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Ganjoo A, Tripathi A, Chetti P. Structural assessment and identification of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 38:4928-4937. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1688193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Ganjoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Anuj Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Prabhakar Chetti
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
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Rossi A, Simeoli C, Salerno M, Ferrigno R, Della Casa R, Colao A, Strisciuglio P, Parenti G, Pivonello R, Melis D. Imbalanced cortisol concentrations in glycogen storage disease type I: evidence for a possible link between endocrine regulation and metabolic derangement. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:99. [PMID: 32306986 PMCID: PMC7169016 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycogen storage disease type I (GSDI) is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism caused by mutations of either the G6PC gene (GSDIa) or the SLC37A4 gene (GSDIb). Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) availability has been shown to modulate 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), an ER-bound enzyme catalyzing the local conversion of inactive cortisone into active cortisol. Adrenal cortex assessment has never been performed in GSDI. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the adrenal cortex hormones levels in GSDI patients. Methods Seventeen GSDI (10 GSDIa and 7 GSDIb) patients and thirty-four age and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Baseline adrenal cortex hormones and biochemical markers of metabolic control serum levels were analyzed. Low dose ACTH stimulation test was also performed. Results Baseline cortisol serum levels were higher in GSDIa patients (p = 0.042) and lower in GSDIb patients (p = 0.041) than controls. GSDIa patients also showed higher peak cortisol response (p = 0.000) and Cortisol AUC (p = 0.029). In GSDIa patients, serum cholesterol (p = 0.000), triglycerides (p = 0.000), lactate (p = 0.000) and uric acid (p = 0.008) levels were higher and bicarbonate (p = 0.000) levels were lower than controls. In GSDIb patients, serum cholesterol levels (p = 0.016) were lower and lactate (p = 0.000) and uric acid (p = 0.000) levels were higher than controls. Baseline cortisol serum levels directly correlated with cholesterol (ρ = 0.65, p = 0.005) and triglycerides (ρ = 0.60, p = 0.012) serum levels in GSDI patients. Conclusions The present study showed impaired cortisol levels in GSDI patients, with opposite trend between GSDIa and GSDIb. The otherwise preserved adrenal cortex function suggests that this finding might be secondary to local deregulation rather than hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in GSDI patients. We hypothesize that 11βHSD1 might represent the link between endocrine regulation and metabolic derangement in GSDI, constituting new potential therapeutic target in GSDI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Simeoli
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Della Casa
- Maternal-Infant Department, Pediatrics Unit, "San Pio" Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Strisciuglio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Parenti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartmento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Section of Pediatrics, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, 43 84081, Baronissi (Salerno), Italy.
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Bhatt S, Nabulsi NB, Li S, Cai Z, Matuskey D, Bini J, Najafzadeh S, Kapinos M, Ropchan JR, Carson RE, Cosgrove KP, Huang Y, Hillmer AT. First in-human PET study and kinetic evaluation of [ 18F]AS2471907 for imaging 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:695-704. [PMID: 30895878 PMCID: PMC7168798 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19838633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes enzymatic conversion of cortisone into the stress hormone cortisol. This first-in-human brain imaging study characterizes the kinetic modeling and test-retest reproducibility of [18F]AS2471907, a novel PET radiotracer for 11β-HSD1. Eight individuals underwent one 180-min (n = 4) or two 240-min (n = 4) [18F]AS2471907 PET brain scans (12 total) acquired on the high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) scanner with arterial blood sampling. Imaging data were modeled with 1-tissue (1T) and 2-tissue (2T) compartment models and with multilinear analysis (MA1) to estimate [18F]AS2471907 availability (VT). [18F]AS2471907 demonstrated high, heterogeneous uptake throughout the brain. Of the compartment models, 2T best described [18F]AS2471907 data. Estimates of VT were highly correlated between 2T and MA1 (t* = 30 min) with MA1 yielding VT values ranging from 3.2 ± 1.0 mL/cm3 in the caudate to 15.7 ± 4.2 mL/cm3 in the occipital cortex. The median absolute test-retest variability of 16 ± 5% and high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of 0.67-0.97 across regions indicate fair test-retest reliability but large intersubject variability. VT estimates using 180 min were within 10% of estimates using full acquisition time. In summary, [18F]AS2471907 exhibits reasonable kinetic properties for imaging 11β-HSD1 in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bhatt
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel B Nabulsi
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Songye Li
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Soheila Najafzadeh
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Kapinos
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim R Ropchan
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly P Cosgrove
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven VA Hospital, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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4
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Li J, Kennedy LJ, Walker SJ, Wang H, Li JJ, Hong Z, O’Connor SP, Ye XY, Chen S, Wu S, Yoon DS, Nayeem A, Camac DM, Ramamurthy V, Morin PE, Sheriff S, Wang M, Harper TW, Golla R, Seethala R, Harrity T, Ponticiello RP, Morgan NN, Taylor JR, Zebo R, Maxwell B, Moulin F, Gordon DA, Robl JA. Discovery of Clinical Candidate BMS-823778 as an Inhibitor of Human 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD-1). ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1170-1174. [PMID: 30613321 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-823778 (2), a 1,2,4-triazolopyridinyl-methanol derived analog, was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1) enzyme (IC50 = 2.3 nM) with >10,000-fold selectivity over 11β-HSD-2. Compound 2 exhibits robust acute pharmacodynamic effects in cynomolgus monkeys (ED50 = 0.6 mg/kg) and in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice (ED50 = 34 mg/kg). Compound 2 also showed excellent inhibition in an ex vivo adipose DIO mouse model (ED50 = 5.2 mg/kg). Oral bioavailability ranges from 44% to 100% in preclinical species. Its favorable development properties, pharmacokinetics, high adipose-to-plasma concentration ratio, and preclinical pharmacology profile have prompted the evaluation of 2 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in phase 2 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Kennedy
