimokawa T, Matsuda S, Murakami K, Aigaki T, Yamaoka Y, Hamada F. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein uptake by Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 556:192-198. [PMID: 33845309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection mainly causes gastroduodenal diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that infection with H. pylori, especially strains harboring the virulence factor CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A), contribute to the development of non-gastric systemic diseases, including hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. However, mechanisms underlying this association has not been defined. In this study, we carried out a large-scale genetic screen using Drosophila and identified a novel CagA target low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which aids in the clearance of circulating LDL. We showed that CagA physically interacted with LDLR via its carboxy-terminal region and inhibited LDLR-mediated LDL uptake into cells. Since deficiency of LDLR-mediated LDL uptake has been known to increase plasma LDL and accelerate atherosclerosis, our findings may provide a novel mechanism for the association between infection with CagA-positive H. pylori and hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ninomiya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kubo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takehiro Baba
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Tooru Kajiwara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Akinori Tokunaga
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Life Science Research Laboratory, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nabeka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Takuya Doihara
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shimokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsuda
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Toshiro Aigaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030-4211, USA
| | - Fumihiko Hamada
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
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24
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Proto MC, Fiore D, Piscopo C, Pagano C, Galgani M, Bruzzaniti S, Laezza C, Gazzerro P, Bifulco M. Lipid homeostasis and mevalonate pathway in COVID-19: Basic concepts and potential therapeutic targets. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101099. [PMID: 33915202 PMCID: PMC8074527 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite encouraging progresses achieved in the management of viral diseases, efficient strategies to counteract infections are still required. The current global challenge highlighted the need to develop a rapid and cost-effective strategy to counteract the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in viral infections. Viruses can use the host lipid machinery to support their life cycle and to impair the host immune response. The altered expression of mevalonate pathway-related genes, induced by several viruses, assures survival and spread in host tissue. In some infections, statins, HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, reduce cholesterol in the plasma membrane of permissive cells resulting in lower viral titers and failure to internalize the virus. Statins can also counteract viral infections through their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects. Beyond statins, interfering with the mevalonate pathway could have an adjuvant effect in therapies aimed at mitigating endothelial dysfunction and deregulated inflammation in viral infection. In this review we depicted the historical and current evidence highlighting how lipid homeostasis and mevalonate pathway targeting represents a valid approach to rapidly neutralize viruses, focusing our attention to their potential use as effective targets to hinder SARS-CoV-2 morbidity and mortality. Pros and cons of statins and Mevalonate-pathway inhibitors have been also dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Proto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Chiara Piscopo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Bruzzaniti
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, IEOS CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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25
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Palor M, Stejskal L, Mandal P, Lenman A, Alberione MP, Kirui J, Moeller R, Ebner S, Meissner F, Gerold G, Shepherd AJ, Grove J. Cholesterol sensing by CD81 is important for hepatitis C virus entry. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16931-16948. [PMID: 32900848 PMCID: PMC7863897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD81 plays a central role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent structural analysis of CD81 indicates that it contains an intramembrane cholesterol-binding pocket and that interaction with cholesterol may regulate a conformational switch in the large extracellular domain of CD81. Therefore, CD81 possesses a potential cholesterol-sensing mechanism; however, its relevance for protein function is thus far unknown. In this study we investigate CD81 cholesterol sensing in the context of its activity as a receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Structure-led mutagenesis of the cholesterol-binding pocket reduced CD81-cholesterol association but had disparate effects on HCV entry, both reducing and enhancing CD81 receptor activity. We reasoned that this could be explained by alterations in the consequences of cholesterol binding. To investigate this further we performed molecular dynamic simulations of CD81 with and without cholesterol; this identified a potential allosteric mechanism by which cholesterol binding regulates the conformation of CD81. To test this, we designed further mutations to force CD81 into either the open (cholesterol-unbound) or closed (cholesterol-bound) conformation. The open mutant of CD81 exhibited reduced HCV receptor activity, whereas the closed mutant enhanced activity. These data are consistent with cholesterol sensing switching CD81 between a receptor active and inactive state. CD81 interactome analysis also suggests that conformational switching may modulate the assembly of CD81-partner protein networks. This work furthers our understanding of the molecular mechanism of CD81 cholesterol sensing, how this relates to HCV entry, and CD81's function as a molecular scaffold; these insights are relevant to CD81's varied roles in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machaela Palor
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lenka Stejskal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Piya Mandal
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annasara Lenman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - María Pía Alberione
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jared Kirui
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Ebner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany; Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Systems Immunology and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian J Shepherd
