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Imam MW, Luqman S. Unveiling the mechanism of essential oil action against skin pathogens: from ancient wisdom to modern science. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:347. [PMID: 38985339 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Essential oils are among the most well-known phyto-compounds, and since ancient times, they have been utilized in medicine. Over 100 essential oils have been identified and utilized as therapies for various skin infections and related ailments. While numerous commercial medicines are available in different dosage forms to treat skin diseases, the persisting issues include their side effects, toxicity, and low efficacy. As a result, researchers are seeking novel classes of compounds as substitutes for synthetic drugs, aiming for minimal side effects, no toxicity, and high efficacy. Essential oils have shown promising antimicrobial activity against skin-associated pathogens. This review presents essential knowledge and scientific information regarding essential oil's antimicrobial capabilities against microorganisms that cause skin infections. Essential oils mechanisms against different pathogens have also been explored. Many essential oils exhibit promising activity against various microbes, which has been qualitatively assessed using the agar disc diffusion experiment, followed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for quantitative evaluation. It has been observed that Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans have been extensively researched in the context of skin-related infections and their antimicrobial activity, including established modes of action. In contrast, other skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogens, Propionibacterium acnes, and Malassezia furfur have received less attention or neglected. This review report provides an updated understanding of the mechanisms of action of various essential oils with antimicrobial properties. This review explores the anti-infectious activity and mode of action of essential against distinct skin pathogens. Such knowledge can be valuable in treating skin infections and related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Waquar Imam
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Firdous SO, Sagor MMH, Arafat MT. Advances in Transdermal Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Wound Management: Biomaterial-Based Approaches and Future Perspectives. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37976446 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), distinguished by their cationic and amphiphilic nature, represent a critical frontier in the battle against antimicrobial resistance due to their potent antimicrobial activity and a broad spectrum of action. However, the clinical translation of AMPs faces hurdles, including their susceptibility to degradation, limited bioavailability, and the need for targeted delivery. Transdermal delivery has immense potential for optimizing AMP administration for wound management. Leveraging the skin's accessibility and barrier properties, transdermal delivery offers a noninvasive approach that can circumvent systemic side effects and ensure sustained release. Biomaterial-based delivery systems, encompassing nanofibers, hydrogels, nanoparticles, and liposomes, have emerged as key players in enhancing the efficacy of transdermal AMP delivery. These biomaterial carriers not only shield AMPs from enzymatic degradation but also provide controlled release mechanisms, thereby elevating stability and bioavailability. The synergistic interaction between the transdermal approach and biomaterial-facilitated formulations presents a promising strategy to overcome the multifaceted challenges associated with AMP delivery. Integrating advanced technologies and personalized medicine, this convergence allows the reimagining of wound care. This review amalgamates insights to propose a pathway where AMPs, transdermal delivery, and biomaterial innovation harmonize for effective wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Omara Firdous
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mehadi Hassan Sagor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - M Tarik Arafat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
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Czyz CM, Kunth PW, Gruber F, Kremslehner C, Hammers CM, Hundt JE. Requisite instruments for the establishment of three-dimensional epidermal human skin equivalents-A methods review. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:1870-1883. [PMID: 37605856 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Human skin equivalents (HSEs) are three-dimensional skin organ culture models raised in vitro. This review gives an overview of common techniques for setting up HSEs. The HSE consists of an artificial dermis and epidermis. 3T3-J2 murine fibroblasts, purchased human fibroblasts or freshly isolated and cultured fibroblasts, together with other components, for example, collagen type I, are used to build the scaffold. Freshly isolated and cultured keratinocytes are seeded on top. It is possible to add other cell types, for example, melanocytes, to the HSE-depending on the research question. After several days and further steps, the 3D skin can be harvested. Additionally, we show possible markers and techniques for evaluation of artificial skin. Furthermore, we provide a comparison of HSEs to human skin organ culture, a model which employs human donor skin. We outline advantages and limitations of both models and discuss future perspectives in using HSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianna Marie Czyz
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul Werner Kunth
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Gruber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Analytical Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Kremslehner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Skin Multimodal Analytical Imaging of Aging and Senescence - SKINMAGINE, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Matthias Hammers
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Sato T, Nikolovski J, Gould R, Lboukili I, Roux P, Al‐Ghalith G, Orie J, Insel R, Stamatas GN. Skin surface biomarkers are associated with future development of atopic dermatitis in children with family history of allergic disease. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13470. [PMID: 37881058 PMCID: PMC10582603 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common childhood chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can significantly impact quality of life and has been linked to the subsequent development of food allergy, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, an association known as the "atopic march." OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers collected non-invasively from the skin surface in order to predict AD before diagnosis across a broad age range of children. METHODS Non-invasive skin surface measures and biomarkers were collected from 160 children (3-48 months of age) of three groups: (A) healthy with no family history of allergic disease, (B) healthy with family history of allergic disease, and (C) diagnosed AD. RESULTS Eleven of 101 children in group B reported AD diagnosis in the subsequent 12 months following the measurements. The children who developed AD had increased skin immune markers before disease onset, compared to those who did not develop AD in the same group and to the control group. In those enrolled with AD, lesional skin was characterized by increased concentrations of certain immune markers and transepidermal water loss, and decreased skin surface hydration. CONCLUSIONS Defining risk susceptibility before onset of AD through non-invasive methods may help identify children who may benefit from early preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCRaritanNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Russell Gould
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCRaritanNew JerseyUSA
| | - Imane Lboukili
- Essential Health Translational ScienceJohnson & Johnson Santé Beauté FranceIssy‐les‐MoulineauxFrance
| | - Pierre‐Francois Roux
- Essential Health Translational ScienceJohnson & Johnson Santé Beauté FranceIssy‐les‐MoulineauxFrance
| | | | - Jeremy Orie
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCRaritanNew JerseyUSA
| | - Richard Insel
- Janssen Research & Development, LLCRaritanNew JerseyUSA
| | - Georgios N. Stamatas
- Essential Health Translational ScienceJohnson & Johnson Santé Beauté FranceIssy‐les‐MoulineauxFrance