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Steven J. Walker
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Haixia Wang
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James J. Li
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Zhenqiu Hong
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephen P. O’Connor
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiang-yang Ye
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shung Wu
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David S. Yoon
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Akbar Nayeem
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel M. Camac
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Vidhyashankar Ramamurthy
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Paul E. Morin
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Timothy W. Harper
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rajasree Golla
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ramakrishna Seethala
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Harrity
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Randolph P. Ponticiello
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nathan N. Morgan
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph R. Taylor
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rachel Zebo
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brad Maxwell
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Frederick Moulin
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David A. Gordon
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Loerz C, Maser E. The cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in skeletal muscle in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:65-71. [PMID: 28765040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) contributes to intracellular glucocorticoid action by converting inactive cortisone to its receptor-active form cortisol (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone in mice and rats). The potential role of 11β-HSD1 in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome has emerged over the past three decades. However, the precise impact of 11β-HSD1 in obesity-related diseases remains uncertain. Many studies from animal experiments to clinical studies have investigated liver and adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 in relation to obesity and its metabolic disorders including insulin resistance. But the relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle has been less extensively studied. On the other hand, skeletal muscle is assumed to be the main site of peripheral insulin resistance, but the biological relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle is unclear. This mini-review will focus on 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle and its postulated link to obesity and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loerz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Beck KR, Kaserer T, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Virtual screening applications in short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase research. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:157-177. [PMID: 28286207 PMCID: PMC6831487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) enzyme family play fundamental roles in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis as well as in the metabolism of steroids, oxysterols, bile acids, and retinoids in peripheral tissues, thereby controlling the local activation of their cognate receptors. Some of these SDRs are considered as promising therapeutic targets, for example to treat estrogen-/androgen-dependent and corticosteroid-related diseases, whereas others are considered as anti-targets as their inhibition may lead to disturbances of endocrine functions, thereby contributing to the development and progression of diseases. Nevertheless, the physiological functions of about half of all SDR members are still unknown. In this respect, in silico tools are highly valuable in drug discovery for lead molecule identification, in toxicology screenings to facilitate the identification of hazardous chemicals, and in fundamental research for substrate identification and enzyme characterization. Regarding SDRs, computational methods have been employed for a variety of applications including drug discovery, enzyme characterization and substrate identification, as well as identification of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). This review provides an overview of the efforts undertaken in the field of virtual screening supported identification of bioactive molecules in SDR research. In addition, it presents an outlook and addresses the opportunities and limitations of computational modeling and in vitro validation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Computer Aided Molecular Design Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Molecular Modeling Studies of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors through Receptor-Based 3D-QSAR and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091222. [PMID: 27657020 PMCID: PMC6274164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a potential target for the treatment of numerous human disorders, such as diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In this work, molecular modeling studies combining molecular docking, 3D-QSAR, MESP, MD simulations and free energy calculations were performed on pyridine amides and 1,2,4-triazolopyridines as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to explore structure-activity relationships and structural requirement for the inhibitory activity. 3D-QSAR models, including CoMFA and CoMSIA, were developed from the conformations obtained by docking strategy. The derived pharmacophoric features were further supported by MESP and Mulliken charge analyses using density functional theory. In addition, MD simulations and free energy calculations were employed to determine the detailed binding process and to compare the binding modes of inhibitors with different bioactivities. The binding free energies calculated by MM/PBSA showed a good correlation with the experimental biological activities. Free energy analyses and per-residue energy decomposition indicated the van der Waals interaction would be the major driving force for the interactions between an inhibitor and 11β-HSD1. These unified results may provide that hydrogen bond interactions with Ser170 and Tyr183 are favorable for enhancing activity. Thr124, Ser170, Tyr177, Tyr183, Val227, and Val231 are the key amino acid residues in the binding pocket. The obtained results are expected to be valuable for the rational design of novel potent 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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8
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Woods C, Tomlinson JW. The Dehydrogenase Hypothesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Robb GR, Boyd S, Davies CD, Dossetter AG, Goldberg FW, Kemmitt PD, Scott JS, Swales JG. Design of pyrazolo-pyrimidines as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors through optimisation of molecular electrostatic potential. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient lead optimisation through quantification of the molecular electrostatic potential using quantum mechanics.
