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Dutta S, Ganguly A, Ghosh Roy S. An Overview of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Autophagy Pathways in Human Viral Oncogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 386:81-131. [PMID: 38782502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) can be regarded as the safe keepers of cells exposed to intense stress. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis, ensuring the removal of foreign particles and misfolded macromolecules from the cytoplasm and facilitating the return of the building blocks into the system. On the other hand, UPR serves as a shock response to prolonged stress, especially Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS), which also includes the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Since one of the many effects of viral infection on the host cell machinery is the hijacking of the host translational system, which leaves in its wake a plethora of misfolded proteins in the ER, it is perhaps not surprising that UPR and autophagy are common occurrences in infected cells, tissues, and patient samples. In this book chapter, we try to emphasize how UPR, and autophagy are significant in infections caused by six major oncolytic viruses-Epstein-Barr (EBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1), and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Here, we document how whole-virus infection or overexpression of individual viral proteins in vitro and in vivo models can regulate the different branches of UPR and the various stages of macro autophagy. As is true with other viral infections, the relationship is complicated because the same virus (or the viral protein) exerts different effects on UPR and Autophagy. The nature of this response is determined by the cell types, or in some cases, the presence of diverse extracellular stimuli. The vice versa is equally valid, i.e., UPR and autophagy exhibit both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties based on the cell type and other factors like concentrations of different metabolites. Thus, we have tried to coherently summarize the existing knowledge, the crux of which can hopefully be harnessed to design vaccines and therapies targeted at viral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Dutta
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology (CITI), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sounak Ghosh Roy
- Henry M Jackson for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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2
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Jiang H, Nair V, Sun Y, Ding C. The diverse roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105780. [PMID: 38092324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a critical role in the oxidative metabolism of lipids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, the role of peroxisomes in viral infections has been extensively studied. Although several studies have reported that peroxisomes exert antiviral activity, evidence indicates that viruses have also evolved diverse strategies to evade peroxisomal antiviral signals. In this review, we summarize the multiple roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Focus is given on the peroxisomal regulation of innate immune response, lipid metabolism, ROS production, and viral regulation of peroxisomal biosynthesis and degradation. Understanding the interactions between peroxisomes and viruses provides novel insights for the development of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Viruses Group, UK-China Centre of Excellence in Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Moorad R, Kasonkanji E, Gumulira J, Gondwe Y, Dewey M, Pan Y, Peng A, Pluta LJ, Kudowa E, Nyasosela R, Tomoka T, Tweya H, Heller T, Gugsa S, Phiri S, Moore DT, Damania B, Painschab M, Hosseinipour MC, Dittmer DP. A prospective cohort study identifies two types of HIV+ Kaposi Sarcoma lesions: proliferative and inflammatory. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:2082-2092. [PMID: 37602960 PMCID: PMC11074775 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in people living with HIV (PLWH) in many countries where KS-associated herpesvirus is endemic. Treatment has changed little in 20 years, but the disease presentation has. This prospective cohort study enrolled 122 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive KS patients between 2017 and 2019 in Malawi. Participants were treated with bleomycin, vincristine and combination antiretroviral therapy, the local standard of care. One-year overall survival was 61%, and progression-free survival was 58%. The 48-week complete response rate was 35%. RNAseq (n = 78) differentiated two types of KS lesions, those with marked endothelial characteristics and those enriched in inflammatory transcripts. This suggests that different KS lesions are in different disease states consistent with the known heterogeneous clinical response to treatment. In contrast to earlier cohorts, the plasma HIV viral load of KS patients in our study was highly variable. A total of 25% of participants had no detectable HIV; all had detectable KSHV viral load. Our study affirms that many KS cases today develop in PLWH with well-controlled HIV infection and that different KS lesions have differing molecular compositions. Further studies are needed to develop predictive biomarkers for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Moorad
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yue Pan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill
| | - Alice Peng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Linda J. Pluta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Evaristar Kudowa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominic T Moore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Matthew Painschab
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- UNC Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mina C. Hosseinipour
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- UNC Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, USA
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4
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Martin de Fourchambault E, Callens N, Saliou JM, Fourcot M, Delos O, Barois N, Thorel Q, Ramirez S, Bukh J, Cocquerel L, Bertrand-Michel J, Marot G, Sebti Y, Dubuisson J, Rouillé Y. Hepatitis C virus alters the morphology and function of peroxisomes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1254728. [PMID: 37808318 PMCID: PMC10551450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1254728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of effective treatments for hepatitis C in clinics, issues remain regarding the liver disease induced by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. HCV is known to disturb the metabolism of infected cells, especially lipid metabolism and redox balance, but the mechanisms leading to HCV-induced pathogenesis are still poorly understood. In an APEX2-based proximity biotinylation screen, we identified ACBD5, a peroxisome membrane protein, as located in the vicinity of HCV replication complexes. Confocal microscopy confirmed the relocation of peroxisomes near HCV replication complexes and indicated that their morphology and number are altered in approximately 30% of infected Huh-7 cells. Peroxisomes are small versatile organelles involved among other functions in lipid metabolism and ROS regulation. To determine their importance in the HCV life cycle, we generated Huh-7 cells devoid of peroxisomes by inactivating the PEX5 and PEX3 genes using CRISPR/Cas9 and found that the absence of peroxisomes had no impact on replication kinetics or infectious titers of HCV strains JFH1 and DBN3a. The impact of HCV on peroxisomal functions was assessed using sub-genomic replicons. An increase of ROS was measured in peroxisomes of replicon-containing cells, correlated with a significant decrease of catalase activity with the DBN3a strain. In contrast, HCV replication had little to no impact on cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS, suggesting that the redox balance of peroxisomes is specifically impaired in cells replicating HCV. Our study provides evidence that peroxisome function and morphology are altered in HCV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Martin de Fourchambault
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U 1019 – UMR9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Callens
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U 1019 – UMR9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UAR CNRS 2014 - US Inserm 41 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Marie Fourcot
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UAR CNRS 2014 - US Inserm 41 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Oceane Delos
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U 1019 – UMR9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UAR CNRS 2014 - US Inserm 41 - PLBS, Lille, France
| | - Quentin Thorel
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Santseharay Ramirez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U 1019 – UMR9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Guillemette Marot
- Université de Lille, Inria, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille, France
| | - Yasmine Sebti
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U 1019 – UMR9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouillé
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U 1019 – UMR9017 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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5
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Gong Z, Yan Z, Liu W, Luo B. Oncogenic viruses and host lipid metabolism: a new perspective. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37279154 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As noncellular organisms, viruses do not have their own metabolism and rely on the metabolism of host cells to provide energy and metabolic substances for their life cycles. Increasing evidence suggests that host cells infected with oncogenic viruses have dramatically altered metabolic requirements and that oncogenic viruses produce substances used for viral replication and virion production by altering host cell metabolism. We focused on the processes by which oncogenic viruses manipulate host lipid metabolism and the lipid metabolism disorders that occur in oncogenic virus-associated diseases. A deeper understanding of viral infections that cause changes in host lipid metabolism could help with the development of new antiviral agents as well as potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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6