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College, London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Salunkhe S, Dheeraj, Basak M, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Surface functionalization of exosomes for target-specific delivery and in vivo imaging & tracking: Strategies and significance. J Control Release 2020; 326:599-614. [PMID: 32730952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nanovesicles excreted by many cells for intercellular communication and for transfer of materials including proteins, nucleic acids and even synthetic therapeutic agents. Surface modification of exosomes imparts additional functionality to the exosomes to enable site specific drug delivery and in vivo imaging and tracking and is an emerging area in drug delivery research. The present review focuses upon these modifications on the exosomal surface, the chemistry involved and their impact on targeted drug delivery for the treatment of brain, breast, lung, liver, colon tumors and, heart diseases and for understanding their in vivo fate including their uptake mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. The specific exosomal membrane proteins such as tetraspanins (CD63, CD81, CD9), lactadherin (LA), lysosome associated membrane protein-2b (Lamp-2b) and, glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) involved in functionalization of exosome surface have also been discussed along with different strategies of surface modification like genetic engineering, covalent modification (click chemistry and metabolic engineering of parent cells of exosomes) and non-covalent modification (multivalent electrostatic interactions, ligand-receptor interaction, hydrophobic interaction, aptamer based modification and modification by anchoring CP05 peptide) along with optical (fluorescent and bioluminescent) and radioactive isotope labelling techniques of exosomes for imaging purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Dheeraj
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Moumita Basak
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Vieyres G, Reichert I, Carpentier A, Vondran FWR, Pietschmann T. The ATGL lipase cooperates with ABHD5 to mobilize lipids for hepatitis C virus assembly. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008554. [PMID: 32542055 PMCID: PMC7316345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are essential cellular organelles for storage of fatty acids and triglycerides. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) translocates several of its proteins onto their surface and uses them for production of infectious progeny. We recently reported that the lipid droplet-associated α/β hydrolase domain-containing protein 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) participates in HCV assembly by mobilizing lipid droplet-associated lipids. However, ABHD5 itself has no lipase activity and it remained unclear how ABHD5 mediates lipolysis critical for HCV assembly. Here, we identify adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) as ABHD5 effector and new host factor involved in the hepatic lipid droplet degradation as well as in HCV and lipoprotein morphogenesis. Modulation of ATGL protein expression and lipase activity controlled lipid droplet lipolysis and virus production. ABHD4 is a paralog of ABHD5 unable to activate ATGL or support HCV assembly and lipid droplet lipolysis. Grafting ABHD5 residues critical for activation of ATGL onto ABHD4 restored the interaction between lipase and co-lipase and bestowed the pro-viral and lipolytic functions onto the engineered protein. Congruently, mutation of the predicted ABHD5 protein interface to ATGL ablated ABHD5 functions in lipid droplet lipolysis and HCV assembly. Interestingly, minor alleles of ABHD5 and ATGL associated with neutral lipid storage diseases in human, are also impaired in lipid droplet lipolysis and their pro-viral functions. Collectively, these results show that ABHD5 cooperates with ATGL to mobilize triglycerides for HCV infectious virus production. Moreover, viral manipulation of lipid droplet homeostasis via the ABHD5-ATGL axis, akin to natural genetic variation in these proteins, emerges as a possible mechanism by which chronic HCV infection causes liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (GV); (TP)
| | - Isabelle Reichert
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnaud Carpentier
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- ReMediES, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail: (GV); (TP)
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Qing J, Wu M, Luo R, Chen J, Cao L, Zeng D, Shang L, Nong J, Wu Q, Ding BS, Chen X, Rao Z, Liu L, Lou Z. Identification of Interferon Receptor IFNAR2 As a Novel HCV Entry Factor by Using Chemical Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1232-1241. [PMID: 31972076 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon sensing pathogen-associated patterns and secreting interferons (IFNs) into the environment, host cells perceive extracellular type I IFNs by the IFNα/β receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 to stimulate downstream innate immune signaling cascades. Through the use of chemical probes, we demonstrated that IFNAR2 facilitates hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. Silencing of IFNAR2 significantly attenuated HCV proliferation. IFNAR2 binds infectious HCV virions through a direct interaction of its D2 domain with the C-terminal end of apolipoprotein E (apoE) on the viral envelope and facilitates virus entry into host cells. The antibody against the IFNAR2 D2 domain attenuates IFNAR2-apoE interaction and impairs HCV infection. The recombinant IFNAR2 protein and the chemical probe potently inhibit major HCV genotypes in various human liver cells in vitro. Moreover, the impact of a chemical probe on HCV genotype 2a is also documented in immune-compromised humanized transgenic mice. Our results not only expand the understanding of the biology of HCV entry and the virus-host relationship but also reveal a new target for the development of anti-HCV entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qing
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China
| | - Debin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinkai Wu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Cosset FL, Mialon C, Boson B, Granier C, Denolly S. HCV Interplay with Lipoproteins: Inside or Outside the Cells? Viruses 2020; 12:v12040434. [PMID: 32290553 PMCID: PMC7232430 DOI: 10.3390/v12040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health issue leading to chronic liver diseases. HCV particles are unique owing to their particular lipid composition, namely the incorporation of neutral lipids and apolipoproteins. The mechanism of association between HCV virion components and these lipoproteins factors remains poorly understood as well as its impact in subsequent steps of the viral life cycle, such as entry into cells. It was proposed that the lipoprotein biogenesis pathway is involved in HCV morphogenesis; yet, recent evidence indicated that HCV particles can mature and evolve biochemically in the extracellular medium after egress. In addition, several viral, cellular and blood components have been shown to influence and regulate this specific association. Finally, this specific structure and composition of HCV particles was found to influence entry into cells as well as their stability and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies. Due to its specific particle composition, studying the association of HCV particles with lipoproteins remains an important goal towards the rational design of a protective vaccine.