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Argentina F, Suwarsa O, Gunawan H, Berbudi A. Gene Expression of Human Beta-Defensin-3 and Cathelicidin in the Skin of Leprosy Patients, Household Contacts, and Healthy Individuals from Indonesia. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:1485-1492. [PMID: 37333516 PMCID: PMC10275412 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s405932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Leprosy, a chronic infectious peripheral neuropathy, is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This bacterium produces triacylated lipopeptides that can induce the immune system via the Toll-like receptor 2/1 (TLR 2/1) complex. Activation of TLR 2/1 produces proinflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including human beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) and cathelicidin. Purpose To analyze differences in gene expression of HBD-3 and cathelicidin in the skin of leprosy patients, household contacts, and healthy individuals. Patients and Methods An analytic observational study was conducted at the Outpatient Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology of Dr Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia, from January 2021 to June 2022. In each group of 18 subjects, 72 samples were collected, including skin lesion in leprosy patients, normal skin in leprosy patients, household contacts, and healthy individuals. A comparison of HBD-3 and cathelicidin gene expression between the four groups was analyzed using Pearson Chi Square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney Test. Results The median value of HBD-3 gene expression on skin lesion in leprosy patients was 260.61 (0.19-3734.10); normal skin in leprosy patients was 1.91 (0.01-151.17); household contacts skin was 7.93 (0.27-121.10); and healthy individuals' skin was 1.00 (1.00-1.00) is highly significant difference (p < 0.0001). The median value of cathelicidin gene expression on skin lesion in leprosy patients was 38.72 (0.28-1852.17); normal skin in leprosy patients was 0.48 (0.01-15.83); household contacts skin was 9.8 (0.04-128.0); and healthy individual skin was 1.00 (1.00-1.00), also highly significant difference (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Gene expression of HBD-3 and cathelicidin increased in skin lesions of leprosy patients and household contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fifa Argentina
- Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya/Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Oki Suwarsa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Gunawan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Afiat Berbudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parasitology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Care and Control of Infectious Disease, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Barman P, Joshi S, Sharma S, Preet S, Sharma S, Saini A. Strategic Approaches to Improvise Peptide Drugs as Next Generation Therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 29:61. [PMID: 37251528 PMCID: PMC10206374 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence of a wide variety of drug-resistant diseases has led to an increase in interest in alternate therapies. Peptide-based drugs as an alternate therapy hold researchers' attention in various therapeutic fields such as neurology, dermatology, oncology, metabolic diseases, etc. Previously, they had been overlooked by pharmaceutical companies due to certain limitations such as proteolytic degradation, poor membrane permeability, low oral bioavailability, shorter half-life, and poor target specificity. Over the last two decades, these limitations have been countered by introducing various modification strategies such as backbone and side-chain modifications, amino acid substitution, etc. which improve their functionality. This has led to a substantial interest of researchers and pharmaceutical companies, moving the next generation of these therapeutics from fundamental research to the market. Various chemical and computational approaches are aiding the production of more stable and long-lasting peptides guiding the formulation of novel and advanced therapeutic agents. However, there is not a single article that talks about various peptide design approaches i.e., in-silico and in-vitro along with their applications and strategies to improve their efficacy. In this review, we try to bring different aspects of peptide-based therapeutics under one article with a clear focus to cover the missing links in the literature. This review draws emphasis on various in-silico approaches and modification-based peptide design strategies. It also highlights the recent progress made in peptide delivery methods important for their enhanced clinical efficacy. The article would provide a bird's-eye view to researchers aiming to develop peptides with therapeutic applications. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchali Barman
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology (UIEAST), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Shubhi Joshi
- Energy Research Centre, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, U.T 160014 India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, U.T 160014 India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology (UIEAST), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, U.T 160014 India
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Pendharkar S, Skafte-Holm A, Simsek G, Haahr T. Lactobacilli and Their Probiotic Effects in the Vagina of Reproductive Age Women. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030636. [PMID: 36985210 PMCID: PMC10056154 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present narrative review, the probiotic effects of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. are described in detail, covering the importance of the differential production of lactic acid, the lactic acid D/L isoforms, the questionable in vivo effect of hydrogen peroxide, as well as bacteriocins and other core proteins produced by vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Moreover, the microbe–host interaction is explained with emphasis on the vaginal mucosa. To understand the crucial role of Lactobacillus spp. dominance in the vaginal microbiota, different dysbiotic states of the vagina are explained including bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis. Finally, this review takes on the therapeutic aspect of live lactobacilli in the context of bacterial vaginosis. Until recently, there was very low-quality evidence to suggest that any probiotic might aid in reducing vaginal infections or dysbiosis. Therefore, clinical usage or over the counter usage of probiotics was not recommended. However, recent progress has been made, moving from probiotics that are typically regulated as food supplements to so-called live biotherapeutic products that are regulated as medical drugs. Thus, recently, a phase 2b trial using a Lactobacillus crispatus strain as a therapeutic add-on to standard metronidazole showed significant reduction in the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis by 12 weeks compared to placebo. This may constitute evidence for a brighter future where the therapeutic use of lactobacilli can be harnessed to improve women’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Skafte-Holm
- Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gizem Simsek
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Haahr
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Zhao YY, Wang C, Wang WX, Han LM, Zhang C, Yu JY, Chen W, Hu CM. ApoE Mimetic Peptide COG1410 Exhibits Strong Additive Interaction with Antibiotics Against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1801-1812. [PMID: 37013167 PMCID: PMC10066718 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s403232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging threat to public health worldwide. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is a promising solution to solve the antimicrobial resistance crisis. The apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide COG1410 has been confirmed to simultaneously have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity. However, whether it is effective to inhibit growth of mycobacteria has not been investigated yet. Methods The peptide COG1410 was synthesized with conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis and qualified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration. A time-kill assay was used to determine the bactericidal dynamics of antimicrobial peptide and relative antibiotics. Static biofilm formation was conducted in 24-well plate and the biofilm was separated from planktonic cells and collected. The mechanism of action of COG1410 was explored by TEM observation and ATP leak assay. The localization of COG1410 was observed by confocal laser scan microscopy. The drug-drug interaction was determined by a checkerboard assay. Results COG1410 was a potent bactericidal agent against M. smegmatis in vitro and within the macrophages with MIC 16 μg/mL, but invalid against M. abscess and M. tuberculosis. A time-kill assay showed that COG1410 killed M. smegmatis as potent as clarithromycin, but faster than LL-37, another short synthetic cationic peptide. 1× MIC COG1410 almost reduced 90% biofilm formation of M. smegmatis. Additionally, COG1410 was able to penetrate the cell membrane of macrophage and inhibit intracellular M. smegmatis growth. TEM observation and ATP leak assay found that COG1410 disrupted cell membrane and caused release of cell contents. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that FITC-COG1410 aggregated around cell membrane instead of entering the cytoplasm. Although COG1410 had relative high cytotoxicity, it exhibited strong additive interaction with regular anti-TB antibiotics, which reduced the working concentration of COG1410 and expanding safety window. After 30 passages, there was no induced drug resistance for COG1410. Conclusion COG1410 was a novel and potent AMP against M. smegmatis by disrupting the integrity of cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Mei Han