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Moore LN, Holmes DL, Sharma A, Landazuri Vinueza J, Lagunoff M. Bcl-xL is required to protect endothelial cells latently infected with KSHV from virus induced intrinsic apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011385. [PMID: 37163552 PMCID: PMC10202281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), a highly vascularized tumor common in AIDS patients and many countries in Africa. KSHV is predominantly in the latent state in the main KS tumor cell, the spindle cell, a cell expressing endothelial cell markers. To identify host genes important for KSHV latent infection of endothelial cells we previously used a global CRISPR/Cas9 screen to identify genes necessary for the survival or proliferation of latently infected cells. In this study we rescreened top hits and found that the highest scoring gene necessary for infected cell survival is the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bcl-xL. Knockout of Bcl-xL or treatment with a Bcl-xL inhibitor leads to high levels of cell death in latently infected endothelial cells but not their mock counterparts. Cell death occurs through apoptosis as shown by increased PARP cleavage and activation of caspase-3/7. Knockout of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax, eliminates the requirement for Bcl-xL. Interestingly, neither Bcl-2 nor Mcl-1, related and often redundant anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 protein family, are necessary for the survival of latently infected endothelial cells, likely due to their lack of expression in all the endothelial cell types we have examined. Bcl-xL is not required for the survival of latently infected primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells or other cell types tested. Expression of the KSHV major latent locus alone in the absence of KSHV infection led to sensitivity to the absence of Bcl-xL, indicating that viral gene expression from the latent locus induces intrinsic apoptosis leading to the requirement for Bcl-xL in endothelial cells. The critical requirement of Bcl-xL during KSHV latency makes it an intriguing therapeutic target for KS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey N. Moore
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Holmes
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anjali Sharma
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Lagunoff
- University of Washington Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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7
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Li T, Gao SJ. KSHV hijacks FoxO1 to promote cell proliferation and cellular transformation by antagonizing oxidative stress. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28676. [PMID: 36929740 PMCID: PMC10285692 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of a highly short-lived molecules that control diverse behaviors of cells. Normal cells maintain ROS balance to ensure their functions. Because of oncogenic stress, cancer cells often have excessive ROS, also known as oxidative stress, which are often counteracted by enhanced antioxidant systems to maintain redox homeostasis. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which manifests hyper inflammation and oxidative stress as the hallmarks. We have previously shown that excessive ROS can disrupt KSHV latency by inducing viral lytic replication, leading to cell death. Paradoxically, most KS tumor cells are latently infected by KSHV in a highly inflammatory and oxidative stress tumor microenvironment, which is in part due to the activation of alternative complement and TLR4 pathways, indicating the existence of an enhanced antioxidant defense system in KS tumor cells. In this study, we show that KSHV upregulates antioxidant genes, including SOD2 and CAT by hijacking the forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), to maintain intracellular ROS level. Moreover, the fine-tuned balance of ROS level in KSHV-transformed cells is essential for cell survival. Consequently, KSHV-transformed cells are extremely sensitive to exogenous ROS insult such as treatment with a low level of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Either chemical inhibition or knockdown of FoxO1 by short interfering RNAs decreases the expression of antioxidant genes and subsequently increases the intracellular ROS level in KSHV-transformed cells, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar. Mechanistically, KSHV-encoded microRNAs and vFLIP upregulate FoxO1 by activating the NF-κB pathway. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which an oncogenic virus counteracts oxidative stress by upregulating FoxO1, which is essential for KSHV-induced cell proliferation and cellular transformation. Therefore, FoxO1 might be a potential therapeutic target for KSHV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Current address: Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Tao L, Dryden P, Lowe A, Wang G, Achuthkumar A, Chang T, Reese TA. WY14643 Increases Herpesvirus Replication and Inhibits IFNβ Production Independently of PPARα Expression. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0233722. [PMID: 36715509 PMCID: PMC10100363 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02337-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are commonly used to treat metabolic disorders in humans because they regulate fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol metabolism. In addition to their roles in controlling metabolism, PPAR agonists also regulate inflammation and are immunosuppressive in models of autoimmunity. We aimed to test whether activation of PPARα with clinically relevant ligands could impact gammaherpesvirus infection using murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68, MuHV-4). We found that PPAR agonists WY14643 and fenofibrate increased herpesvirus replication in vitro. In vivo, WY14643 increased viral replication and caused lethality in mice. Unexpectedly, these effects proved independent of PPARα. We found that WY14643 suppressed production of type I interferon after MHV68 infection in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that caution should be employed when using PPARα agonists in immuno-metabolic studies, as they can have off-target effects on viral replication through the inhibition of type I interferon production. IMPORTANCE PPAR agonists are used clinically to treat both metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Because viruses are known to rewire host metabolism to their own benefit, the intersection of immunity, metabolism, and virology is an important research area. Our article is an important contribution to this field for two reasons. First, it shows a role for PPARα agonists in altering virus replication. Second, it shows that PPARα agonists can affect virus replication in a manner independent of their predicted target. This knowledge is valuable for anyone seeking to use PPARα agonists as a research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Phillip Dryden
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandria Lowe
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Guoxun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Amritha Achuthkumar
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tyron Chang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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9
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Indari O, Rani A, Baral B, Ergün S, Bala K, Karnati S, Jha HC. Modulation of peroxisomal compartment by Epstein-Barr virus. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105946. [PMID: 36526038 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses utilize clever strategies of interacting with various cellular factors, to remodel an organelle function, for the establishment of successful infection. In recent decades, numerous studies revealed the exploitation of the peroxisomal compartment by viruses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus linked with various cancers and neurological disorders. Till now, there is no report regarding the impacts of EBV infection on peroxisomal compartment. Therefore, we investigate the modulation of peroxisomal proteins in EBV transformed cell lines and during acute EBV infection. EBV positive Burkitt lymphoma cells of different origins as EBV transformed cells along with EBV negative Burkitt lymphoma cells as a control were used in this study. For acute EBV infection experiments, we infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells with EBV for three days. Thereafter, analyzed the gene expression patterns of peroxisomal proteins using qPCR. In addition, quantification of lipid content was performed by using fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assay. Our results revealed that, the peroxisomal proteins were distinctly regulated in EBV transformed cells and during acute EBV infection. Interestingly, PEX19 was significantly upregulated in EBV infected cells. Further, in correlation with the altered expression of peroxisomes proteins involved in lipid metabolism, the EBV transformed cells showed lower lipid abundance. Conversely, the lipid levels were increased during acute EBV infection. Our study highlights the importance of investigating the manipulation of the peroxisomal compartment by putting forward various differentially expressed proteins upon EBV infection. This study provides a base for further investigation to delve deeper into EBV and peroxisomal interactions. The future research in this direction could provide involvement of novel signaling pathways to understand molecular changes during EBV mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India.