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30
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Dai X, Zhang X, Ostrikov K, Abrahamyan L. Host receptors: the key to establishing cells with broad viral tropism for vaccine production. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:147-168. [PMID: 32202955 PMCID: PMC7113910 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based vaccine technology is a flexible and convenient approach for vaccine production that requires adaptation of the vaccine strains to the new cells. Driven by the motivation to develop a broadly permissive cell line for infection with a wide range of viruses, we identified a set of the most relevant host receptors involved in viral attachment and entry. This identification was done through a review of different viral entry pathways and host cell lines, and in the context of the Baltimore classification of viruses. In addition, we indicated the potential technical problems and proposed some solutions regarding how to modify the host cell genome in order to meet industrial requirements for mass production of antiviral vaccines. Our work contributes to a finer understanding of the importance of breaking the host–virus recognition specificities for the possibility of creating a cell line feasible for the production of vaccines against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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31
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Gerold G, Moeller R, Pietschmann T. Hepatitis C Virus Entry: Protein Interactions and Fusion Determinants Governing Productive Hepatocyte Invasion. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036830. [PMID: 31427285 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is among the best-studied uptake processes for human pathogenic viruses. Uptake follows a spatially and temporally tightly controlled program. Numerous host factors including proteins, lipids, and glycans promote productive uptake of HCV particles into human liver cells. The virus initially attaches to surface proteoglycans, lipid receptors such as the scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), and to the tetraspanin CD81. After lateral translocation of virions to tight junctions, claudin-1 (CLDN1) and occludin (OCLN) are essential for entry. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis engulfs HCV particles, which fuse with endosomal membranes after pH drop. Uncoating of the viral RNA genome in the cytoplasm completes the entry process. Here we systematically review and classify HCV entry factors by their mechanistic role, relevance, and level of evidence. Finally, we report on more recent knowledge on determinants of membrane fusion and close with an outlook on future implications of HCV entry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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32
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Barrass SV, Butcher SJ. Advances in high-throughput methods for the identification of virus receptors. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:309-323. [PMID: 31865406 PMCID: PMC7248041 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved many mechanisms to invade host cells and establish successful infections. The interaction between viral attachment proteins and host cell receptors is the first and decisive step in establishing such infections, initiating virus entry into the host cells. Therefore, the identification of host receptors is fundamental in understanding pathogenesis and tissue tropism. Furthermore, receptor identification can inform the development of antivirals, vaccines, and diagnostic technologies, which have a substantial impact on human health. Nevertheless, due to the complex nature of virus entry, the redundancy in receptor usage, and the limitations in current identification methods, many host receptors remain elusive. Recent advances in targeted gene perturbation, high-throughput screening, and mass spectrometry have facilitated the discovery of virus receptors in recent years. In this review, we compare the current methods used within the field to identify virus receptors, focussing on genomic- and interactome-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Barrass
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sarah J Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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A Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1a E1/E2 Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccine Elicits Antibodies That Differentially Neutralize Closely Related 2a Strains through Interactions of the N-Terminal Hypervariable Region 1 of E2 with Scavenger Receptor B1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00810-19. [PMID: 31462563 PMCID: PMC6819942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00810-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine is still urgently needed to overcome the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic. It is estimated that 1.75 million new HCV infections occur each year, many of which will go undiagnosed and untreated. Untreated HCV can lead to continued spread of the disease, progressive liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually, end-stage liver disease and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, our 1a E1/E2 glycoprotein vaccine was shown to elicit broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies; however, there remains variation in the effectiveness of these antibodies against different HCV genotypes. In this study, we investigated determinants of differential neutralization sensitivity between two highly related genotype 2a isolates, J6 and JFH-1. Our data indicate that the HVR1 region determines neutralization sensitivity to vaccine antisera through modulation of sensitivity to antibodies and interactions with SR-B1. Our results provide additional insight into optimizing a broadly neutralizing HCV vaccine. The global health burden for hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains high, despite available effective treatments. To eliminate HCV, a prophylactic vaccine is needed. One major challenge in the development of a vaccine is the genetic diversity of the virus, with 7 major genotypes and many subtypes. A global vaccine must be effective against all HCV genotypes. Our previous data showed that the 1a E1/E2 glycoprotein vaccine component elicits broad cross-neutralizing antibodies in humans and animals. However, some variation is seen in the effectiveness of these antibodies to neutralize different HCV genotypes and isolates. Of interest was the differences in neutralizing activity against two closely related isolates of HCV genotype 2a, the J6 and JFH-1 strains. Using site-directed mutagenesis to generate chimeric viruses between the J6 and JFH-1 strains, we found that variant amino acids within the core E2 glycoprotein domain of these two HCV genotype 2a viruses do not influence isolate-specific neutralization. Further analysis revealed that the N-terminal hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the E2 protein determines the sensitivity of isolate-specific neutralization, and the HVR1 of the resistant J6 strain binds scavenger receptor class-B type-1 (SR-B1), while the sensitive JFH-1 strain does not. Our data provide new information on mechanisms of isolate-specific neutralization to facilitate the optimization of a much-needed HCV vaccine. IMPORTANCE A vaccine is still urgently needed to overcome the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic. It is estimated that 1.75 million new HCV infections occur each year, many of which will go undiagnosed and untreated. Untreated HCV can lead to continued spread of the disease, progressive liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually, end-stage liver disease and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previously, our 1a E1/E2 glycoprotein vaccine was shown to elicit broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies; however, there remains variation in the effectiveness of these antibodies against different HCV genotypes. In this study, we investigated determinants of differential neutralization sensitivity between two highly related genotype 2a isolates, J6 and JFH-1. Our data indicate that the HVR1 region determines neutralization sensitivity to vaccine antisera through modulation of sensitivity to antibodies and interactions with SR-B1. Our results provide additional insight into optimizing a broadly neutralizing HCV vaccine.