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao-Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wei Chen; Chun-Mei Hu, Email ;
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, People’s Republic of China
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Xu S, Wang F, Zou P, Li X, Jin Q, Wang Q, Wang B, Zhou Y, Tang L, Yu D, Li W. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 in the diet improves egg quality of hens by altering intestinal microbiota and the effect is diminished by antimicrobial peptide. Front Nutr 2022; 9:999998. [PMID: 36386928 PMCID: PMC9664065 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.999998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment investigated the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 (BaSC06) and its combination with antimicrobial peptide (AMP) on the laying performance, egg quality, intestinal physical barrier, antioxidative status and immunity of commercial Jingbai strain laying hens. The results showed that BaSC06 significantly improved laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. However, there was a tendency to increase laying performance and decrease egg quality for the addition of AMP compared to the BaSC06 group. Also, both BaSC06 and its combination with AMP treatment increased length of microvilli and the content of tight junction protein in jejunum, and BaSC06 combination with AMP treatment is better than BaSC06 treatment alone. Compared to control, most of the serum antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased in the BaSC06+AMP group, the BaSC06 group only increased the activity of GSH-Px. Short-chain fatty acid analysis showed that BSC06 significantly increased the content of butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid in the cecum. However, the content of most of the short-chain fatty acids was even lower than that of the control group after the addition of AMP. Microbiota analysis showed that BaSC06 increased the absolute abundance of the butyrate-producing gut bacteria Ruminococaaoeae UCG-005, while the addition of AMP reduced the number of microorganisms detected and weakened the effect of BaSC06. BaSC06 acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by regulating the gut microbiota, and AMP further attenuates the immune response by reducing the number of gut microbes based on improved intestinal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Xu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongyou Yu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Dongyou Yu
| | - Weifen Li
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Weifen Li
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10
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Lee J, Kwon OS, Shim YM, Kim SK, Jeong ET, Lim JM, Park SG. Novel human skin surface antimicrobial peptide quantification method using a skin patch test chamber: A pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6243-6248. [PMID: 35816391 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on the skin surface are related to the innate immunity of the skin in preventing external infection. Skin rinsing and tape stripping (TS) are acceptable methods for analyzing AMPs on the skin surface but have limitations, such as causing skin damage. In this study, we proposed a noninvasive method to measure AMPs on the skin surface with minimal skin damage. METHODS Using the patch test assay, we aimed to analyze the skin surface human β-defensin (hBDs) levels without damaging the skin barrier. The concentrations of hBDs on the skin surface were evaluated through the skin patch testing of 13 healthy subjects, and hBD-1 concentrations were compared with those obtained using the TS method in this proof-of-concept study. In addition, changes in skin physiology and concentration of hBDs under 1% sodium lauryl sulfate stimulation were monitored in 14 healthy subjects (8 young and 6 elderly subjects) for 150 h. RESULTS The correlation between the two methods had a Pearson's coefficient of 0.640, and skin patch analysis led to a relatively less impaired barrier with no significant increase in transepidermal water loss after analysis. Age-specific comparisons suggested that higher skin surface hBD-2 concentrations were present in the young group as compared with the elderly group. Skin surface expression of hBD-2 after skin barrier disruption was also higher in the young group. CONCLUSION Our findings show that skin patch analysis is a convenient method to analyze hBDs on the skin surface. hBDs are factors of innate immunity that can be used as an index to predict a decreased chemical immune response of skin due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Lee
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh Sun Kwon
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Shim
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kyung Kim
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Taek Jeong
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Man Lim
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Gyoo Park
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Jiang M, Chen R, Zhang J, Chen F, Wang KJ. A Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Spampcin 56-86 from Scylla paramamosain Exerting Rapid Bactericidal and Anti-Biofilm Activity In Vitro and Anti-Infection In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113316. [PMID: 36362111 PMCID: PMC9653689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of antibiotics leads to the increase of bacterial resistance, which seriously threatens human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find effective alternatives to antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the most promising antibacterial agents and have received extensive attention. In this study, a novel potential AMP was identified from the marine invertebrate Scylla paramamosain and named Spampcin. After bioinformatics analysis and AMP database prediction, four truncated peptides (Spa31, Spa22, Spa20 and Spa14) derived from Spampcin were screened, all of which showed potent antimicrobial activity with different antibacterial spectrum. Among them, Spampcin56-86 (Spa31 for short) exhibited strong bactericidal activity against a variety of clinical pathogens and could rapidly kill the tested bacteria within minutes. Further analysis of the antibacterial mechanism revealed that Spa31 disrupted the integrity of the bacterial membrane (as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy observation, NPN, and PI staining assays), leading to bacterial rupture, leakage of cellular contents (such as elevated extracellular ATP), increased ROS production, and ultimately cell death. Furthermore, Spa31 was found to interact with LPS and effectively inhibit bacterial biofilms. The antibacterial activity of Spa31 had good thermal stability, certain ion tolerance, and no obvious cytotoxicity. It is worth noting that Spa31 could significantly improve the survival rate of zebrafish Danio rerio infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating that Spa31 played an important role in anti-infection in vivo. This study will enrich the database of marine animal AMPs and provide theoretical reference and scientific basis for the application of marine AMPs in medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Roushi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (K.-J.W.)
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Fujian Innovation Research Institute for Marine Biological Antimicrobial Peptide Industrial Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (K.-J.W.)
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12
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have recently become widely publicized because they have the potential to function in alternative therapies as “natural” antibiotics, with their main advantage being a broad spectrum of activity. The potential for antimicrobial peptides to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported. In diabetes mellitus type I (T1D), cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) and mouse-β- defensin 14 (mBD14) are positively affected. Decreased levels of LL-37 and human neutrophil peptide 1-3 (HNP1-3) have been reported in diabetes mellitus type II (T2D) relative to healthy patients. Moreover, AMPs from amphibians and social wasps have antidiabetic effects. In infections occurring in patients with tuberculosis-diabetes or diabetic foot, granulysin, HNP1, HNP2, HNP3, human beta-defensin 2 (HBD2), and cathelicidins are responsible for pathogen clearance. An interesting alternative is also the use of modified M13 bacteriophages containing encapsulated AMPs genes or phagemids.