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10
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Ferreira V, Ferreira AR, Ribeiro D. Peroxisomes and Viruses: Overview on Current Knowledge and Experimental Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:271-294. [PMID: 36952192 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The general interest in the study of the interplay between peroxisomes and viruses has increased in recent years, with different reports demonstrating that distinct viruses modulate peroxisome-related mechanisms to either counteract the cellular antiviral response or support viral propagation. Nevertheless, mechanistical details are still scarce, and information is often incomplete. In this chapter, we present an overview of the current knowledge concerning the interplay between peroxisomes and different viruses. We furthermore present, compare, and discuss the most relevant experimental approaches and tools used in the different studies. Finally, we stress the importance of further, more detailed, and spatial-temporal analyses that encompass all the different phases of the viruses' infection cycles. These studies may lead to the discovery of novel peroxisome-related cellular mechanisms that can further be explored as targets for the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ferreira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Wanders RJA, Baes M, Ribeiro D, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR. The physiological functions of human peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:957-1024. [PMID: 35951481 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00051.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles that play a central role in human physiology by catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions. The importance of peroxisomes for human health is exemplified by the existence of a group of usually severe diseases caused by an impairment in one or more peroxisomal functions. Among others these include the Zellweger spectrum disorders, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and Refsum disease. To fulfill their role in metabolism, peroxisomes require continued interaction with other subcellular organelles including lipid droplets, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. In recent years it has become clear that the metabolic alliance between peroxisomes and other organelles requires the active participation of tethering proteins to bring the organelles physically closer together, thereby achieving efficient transfer of metabolites. This review intends to describe the current state of knowledge about the metabolic role of peroxisomes in humans, with particular emphasis on the metabolic partnership between peroxisomes and other organelles and the consequences of genetic defects in these processes. We also describe the biogenesis of peroxisomes and the consequences of the multiple genetic defects therein. In addition, we discuss the functional role of peroxisomes in different organs and tissues and include relevant information derived from model systems, notably peroxisomal mouse models. Finally, we pay particular attention to a hitherto underrated role of peroxisomes in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Zandi M, Shokri S, Mahmoudvand S, Hosseinzadeh Adli A, Mohammadi R, Haddadi A. Interplay between cellular metabolism and DNA viruses. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5163-5173. [PMID: 35869415 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses as intracellular pathogens take over the host metabolism and reprogram to facilitate optimal virus production. DNA viruses can cause alterations in several metabolic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis also known as the Warburg effect, pentose phosphate pathway activation, and amino acid catabolism such as glutaminolysis, nucleotide biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. The available energy for productive infection can be increased in infected cells via modification of different carbon source utilization. This review discusses the metabolic alterations of the DNA viruses that will be the basis for future novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shokri
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahab Mahmoudvand
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Mohammadi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Azita Haddadi
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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13
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Alkhayyat SS, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, El-Bouseary MM, AboKamer AM, Batiha GES, Simal-Gandara J. Fenofibrate for COVID-19 and related complications as an approach to improve treatment outcomes: the missed key for Holy Grail. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1159-1167. [PMID: 35941297 PMCID: PMC9360649 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fenofibrate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), that possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-thrombotic properties. Fenofibrate is effective against a variety of viral infections and different inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the aim of critical review was to overview the potential role of fenofibrate in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and related complications. Results By destabilizing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and preventing it from binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, fenofibrate can reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry in human cells Fenofibrate also suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways, which decreases SARS-CoV-2 infection-related inflammatory alterations. In conclusion, fenofibrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic capabilities may help to minimize the inflammatory and thrombotic consequences associated with SARSCoV-2 infection. Through attenuating the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2, fenofibrate can directly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions As a result, fenofibrate could be a potential treatment approach for COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Salem Alkhayyat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maisra M El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Amal M AboKamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Al Beheira, Egypt.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty Science, Universidade de Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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14
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Abstract
Rotaviruses represent one of the most successful pathogens in the world, with high infectivity and efficient transmission between the young of many animal species, including humans. To overcome host defenses, rotaviruses have evolved a plethora of strategies to effectively evade the innate immune response, establish initial infection in the small intestine, produce progeny, and shed into the environment. Previously, studying the roles and relative contributions of specific rotaviral factors in innate immune evasion had been challenging without a plasmid-only reverse genetics system. Although still in its infancy, current reverse genetics technology will help address important research questions regarding rotavirus innate immune evasion, host range restriction, and viral pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the antiviral host innate immune defense mechanisms, countermeasures of rotavirus-encoded factors, and strategies to better understand these interactions using the rotavirus reverse genetics system.
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15
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Meghnem D, Leong E, Pinelli M, Marshall JS, Di Cara F. Peroxisomes Regulate Cellular Free Fatty Acids to Modulate Mast Cell TLR2, TLR4, and IgE-Mediated Activation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:856243. [PMID: 35756999 PMCID: PMC9215104 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.856243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are specialized, tissue resident, immune effector cells able to respond to a wide range of stimuli. MCs are involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological functions, including vasodilation, angiogenesis and pathogen elimination. In addition, MCs recruit and regulate the functions of many immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells, B cells and eosinophils through their selective production of multiple cytokines and chemokines. MCs generate and release multi-potent molecules, such as histamine, proteases, prostanoids, leukotrienes, heparin, and many cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors through both degranulation dependent and independent pathways. Recent studies suggested that metabolic shifts dictate the activation and granule content secretion by MCs, however the metabolic signaling promoting these events is at its infancy. Lipid metabolism is recognized as a pivotal immunometabolic regulator during immune cell activation. Peroxisomes are organelles found across all eukaryotes, with a pivotal role in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Peroxisomes are one of the emerging axes in immunometabolism. Here we identified the peroxisome as an essential player in MCs activation. We determined that lack of functional peroxisomes in murine MCs causes a significant reduction of interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor and InterleukinL-13 following immunoglobulin IgE-mediated and Toll like receptor 2 and 4 activation compared to the Wild type (WT) BMMCs. We linked these defects in cytokine release to defects in free fatty acids homeostasis. In conclusion, our study identified the importance of peroxisomal fatty acids homeostasis in regulating mast cell-mediated immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dihia Meghnem
- Dalhousie Human Immunology and Inflammation Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nova Scotia Health Authority IWK, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Edwin Leong
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marinella Pinelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Nova Scotia Health Authority IWK, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean S. Marshall
- Dalhousie Human Immunology and Inflammation Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean S. Marshall, ; Francesca Di Cara,
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Pediatrics, Nova Scotia Health Authority IWK, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean S. Marshall, ; Francesca Di Cara,
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16
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Fiches GN, Wu Z, Zhou D, Biswas A, Li TW, Kong W, Jean M, Santoso NG, Zhu J. Polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination are modulated by the DNA tumor virus KSHV and promote KSHV viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010503. [PMID: 35486659 PMCID: PMC9094511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are critical metabolites involved in various cellular processes and often dysregulated in cancers. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), a defined human oncogenic virus, leads to profound alterations of host metabolic landscape to favor development of KSHV-associated malignancies. In our studies, we identified that polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination are dynamically regulated by KSHV infection through modulation of key enzymes (ODC1 and DHPS) of these pathways. During KSHV latency, ODC1 and DHPS are upregulated along with increase of hypusinated eIF5A (hyp-eIF5A), while hyp-eIF5A is further induced along with reduction of ODC1 and intracellular polyamines during KSHV lytic reactivation. In return these metabolic pathways are required for both KSHV lytic reactivation and de novo infection. Further analysis unraveled that synthesis of critical KSHV latent and lytic proteins (LANA, RTA) depends on hypusinated-eIF5A. We also demonstrated that KSHV infection can be efficiently and specifically suppressed by inhibitors targeting these pathways. Collectively, our results illustrated that the dynamic and profound interaction of a DNA tumor virus (KSHV) with host polyamine biosynthesis and eIF5A hypusination pathways promote viral propagation, thus defining new therapeutic targets to treat KSHV-associated malignancies. Understanding virus-host interactions is crucial to develop and improve therapies. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gamma-herpesvirus which deeply modulates the host metabolism and is associated with various cancers of endothelial and lymphoid origin. Polyamines are critical metabolites often dysregulated in cancers. In this study we demonstrated KSHV dynamically modulates polyamine metabolism to favor eIF5A hypusination and translation of critical KSHV latent and lytic proteins (LANA, RTA). Consequently, we found KSHV lytic switch from latency and de novo infection were dependent on polyamines and hypusination and pharmacological inhibition efficiently and specifically restricted KSHV infection. Our study provides new insights into KSHV alteration of the host metabolism and describe new therapeutic targets to treat KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume N. Fiches
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dawei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ayan Biswas
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Tai-Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maxime Jean
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Netty G. Santoso
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Havranek KE, Reyes Ballista JM, Hines KM, Brindley MA. Untargeted Lipidomics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Infected Cells and Viral Particles. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010003. [PMID: 35062207 PMCID: PMC8778780 DOI: 10.3390/v14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral lifecycle is critically dependent upon host lipids. Enveloped viral entry requires fusion between viral and cellular membranes. Once an infection has occurred, viruses may rely on host lipids for replication and egress. Upon exit, enveloped viruses derive their lipid bilayer from host membranes during the budding process. Furthermore, host lipid metabolism and signaling are often hijacked to facilitate viral replication. We employed an untargeted HILIC-IM-MS lipidomics approach and identified host lipid species that were significantly altered during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Many glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid species were modified, and ontological enrichment analysis suggested that the alterations to the lipid profile change host membrane properties. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), which can contribute to membrane curvature and serve as a signaling molecule, was depleted during infection, while several ceramide sphingolipids were augmented during infection. Ceramide and sphingomyelin lipids were also enriched in viral particles, indicating that sphingolipid metabolism is important during VSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Havranek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.E.H.); (J.M.R.B.)
| | - Judith Mary Reyes Ballista
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (K.E.H.); (J.M.R.B.)
| | - Kelly Marie Hines
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +1-706-542-1966 (K.M.H.); +1-706-542-5796 (M.A.B.)
| | - Melinda Ann Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.H.); (M.A.B.); Tel.: +1-706-542-1966 (K.M.H.); +1-706-542-5796 (M.A.B.)