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Abouelasrar Salama S, Lavie M, De Buck M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Cytokines and serum amyloid A in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 50:29-42. [PMID: 31718982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is dependent on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α during infection and inflammation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) upregulates SAA-inducing cytokines. In line with this, a segment of chronically infected individuals display increased circulating levels of SAA. SAA has even been proposed to be a potential biomarker to evaluate treatment efficiency and the course of disease. SAA possesses antiviral activity against HCV via direct interaction with the viral particle, but might also divert infectivity through its function as an apolipoprotein. On the other hand, SAA shares inflammatory and angiogenic activity with chemotactic cytokines by activating the G protein-coupled receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2. These latter properties might promote chronic inflammation and hepatic injury. Indeed, up to 80 % of infected individuals develop chronic disease because they cannot completely clear the infection, due to diversion of the immune response. In this review, we summarize the interconnection between SAA and cytokines in the context of HCV infection and highlight the dual role SAA could play in this disease. Nevertheless, more research is needed to establish whether the balance between those opposing activities can be tilted in favor of the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abouelasrar Salama
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Muriel Lavie
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mieke De Buck
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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Gonzalez-Aldaco K, Roman S, Torres-Valadez R, Ojeda-Granados C, Torres-Reyes LA, Panduro A. Hepatitis C virus clearance and less liver damage in patients with high cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and APOE ε 4 allele. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5826-5837. [PMID: 31636475 PMCID: PMC6801190 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i38.5826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol is related to improvements in the rate of sustained virological response and a robust immune response against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). APOE gene polymorphisms regulate cholesterol levels modifying the course of the HCV infection. The relationship between cholesterol, APOE alleles, and the outcome of HCV infection has not been evaluated in the admixed population of Mexico. AIM To investigate the role of APOE -ε2, -ε3, and -ε4 alleles and the metabolic profile in the outcome of HCV infection. METHODS A total of 299 treatment-naïve HCV patients were included in this retrospective study. Patients were stratified in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) (n = 206) and spontaneous clearance (SC) (n = 93). A clinical record was registered. Biochemical tests were assessed by dry chemistry assay. APOE genotypes were determined using a Real-Time polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides, and hypercholesterolemia were higher in SC than CHC patients as well as the frequency of the APOE ε4 allele (12.4% vs 7.3%). SC patients were overweight (54.8%). The ε4 allele was associated with SC (OR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.31-0.98, P = 0.042) and mild fibrosis (F1-F2) in CHC patients (OR 0.091, 95%CI 0.01-0.75, P = 0.020). LDL-c ≥ 101.5 mg/dL (OR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.10-0.41, P < 0.001) and BMI ≥ 26.6 kg/m2 (OR= 0.37, 95%CI: 0.18-0.76, P < 0.001) were associated with SC status; while ALT ≥ 50.5 IU/L was negatively associated (OR = 5.67, 95%CI: 2.69-11.97, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In SC patients, the APOE ε4 allele and LDL-c conferred a protective effect in the course of the HCV infection in the context of excess body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Gonzalez-Aldaco
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rafael Torres-Valadez
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ojeda-Granados
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis A Torres-Reyes
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Molecular Biology in Medicine, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde” and Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
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36
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Unger LW, Forstner B, Schneglberger S, Muckenhuber M, Eigenbauer E, Scheiner B, Mandorfer M, Trauner M, Reiberger T. Patterns and prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with different etiologies of chronic liver disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2019; 131:395-403. [PMID: 31493100 PMCID: PMC6748890 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-019-01544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Liver disease impacts on hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins and lipogenesis but data on dyslipidemia during disease progression are limited. We assessed the patterns of dyslipidemia in (i) different liver disease etiologies and discriminated (ii) non-advanced (non-ACLD) from advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) as it is unclear how progression to ACLD impacts on dyslipidemia-associated cardiovascular risk. Methods Patients with alcoholic liver disease (n = 121), hepatitis C (n = 1438), hepatitis B (n = 384), metabolic/fatty liver disease (n = 532), cholestatic liver disease (n = 119), and autoimmune hepatitis (n = 114) were included. Liver stiffness ≥15 kPa defined ACLD. Dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol >200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol >130 mg/dL and triglycerides >200 mg/dL. Results Across all etiologies, total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in ACLD, when compared to non-ACLD. Accordingly, LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in ACLD due to hepatitis C, hepatitis B, metabolic/fatty liver disease and autoimmune hepatitis. Triglyceride levels did not differ due to disease severity in any etiology. Despite lower total and LDL cholesterol levels in ACLD, etiology-specific dyslipidemia patterns remained similar to non-ACLD. Contrary to this “improved” lipid status in ACLD, cardiovascular comorbidities were more prevalent in ACLD: arterial hypertension was present in 26.6% of non-ACLD and in 55.4% of ACLD patients (p < 0.001), and diabetes was present in 8.1% of non-ACLD and 25.6% of ACLD patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion Liver disease etiology is a major determinant of dyslipidemia patterns and prevalence. Progression to ACLD “improves” serum lipid levels while arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus are more prevalent. Future studies should evaluate cardiovascular events after ACLD-induced “improvement” of dyslipidemia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00508-019-01544-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas W Unger
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernadette Forstner
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schneglberger
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Muckenhuber
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Eigenbauer
- IT-Systems & Communications, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scheiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