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13
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Look Who's Talking: Host and Pathogen Drivers of Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence in Neonatal Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020860. [PMID: 35055041 PMCID: PMC8775791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at increased risk for invasive neonatal bacterial infections. S. epidermidis, a ubiquitous skin commensal, is a major cause of late-onset neonatal sepsis, particularly in high-resource settings. The vulnerability of preterm infants to serious bacterial infections is commonly attributed to their distinct and developing immune system. While developmentally immature immune defences play a large role in facilitating bacterial invasion, this fails to explain why only a subset of infants develop infections with low-virulence organisms when exposed to similar risk factors in the neonatal ICU. Experimental research has explored potential virulence mechanisms contributing to the pathogenic shift of commensal S. epidermidis strains. Furthermore, comparative genomics studies have yielded insights into the emergence and spread of nosocomial S. epidermidis strains, and their genetic and functional characteristics implicated in invasive disease in neonates. These studies have highlighted the multifactorial nature of S. epidermidis traits relating to pathogenicity and commensalism. In this review, we discuss the known host and pathogen drivers of S. epidermidis virulence in neonatal sepsis and provide future perspectives to close the gap in our understanding of S. epidermidis as a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
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14
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dos Santos-Silva CA, Tricarico PM, Vilela LMB, Roldan-Filho RS, Amador VC, d’Adamo AP, Rêgo MDS, Benko-Iseppon AM, Crovella S. Plant Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Tool for Topic Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:795217. [PMID: 34966375 PMCID: PMC8710806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among chronic skin autoinflammatory diseases, Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) stands out for its chronicity, highly variable condition, and profound impact on the patients' quality of life. HS is characterized by suppurative skin lesions in diverse body areas, including deep-seated painful nodules, abscesses, draining sinus, and bridged scars, among others, with typical topography. To date, HS is considered a refractory disease and medical treatments aim to reduce the incidence, the infection, and the pain of the lesions. For this purpose, different classes of drugs, including anti-inflammatory molecules, antibiotics and biological drugs are being used. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called defense peptides, emerge as a new class of therapeutic compounds, with broad-spectrum antimicrobial action, in addition to reports on their anti-inflammatory, healing, and immunomodulating activity. Such peptides are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, as part of the innate eukaryotic immune system. It has been proposed that a deregulation in the expression of AMPs in human epithelial tissues of HS patients may be associated with the etiology of this skin disease. In this scenario, plant AMPs stand out for their richness, diversity of types, and broad antimicrobial effects, with potential application for topical systemic use in patients affected by HS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vinícius Costa Amador
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Adamo Pio d’Adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health – IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mireli de Santana Rêgo
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
- Departamento de Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Matwiejczuk N, Galicka A, Brzóska MM. Review of the safety of application of cosmetic products containing parabens. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 40:176-210. [PMID: 31903662 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetics are a source of lifetime exposure to various substances including parabens, being the most popular synthetic preservatives. Because the use of cosmetics shows an increasing trend and some adverse health outcomes of parabens present in these products have been reported, the present review focused on the safety of dermal application of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to the absorption of parabens and their retention in the human body in the intact form, as well as to their toxicological characteristics. Particular emphasis has been placed on the estrogenic potential of parabens. Based on the available published data of the concentrations of parabens in various kinds of cosmetics, the average ranges of systemic exposure dose (SED) for methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben have been calculated. Safety evaluations [margin of safety (MoS)] for these compounds, based on their aggregate exposure, have also been performed. Moreover, evidence for the negative impact of methylparaben on skin cells has been provided, and the main factors that may intensify dermal absorption of parabens and their impact on the skin have been described. Summarizing, the use of single cosmetics containing parabens should not pose a hazard for human health; however, using excessive quantities of cosmetic preparations containing these compounds may lead to the development of unfavorable health outcomes. Due to the real risk of estrogenic effects, as a result of exposure to parabens in cosmetics, simultaneous use of many cosmetic products containing these preservatives should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matwiejczuk
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
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16
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Kumar A, Doan VM, Kunkli B, Csősz É. Construction of Unified Human Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Peptide Database and Examination of Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Peptides in Alzheimer's Disease Using Network Analysis of Proteomics Datasets. Front Genet 2021; 12:633050. [PMID: 33995478 PMCID: PMC8113759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reanalysis of genomics and proteomics datasets by bioinformatics approaches is an appealing way to examine large amounts of reliable data. This can be especially true in cases such as Alzheimer's disease, where the access to biological samples, along with well-defined patient information can be challenging. Considering the inflammatory part of Alzheimer's disease, our aim was to examine the presence of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides in human proteomic datasets deposited in the publicly available proteomics database ProteomeXchange (http://www.proteomexchange.org/). First, a unified, comprehensive human antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide database, containing all known human antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides was constructed and used along with the datasets containing high-quality proteomics data originating from the examination of Alzheimer's disease and control groups. A throughout network analysis was carried out, and the enriched GO functions were examined. Less than 1% of all identified proteins in the brain were antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides, but the alterations characteristic of Alzheimer's disease could be recapitulated with their analysis. Our data emphasize the key role of the innate immune system and blood clotting in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The central role of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides suggests their utilization as potential targets for mechanistic studies and future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajneesh Kumar
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vo Minh Doan
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kunkli
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Biomarker Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Jenei A, Kalló G, Dajnoki Z, Gáspár K, Szegedi A, Kapitány A, Csősz É. Detection of Antimicrobial Peptides in Stratum Corneum by Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084233. [PMID: 33921817 PMCID: PMC8073585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptides (AMPs) are considered as the key players in the maintenance of skin barrier functions. Here, we developed a novel approach for the examination of AMPs in the outermost layer of the epidermis, namely stratum corneum (SC). The SC sample collection by tape stripping was coupled with detection by highly specific and sensitive parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)-based mass spectrometry. We found that hexane-free processing of SC samples produced higher protein yield compared to hexane-based extraction. Of the 18 investigated peptides, 9 could be detected either in healthy or in inflamed skin specimens. Regarding the amount of S100A8, LCN2, LACRT and LYZ significant topographical differences were described among gland poor (GP), sebaceous gland rich (SGR) and apocrine gland rich (AGR) healthy skin regions. We applied a minimally invasive, reproducible approach for sampling, which can be assessed for research and diagnostic purposes and for monitoring the effectiveness of therapies in skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Jenei
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kalló
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Dajnoki
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Gáspár
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szegedi
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anikó Kapitány
- Division of Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.J.); (Z.D.); (K.G.); (A.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-411-717 (ext. 55734)
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18
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Skowron K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Kraszewska Z, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Radtke L, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota. Microorganisms 2021; 9:543. [PMID: 33808031 PMCID: PMC7998121 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it protects the body from the external environment. It has become the topic of interest of researchers from various scientific fields. Microorganisms ensure the proper functioning of the skin. Of great importance, are the mutual relations between such microorganisms and their responses to environmental impacts, as dysbiosis may contribute to serious skin diseases. Molecular methods, used for microorganism identification, allow us to gain a better understanding of the skin microbiome. The presented article contains the latest reports on the skin microbiota in health and disease. The review discusses the relationship between a properly functioning microbiome and the body's immune system, as well as the impact of internal and external factors on the human skin microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Zuzanna Kraszewska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Laura Radtke
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (Z.K.); (N.W.-K.); (K.G.-B.); (J.K.-P.); (E.G.-K.)