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18
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Demirel HC, Arici MK, Tuncbag N. Computational approaches leveraging integrated connections of multi-omic data toward clinical applications. Mol Omics 2021; 18:7-18. [PMID: 34734935 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In line with the advances in high-throughput technologies, multiple omic datasets have accumulated to study biological systems and diseases coherently. No single omics data type is capable of fully representing cellular activity. The complexity of the biological processes arises from the interactions between omic entities such as genes, proteins, and metabolites. Therefore, multi-omic data integration is crucial but challenging. The impact of the molecular alterations in multi-omic data is not local in the neighborhood of the altered gene or protein; rather, the impact diffuses in the network and changes the functionality of multiple signaling pathways and regulation of the gene expression. Additionally, multi-omic data is high-dimensional and has background noise. Several integrative approaches have been developed to accurately interpret the multi-omic datasets, including machine learning, network-based methods, and their combination. In this review, we overview the most recent integrative approaches and tools with a focus on network-based methods. We then discuss these approaches according to their specific applications, from disease-network and biomarker identification to patient stratification, drug discovery, and repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibe Cansu Demirel
- Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Muslum Kaan Arici
- Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.,Foot and Mouth Diseases Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, 06044, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Tuncbag
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey.
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19
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Arici MK, Tuncbag N. Performance Assessment of the Network Reconstruction Approaches on Various Interactomes. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:666705. [PMID: 34676243 PMCID: PMC8523993 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.666705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the list of molecules, there is a necessity to collectively consider multiple sets of omic data and to reconstruct the connections between the molecules. Especially, pathway reconstruction is crucial to understanding disease biology because abnormal cellular signaling may be pathological. The main challenge is how to integrate the data together in an accurate way. In this study, we aim to comparatively analyze the performance of a set of network reconstruction algorithms on multiple reference interactomes. We first explored several human protein interactomes, including PathwayCommons, OmniPath, HIPPIE, iRefWeb, STRING, and ConsensusPathDB. The comparison is based on the coverage of each interactome in terms of cancer driver proteins, structural information of protein interactions, and the bias toward well-studied proteins. We next used these interactomes to evaluate the performance of network reconstruction algorithms including all-pair shortest path, heat diffusion with flux, personalized PageRank with flux, and prize-collecting Steiner forest (PCSF) approaches. Each approach has its own merits and weaknesses. Among them, PCSF had the most balanced performance in terms of precision and recall scores when 28 pathways from NetPath were reconstructed using the listed algorithms. Additionally, the reference interactome affects the performance of the network reconstruction approaches. The coverage and disease- or tissue-specificity of each interactome may vary, which may result in differences in the reconstructed networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kaan Arici
- Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Foot and Mouth Diseases Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Tuncbag
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Ferreira AR, Marques M, Ramos B, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Emerging roles of peroxisomes in viral infections. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:124-139. [PMID: 34696946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes, essential subcellular organelles that fulfill important functions in lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism, have recently emerged as key players during viral infections. Their importance for the establishment of the cellular antiviral response has been highlighted by numerous reports of specific evasion of peroxisome-dependent signaling by different viruses. Recent data demonstrate that peroxisomes also assume important proviral functions. Here, we review and discuss the recent advances in the study of the diverse roles of peroxisomes during viral infections, from animal to plant viruses, and from basic to translational perspectives. We further discuss the future development of this emerging area and propose that peroxisome-related mechanisms represent a promising target for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Ramos
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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21
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Li T, Gao SJ. Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic sensors in KSHV-induced cancers and KSHV infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:176. [PMID: 34579773 PMCID: PMC8475840 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus associated with several human cancers. KSHV infection and KSHV-induced anabolic cell proliferation and cellular transformation depend on reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways, which provide the building blocks and energy for the growth of both the virus and the infected cells. Furthermore, KSHV dysregulates numerous metabolic sensors including mTOR, AMPK, CASTOR1 and sirtuins to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis during infection and in KSHV-induced cancers. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of KSHV hijacking of metabolic pathways and sensors, providing insights into the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis. In addition, we highlight the critical metabolic targets and sensors for developing potential new therapies against KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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22
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Bone Marrow-Derived SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Infected with Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Display Unique Infection Phenotypes and Growth Properties. J Virol 2021; 95:e0000321. [PMID: 33853962 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00003-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an important oncogenic virus previously shown to be neurotropic, but studies on neuronal cell infection and pathogenesis are still very limited. Here, we characterized the effects of KSHV infection on neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by the recombinant virus rKSHV.219, which expresses both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) to reflect the latent and lytic phases of infection. We demonstrated that infected cells have a higher growth rate and that KSHV infection can be sustained. Interestingly, the infected cells can transition spontaneously back and forth between lytic and latent phases of infection, producing progeny viruses but without any adverse effects on cell growth. In addition, transcriptome analysis of viral and cellular genes in latent and lytic cells showed that unlike other infected cell lines, the latently infected cells expressed both latent and most, but not all, of the lytic genes required for infectious virion production. The viral genes uniquely expressed by the lytic cells were mainly involved in the early steps of virus binding. Some of the cellular genes that were deregulated in both latently and lytically infected cells are involved in cell adhesion, cell signal pathways, and tumorigenesis. The downregulated cellular CCDN1, PAX5, and NFASC and upregulated CTGF, BMP4, YAP1, LEF1, and HLA-DRB1 genes were found to be associated with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), hippo signaling, and cancer. These deregulated genes may be involved in creating an environment that is unique in neuronal cells to sustain cell growth upon KSHV infection and not observed in other infected cell types. IMPORTANCE Our study has provided evidence that neuronal SH-SY5Y cells displayed unique cellular responses upon KSHV infection. Unlike other infected cells, this neuronal cell line displayed a higher growth rate upon infection and can spontaneously transition back and forth between latent and lytic phases of infection. Unlike other latently infected cells, a number of lytic genes were also expressed in the latent phase of infection in addition to the established latent viral genes. They may play a role in deregulating a number of host genes that are involved in cell signaling and tumorigenesis in order to sustain the infection and growth advantages for the cells. Our study has provided novel insights into KSHV infection of neuronal cells and a potential new model for further studies to explore the underlying mechanism in viral and host interactions for neuronal cells and the association of KSHV with neuronal diseases.