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An G, Liu W, Katz DA, Marek GJ, Awni W, Dutta S. Population pharmacokinetics of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor ABT-384 in healthy volunteers following single and multiple dose regimens. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:417-29. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - David A. Katz
- Neuroscience Clinical Development; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Gerard J. Marek
- Neuroscience Clinical Development; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Walid Awni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
| | - Sandeep Dutta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics; R&D, AbbVie Inc.; North Waukegan Road North Chicago IL 60064, USA
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Li J, Kennedy LJ, Wang H, Li JJ, Walker SJ, Hong Z, O’Connor SP, Nayeem A, Camac DM, Morin PE, Sheriff S, Wang M, Harper T, Golla R, Seethala R, Harrity T, Ponticiello RP, Morgan NN, Taylor JR, Zebo R, Gordon DA, Robl JA. Optimization of 1,2,4-Triazolopyridines as Inhibitors of Human 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD-1). ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:803-8. [PMID: 25050169 DOI: 10.1021/ml500144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small alkyl groups and spirocyclic-aromatic rings directly attached to the left side and right side of the 1,2,4-triazolopyridines (TZP), respectively, were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 1 (11β-HSD-1) enzyme. 3-(1-(4-Chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-8-cyclopropyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (9f) was identified as a potent inhibitor of the 11β-HSD-1 enzyme with reduced Pregnane-X receptor (PXR) transactivation activity. The binding orientation of this TZP series was revealed by X-ray crystallography structure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel M. Camac
- Protein Science & Structure, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Paul E. Morin
- Protein Science & Structure, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Protein Science & Structure, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Lagos CF, Vecchiola A, Allende F, Fuentes CA, Tichauer JE, Valdivia C, Solari S, Campino C, Tapia-Castillo A, Baudrand R, Villarroel P, Cifuentes M, Owen GI, Carvajal CA, Fardella CE. Identification of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors by combined ligand- and structure-based virtual screening. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:71-82. [PMID: 24447464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts cortisone to cortisol in a NADPH dependent manner. Overexpression of 11β-HSD1 in key metabolic tissues is related to the development of type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Using crystal structures of human 11β-HSD1 in complex with inhibitors as source of structural information, a combined ligand and structure-based virtual screening approach was implemented to identify novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. A selected group of compounds was identified in silico and further evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and 11β-HSD1 mediated cortisol production inhibitory capacity. The expression of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 in human LS14 adipocytes was assessed during differentiation. Biological evaluation of 39 compounds in adipocytes and steroids quantification by HPLC-MS/MS identify 4 compounds that exhibit 11β-HSD1 mediated cortisol production inhibitory activity with potencies in the micromolar range. Two compounds showed to be selective for the 11β-HSD1 reductase activity and over 11β-HSD2 isoform, and thus represent novel leads for the development of more active derivatives with higher efficacies targeting intracellular cortisol levels in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Lagos
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Vecchiola
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fidel Allende
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal A Fuentes
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan E Tichauer
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Valdivia
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra Solari
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Campino
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Tapia-Castillo
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pia Villarroel
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Cifuentes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A Carvajal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E Fardella
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
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13
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of 2-adamantylmethyl tetrazoles as potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:654-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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McCoull W, Augustin M, Blake C, Ertan A, Kilgour E, Krapp S, Moore JE, Newcombe NJ, Packer MJ, Rees A, Revill J, Scott JS, Selmi N, Gerhardt S, Ogg DJ, Steinbacher S, Whittamore PRO. Identification and optimisation of 3,3-dimethyl-azetidin-2-ones as potent and selective inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Scott JS, Goldberg FW, Turnbull AV. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1). J Med Chem 2013; 57:4466-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4014746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Frederick W. Goldberg
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- AstraZeneca Innovative Medicines, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, U.K
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16
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Vögeli I, Jung HH, Dick B, Erickson SK, Escher R, Funder JW, Frey FJ, Escher G. Evidence for a role of sterol 27-hydroxylase in glucocorticoid metabolism in vivo. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:119-29. [PMID: 24096962 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular availability of glucocorticoids is regulated by the enzymes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2). The activity of HSD11B1 is measured in the urine based on the (tetrahydrocortisol+5α-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ((THF+5α-THF)/THE) ratio in humans and the (tetrahydrocorticosterone+5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone)/tetrahydrodehydrocorticosterone ((THB+5α-THB)/THA) ratio in mice. The cortisol/cortisone (F/E) ratio in humans and the corticosterone/11-dehydrocorticosterone (B/A) ratio in mice are markers of the activity of HSD11B2. In vitro agonist treatment of liver X receptor (LXR) down-regulates the activity of HSD11B1. Sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) catalyses the first step in the alternative pathway of bile acid synthesis by hydroxylating cholesterol to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC). Since 27-OHC is a natural ligand for LXR, we hypothesised that CYP27A1 deficiency may up-regulate the activity of HSD11B1. In a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis carrying a loss-of-function mutation in CYP27A1, the plasma concentrations of 27-OHC were dramatically reduced (3.8 vs 90-140 ng/ml in healthy controls) and the urinary ratios of (THF+5α-THF)/THE and F/E were increased, demonstrating enhanced HSD11B1 and diminished HSD11B2 activities. Similarly, in Cyp27a1 knockout (KO) mice, the plasma concentrations of 27-OHC were undetectable (<1 vs 25-120 ng/ml in Cyp27a1 WT mice). The urinary ratio of (THB+5α-THB)/THA was fourfold and that of B/A was twofold higher in KO mice than in their WT littermates. The (THB+5α-THB)/THA ratio was also significantly increased in the plasma, liver and kidney of KO mice. In the liver of these mice, the increase in the concentrations of active glucocorticoids was due to increased liver weight as a consequence of Cyp27a1 deficiency. In vitro, 27-OHC acts as an inhibitor of the activity of HSD11B1. Our studies suggest that the expression of CYP27A1 modulates the concentrations of active glucocorticoids in both humans and mice and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Vögeli