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19
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Damour A, Garcia M, Seneschal J, Lévêque N, Bodet C. Eczema Herpeticum: Clinical and Pathophysiological Aspects. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 59:1-18. [PMID: 31836943 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in the world. AD is a complex pathology mainly characterized by an impaired skin barrier, immune response dysfunction, and unbalanced skin microbiota. Moreover, AD patients exhibit an increased risk of developing bacterial and viral infections. One of the most current, and potentially life-threatening, viral infection is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), which occurs in about 3% of AD patients under the name of eczema herpeticum (EH). Following a first part dedicated to the clinical features, virological diagnosis, and current treatments of EH, this review will focus on the description of the pathophysiology and, more particularly, the presently known predisposing factors to herpetic complications in AD patients. These factors include those related to impairment of the skin barrier such as deficit in filaggrin and anomalies in tight and adherens junctions. In addition, low production of the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin LL-37 and human β-defensins; overexpression of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP); or downregulation of type I to III interferons as well as defect in functions of immune cells such as dendritic, natural killer, and regulatory T cells have been involved. Otherwise, genetic polymorphisms and AD topical calcineurin inhibitor treatments have been associated with an increased risk of EH. Finally, dysbiosis of skin microbiota characterized in AD patients by Staphylococcus aureus colonization and toxin secretion, such as α-toxin, has been described as promoting HSV replication and could therefore contribute to EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Damour
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Julien Seneschal
- INSERM U1035, BMGIC, Immuno-dermatologie ATIP-AVENIR, Bordeaux, France.,Département de Dermatologie and Dermatologie Pédiatrique, Centre national de référence pour les maladies rares de la peau, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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20
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O'Sullivan JN, Rea MC, Hill C, Ross RP. Protecting the outside: biological tools to manipulate the skin microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5836215. [PMID: 32396198 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest surrounding the role that skin microbes play in various aspects of human health has recently experienced a timely surge, particularly among researchers, clinicians and consumer-focused industries. The world is now approaching a post-antibiotic era where conventional antibacterial therapeutics have shown a loss in effectiveness due to overuse, leading to the looming antibiotic resistance crisis. The increasing threat posed by antibiotic resistance is compounded by an inadequate discovery rate of new antibiotics and has, in turn, resulted in global interest for alternative solutions. Recent studies have demonstrated that imbalances in skin microbiota are associated with assorted skin diseases and infections. Specifically, restoration of this ecosystem imbalance results in an alleviation of symptoms, achieved simply by applying bacteria normally found in abundance on healthy skin to the skin of those deficient in beneficial bacteria. The aim of this review is to discuss the currently available literature on biological tools that have the potential to manipulate the skin microbiota, with particular focus on bacteriocins, phage therapy, antibiotics, probiotics and targets of the gut-skin axis. This review will also address how the skin microbiota protects humans from invading pathogens in the external environment while discussing novel strategies to manipulate the skin microbiota to avoid and/or treat various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie N O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland, P61 C996.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 K8AF.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland, T12 YT20
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21
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Asadi A, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Sharifi I, Firouzeh N. Murine cathelicidin: as a host defensive response against Leishmania major infection. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:633-638. [PMID: 32801517 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious global challenge with neither efficacious prophylactic vaccine nor effective and safe therapeutic measures. Cathelicidins, members of antimicrobial peptides family, are small proteins of innate immunity system, which represent a protective barrier against a number of potential pathogens in living organisms. The murine cathelicidin or cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is expressed by a variety of cells or tissues, and highly resembles to human cathelicidin (LL-37). It is naturally expressed at a low concentration in adolescent age, but extensively increases during cutaneous infections. Despite its important role, it has less been investigated in parasitic infections. Among all cells, macrophages and skin cells are the two important cells that directly have a relationship with Leishmania major parasites. The present study aimed to show whether cathelicidins protect their hosts following cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major parasites. Both in vitro and in vivo models of L. major infection were established by exposing of J744 cell line (murine macrophages) and BALB/c mice with the stationary phase of L. major promastigotes for 24 h and 7 days. The findings revealed that both macrophages and skin cells significantly (p < 0.05) expressed a high level of CRAMP gene and peptide after challenging with L. major parasites. Thus, our data suggest a protective role for cathelicidins against infections caused by L. major parasites. This experimental model could be considered as a novel potential vaccine candidate for planning future control strategy against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Asadi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzeh
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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22
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Madhusudhan N, Pausan MR, Halwachs B, Durdević M, Windisch M, Kehrmann J, Patra V, Wolf P, Boukamp P, Moissl-Eichinger C, Cerroni L, Becker JC, Gorkiewicz G. Molecular Profiling of Keratinocyte Skin Tumors Links Staphylococcus aureus Overabundance and Increased Human β-Defensin-2 Expression to Growth Promotion of Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030541. [PMID: 32111012 PMCID: PMC7139500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin microbiota plays a prominent role in health and disease; however, its contribution to skin tumorigenesis is not well understood. We comparatively assessed the microbial community compositions from excision specimens of the main human non-melanoma skin cancers, actinic keratosis (AK), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Keratinocyte skin tumors are characterized by significantly different microbial community compositions, wherein AK and SCC are more similar to each other than to BCC. Notably, in SCC, which represents the advanced tumor entity and frequently develops from AK, overabundance of Staphylococcus aureus, a known skin pathogen, was noted. Moreover, S. aureus overabundance was significantly associated with increased human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) expression in SCC. By challenging human SCC cell lines with S. aureus, a specific induction of hBD-2 expression and increased tumor cell growth was seen. Increased proliferation was also induced by directly challenging SCC cells with hBD-2. Together, our data indicate that a changed microbial community composition in SCC, specified by S. aureus overabundance, might promote tumor cell growth via modulation of hBD-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhitha Madhusudhan
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (N.M.); (B.H.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
- Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Manuela R. Pausan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.R.P.); (C.M.-E.)
| | - Bettina Halwachs
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (N.M.); (B.H.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
- Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Interuniversity Cooperation, Mozartgasse 12/11, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marija Durdević
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (N.M.); (B.H.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
- Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Windisch
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (N.M.); (B.H.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
- Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Kehrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany;
| | - VijayKumar Patra
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.P.); (P.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.P.); (P.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.R.P.); (C.M.-E.)
- BioTechMed, Interuniversity Cooperation, Mozartgasse 12/11, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Cerroni
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.P.); (P.W.); (L.C.)
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research and Department of Dermatology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Essen, Universitätsstrasse 1, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.C.B.); (G.G.); Tel.: +49-201-183-672 (J.C.B.); Tel.: +43-3163-857-1743 (G.G.)
| | - Gregor Gorkiewicz
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (N.M.); (B.H.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
- Theodor Escherich Laboratory for Medical Microbiome Research, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Interuniversity Cooperation, Mozartgasse 12/11, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.C.B.); (G.G.); Tel.: +49-201-183-672 (J.C.B.); Tel.: +43-3163-857-1743 (G.G.)