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23
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Barrett L, Dai L, Wang S, Qin Z. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and extracellular vesicles. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3294-3299. [PMID: 33415746 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) represents the etiological agent for several human malignancies, including Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), which develop mainly in immunocompromised patients. KSHV has established many strategies to hijack and thwart the host's immune responses, including through the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs represent a significant mode of intercellular communication as they carry a variety of molecules that can be delivered from cell-to-cell. EVs are now recognized as one of the major players in immune system development and function during both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the current mini-review, we summarize recent findings on how KSHV utilizes EVs to create favorable environments for viral spread and persistence while evading immune responses. We also discuss the limitations and unanswered questions in this field and the potential areas for related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Barrett
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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24
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Knoblach B, Ishida R, Hobman TC, Rachubinski RA. Peroxisomes exhibit compromised structure and matrix protein content in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1273-1282. [PMID: 34010015 PMCID: PMC8351553 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-02-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that has triggered global health and economic crises. Here we report the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on peroxisomes of human cell lines Huh-7 and SK-N-SH. Peroxisomes undergo dramatic changes in morphology in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Rearrangement of peroxisomal membranes is followed by redistribution of peroxisomal matrix proteins to the cytosol, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the number of mature peroxisomes. The SARS-CoV-2 ORF14 protein was shown to interact physically with human PEX14, a peroxisomal membrane protein required for matrix protein import and peroxisome biogenesis. Given the important roles of peroxisomes in innate immunity, SARS-CoV-2 may directly target peroxisomes, resulting in loss of peroxisome structural integrity, matrix protein content and ability to function in antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Ray Ishida
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Richard A Rachubinski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
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25
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Magon KL, Parish JL. From infection to cancer: how DNA tumour viruses alter host cell central carbon and lipid metabolism. Open Biol 2021; 11:210004. [PMID: 33653084 PMCID: PMC8061758 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections cause 13% of all cancers globally, and DNA tumour viruses account for almost 60% of these cancers. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and hijack host cell functions to replicate and complete their life cycles to produce progeny virions. While many aspects of viral manipulation of host cells have been studied, how DNA tumour viruses manipulate host cell metabolism and whether metabolic alterations in the virus life cycle contribute to carcinogenesis are not well understood. In this review, we compare the differences in central carbon and fatty acid metabolism in host cells following infection, oncogenic transformation, and virus-driven cancer of DNA tumour viruses including: Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini L. Magon
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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26
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Holmes DL, Vogt DT, Lagunoff M. A CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies mitochondrial translation as an essential process in latent KSHV infection of human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28384-28392. [PMID: 33122441 PMCID: PMC7668072 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011645117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The main proliferating component of KS tumors is a cell of endothelial origin termed the spindle cell. Spindle cells are predominantly latently infected with only a small percentage of cells undergoing viral replication. As there is no direct treatment for latent KSHV, identification of host vulnerabilities in latently infected endothelial cells could be exploited to inhibit KSHV-associated tumor cells. Using a pooled CRISPR-Cas9 lentivirus library, we identified host factors that are essential for the survival or proliferation of latently infected endothelial cells in culture, but not their uninfected counterparts. Among the many host genes identified, there was an enrichment in genes localizing to the mitochondria, including genes involved in mitochondrial translation. Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial and mitochondrial translation specifically inhibited the expansion of latently infected endothelial cells and led to increased cell death in patient-derived PEL cell lines. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiration or ablation of mitochondrial genomes leads to increased death in latently infected cells. KSHV latent infection decreases mitochondrial numbers, but there are increases in mitochondrial size, genome copy number, and transcript levels. We found that multiple gene products of the latent locus localize to the mitochondria. During latent infection, KSHV significantly alters mitochondrial biology, leading to enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, which provides a potential therapeutic avenue for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Daniel T Vogt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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27
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Mantini G, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Jimenez CR. Computational Analysis of Phosphoproteomics Data in Multi-Omics Cancer Studies. Proteomics 2020; 21:e1900312. [PMID: 32875713 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of molecular data for the same set of clinical samples are increasingly available and may be analyzed jointly in an integrative analysis to maximize comprehensive biological insight. This analysis is important as separate analyses of individual omics data types usually do not fully explain disease phenotypes. An increasing number of studies have now been focusing on multi-omics data integration, yet not many studies have included phosphoproteomics data, an important layer for understanding signaling pathways. Multi-omics integration methods with phosphoproteomics data are reviewed in the context of cancer research as well as multi-omics methods papers that would be promising to apply to phosphoproteomics data. Analysis of individual data types is still the major approach even in large cohort proteogenomics studies. Hence, a section is dedicated on possible integrative methods for multi-omics and phosphoproteomics data. In summary, this review provides the readers with both currently used integrative methods previously applied to phosphoproteomics and multi-omics data integration and other algorithms for multi-omics data integration promising for future application to phosphoproteomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mantini
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, CCA 1-60, Amsterdam UMC VUmc-location, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, CCA 1-60, Amsterdam UMC VUmc-location, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, CCA 1-60, Amsterdam UMC VUmc-location, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, OncoProteomics Laboratory, CCA 1-60, Amsterdam UMC VUmc-location, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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28
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Eckhardt M, Hultquist JF, Kaake RM, Hüttenhain R, Krogan NJ. A systems approach to infectious disease. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:339-354. [PMID: 32060427 PMCID: PMC7839161 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing social, political and ecological changes in the 21st century have placed more people at risk of life-threatening acute and chronic infections than ever before. The development of new diagnostic, prophylactic, therapeutic and curative strategies is critical to address this burden but is predicated on a detailed understanding of the immensely complex relationship between pathogens and their hosts. Traditional, reductionist approaches to investigate this dynamic often lack the scale and/or scope to faithfully model the dual and co-dependent nature of this relationship, limiting the success of translational efforts. With recent advances in large-scale, quantitative omics methods as well as in integrative analytical strategies, systems biology approaches for the study of infectious disease are quickly forming a new paradigm for how we understand and model host-pathogen relationships for translational applications. Here, we delineate a framework for a systems biology approach to infectious disease in three parts: discovery - the design, collection and analysis of omics data; representation - the iterative modelling, integration and visualization of complex data sets; and application - the interpretation and hypothesis-based inquiry towards translational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Eckhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Viruses manipulate cellular lipids and membranes at each stage of their life cycle. This includes lipid-receptor interactions, the fusion of viral envelopes with cellular membranes during endocytosis, the reorganization of cellular membranes to form replication compartments, and the envelopment and egress of virions. In addition to the physical interactions with cellular membranes, viruses have evolved to manipulate lipid signaling and metabolism to benefit their replication. This review summarizes the strategies that viruses use to manipulate lipids and membranes at each stage in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ketter
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
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30
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Abstract