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Berne, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Emmental Hospital, Burgdorf, Switzerland Prince Henry's Institute, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Kang SU. GPR119 agonists: a promising approach for T2DM treatment? A SWOT analysis of GPR119. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1309-15. [PMID: 24060477 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ever since its advent as a promising therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has received much interest from the pharmaceutical industry. This interest peaked in June 2010, when Sanofi-Aventis agreed to pay Metabolex (Cymabay Therapeutics) US$375 million for MBX-2982, which was a representative orally active GPR119 agonist. However, Sanofi-Aventis opted to terminate the deal in May 2011 and another leading GPR119 agonist, GSK1292263, had a loss of efficacy during its clinical trial. In this review, I discuss the pros and cons of GPR119 through a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis and propose development strategies for the eventual success of a GPR119 agonist development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Kang
- Kosin University, Department of Life Sciences, 149-1, Dongsam-dong, Yeongdogu, Busan, South Korea.
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18
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Penno CA, Morgan SA, Vuorinen A, Schuster D, Lavery GG, Odermatt A. Impaired oxidoreduction by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 results in the accumulation of 7-oxolithocholic acid. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2874-83. [PMID: 23933573 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) mediates glucocorticoid activation and is currently considered as therapeutic target to treat metabolic diseases; however, biomarkers to assess its activity in vivo are still lacking. Recent in vitro experiments suggested that human 11β-HSD1 metabolizes the secondary bile acid 7-oxolithocholic acid (7-oxoLCA) to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and minor amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Here, we provide evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies for a major role of 11β-HSD1 in the oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA and compare its level and metabolism in several species. Hepatic microsomes from liver-specific 11β-HSD1-deficient mice were devoid of 7-oxoLCA oxidoreductase activity. Importantly, circulating and intrahepatic levels of 7-oxoLCA and its taurine conjugate were significantly elevated in mouse models of 11β-HSD1 deficiency. Moreover, comparative enzymology of 11β-HSD1-dependent oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA revealed that the guinea-pig enzyme is devoid of 7-oxoLCA oxidoreductase activity. Unlike in other species, 7-oxoLCA and its glycine conjugate are major bile acids in guinea-pigs. In conclusion, the oxidoreduction of 7-oxoLCA and its conjugated metabolites are catalyzed by 11β-HSD1, and the lack of this activity leads to the accumulation of these bile acids in guinea-pigs and 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. Thus, 7-oxoLCA and its conjugates may serve as biomarkers of impaired 11β-HSD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Penno
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Gathercole LL, Lavery GG, Morgan SA, Cooper MS, Sinclair AJ, Tomlinson JW, Stewart PM. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1: translational and therapeutic aspects. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:525-55. [PMID: 23612224 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts the inactive glucocorticoid cortisone and its active form cortisol. It is widely expressed and, although bidirectional, in vivo it functions predominantly as an oxoreductase, generating active glucocorticoid. This allows glucocorticoid receptor activation to be regulated at a prereceptor level in a tissue-specific manner. In this review, we will discuss the enzymology and molecular biology of 11β-HSD1 and the molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiencies. We will also address how altered 11β-HSD1 activity has been implicated in a number of disease states, and we will explore its role in the physiology and pathologies of different tissues. Finally, we will address the current status of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors that are in development and being tested in phase II trials for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Although the data are preliminary, therapeutic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is also an exciting prospect for the treatment of a variety of other disorders such as osteoporosis, glaucoma, intracranial hypertension, and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Gathercole
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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20
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Hofer S, Kratschmar DV, Schernthanner B, Vuorinen A, Schuster D, Odermatt A, Easmon J. Synthesis and biological analysis of benzazol-2-yl piperazine sulfonamides as 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5397-400. [PMID: 23981897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade the inhibition of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) emerged as a promising new strategy to treat diabetes and several metabolic syndrome phenotypes. Using a molecular modeling approach and classical bioisosteric studies, we discovered a new class of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors bearing an arylsulfonylpiperazine scaffold. Optimization of the initial lead resulted in compound 11 that selectively inhibits 11β-HSD1 (IC50=0.7 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hofer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Centrum für Chemie und Biomedizin, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Han ML, Shen Y, Wang GC, Leng Y, Zhang H, Yue JM. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors from Walsura cochinchinensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1319-1327. [PMID: 23795939 DOI: 10.1021/np400260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A search for inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) from Walsura cochinchinensis yielded 10 new limonoids, cochinchinoids A-J (1-10), and two new triterpenoids, 3-epimesendanin S (11) and cochinchinoid K (12). Their structures were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data, with the absolute configurations of 1 and 12 being established by X-ray diffraction analysis. Of these compounds, cochinchinoid K (12) displayed inhibitory activity against mouse 11β-HSD1 with an IC50 value of 0.82 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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22
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Deng X, Shen Y, Yang J, He J, Zhao Y, Peng LY, Leng Y, Zhao QS. Discovery and structure–activity relationships of ent-Kaurene diterpenoids as potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors: Potential impact in diabetes. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:403-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Böhme T, Engel CK, Farjot G, Güssregen S, Haack T, Tschank G, Ritter K. 1,1-Dioxo-5,6-dihydro-[4,1,2]oxathiazines, a novel class of 11ß-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4685-91. [PMID: 23845218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Racemic cis-1,1-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-[4,1,2]oxathiazine derivative 4a was isolated as an impurity in a sample of a hit from a HTS campaign on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). After separation by chiral chromatography the 4a-S, 8a-R enantiomer of compound 4a was identified as the true, potent enzyme inhibitor. The cocrystal structure of 4a with human and murine 11ß-HSD1 revealed the unique binding mode of the oxathiazine series. SAR elucidation and optimization in regard to metabolic stability led to monocyclic tetramethyloxathiazines as exemplified by compound 21g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Böhme
- Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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24
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Lipson VV, Shirobokova MG, Petrova ON. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, a target for development of oral antidiabetic drugs (Review). Pharm Chem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-013-0900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Zhu X, Slatter JG, Emery MG, Deane MR, Akrami A, Zhang X, Hickman D, Skiles GL, Subramanian R. Activity-based exposure comparisons among humans and nonclinical safety testing species in an extensively metabolized drug candidate. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:617-27. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.747711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Scott JS, deSchoolmeester J, Kilgour E, Mayers RM, Packer MJ, Hargreaves D, Gerhardt S, Ogg DJ, Rees A, Selmi N, Stocker A, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Novel Acidic 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) Inhibitor with Reduced Acyl Glucuronide Liability: The Discovery of 4-[4-(2-Adamantylcarbamoyl)-5-tert-butyl-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic Acid (AZD8329). J Med Chem 2012; 55:10136-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301252n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne deSchoolmeester
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Kilgour
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Mayers
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Packer
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - David Hargreaves
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gerhardt
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Ogg
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Rees
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Nidhal Selmi
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stocker
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Swales
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. O. Whittamore
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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Aicher TD, Boyd SA, McVean M, Celeste A. Novel therapeutics and targets for the treatment of diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:209-29. [PMID: 22111568 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microvascular complications of insufficiently controlled diabetes (neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy) and the marked increased risk of macrovascular events (e.g., stroke and myocardial infarction) have a dire impact on society in both human and economic terms. In Type 1 diabetes total β-cell loss occurs. In Type 2 diabetes, partial β-cell loss occurs before diagnosis, and the progressive β-cell loss during the life of the patient increases the severity of the disease. In patients with diabetes, increased insulin resistance in the muscle and liver are key pathophysiologic defects. In addition, defects in metabolic processes in the fat, GI tract, brain, pancreatic α-cells and kidney are detrimental to the overall health of the patient. This review addresses novel therapies for these deficiencies in clinical and preclinical evaluation, emphasizing their potential to address glucose homeostasis, β-cell mass and function, and the comorbidities of cardiovascular disease and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Aicher
- Principal Research Investigator, Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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28
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Ahasan MM, Hardy R, Jones C, Kaur K, Nanus D, Juarez M, Morgan SA, Hassan-Smith Z, Bénézech C, Caamaño JH, Hewison M, Lavery G, Rabbitt EH, Clark AR, Filer A, Buckley CD, Raza K, Stewart PM, Cooper MS. Inflammatory regulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in mesenchymal stromal cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2404-13. [PMID: 22294469 PMCID: PMC3532601 DOI: 10.1002/art.34414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Tissue glucocorticoid (GC) levels are regulated by the GC-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). This enzyme is expressed in cells and tissues arising from mesenchymal stromal cells. Proinflammatory cytokines dramatically increase expression of 11β-HSD1 in stromal cells, an effect that has been implicated in inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis, obesity, and myopathy. Additionally, GCs act synergistically with proinflammatory cytokines to further increase enzyme expression. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying this regulation. Methods Gene reporter analysis, rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE), chemical inhibition experiments, and genetic disruption of intracellular signaling pathways in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to define the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of 11β-HSD1 expression. Results Gene reporter, RACE, and chemical inhibitor studies demonstrated that the increase in 11β-HSD1 expression with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)/interleukin-1β (IL-1β) occurred via the proximal HSD11B1 gene promoter and depended on NF-κB signaling. These findings were confirmed using MEFs with targeted disruption of NF-κB signaling, in which RelA (p65) deletion prevented TNFα/IL-1β induction of 11β-HSD1. GC treatment did not prevent TNFα-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation. The synergistic enhancement of TNFα-induced 11β-HSD1 expression with GCs was reproduced by specific inhibitors of p38 MAPK. Inhibitor and gene deletion studies indicated that the effects of GCs on p38 MAPK activity occurred primarily through induction of dual-specificity phosphatase 1 expression. Conclusion The mechanism by which stromal cell expression of 11β-HSD1 is regulated is novel and distinct from that in other tissues. These findings open new opportunities for development of therapeutic interventions aimed at inhibiting or stimulating local GC levels in cells of mesenchymal stromal lineage during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Ahasan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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29
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Adamantyl carboxamides and acetamides as potent human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6394-402. [PMID: 23040895 PMCID: PMC3510433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of 11β-HSD1 activity with selective inhibitors has beneficial effects on various metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and obesity. Here we report the discovery of a series of novel adamantyl carboxamide and acetamide derivatives as selective inhibitors of human 11β-HSD1 in HEK-293 cells transfected with the HSD11B1 gene. Optimization based on an initially identified 11β-HSD1 inhibitor (3) led to the discovery of potent inhibitors with IC(50) values in the 100 nM range. These compounds are also highly selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors with no activity against 11β-HSD2 and 17β-HSD1. Compound 15 (IC(50)=114 nM) with weak inhibitory activity against the key human cytochrome P450 enzymes and moderate stability in incubation with human liver microsomes is worthy of further development. Importantly, compound 41 (IC(50)=280 nM) provides a new lead that incorporates an adamantyl group surrogate and should enable further series diversification.