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Boparai JK, Sharma PK. Mini Review on Antimicrobial Peptides, Sources, Mechanism and Recent Applications. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:4-16. [PMID: 31438824 PMCID: PMC6978648 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190822165812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides in recent years have gained increased interest among scientists, health professionals and the pharmaceutical companies owing to their therapeutic potential. These are low molecular weight proteins with broad range antimicrobial and immuno modulatory activities against infectious bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative), viruses and fungi. Inability of micro-organisms to develop resistance against most of the antimicrobial peptide has made them as an efficient product which can greatly impact the new era of antimicrobials. In addition to this these peptides also demonstrates increased efficacy, high specificity, decreased drug interaction, low toxicity, biological diversity and direct attacking properties. Pharmaceutical industries are therefore conducting appropriate clinical trials to develop these peptides as potential therapeutic drugs. More than 60 peptide drugs have already reached the market and several hundreds of novel therapeutic peptides are in preclinical and clinical development. Rational designing can be used further to modify the chemical and physical properties of existing peptides. This mini review will discuss the sources, mechanism and recent therapeutic applications of antimicrobial peptides in treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Boparai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Pushpender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
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24
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Rajasekaran G, Kumar SD, Yang S, Shin SY. The design of a cell-selective fowlicidin-1-derived peptide with both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Uzuncakmak TK, Karadag AS, Ozkanli S, Akbulak O, Ozlu E, Akdeniz N, Oguztuzun S. Alteration of tissue expression of human beta defensin-1 and human beta defensin-2 in psoriasis vulgaris following phototherapy. Biotech Histochem 2019; 95:243-248. [PMID: 31650859 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1673901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the expression profiles of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in psoriatic skin before and after narrow band ultraviolet B (nb-UVB) phototherapy and compared the levels to healthy controls. We studied 15 male and 12 female patients with psoriasis vulgaris, and 11 female and nine male control individuals. The patient group was treated with 24-36 sessions of nb-UVB phototherapy. Immunohistochemical staining for human beta defensin 1 (hBD-1) and human beta defensin 2 (hBD-2) expression of lesioned and control skin was performed prior to and following phototherapy. After phototherapy, the psoriatic area and severity index (PASI) decreased significantly in the treated patients compared to controls. The hBD-1 level was significantly higher in psoriasis patients than healthy controls. We found no statistically significant difference in hBD-1 and hBD 2 levels before and after phototherapy in the patient group. Although hBD-1 plays a role in psoriasis, levels of human beta defensin 1 and 2 are not affected significantly by phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayse Serap Karadag
- Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine Department of Dermatovenerology
| | - Seyma Ozkanli
- Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine Department of Pathology
| | - Ozge Akbulak
- Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Dermatology
| | - Emin Ozlu
- Duzce University Medical Faculty Department of Dermatology
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26
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Puthumadathil N, Jayasree P, Santhosh Kumar K, Nampoothiri KM, Bajaj H, Mahendran KR. Detecting the structural assembly pathway of human antimicrobial peptide pores at single-channel level. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3226-3237. [PMID: 31165117 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pore-forming structures of an anionic human antimicrobial peptide dermcidin (DCD) in a membrane environment has not been demonstrated previously. Using single-channel electrical recordings, we characterized the structural and functional properties of the DCD peptide channel in lipid membranes. We show that a 48-residue, 8 nm long anionic DCD-1L peptide is folded in the right conformation in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) that spontaneously inserts into lipid bilayers to form well-defined channels. However, the DCD-1L peptides are not properly folded in n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DDM), resulting in unstable channels suggesting the significance of specific detergent in stable channel formation. Furthermore, a 25-residue cationic DCD SSL-25 peptide formed channels both in SDS and DDM micelles as the length of the peptide matches with the thickness of the membrane. Finally, we quantified the permeation of small molecules through the DCD channels in liposome assays. Accordingly, we propose a molecular model demonstrating the structural self-assembly of the DCD channels in the membrane. We suggest that an understanding of the mechanism of action of DCD peptides at single-channel resolution will lead to developing peptide-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Puthumadathil
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India. and Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Poornendhu Jayasree
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India.
| | - K Santhosh Kumar
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India.
| | - K Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Harsha Bajaj
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Kozhinjampara R Mahendran
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India.
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27
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Tonarelli L. Discover the Potential: Exploring New Frontiers of IL-23 Inhibitors. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10310287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Affecting up to 11.4% of the population worldwide,1 psoriasis is one of the most common chronic autoinflammatory diseases. It is associated with multiple comorbidities and can have profound negative effects on physical and emotional wellbeing and overall quality of life, making it a serious public health concern. A primary objective of this symposium was to explain the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its relation to the development of novel targeted immune therapies. Psoriasis is characterised by skin and systemic damage consequent to pathogenic cytokine production under the influence of both environmental and genetic factors. Differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve T cells is central to the development of psoriasis, and recently pathogenic models have identified IL-23 as the pathogenic cytokine responsible for promoting Th17 cell proliferation and IL-17 production. Therefore, selective blockade of IL-23 may be instrumental in controlling Th17-mediated inflammation in psoriasis. Another key objective of the symposium was to evaluate key learnings from the latest available clinical trial data on agents targeting the IL-23/Th17 signalling pathway and how these learnings can be harnessed to improve the management of patients with psoriasis. Both IL-17 inhibitors (e.g., ixekizumab and secukinumab) and IL-23 inhibitors (e.g., guselkumab and risankizumab) have demonstrated high efficacy and a good safety profile. Anti-IL-17 agents have faster onset of action and allow the achievement of good response rates very rapidly. Efficacy is better maintained over time with anti-IL-23 agents, including in patients who have stopped and those that then restarted anti-IL-23 therapy after a withdrawal period. Despite the availability of effective treatments, undertreatment in psoriasis is common. This can be attributed to factors such as the heterogeneous nature of psoriasis and relatively large prevalence of addictive behaviours in patients with the condition. When making treatment decisions, it is important to consider these factors as well as patient preferences and expectations, so that treatment can be individualised as much as possible. The symposium concluded with an interactive session, which offered the audience the opportunity to ask questions and discuss relevant issues of interest.