Network-based approach is rapidly emerging as a promising strategy to integrate and interpret different -omics datasets, including metabolomics. The first section of this chapter introduces the current progresses and main concepts in multi-omics integration. The second section provides an overview of the public resources available for creation of biological networks. The third section describes three common application scenarios including subnetwork identification, network-based enrichment analysis, and systems metabolomics. The section four introduces the concept of hierarchical community network analysis. The section five discusses different tools for network visualization. The chapter ends with a future perspective on multi-omics integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Wang LW, Wang Z, Ersing I, Nobre L, Guo R, Jiang S, Trudeau S, Zhao B, Weekes MP, Gewurz BE. Epstein-Barr virus subverts mevalonate and fatty acid pathways to promote infected B-cell proliferation and survival. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008030. [PMID: 31518366 PMCID: PMC6760809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and is associated with multiple human malignancies. EBV drives B-cell proliferation, which contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple lymphomas. Yet, knowledge of how EBV subverts host biosynthetic pathways to transform resting lymphocytes into activated lymphoblasts remains incomplete. Using a temporal proteomic dataset of EBV primary human B-cell infection, we identified that cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways were amongst the most highly EBV induced. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), sterol response element binding protein (SREBP) and MYC each had important roles in cholesterol and fatty acid pathway induction. Unexpectedly, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor chemical epistasis experiments revealed that mevalonate pathway production of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), rather than cholesterol, was necessary for EBV-driven B-cell outgrowth, perhaps because EBV upregulated the low-density lipoprotein receptor in newly infected cells for cholesterol uptake. Chemical and CRISPR genetic analyses highlighted downstream GGPP roles in EBV-infected cell small G protein Rab activation. Rab13 was highly EBV-induced in an EBNA3-dependent manner and served as a chaperone critical for latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 and 2A trafficking and target gene activation in newly infected and in lymphoblastoid B-cells. Collectively, these studies identify highlight multiple potential therapeutic targets for prevention of EBV-transformed B-cell growth and survival. EBV, the first human tumor virus identified, persistently infects >95% of adults worldwide. Upon infection of small, resting B-lymphocytes, EBV establishes a state of viral latency, where viral oncoproteins and non-coding RNAs activate host pathways to promote rapid B-cell proliferation. EBV’s growth-transforming properties are closely linked to the pathogenesis of multiple immunoblastic lymphomas, particularly in immunosuppressed hosts. While EBV oncogenes important for B-cell transformation have been identified, knowledge remains incomplete of how these EBV factors remodel cellular metabolism, a hallmark of human cancers. Using a recently established proteomic map of EBV-mediated B-cell growth transformation, we found that EBV induces biosynthetic pathways that convert acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) into isoprenoids, steroids, terpenoids, cholesterol, and long-chain fatty acids. Viral nuclear antigens cooperated with EBV-activated host transcription factors to upregulate rate-limiting enzymes of these biosynthetic pathways. The isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was identified as a key product of the EBV-induced mevalonate pathway. Our studies highlighted GGPP roles in Rab protein activation, and Rab13 was identified as a highly EBV-upregulated GTPase critical for LMP1 and LMP2A trafficking and signaling. These studies identify multiple EBV-induced metabolic enzymes important for B-cell transformation, including potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei Wang
- Graduate Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ina Ersing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen Trudeau
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Graduate Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Di Cara F, Andreoletti P, Trompier D, Vejux A, Bülow MH, Sellin J, Lizard G, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Savary S. Peroxisomes in Immune Response and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163877. [PMID: 31398943 PMCID: PMC6721249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is essential to protect organisms from infection and an altered self. An organism’s overall metabolic status is now recognized as an important and long-overlooked mediator of immunity and has spurred new explorations of immune-related metabolic abnormalities. Peroxisomes are essential metabolic organelles with a central role in the synthesis and turnover of complex lipids and reactive species. Peroxisomes have recently been identified as pivotal regulators of immune functions and inflammation in the development and during infection, defining a new branch of immunometabolism. This review summarizes the current evidence that has helped to identify peroxisomes as central regulators of immunity and highlights the peroxisomal proteins and metabolites that have acquired relevance in human pathologies for their link to the development of inflammation, neuropathies, aging and cancer. This review then describes how peroxisomes govern immune signaling strategies such as phagocytosis and cytokine production and their relevance in fighting bacterial and viral infections. The mechanisms by which peroxisomes either control the activation of the immune response or trigger cellular metabolic changes that activate and resolve immune responses are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Margret H Bülow
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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33
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Mrozek-Gorska P, Buschle A, Pich D, Schwarzmayr T, Fechtner R, Scialdone A, Hammerschmidt W. Epstein-Barr virus reprograms human B lymphocytes immediately in the prelatent phase of infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16046-16055. [PMID: 31341086 PMCID: PMC6690029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901314116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus and a model of herpesviral latency. The virus efficiently infects resting human B lymphocytes and induces their continuous proliferation in vitro, which mimics certain aspects of EBV's oncogenic potential in vivo. How lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) evolve from the infected lymphocytes is uncertain. We conducted a systematic time-resolved longitudinal study of cellular functions and transcriptional profiles of newly infected naïve primary B lymphocytes. EBV reprograms the cells comprehensively and globally. Rapid and extensive transcriptional changes occur within 24 h and precede any metabolic and phenotypic changes. Within 72 h, the virus activates the cells, changes their phenotypes with respect to cell size, RNA, and protein content, and induces metabolic pathways to cope with the increased demand for energy, supporting an efficient cell cycle entry on day 3 postinfection. The transcriptional program that EBV initiates consists of 3 waves of clearly discernable clusters of cellular genes that peak on day 2, 3, or 4 and regulate RNA synthesis, metabolic pathways, and cell division, respectively. Upon onset of cell doublings on day 4, the cellular transcriptome appears to be completely reprogrammed to support the proliferating cells, but 3 additional clusters of EBV-regulated genes fine-tune cell signaling, migration, and immune response pathways, eventually. Our study reveals that more than 11,000 genes are regulated upon EBV infection as naïve B cells exit quiescence to enter a germinal center-like differentiation program, which culminates in immortalized, proliferating cells that partially resemble plasmablasts and early plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mrozek-Gorska
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Buschle
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Pich
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ron Fechtner
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-81377 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health and German Center for Infection Research, D-81377 Munich, Germany;
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34
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Cook KC, Moreno JA, Jean Beltran PM, Cristea IM. Peroxisome Plasticity at the Virus-Host Interface. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:906-914. [PMID: 31331665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are multifunctional organelles with roles in cellular metabolism, cytotoxicity, and signaling. The plastic nature of these organelles allows them to respond to diverse biological processes, such as virus infections, by remodeling their biogenesis, morphology, and composition to enhance specific functions. During virus infections in humans, peroxisomes act as important immune signaling organelles, aiding the host by orchestrating antiviral signaling. However, more recently it was discovered that peroxisomes can also benefit the virus, facilitating virus-host interactions that rewire peroxisomes to support cellular processes for virus replication and spread. Here, we describe recent studies that uncovered this double-edged character of peroxisomes during infection, highlighting mechanisms that viruses have coevolved to take advantage of peroxisome plasticity. We also provide a perspective for future studies by comparing the established roles of peroxisomes in plant infections and discussing the promise of virology studies as a venue to reveal the uncharted biology of peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jorge A Moreno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Pierre M Jean Beltran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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35
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Abstract
This review discusses the current state of the viral metabolism field and gaps in knowledge that will be important for future studies to investigate. We discuss metabolic rewiring caused by viruses, the influence of oncogenic viruses on host cell metabolism, and the use of viruses as guides to identify critical metabolic nodes for cancer anabolism. We also discuss the need for more mechanistic studies identifying viral proteins responsible for metabolic hijacking and for in vivo studies of viral-induced metabolic rewiring. Improved technologies for detailed metabolic measurements and genetic manipulation will lead to important discoveries over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani K Thaker
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Ch'ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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36
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He M, Cheng F, da Silva SR, Tan B, Sorel O, Gruffaz M, Li T, Gao SJ. Molecular Biology of KSHV in Relation to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:23-62. [PMID: 30523620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovered in 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been associated with four human malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease, and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. These malignancies mostly occur in immunocompromised patients including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and often cause significant mortality because of the lack of effective therapies. Significant progresses have been made to understand the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis in the last two decades. This chapter provides an update on the recent advancements focusing on the molecular events of KSHV primary infection, the mechanisms regulating KSHV life cycle, innate and adaptive immunity, mechanism of KSHV-induced tumorigenesis and inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming in KSHV infection and KSHV-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Océane Sorel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marion Gruffaz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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37
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Curbing Lipids: Impacts ON Cancer and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030644. [PMID: 30717356 PMCID: PMC6387424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role in maintaining normal function in healthy cells. Their functions include signaling, storing energy, and acting as the central structural component of cell membranes. Alteration of lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of cancer, as cancer cells must modify their metabolism to fulfill the demands of their accelerated proliferation rate. This aberrant lipid metabolism can affect cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Besides the gene mutations, environmental factors, and inheritance, several infectious pathogens are also linked with human cancers worldwide. Tumor viruses are top on the list of infectious pathogens to cause human cancers. These viruses insert their own DNA (or RNA) into that of the host cell and affect host cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Several of these cancer-causing viruses are reported to be reprogramming host cell lipid metabolism. The reliance of cancer cells and viruses on lipid metabolism suggests enzymes that can be used as therapeutic targets to exploit the addiction of infected diseased cells on lipids and abrogate tumor growth. This review focuses on normal lipid metabolism, lipid metabolic pathways and their reprogramming in human cancers and viral infection linked cancers and the potential anticancer drugs that target specific lipid metabolic enzymes. Here, we discuss statins and fibrates as drugs to intervene in disordered lipid pathways in cancer cells. Further insight into the dysregulated pathways in lipid metabolism can help create more effective anticancer therapies.