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30
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Scott JS, Gill AL, Godfrey L, Groombridge SD, Rees A, Revill J, Schofield P, Sörme P, Stocker A, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Optimisation of pharmacokinetic properties in a neutral series of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6756-61. [PMID: 23013933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
11β-HSD1 is increasingly seen as an attractive target for the treatment of type II diabetes and other elements of the metabolic syndrome. In this program of work we describe how a series of neutral 2-thioalkyl-pyridine 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were optimized in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties to give compounds with excellent bioavailability in both rat and dog through a core change to pyrimidine. A potential reactive metabolite issue with 4-thioalkyl-pyrimidines was circumvented by a switch from sulfur to carbon substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Scott
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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Valeur E, Christmann-Franck S, Lepifre F, Carniato D, Cravo D, Charon C, Bozec S, Musil D, Hillertz P, Doare L, Schmidlin F, Lecomte M, Schultz M, Roche D. Structure-based design of 7-azaindole-pyrrolidine amides as inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5909-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1055-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Abrahams L, Semjonous NM, Guest P, Zielinska A, Hughes B, Lavery GG, Stewart PM. Biomarkers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in mice lacking 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH. J Endocrinol 2012; 214:367-72. [PMID: 22718432 PMCID: PMC3427643 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid concentrations are a balance between production under the negative feedback control and diurnal rhythm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and peripheral metabolism, for example by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which catalyses the reduction of inactive cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) in mice) to cortisol (corticosterone in mice). Reductase activity is conferred upon 11β-HSD1 by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). 11β-HSD1 is implicated in the development of obesity, and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors are currently under development. We sought to address the concern regarding potential up-regulation of the HPA axis associated with inhibition of 11β-HSD1. We assessed biomarkers for allele combinations of 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH derived from double heterozygous mouse crosses. H6PDH knock out (KO) adrenals were 69% larger than WT while 11β-HSD1 KO and double KO (DKO) adrenals were ~30% larger than WT - indicative of increased HPA axis drive in KO animals. ACTH-stimulated circulating corticosterone concentrations were 2.2-fold higher in H6PDH KO animals and ~1.5-fold higher in 11β-HSD1 KO and DKO animals compared with WT, proportional to the observed adrenal hypertrophy. KO of H6PDH resulted in a substantial increase in urinary DHC metabolites in males (65%) and females (61%). KO of 11β-HSD1 alone or in combination with H6PDH led to significant increases (36 and 42% respectively) in urinary DHC metabolites in females only. Intermediate 11β-HSD1/H6PDH heterozygotes maintained a normal HPA axis. Urinary steroid metabolite profile by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as a biomarker assay may be beneficial in assaying HPA axis status clinically in cases of congenital and acquired 11β-HSD1/H6PDH deficiency.