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28
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Herman A, Herman AP. Antimicrobial peptides activity in the skin. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:111-117. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Health SciencesWarsaw College of Health and Engineering Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej P. Herman
- Department of Genetic EngineeringThe Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences Jabłonna, Warsaw Poland
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29
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Kirchner F, Capone KA, Mack MC, Stamatas GN. Expression of cutaneous immunity markers during infant skin maturation. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:468-471. [PMID: 29691908 PMCID: PMC6055698 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Infant skin undergoes a maturation process during the early years of life. Little is known about the skin's innate immunity. We investigated the dynamics of innate immunity markers collected from the surface of infant skin during the first 36 months of life. METHODS A total of 117 healthy infants aged 3-36 months participated in the study. We extracted human beta defensin-1 and interleukin 1 alpha and its receptor antagonist using transdermal analysis patches from the skin surface of the posterior lower leg area. The extracts were analyzed using a spot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Skin surface human beta defensin-1 levels were higher early in life and decreased with infant age. The ratio of interleukin 1 alpha receptor antagonist to interleukin 1 alpha did not change significantly with age but showed a distinct difference between sexes, with female infants having higher values than male infants. CONCLUSION As is the case with skin structure and functional properties, cutaneous innate immunity also appears to undergo a maturation period during infancy, with innate immunity slowly declining as adaptive immunity takes over. Sex differences in immune markers may explain sex-dependent susceptibilities to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kirchner
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc, Skillman, NJ, USA
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30
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Niehues H, Bouwstra JA, El Ghalbzouri A, Brandner JM, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EH. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology; Cluster BioTherapeutics; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
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31
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Zeth K, Sancho-Vaello E. The Human Antimicrobial Peptides Dermcidin and LL-37 Show Novel Distinct Pathways in Membrane Interactions. Front Chem 2017; 5:86. [PMID: 29164103 PMCID: PMC5681987 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals protect themselves from inflammation triggered by microorganisms through secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). One mechanism by which AMPs kill bacterial cells is perforating their membranes. Membrane interactions and pore formation were investigated for α-helical AMPs leading to the formulation of three basic mechanistic models: the barrel stave, toroidal, and carpet model. One major drawback of these models is their simplicity. They do not reflect the real in vitro and in vivo conditions. To challenge and refine these models using a structure-based approach we set out to investigate how human cathelicidin (LL-37) and dermcidin (DCD) interact with membranes. Both peptides are α-helical and their structures have been solved at atomic resolution. DCD assembles in solution into a hexameric pre-channel complex before the actual membrane targeting and integration step can occur, and the complex follows a deviation of the barrel stave model. LL-37 interacts with lipids and shows the formation of oligomers generating fibril-like supramolecular structures on membranes. LL-37 further assembles into transmembrane pores with yet unknown structure expressing a deviation of the toroidal pore model. Both of their specific targeting mechanisms will be discussed in the context of the “old” models propagated in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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de la Fuente-Núñez C, Silva ON, Lu TK, Franco OL. Antimicrobial peptides: Role in human disease and potential as immunotherapies. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:132-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Marine resources represent an interesting source of active ingredients for the cosmetics industry. Algae (macro and micro) are rich in proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins (A, B, and C) and oligo-elements such as copper, iron and zinc. All those active principles play roles in hydration, firming, slimming, shine and protection. Marine organisms inhabit a wide spectrum of habitats. Photo-protective compounds can be obtained from organisms subjected to strong light radiation, such as in tropical systems or in shallow water. In the same way, molecules with antioxidant potential can be obtained from microorganisms inhabiting extreme systems such as hydrothermal vents. For example, marine bacteria collected around deep-sea hydrothermal vents produce complex and innovative polysaccharides in the laboratory which are useful in cosmetics. There are many properties that will be put forward by the cosmetic industries.
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34
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Abstract
The preclinical in vitro and in vivo benchmark figures of cationic antimicrobial peptides have to be revisited based on the newly discovered alternative modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Otvos
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis UniversityBudapest, Hungary.,OLPE, LLCAudubon, PA, United States
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35
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Biocompatible stimuli responsive superabsorbent polymer for controlled release of GHK-Cu peptide for wound dressing application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Marine Fish Proteins and Peptides for Cosmeceuticals: A Review. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15050143. [PMID: 28524092 PMCID: PMC5450549 DOI: 10.3390/md15050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine fish provide a rich source of bioactive compounds such as proteins and peptides. The bioactive proteins and peptides derived from marine fish have gained enormous interest in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries due to their broad spectrum of bioactivities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-aging activities. Recently, the development of cosmeceuticals using marine fish-derived proteins and peptides obtained from chemical or enzymatical hydrolysis of fish processing by-products has increased rapidly owing to their activities in antioxidation and tissue regeneration. Marine fish-derived collagen has been utilized for the development of cosmeceutical products due to its abilities in skin repair and tissue regeneration. Marine fish-derived peptides have also been utilized for various cosmeceutical applications due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activities. In addition, marine fish-derived proteins and hydrolysates demonstrated efficient anti-photoaging activity. The present review highlights and presents an overview of the current status of the isolation and applications of marine fish-derived proteins and peptides. This review also demonstrates that marine fish-derived proteins and peptides have high potential for biocompatible and effective cosmeceuticals.
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37
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Felgueiras HP, Amorim MTP. Functionalization of electrospun polymeric wound dressings with antimicrobial peptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:133-148. [PMID: 28527357 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wound dressings have evolved considerably since ancient times. Modern dressings are now important systems that combine the physical and biochemical properties of natural and synthetic polymers with active compounds that are beneficial to wound healing. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the most recent addition to these systems. These aim to control the microbial proliferation and colonization of pathogens and to modulate the host's immune response. In the last decade, electrospun wound dressings have been extensively studied and the electrospinning technique recognized as an efficient approach for the production of nanoscale fibrous mats. The control of the electrospinning processing parameters, the selection of the polymer and AMPs, and the definition of the most appropriate AMPs' functionalization method contribute to the successful treatment of acute and chronic wounds. Although the use of electrospinning in wound dressings' production has been previously reviewed, the increased development of AMPs and the establishment of functionalization methods for wound dressings over recent years has increased the need for such research. In the present review, we approach all these subjects and reveal the promising therapeutic potential of wound dressings functionalized with AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena P Felgueiras
- 2C2T, Centre for Science and Textile Technology, Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - M Teresa P Amorim
- 2C2T, Centre for Science and Textile Technology, Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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Rivas-Santiago B, Castañeda-Delgado JE, de Haro-Acosta J, Torres-Juarez F, Frausto-Lujan I, Marin-Luevano P, González-Amaro R, Enciso-Moreno JA. Human neutrophil peptide-1 decreases during ageing in selected Mexican population. Immunol Res 2016; 64:445-54. [PMID: 26323500 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide innate immunity plays a central role in the susceptibility to infectious diseases, as has been described extensively in different settings. However, the role that these molecules play in the immunity mediated by polymorphonuclear phagocytes as part of the innate immunity of ageing individuals has not been described. In the present study, we addressed the question whether antimicrobial activity in polymorphonuclear cells from elderly individuals was altered in comparison with young adults. We compared phagocytosis index, bacterial killing efficiency, myeloperoxidase activity and cathelicidin expression. Results showed that there were no statistical differences among groups. However, human neutrophil peptide-1 (HNP-1) was decreased in the elderly individuals group. Results suggest that the decreased HNP-1 production in the polymorphonuclear phagocytes form elderly individuals might have an important participation in the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Interior de la alameda # 45 col centro, Zacatecas, Mexico.