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Caron J, Pène V, Tolosa L, Villaret M, Luce E, Fourrier A, Heslan JM, Saheb S, Bruckert E, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Nguyen TH, Rosenberg AR, Weber A, Dubart-Kupperschmitt A. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient hepatocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells allow familial hypercholesterolemia modeling, CRISPR/Cas-mediated genetic correction, and productive hepatitis C virus infection. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:221. [PMID: 31358055 PMCID: PMC6664765 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia type IIA (FH) is due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) resulting in elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in plasma and in premature cardiovascular diseases. As hepatocytes are the only cells capable of metabolizing cholesterol, they are therefore the target cells for cell/gene therapy approaches in the treatment of lipid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, the LDLR has been reported to be involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatocytes; however, its role in the virus infection cycle is still disputed. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a homozygous LDLR-null FH-patient (FH-iPSCs). We constructed a correction cassette bearing LDLR cDNA under the control of human hepatic apolipoprotein A2 promoter that targets the adeno-associated virus integration site AAVS1. We differentiated both FH-iPSCs and corrected FH-iPSCs (corr-FH-iPSCs) into hepatocytes to study statin-mediated regulation of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Upon HCV particle inoculation, viral replication and production were quantified in these cells. RESULTS We showed that FH-iPSCs displayed the disease phenotype. Using homologous recombination mediated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, FH-iPSCs were genetically corrected by the targeted integration of a correction cassette at the AAVS1 locus. Both FH-iPSCs and corr-FH-iPSCs were then differentiated into functional polarized hepatocytes using a stepwise differentiation approach (FH-iHeps and corr-FH-iHeps). The correct insertion and expression of the correction cassette resulted in restoration of LDLR expression and function (LDL-c uptake) in corr-FH-iHeps. We next demonstrated that pravastatin treatment increased the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism in both cell models. Moreover, LDLR expression and function were also enhanced in corr-FH-iHeps after pravastatin treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that both FH-iHeps and corr-FH-iHeps were as permissive to viral infection as primary human hepatocytes but that virus production in FH-iHeps was significantly decreased compared to corr-FH-iHeps, suggesting a role of the LDLR in HCV morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides the first LDLR-null FH cell model and its corrected counterpart to study the regulation of cholesterol metabolism and host determinants of HCV life cycle, and a platform to screen drugs for treating dyslipidemia and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Caron
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Eléanor Luce
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Angélique Fourrier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heslan
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Samir Saheb
- Service d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Service d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBERehd, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuan Huy Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Arielle R Rosenberg
- Université Paris Descartes, EA4474, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Weber
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Dubart-Kupperschmitt
- INSERM UMR_S1193, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; UMR-S1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; DHU Hepatinov, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.
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38
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Real LM, Macías J, Rivero-Juárez A, Téllez F, Merino D, Moreno-Grau S, Orellana A, Gómez-Salgado J, Sáez ME, Frías M, Corma-Gómez A, Merchante N, Ruiz A, Caruz A, Pineda JA. Genetic markers of lipid metabolism genes associated with low susceptibility to HCV infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9054. [PMID: 31227787 PMCID: PMC6588564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the relation between lipids and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) life-cycle, we aimed to explore the existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with low susceptibility to HCV-infection within lipid metabolism genes. This was a case-control study in three phases: (I) allelic frequencies of 9 SNPs within 6 genes were compared in 404 HCV-infected patients and 801 population controls; (II) results were validated in 602 HCV-infected individuals and 1352 controls; (III) results were confirmed in 30 HCV-exposed uninfected (EU) individuals. In phase I, only the LDLRAP1-rs4075184-A allele was differentially distributed in patients and controls (358 of 808 alleles [44.3%] and 807 of 1602 alleles [50.3%], respectively) (p = 0.004). In phase II, the A allele frequency was 547 of 1204 alleles (45.4%) in patients and 1326 of 2704 alleles (49.0%) in controls (p = 0.037). This frequency in EU was 36 of 60 alleles (60%), which was higher than that observed in patients from phase I (p = 0.018) and phase II (p = 0.027). The LDLRAP1-mRNA expression was lower in AA carriers than in non-AA carriers (median [Q1-Q3]: 0.85 [0.17–1.75] relative-units [ru] versus 1.71 [1.00–2.73] ru; p = 0.041). Our results suggest that LDLRAP1-rs4075184-A allele is associated with lower susceptibility to HCV-infection and with reduced expression of LDLRAP1-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Real
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan Macías
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juárez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Téllez
- Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación de la Provincia de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Dolores Merino
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez, Huelva, Spain
| | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Fundació ACE-Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Fundació ACE-Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María E Sáez
- Centro Andaluz de Estudios Bioinformáticos (CAEBI, SL), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario Frías
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Anaïs Corma-Gómez
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nicolás Merchante
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Fundació ACE-Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Unidad de Inmunogenética, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan A Pineda
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
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[Hepatic tropism of hepatitis C virus infection]. Uirusu 2019; 68:63-70. [PMID: 31105136 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 170 million people worldwide and is a major cause of life-threatening liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In current research, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of hepatic tropism of HCV infection. Although non-hepatic cells could not permit replication of HCV RNA, exogenous expression of liver specific miRNA, miR-122 facilitated efficient replication of viral RNA through direct interaction with 5'UTR of viral genome, indicating that miR-122 is one of the key determinants for hepatic tropism of HCV infection. In spite of efficient replication of viral RNA, formation of infectious particles was not observed in non-hepatic cells exogenously expressing miR-122. We found that expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) facilitated the formation of infectious HCV particles in non-hepatic cells, indicating that not only miR-122 but also ApoE participate in tissue tropism of HCV infection. To understand the exact roles of miR-122 and apolipoproteins in hepatic tropism of HCV, we established miR-122 and ApoB/ApoE knockout (KO) Huh7 cells, respectively. Although slight increase of intracellular HCV RNA and infectious titers in the culture supernatants was observed, propagation of HCV was impaired in miR-122 KO Huh7 cells. After serial passages of HCV in miR-122 KO cells, we obtained an adaptive mutant that possessed G28A substitutions in the 5'UTR of the HCV genome and exhibited efficient translation and replication in both miR-122 KO Huh7 and non-hepatic cells without exogenous expression of miR-122. These results suggest that HCV mutants replicating in non-hepatic cells in an miR-122-independent manner participate in the induction of extrahepatic manifestations in chronic hepatitis C patients. Deficiency of both ApoB and ApoE strongly inhibited the formation of infectious HCV particles. Interestingly, expression not only of ApoE but also of ApoA or ApoC could rescue the production of infectious HCV particles in ApoB/ApoE KO cells, suggesting that exchangeable apolipoproteins redundantly participate in the formation of infectious HCV particles.