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Scott JS, Bowker SS, Deschoolmeester J, Gerhardt S, Hargreaves D, Kilgour E, Lloyd A, Mayers RM, McCoull W, Newcombe NJ, Ogg D, Packer MJ, Rees A, Revill J, Schofield P, Selmi N, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable acidic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor: discovery of 2-[(3S)-1-[5-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-6-propylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl]-3-piperidyl]acetic acid (AZD4017). J Med Chem 2012; 55:5951-64. [PMID: 22691057 DOI: 10.1021/jm300592r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is an attractive mechanism for the treatment of obesity and other elements of the metabolic syndrome. We report here the discovery of a nicotinic amide derived carboxylic acid class of inhibitors that has good potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Compound 11i (AZD4017) is an effective inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 in human adipocytes and exhibits good druglike properties and as a consequence was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Scott
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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Discovery and optimization of benzenesulfonanilide derivatives as a novel class of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3786-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Zhang L, Chen J, Ning M, Zou Q, Leng Y, Shen J. Synthesis and evaluation of piperidine urea derivatives as efficacious 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors in diabetic ob/ob mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2748-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Suckling K. The landscape of drug discovery in atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemia revisited: an update of patenting activity. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:199-204. [PMID: 22404075 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.667402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper is an update of a previous paper I published in Expert Opinion of Therapeutic Patents in 2008. The paper was a survey of patenting activity in the fields of atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemia, which identified trends in patenting by reviewing two major mechanistic categories, metabolic/dyslipidaemia and vascular/inflammation, as well as examining the interest in certain specific targets over a period of 10 years. METHODS In this update, the same methodology was followed using the Espacenet of the European Patent Office (EPO) to identify patents claiming therapeutics for atherosclerosis or dyslipidaemia (excluding the wider metabolic syndrome). EXPERT OPINION A major change in the field over the past 5 years has been the departure of larger companies from the field. This is reflected in the patenting activity. Patenting has been at a stable rate over the recent years with few new targets being highlighted. It is suggested that, for this field to return to the higher rates of patenting seen over 10 years ago, breakthroughs in translational medicine and in the ability to conduct clinical trials, particularly in biomarkers and imaging, will need to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Suckling
- Suckling Science Ltd, 291 Knightsfield, Welwyn Garden City, Herts, AL8 7NH, UK.
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38
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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39
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Scott JS, Barton P, Bennett SNL, deSchoolmeester J, Godfrey L, Kilgour E, Mayers RM, Packer MJ, Rees A, Schofield P, Selmi N, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Reduction of acyl glucuronidation in a series of acidic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitors: the discovery of AZD6925. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20154b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Pradaux-Caggiano F, Su X, Vicker N, Thomas MP, Smithen D, Halem HA, Culler MD, Potter BVL. Synthesis and evaluation of thiadiazole derivatives as inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20091k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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41
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Design, synthesis, and SAR studies of novel polycyclic acids as potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6699-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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42
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Li Z, Heffner P, Gong Y. A gram-scale synthesis of [3,4-13C2,1α,7-2H2]cortisone. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhong Li
- Process Research & Synthesis; Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; 340 Kingsland Street; Nutley; NJ; 07110; USA
| | - Peter Heffner
- Process Research & Synthesis; Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; 340 Kingsland Street; Nutley; NJ; 07110; USA
| | - Yumin Gong
- Discovery Chemistry; Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.; 340 Kingsland Street; Nutley; NJ; 07110; USA
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Wu SC, Yoon D, Chin J, van Kirk K, Seethala R, Golla R, He B, Harrity T, Kunselman LK, Morgan NN, Ponticiello RP, Taylor JR, Zebo R, Harper TW, Li W, Wang M, Zhang L, Sleczka BG, Nayeem A, Sheriff S, Camac DM, Morin PE, Everlof JG, Li YX, Ferraro CA, Kieltyka K, Shou W, Vath MB, Zvyaga TA, Gordon DA, Robl JA. Discovery of 3-hydroxy-4-cyano-isoquinolines as novel, potent, and selective inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6693-8. [PMID: 21983444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Derived from the HTS hit 1, a series of hydroxyisoquinolines was discovered as potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors with good cross species activity. Optimization of substituents at the 1 and 4 positions of the isoquinoline group in addition to the core modifications, with a special focus on enhancing metabolic stability and aqueous solubility, resulted in the identification of several compounds as potent advanced leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shung C Wu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, PO Box 5400, Hopewell, NJ 08534-5400, USA.
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Su X, Pradaux-Caggiano F, Vicker N, Thomas MP, Halem H, Culler MD, Potter BVL. Adamantyl ethanone pyridyl derivatives: potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1616-29. [PMID: 21714097 PMCID: PMC3179844 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of active glucocorticoids have been implicated in the development of several phenotypes of metabolic syndrome, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyses the intracellular conversion of inactive cortisone to cortisol. Selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have shown beneficial effects in various conditions, including diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity. A series of adamantyl ethanone pyridyl derivatives has been identified, providing potent and selective inhibitors of human 11β-HSD1. Lead compounds display low nanomolar inhibition against human and mouse 11β-HSD1 and are selective for this isoform, with no activity against 11β-HSD2 and 17β-HSD1. Structure-activity relationship studies reveal that an unsubstituted pyridine tethered to an adamantyl ethanone motif through an ether or sulfoxide linker provides a suitable pharmacophore for activity. The most potent inhibitors have IC₅₀ values around 34-48 nM against human 11β-HSD1, display reasonable metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, and weak inhibition of key human CYP450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Su
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathBath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225 386114
| | - Fabienne Pradaux-Caggiano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathBath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225 386114
| | - Nigel Vicker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathBath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225 386114
| | - Mark P Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathBath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225 386114
| | - Heather Halem
- IPSEN, Biomeasure Inc.27 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757 (USA)
| | | | - Barry V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of BathBath, BA2 7AY (UK), Fax: (+44) 1225 386114
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Hepatic reduction of the secondary bile acid 7-oxolithocholic acid is mediated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Biochem J 2011; 436:621-9. [PMID: 21453287 DOI: 10.1042/bj20110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The oxidized bile acid 7-oxoLCA (7-oxolithocholic acid), formed primarily by gut micro-organisms, is reduced in human liver to CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid) and, to a lesser extent, UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid). The enzyme(s) responsible remained unknown. Using human liver microsomes, we observed enhanced 7-oxoLCA reduction in the presence of detergent. The reaction was dependent on NADPH and stimulated by glucose 6-phosphate, suggesting localization of the enzyme in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and dependence on NADPH-generating H6PDH (hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Using recombinant human 11β-HSD1 (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1), we demonstrate efficient conversion of 7-oxoLCA into CDCA and, to a lesser extent, UDCA. Unlike the reversible metabolism of glucocorticoids, 11β-HSD1 mediated solely 7-oxo reduction of 7-oxoLCA and its taurine and glycine conjugates. Furthermore, we investigated the interference of bile acids with 11β-HSD1-dependent interconversion of glucocorticoids. 7-OxoLCA and its conjugates preferentially inhibited cortisone reduction, and CDCA and its conjugates inhibited cortisol oxidation. Three-dimensional modelling provided an explanation for the binding mode and selectivity of the bile acids studied. The results reveal that 11β-HSD1 is responsible for 7-oxoLCA reduction in humans, providing a further link between hepatic glucocorticoid activation and bile acid metabolism. These findings also suggest the need for animal and clinical studies to explore whether inhibition of 11β-HSD1 to reduce cortisol levels would also lead to an accumulation of 7-oxoLCA, thereby potentially affecting bile acid-mediated functions.