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38
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McNamara RP, Chugh PE, Bailey A, Costantini LM, Ma Z, Bigi R, Cheves A, Eason AB, Landis JT, Host KM, Xiong J, Griffith JD, Damania B, Dittmer DP. Extracellular vesicles from Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lymphoma induce long-term endothelial cell reprogramming. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007536. [PMID: 30716130 PMCID: PMC6361468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signaling is a mechanism that higher eukaryotes have evolved to facilitate organismal homeostasis. Recent years have seen an emerging interest in the role of secreted microvesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EV) or exosomes in this signaling network. EV contents can be modified by the cell in response to stimuli, allowing them to relay information to neighboring cells, influencing their physiology. Here we show that the tumor virus Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) hijacks this signaling pathway to induce cell proliferation, migration, and transcriptome reprogramming in cells not infected with the virus. KSHV-EV activates the canonical MEK/ERK pathway, while not alerting innate immune regulators, allowing the virus to exert these changes without cellular pathogen recognition. Collectively, we propose that KSHV establishes a niche favorable for viral spread and cell transformation through cell-derived vesicles, all while avoiding detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pauline E Chugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Q2 Solutions-EA Genomics, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Aubrey Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lindsey M Costantini
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Avery Cheves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin T Landis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kurtis M Host
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Chewing the Fat: The Conserved Ability of DNA Viruses to Hijack Cellular Lipid Metabolism. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020119. [PMID: 30699959 PMCID: PMC6409581 DOI: 10.3390/v11020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate numerous host factors and cellular pathways to facilitate the replication of viral genomes and the production of infectious progeny. One way in which viruses interact with cells is through the utilization and exploitation of the host lipid metabolism. While it is likely that most-if not all-viruses require lipids or intermediates of lipid synthesis to replicate, many viruses also actively induce lipid metabolic pathways to sustain a favorable replication environment. From the formation of membranous replication compartments, to the generation of ATP or protein modifications, viruses exhibit differing requirements for host lipids. Thus, while the exploitation of lipid metabolism is a common replication strategy, diverse viruses employ a plethora of mechanisms to co-opt these critical cellular pathways. Here, we review recent literature regarding the exploitation of host lipids and lipid metabolism specifically by DNA viruses. Importantly, furthering the understanding of the viral requirements for host lipids may offer new targets for antiviral therapeutics and provide opportunities to repurpose the numerous FDA-approved compounds targeting lipid metabolic pathways as antiviral agents.
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40
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Ashraf U, Benoit-Pilven C, Lacroix V, Navratil V, Naffakh N. Advances in Analyzing Virus-Induced Alterations of Host Cell Splicing. Trends Microbiol 2018; 27:268-281. [PMID: 30577974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alteration of host cell splicing is a common feature of many viral infections which is underappreciated because of the complexity and technical difficulty of studying alternative splicing (AS) regulation. Recent advances in RNA sequencing technologies revealed that up to several hundreds of host genes can show altered mRNA splicing upon viral infection. The observed changes in AS events can be either a direct consequence of viral manipulation of the host splicing machinery or result indirectly from the virus-induced innate immune response or cellular damage. Analysis at a higher resolution with single-cell RNAseq, and at a higher scale with the integration of multiple omics data sets in a systems biology perspective, will be needed to further comprehend this complex facet of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Ashraf
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3569, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité EA302, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Clara Benoit-Pilven
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Genetic of Neuro-development Anomalies Team, F-69000 Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; EPI ERABLE, INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, F-38330 Montbonnot Saint-Martin, France
| | - Vincent Lacroix
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; EPI ERABLE, INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes, F-38330 Montbonnot Saint-Martin, France
| | - Vincent Navratil
- PRABI, Rhône Alpes Bioinformatics Center, UCBL, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR3569, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité EA302, F-75015 Paris, France.
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41
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Mui UN, Haley CT, Vangipuram R, Tyring SK. Human oncoviruses: Mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, therapeutics, and prevention: Hepatitis viruses, human T-cell leukemia viruses, herpesviruses, and Epstein-Barr virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 81:23-41. [PMID: 30502415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1964, the first human oncovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, was identified in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Since then, 6 other human oncoviruses have been identified: human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, and human herpesvirus-8. These viruses are causally linked to 12% of all cancers, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations. In addition, oncoviruses are associated with multiple benign mucocutaneous diseases. Research regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of oncoviruses and virus-specific treatment and prevention is rapidly evolving. Preventative vaccines for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus are already available. This review discusses the mucocutaneous manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of oncovirus-related diseases. The first article in this continuing medical education series focuses on diseases associated with human papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus, while the second article in the series focuses on diseases associated with hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1, human herpesvirus-8, and Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramya Vangipuram
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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42
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Jean Beltran PM, Cook KC, Hashimoto Y, Galitzine C, Murray LA, Vitek O, Cristea IM. Infection-Induced Peroxisome Biogenesis Is a Metabolic Strategy for Herpesvirus Replication. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:526-541.e7. [PMID: 30269970 PMCID: PMC6195127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral proteins have evolved to target cellular organelles and usurp their functions for virus replication. Despite the knowledge of these critical functions for several organelles, little is known about peroxisomes during infection. Peroxisomes are primarily metabolic organelles with important functions in lipid metabolism. Here, we discovered that the enveloped viruses human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induce the biogenesis of and unique morphological changes to peroxisomes to support their replication. Targeted proteomic quantification revealed a global virus-induced upregulation of peroxisomal proteins. Mathematical modeling and microscopy structural analysis show that infection triggers peroxisome growth and fission, leading to increased peroxisome numbers and irregular disc-like structures. HCMV-induced peroxisome biogenesis increased the phospholipid plasmalogen, thereby enhancing virus production. Peroxisome regulation and dependence were not observed for the non-enveloped adenovirus. Our findings uncover a role of peroxisomes in viral pathogenesis, with likely implications for multiple enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Jean Beltran
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cyril Galitzine
- College of Science, College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Olga Vitek
- College of Science, College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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43
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Purdy JG. Pathways to Understanding Virus-Host Metabolism Interactions. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Glingston RS, Deb R, Kumar S, Nagotu S. Organelle dynamics and viral infections: at cross roads. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:20-32. [PMID: 29953921 PMCID: PMC7110583 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites of the host cells. A commonly accepted view is the requirement of internal membranous structures for various aspects of viral life cycle. Organelles enable favourable intracellular environment for several viruses. However, studies reporting organelle dynamics upon viral infections are scant. In this review, we aim to summarize and highlight modulations caused to various organelles upon viral infection or expression of its proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sahaya Glingston
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Viral Immunology Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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45