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Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and low-density lipoprotein receptor contribute to Clostridium difficile toxin A entry into cells. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1760-1769. [PMID: 31160825 PMCID: PMC6754795 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a major exotoxin contributing to disruption of the colonic epithelium during C. difficile infection. TcdA contains a carbohydrate-binding combined repetitive oligopeptides (CROPs) domain that mediates its attachment to cell surfaces, but recent data suggest the existence of CROPs-independent receptors. Here, we carried out genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated screens using a truncated TcdA lacking the CROPs, and identified sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) as host factors contributing to binding and entry of TcdA. TcdA recognizes the sulfation group in sGAGs. Blocking sulfation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis reduces TcdA binding and entry into cells. Binding of TcdA to the colonic epithelium can be reduced by surfen, a small molecule that masks sGAGs, by GM-1111, a sulfated heparan sulfate analogue, and by sulfated cyclodextrin, a sulfated small molecule. Cells lacking LDLR also show reduced sensitivity to TcdA, although binding between LDLR and TcdA are not detected, suggesting that LDLR may facilitate endocytosis of TcdA. Finally, GM-1111 reduces TcdA-induced fluid accumulation and tissue damage in the colon in a mouse model in which TcdA is injected into the caecum. These data demonstrate in vivo and pathological relevance of TcdA-sGAGs interactions, and reveal a potential therapeutic approach of protecting colonic tissues by blocking these interactions.
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The Role of ApoE in HCV Infection and Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082037. [PMID: 31027190 PMCID: PMC6515466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that can efficiently establish chronic infection in humans. The overlap between the HCV replication cycle and lipid metabolism is considered to be one of the primary means by which HCV efficiently develops chronic infections. In the blood, HCV is complex with lipoproteins to form heterogeneous lipo-viro-particles (LVPs). Furthermore, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which binds to receptors during lipoprotein transport and regulates lipid metabolism, is localized on the surface of LVPs. ApoE not only participate in the attachment and entry of HCV on the cell surface but also the assembly and release of HCV viral particles from cells. Moreover, in the blood, ApoE can also alter the infectivity of HCV and be used by HCV to escape recognition by the host immune system. In addition, because ApoE can also affect the antioxidant and immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory properties of the host organism, the long-term binding and utilization of host ApoE during chronic HCV infection not only leads to liver lipid metabolic disorders but may also lead to increased morbidity and mortality associated with systemic comorbidities.
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42
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A serum protein factor mediates maturation and apoB-association of HCV particles in the extracellular milieu. J Hepatol 2019; 70:626-638. [PMID: 30553840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the sera of infected patients, hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles display heterogeneous forms with low-buoyant densities (<1.08), underscoring their lipidation via association with apoB-containing lipoproteins, which was proposed to occur during assembly or secretion from infected hepatocytes. However, the mechanisms inducing this association remain poorly-defined and most cell culture grown HCV (HCVcc) particles exhibit higher density (>1.08) and poor/no association with apoB. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of lipidation and to produce HCVcc particles resembling those in infected sera. METHODS We produced HCVcc particles of Jc1 or H77 strains from Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells cultured in standard conditions (10%-fetal calf serum) vs. in serum-free or human serum conditions before comparing their density profiles to patient-derived virus. We also characterized wild-type and Jc1/H77 hypervariable region 1 (HVR1)-swapped mutant HCVcc particles produced in serum-free media and incubated with different serum types or with purified lipoproteins. RESULTS Compared to serum-free or fetal calf serum conditions, production with human serum redistributed most HCVcc infectious particles to low density (<1.08) or very-low density (<1.04) ranges. In addition, short-time incubation with human serum was sufficient to shift HCVcc physical particles to low-density fractions, in time- and dose-dependent manners, which increased their specific infectivity, promoted apoB-association and induced neutralization-resistance. Moreover, compared to Jc1, we detected higher levels of H77 HCVcc infectious particles in very-low-density fractions, which could unambiguously be attributed to strain-specific features of the HVR1 sequence. Finally, all 3 lipoprotein classes, i.e., very-low-density, low-density and high-density lipoproteins, could synergistically induce low-density shift of HCV particles; yet, this required additional non-lipid serum factor(s) that include albumin. CONCLUSIONS The association of HCV particles with lipids may occur in the extracellular milieu. The lipidation level depends on serum composition as well as on HVR1-specific properties. These simple culture conditions allow production of infectious HCV particles resembling those of chronically-infected patients. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles may associate with apoB and acquire neutral lipids after exiting cells, giving them low-buoyant density. The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) is a majorviral determinant of E2 that controls this process. Besides lipoproteins, specific serum factors including albumin promote extracellular maturation of HCV virions. HCV particle production in vitro, with media of defined serum conditions, enables production of infectious particles resembling those of chronically infected patients.