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46
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Kratschmar DV, Vuorinen A, Da Cunha T, Wolber G, Classen-Houben D, Doblhoff O, Schuster D, Odermatt A. Characterization of activity and binding mode of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:129-42. [PMID: 21236343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of intracellular glucocorticoid availability is considered as a promising strategy to treat glucocorticoid-dependent diseases. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the biologically active triterpenoid metabolite of glycyrrhizin, which is contained in the roots and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.), represents a well-known but non-selective inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). However, to assess the physiological functions of the respective enzymes and for potential therapeutic applications selective inhibitors are needed. In the present study, we applied bioassays and 3D-structure modeling to characterize nine 11β-HSD1 and fifteen 11β-HSD2 inhibiting GA derivatives. Comparison of the GA derivatives in assays using cell lysates revealed that modifications at the 3-hydroxyl and/or the carboxyl led to highly selective and potent 11β-HSD2 inhibitors. The data generated significantly extends our knowledge on structure-activity relationship of GA derivatives as 11β-HSD inhibitors. Using recombinant enzymes we found also potent inhibition of mouse 11β-HSD2, despite significant species-specific differences. The selected GA derivatives potently inhibited 11β-HSD2 in intact SW-620 colon cancer cells, although the rank order of inhibitory potential differed from that obtained in cell lysates. The biological activity of compounds was further demonstrated in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transactivation assays in cells coexpressing GR and 11β-HSD1 or 11β-HSD2. 3D-structure modeling provides an explanation for the differences in the selectivity and activity of the GA derivatives investigated. The most potent and selective 11β-HSD2 inhibitors should prove useful as mechanistic tools for further anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer in vitro and in vivo studies. Article from the Special issue on Targeted Inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise V Kratschmar
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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47
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Maletic M, Leeman A, Szymonifka M, Mundt SS, Zokian HJ, Shah K, Dragovic J, Lyons K, Thieringer R, Vosatka AH, Balkovec J, Waddell ST. Bicyclo[2.2.2]octyltriazole inhibitors of 11β-hydoxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Pharmacological agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2568-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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48
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Coutinho AE, Chapman KE. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, recent developments and mechanistic insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 335:2-13. [PMID: 20398732 PMCID: PMC3047790 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1070] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of glucocorticoids in the 1940s and the recognition of their anti-inflammatory effects, they have been amongst the most widely used and effective treatments to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their clinical efficacy is compromised by the metabolic effects of long-term treatment, which include osteoporosis, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been invested in identifying compounds that separate the beneficial anti-inflammatory effects from the adverse metabolic effects of glucocorticoids, with limited effect. It is clear that for these efforts to be effective, a greater understanding is required of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Recent research is shedding new light on some of these mechanisms and has produced some surprising new findings. Some of these recent developments are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen E. Chapman
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 131 242 6736; fax: +44 131 242 6779.
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49
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Crystal structures of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and their use in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:367-90. [PMID: 21446847 PMCID: PMC4037982 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is synthesized by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, inhibitors of which may treat disease associated with excessive cortisol levels. The crystal structures of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that have been released may aid drug discovery. The crystal structures have been analyzed in terms of the interactions between the protein and the ligands. Despite a variety of structurally different inhibitors the crystal structures of the proteins are quite similar. However, the differences are significant for drug discovery. The crystal structures can be of use in drug discovery, but care needs to be taken when selecting structures for use in virtual screening and ligand docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barry VL Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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50
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Gaware R, Khunt R, Czollner L, Stanetty C, Cunha TD, Kratschmar DV, Odermatt A, Kosma P, Jordis U, Claßen-Houben D. Synthesis of new glycyrrhetinic acid derived ring A azepanone, 29-urea and 29-hydroxamic acid derivatives as selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1866-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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