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Choi YB, Choi Y, Harhaj EW. Peroxisomes support human herpesvirus 8 latency by stabilizing the viral oncogenic protein vFLIP via the MAVS-TRAF complex. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007058. [PMID: 29746593 PMCID: PMC5963799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is causally related to human malignancies. HHV-8 latent viral FLICE-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) is a viral oncoprotein that is linked to pathogenesis, but how its expression is regulated is largely unknown. In an attempt to understand the role of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adaptor in HHV-8 infection, we discovered that vFLIP expression was post-translationally up-regulated by the MAVS signaling complex on peroxisomes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that vFLIP could be targeted to the peroxisomes, where it was oncogenically active, in a PEX19-dependent manner. Targeted disruption of vFLIP and MAVS interaction resulted in a decrease in vFLIP expression and selectively promoted death of latently HHV-8-infected cells, providing therapeutic potential for treating HHV-8 diseases. Collectively, our experimental results suggest novel involvement of peroxisomes and MAVS in the stabilization of vFLIP and thereby in the establishment or maintenance of HHV-8 latency and associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yeeun Choi
- Centennial High School, Ellicott City, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward William Harhaj
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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46
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Metabolic reprogramming of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus infected B-cells in hypoxia. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007062. [PMID: 29746587 PMCID: PMC5963815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection stabilizes hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). The interaction between KSHV encoded factors and HIFs plays a critical role in KSHV latency, reactivation and associated disease phenotypes. Besides modulation of large-scale signaling, KSHV infection also reprograms the metabolic activity of infected cells. However, the mechanism and cellular pathways modulated during these changes are poorly understood. We performed comparative RNA sequencing analysis on cells with stabilized hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) of KSHV negative or positive background to identify changes in global and metabolic gene expression. Our results show that hypoxia induces glucose dependency of KSHV positive cells with high glucose uptake and high lactate release. We identified the KSHV-encoded vGPCR, as a novel target of HIF1α and one of the main viral antigens of this metabolic reprogramming. Bioinformatics analysis of vGPCR promoter identified 9 distinct hypoxia responsive elements which were activated by HIF1α in-vitro. Expression of vGPCR alone was sufficient for induction of changes in the metabolic phenotype similar to those induced by KSHV under hypoxic conditions. Silencing of HIF1α rescued the hypoxia associated phenotype of KSHV positive cells. Analysis of the host transcriptome identified several common targets of hypoxia as well as KSHV encoded factors and other synergistically activated genes belonging to cellular pathways. These include those involved in carbohydrate, lipid and amino acids metabolism. Further DNA methyltranferases, DNMT3A and DNMT3B were found to be regulated by either KSHV, hypoxia, or both synergistically at the transcript and protein levels. This study showed distinct and common, as well as synergistic effects of HIF1α and KSHV-encoded proteins on metabolic reprogramming of KSHV-infected cells in the hypoxia. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) play a critical role in survival and growth of cancerous cells, in addition to modulating cellular metabolism. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection stabilizes HIFs. Several factors encoded by KSHV are known to interact with up or downstream targets of HIFs. However, the process by which KSHV infection leads to stabilized HIF1α and modulation of the cellular metabolism is not understood. Comparative RNA sequencing analysis on cells with stabilized hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), of KSHV negative or positive cells led to identification of changes in global and metabolic gene expression. Our results show that hypoxia induces glucose dependency of KSHV positive cells with high glucose uptake and high lactate release. KSHV-encoded vGPCR was identified as a novel target of HIF1α regulation and a major viral antigen involved in metabolic reprogramming. Silencing of HIF1α rescued the hypoxia associated phenotype of KSHV positive cells. Analysis of the host transcriptome identified several common targets of hypoxia and KSHV-encoded factors, as well as other synergistically activated genes belonging to cellular metabolic pathways. This study showed unique, common and the synergistic effects of both HIF1α and KSHV-encoded proteins on metabolic reprogramming of KSHV-infected cells in hypoxia.
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Tso FY, Kossenkov AV, Lidenge SJ, Ngalamika O, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Wickramasinghe J, Kwon EH, West JT, Lieberman PM, Wood C. RNA-Seq of Kaposi's sarcoma reveals alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006844. [PMID: 29352292 PMCID: PMC5792027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). It is endemic in a number of sub-Saharan African countries with infection rate of >50%. The high prevalence of HIV-1 coupled with late presentation of advanced cancer staging make KS the leading cancer in the region with poor prognosis and high mortality. Disease markers and cellular functions associated with KS tumorigenesis remain ill-defined. Several studies have attempted to investigate changes of the gene profile with in vitro infection of monoculture models, which are not likely to reflect the cellular complexity of the in vivo lesion environment. Our approach is to characterize and compare the gene expression profile in KS lesions versus non-cancer tissues from the same individual. Such comparisons could identify pathways critical for KS formation and maintenance. This is the first study that utilized high throughput RNA-seq to characterize the viral and cellular transcriptome in tumor and non-cancer biopsies of African epidemic KS patients. These patients were treated anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable HIV-1 plasma viral load. We found remarkable variability in the viral transcriptome among these patients, with viral latency and immune modulation genes most abundantly expressed. The presence of KSHV also significantly affected the cellular transcriptome profile. Specifically, genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism disorder pathways were substantially affected. Moreover, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor did not prevent KS formation, suggesting some functional deficits of these cells. Lastly, we found only minimal overlaps between our in vivo cellular transcriptome dataset with those from in vitro studies, reflecting the limitation of in vitro models in representing tumor lesions. These findings could lead to the identification of diagnostic and therapeutic markers for KS, and will provide bases for further mechanistic studies on the functions of both viral and cellular genes that are involved. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and cause Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). KS is one of the most common cancer among HIV-1 patients in this region. Despite anti-retroviral treatment, prognosis for KS is poor with high mortality often due to presentation of late cancer stage. In order to identify biomarkers or therapeutic targets against KS, a better understanding of the viral and cellular genes expression/transcriptome in the tumor will be necessary. We used RNA-seq, a highly efficient method to sequence transcriptome, to characterize and compare the viral and cellular transcriptome in tumor and non-cancer tissues from KS patients. We found that viral genes involved in latency and immune modulation are most commonly expressed among KS patients. Additionally, cellular genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism disorder pathways are significantly affected by the presence of KSHV. Despite the detection of immune cells in the tumor, it did not prevent the tumor progression, suggesting some level of immune cell dysfunctions in KS patients. Lastly, we found limited overlap of our data, derived from actual KS biopsy, with other cell culture models, suggesting that the complexity of tumor is difficult to be reflected in cell line models.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | | | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John R. Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Eun Hee Kwon
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John T. West
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Viral Oncology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120111. [PMID: 29186062 PMCID: PMC5742800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12% of all human cancers. A large number of the world's population harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but only a small proportion of these individuals go on to develop cancer. The interplay between host and viral factors is a complex process that works together to create a microenvironment conducive to oncogenesis. In this review, the molecular biology and oncogenic pathways of established human oncoviruses will be discussed. Currently, there are seven recognized human oncoviruses, which include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Available and emerging therapies for these oncoviruses will be mentioned.
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49
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Lipids, lipid metabolism and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2017; 32:369-375. [PMID: 29019168 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-4027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are essential for mammalian cells to maintain many physiological functions. Emerging evidence has shown that cancer cells can develop specific alterations in lipid biosynthesis and metabolism to facilitate their survival and various malignant behaviors. To date, the precise role of cellular lipids and lipid metabolism in viral oncogenesis is still largely unclear with only a handful of literature covering this topic to implicate lipid metabolism in oncogenic virus associated pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the role of lipid biosynthesis and metabolism in the pathogenesis of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, a common causative factor for cancers arising in the immunocompromised settings.
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