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Kalemera M, Mincheva D, Grove J, Illingworth CJR. Building a mechanistic mathematical model of hepatitis C virus entry. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006905. [PMID: 30883541 PMCID: PMC6445459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which hepatitis C virus (HCV) gains entry into cells is a complex one, involving a broad range of host proteins. Entry is a critical phase of the viral lifecycle, and a potential target for therapeutic or vaccine-mediated intervention. However, the mechanics of HCV entry remain poorly understood. Here we describe a novel computational model of viral entry, encompassing the relationship between HCV and the key host receptors CD81 and SR-B1. We conduct experiments to thoroughly quantify the influence of an increase or decrease in receptor availability upon the extent of viral entry. We use these data to build and parameterise a mathematical model, which we then validate by further experiments. Our results are consistent with sequential HCV-receptor interactions, whereby initial interaction between the HCV E2 glycoprotein and SR-B1 facilitates the accumulation CD81 receptors, leading to viral entry. However, we also demonstrate that a small minority of viruses can achieve entry in the absence of SR-B1. Our model estimates the impact of the different obstacles that viruses must surmount to achieve entry; among virus particles attaching to the cell surface, around one third of viruses accumulate sufficient CD81 receptors, of which 4-8% then complete the subsequent steps to achieve productive infection. Furthermore, we make estimates of receptor stoichiometry; in excess of 10 receptors are likely to be required to achieve viral entry. Our model provides a tool to investigate the entry characteristics of HCV variants and outlines a framework for future quantitative studies of the multi-receptor dynamics of HCV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mphatso Kalemera
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilyana Mincheva
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, United Kingdom
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Rasche A, Sander AL, Corman VM, Drexler JF. Evolutionary biology of human hepatitis viruses. J Hepatol 2019; 70:501-520. [PMID: 30472320 PMCID: PMC7114834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis viruses are major threats to human health. During the last decade, highly diverse viruses related to human hepatitis viruses were found in animals other than primates. Herein, we describe both surprising conservation and striking differences of the unique biological properties and infection patterns of human hepatitis viruses and their animal homologues, including transmission routes, liver tropism, oncogenesis, chronicity, pathogenesis and envelopment. We discuss the potential for translation of newly discovered hepatitis viruses into preclinical animal models for drug testing, studies on pathogenesis and vaccine development. Finally, we re-evaluate the evolutionary origins of human hepatitis viruses and discuss the past and present zoonotic potential of their animal homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasche
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Sander
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Germany.
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45
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Steba GS, Koekkoek SM, Tanck MWT, Vanhommerig JW, van der Meer JTM, Kwa D, Brinkman K, Prins M, Berkhout B, Pollakis G, Molenkamp R, Schinkel J, Paxton WA. SNP rs688 within the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene associates with HCV susceptibility. Liver Int 2019; 39:463-469. [PMID: 30260075 PMCID: PMC6588020 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite high-risk behaviour, 10%-20% of HCV multiple exposed individuals remain uninfected (MEU), whilst the remainder become infected (MEI). We hypothesize that host factors play a role in HCV susceptibility. We aimed to identify polymorphisms in host genes that encode for proteins involved in viral entry: CD81, Scavenger receptor 1 (SR-1), Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), Claudin-1 (CLDN1), Occludin (OCLN) and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1). METHODS Multiple exposed infected and MEU from two observational cohorts were selected. From the MSM study of acute infection with HCV (MOSAIC), HIV-1 infected MEU cases (n = 30) and HIV-1 infected MEI controls (n = 32) were selected based on reported high-risk behaviour. From the Amsterdam Cohorts Studies (ACS) injecting drug users (IDU) cohort, MEU cases (n = 40) and MEI controls (n = 22) were selected who injected drugs for ≥2 years, in the nineties, when HCV incidence was high. Selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined by sequencing or SNP assays. RESULTS No associations were found for SNPs within genes coding for CD81, SR-1, Claudin-1 or Occludin between the MEU and MEI individuals from either cohort. We did observe a significant association for rs688 within the LDL-R gene with HCV infection (OR: 0.41 P = 0.001), however, LDL cholesterol levels did not vary between individuals carrying the differential SNPs. Additionally, a marginal significant effect was found for rs217434 and rs2072183 (OR: 2.07 P = 0.032 and OR: 1.76 P = 0.039, respectively) within NPC1L1. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the rs688 SNP within the LDL-R gene associates with HCV susceptibility through mucosal as well as intravenous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby S. Steba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sylvie M. Koekkoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Michael W. T. Tanck
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (CEBB), Amsterdam UMCAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost W. Vanhommerig
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Service of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan T. M. van der Meer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Kwa
- Department of MicrobiologyOnze Lieve Vrouwe GasthuisAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal MedicineOnze Lieve Vrouwe GasthuisAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maria Prins
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (CEBB), Amsterdam UMCAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Richard Molenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Janke Schinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - William A. Paxton
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Tsai P, Lin TY, Cheng SL, Sun HY, Chen SF, Young KC. Differential dynamics of hepatic protein expressions with long-term cultivated hepatitis C virus infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 53:715-723. [PMID: 30837187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver maintains blood chemical homeostasis by active uptake and secretion through endocytosis, exocytosis, and intracellular trafficking between the plasma and intracellular membranes. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects the host membrane architecture and might thus impair the regulation of the cellular transportation machinery. Additionally, the hepatic expressions of differential protein dynamics with long-term HCV infection remain fully recover. METHODS In this study, comparative proteomic analysis was performed in HCV-infected and mock-control Huh7 cells according to the viral dynamics of exponential, plateau, declined, and silencing phases at the acute stage, and the chronic stage. The proteins with <0.8-fold and ≥1.25-fold changes in expression were analyzed using functional pathway clustering prediction. RESULTS The combined experimental repetitions identified full-spectrum cellular proteins in each of 5 sample sets from acute exponential, plateau, declined, and silencing phases, and the chronic stage. The clustering results revealed that HCV infection might differentiate regulatory pathways involving extracellular exosome, cadherin, melanosome, and RNA binding. Overall host proteins in HCV-infected cells exhibited kinetic pattern 1, in which cellular expression was downregulated from the acute exponential to plateau phases, reached a nadir, and was then elevated at the chronic stage. The proteins involved in the membrane-budding pathway exhibited kinetic pattern 2, in which their expressions were distinctly downregulated at the chronic stage. CONCLUSION The current comparative proteomics revealed the differential regulatory effects of HCV infection on host intracellular transport functional pathways, which might contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of HCV in hepatocytes that sustain long-term infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiju Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Lin Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Prentoe J, Bukh J. Hypervariable Region 1 in Envelope Protein 2 of Hepatitis C Virus: A Linchpin in Neutralizing Antibody Evasion and Viral Entry. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2146. [PMID: 30319614 PMCID: PMC6170631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the cause of about 400,000 annual liver disease-related deaths. The global spread of this important human pathogen can potentially be prevented through the development of a vaccine, but this challenge has proven difficult, and much remains unknown about the multitude of mechanisms by which this heterogeneous RNA virus evades inactivation by neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The N-terminal motif of envelope protein 2 (E2), termed hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), changes rapidly in immunoglobulin-competent patients due to antibody-driven antigenic drift. HVR1 contains NAb epitopes and is directly involved in protecting diverse antibody-specific epitopes on E1, E2, and E1/E2 through incompletely understood mechanisms. The ability of HVR1 to protect HCV from NAbs appears linked with modulation of HCV entry co-receptor interactions. Thus, removal of HVR1 increases interaction with CD81, while altering interaction with scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) in a complex fashion, and decreasing interaction with low-density lipoprotein receptor. Despite intensive efforts this modulation of receptor interactions by HVR1 remains incompletely understood. SR-BI has received the most attention and it appears that HVR1 is involved in a multimodal HCV/SR-BI interaction involving high-density-lipoprotein associated ApoCI, which may prime the virus for later entry events by exposing conserved NAb epitopes, like those in the CD81 binding site. To fully elucidate the multifunctional role of HVR1 in HCV entry and NAb evasion, improved E1/E2 models and comparative studies with other NAb evasion strategies are needed. Derived knowledge may be instrumental in the development of a prophylactic HCV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannick Prentoe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Filippatos TD, Christopoulou EC, Elisaf MS. Pleiotropic effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors? Curr Opin Lipidol 2018; 29:333-339. [PMID: 29994840 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current data suggest that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors may affect many metabolic pathways beyond lowering LDL cholesterol. The aim of the present manuscript is to present these so-called pleiotropic effects of PCSK9 inhibitors. RECENT FINDINGS PCSK9 may affect the activity of other receptors beyond LDL receptors (LDLR), such as cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors, apolipoprotein (Apo) E receptors, LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP-1) and ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter (ABCA1). Thus, a role of PCSK9 in the development of atherosclerosis, in vascular wall inflammation and in platelet function has been suggested. Additionally, PCSK9 inhibitors may affect lipid variables beyond LDL cholesterol, carbohydrate variables, as well as they may affect brain and kidney function. Additionally, a controversial role of PCSK9 in sepsis, hepatitis C infection and Alzheimer's disease has been suggested. SUMMARY These possible pleiotropic effects of PCSK9 inhibitors need further research, as they may affect cardiovascular risk and provide further insights in the development of atherosclerosis and other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or chronic viral infection and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosios D Filippatos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete
| | - Eliza C Christopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Moses S Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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CD81 Receptor Regions outside the Large Extracellular Loop Determine Hepatitis C Virus Entry into Hepatoma Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040207. [PMID: 29677132 PMCID: PMC5923501 DOI: 10.3390/v10040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters human hepatocytes using four essential entry factors, one of which is human CD81 (hCD81). The tetraspanin hCD81 contains a large extracellular loop (LEL), which interacts with the E2 glycoprotein of HCV. The role of the non-LEL regions of hCD81 (intracellular tails, four transmembrane domains, small extracellular loop and intracellular loop) is poorly understood. Here, we studied the contribution of these domains to HCV susceptibility of hepatoma cells by generating chimeras of related tetraspanins with the hCD81 LEL. Our results show that non-LEL regions in addition to the LEL determine susceptibility of cells to HCV. While closely related tetraspanins (X. tropicalis CD81 and D. rerio CD81) functionally complement hCD81 non-LEL regions, distantly related tetraspanins (C. elegans TSP9 amd D. melanogaster TSP96F) do not and tetraspanins with intermediate homology (hCD9) show an intermediate phenotype. Tetraspanin homology and susceptibility to HCV correlate positively. For some chimeras, infectivity correlates with surface expression. In contrast, the hCD9 chimera is fully surface expressed, binds HCV E2 glycoprotein but is impaired in HCV receptor function. We demonstrate that a cholesterol-coordinating glutamate residue in CD81, which hCD9 lacks, promotes HCV infection. This work highlights the hCD81 non-LEL regions as additional HCV susceptibility-determining factors.
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Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an oncolytic rhabdovirus and its glycoprotein G is widely used to pseudotype other viruses for gene therapy. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) serves as a major entry receptor for VSV. Here we report two crystal structures of VSV G in complex with two distinct cysteine-rich domains (CR2 and CR3) of LDL-R, showing that their binding sites on G are identical. We identify two basic residues on G, which are essential for its interaction with CR2 and CR3. Mutating these residues abolishes VSV infectivity even though VSV can use alternative receptors, indicating that all VSV receptors are members of the LDL-R family. Collectively, our data suggest that VSV G has specifically evolved to interact with receptor CR domains. These structural insights into the interaction between VSV G and host cell receptors provide a basis for the design of recombinant viruses with an altered tropism.
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