| | - Julio E Castañeda-Delgado
- Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Interior de la alameda # 45 col centro, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jeny de Haro-Acosta
- Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Interior de la alameda # 45 col centro, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Flor Torres-Juarez
- Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Interior de la alameda # 45 col centro, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Isabel Frausto-Lujan
- Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Interior de la alameda # 45 col centro, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Paulina Marin-Luevano
- Medical Research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Interior de la alameda # 45 col centro, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Amaro
- Catedras-CONACyT, National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Jose A Enciso-Moreno
- Catedras-CONACyT, National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), Mexico City, Mexico
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Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F Are Critical for Antimicrobial Peptide Production and Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3575-3583. [PMID: 27736775 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00596-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of the population is persistently colonized by Staphylococcus aureus in the nares. Th17-like immune responses mediated by the interleukin-17 (IL-17) family of cytokines and neutrophils are becoming recognized as relevant host defense mechanisms for resolution of S. aureus mucocutaneous infections. Since antimicrobial peptides are regulated by the IL-17 cytokines, we sought to determine the role of IL-17 cytokines in production of antimicrobial peptides in a murine model of S. aureus nasal carriage. We discovered that nasal tissue supernatants have antistaphylococcal activity, and mice deficient in both IL-17A and IL-17F lost the ability to clear S. aureus nasal colonization. IL-17A was found to be sufficient for nasal mBD-3 production ex vivo and was required for CRAMP, mBD-3, and mBD-14 expression in response to S. aureus colonization in vivo These data were confirmed in a clinical study of nasal secretions in which elevated levels of the human forms of these antimicrobial peptides were found in nasal secretions from healthy human subjects when they were colonized with S. aureus but not in secretions from noncolonized subjects. Together, these data provide evidence for the importance of IL-17A regulation of antimicrobial peptides and IL-17F in the clearance of S. aureus nasal carriage.
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Salazar VA, Arranz-Trullén J, Navarro S, Blanco JA, Sánchez D, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Exploring the mechanisms of action of human secretory RNase 3 and RNase 7 against Candida albicans. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:830-845. [PMID: 27277554 PMCID: PMC5061719 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antimicrobial RNases, which belong to the vertebrate RNase A superfamily and are secreted upon infection, display a wide spectrum of antipathogen activities. In this work, we examined the antifungal activity of the eosinophil RNase 3 and the skin-derived RNase 7, two proteins expressed by innate cell types that are directly involved in the host defense against fungal infection. Candida albicans has been selected as a suitable working model for testing RNase activities toward a eukaryotic pathogen. We explored the distinct levels of action of both RNases on yeast by combining cell viability and membrane model assays together with protein labeling and confocal microscopy. Site-directed mutagenesis was applied to ablate either the protein active site or the key anchoring region for cell binding. This is the first integrated study that highlights the RNases' dual mechanism of action. Along with an overall membrane-destabilization process, the RNases could internalize and target cellular RNA. The data support the contribution of the enzymatic activity for the antipathogen action of both antimicrobial proteins, which can be envisaged as suitable templates for the development of novel antifungal drugs. We suggest that both human RNases work as multitasking antimicrobial proteins that provide a first line immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Susanna Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Jose A Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain.
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Hansmann B, Schröder JM, Gerstel U. Skin-Derived C-Terminal Filaggrin-2 Fragments Are Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Directed Antimicrobials Targeting Bacterial Replication. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005159. [PMID: 26371476 PMCID: PMC4570713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil- and waterborne bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are constantly challenging body surfaces. Since infections of healthy skin are unexpectedly rare, we hypothesized that the outermost epidermis, the stratum corneum, and sweat glands directly control the growth of P. aeruginosa by surface-provided antimicrobials. Due to its high abundance in the upper epidermis and eccrine sweat glands, filaggrin-2 (FLG2), a water-insoluble 248 kDa S100 fused-type protein, might possess these innate effector functions. Indeed, recombinant FLG2 C-terminal protein fragments display potent antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and other Pseudomonads. Moreover, upon cultivation on stratum corneum, P. aeruginosa release FLG2 C-terminus-containing FLG2 fragments from insoluble material, indicating liberation of antimicrobially active FLG2 fragments by the bacteria themselves. Analyses of the underlying antimicrobial mechanism reveal that FLG2 C-terminal fragments do not induce pore formation, as known for many other antimicrobial peptides, but membrane blebbing, suggesting an alternative mode of action. The association of the FLG2 fragment with the inner membrane of treated bacteria and its DNA-binding implicated an interference with the bacterial replication that was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo replication assays. Probably through in situ-activation by soil- and waterborne bacteria such as Pseudomonads, FLG2 interferes with the bacterial replication, terminates their growth on skin surface and thus may contributes to the skin's antimicrobial defense shield. The apparent absence of FLG2 at certain body surfaces, as in the lung or of burned skin, would explain their higher susceptibility towards Pseudomonas infections and make FLG2 C-terminal fragments and their derivatives candidates for new Pseudomonas-targeting antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hansmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Gerstel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Otvos L, Ostorhazi E. Therapeutic utility of antibacterial peptides in wound healing. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:871-81. [PMID: 25835521 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1033402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides were first thought to fight infection in animal models by disintegrating bacterial peptides and later by inhibiting bacteria-specific intracellular processes. However, ever increasing evidences indicate that cationic peptides accumulate around and modulate the immune system both systemically and in cutaneous and mucosal surfaces where injuries and infections occur. Native and designer antibacterial peptides as well as cationic peptides, never considered as antibiotics, promote wound healing at every step of cutaneous tissue regeneration. This article provides an introductory list of examples of how cationic peptides are involved in immunostimulation and epithelial tissue repair, eliminating wound infections and promoting wound healing in potential therapeutic utility in sight. Although a few antimicrobial peptides reached the Phase II clinical trial stage, toxicity concerns limit the potential administration routes. Resistance induction to both microbiology actions and the integrity of the innate immune system has to be carefully monitored.
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Complexity of antimicrobial peptide regulation during pathogen-host interactions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:447-54. [PMID: 25532742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the immune system and are expressed by a large variety of organisms. AMPs are capable of eliminating a broad range of micro-organisms, illustrated by murine models where lack of AMP expression resulted in enhanced susceptibility to infection. Despite the importance of AMPs in immune defences, it is not clear whether a change in AMP expression is pathogen-specific or reflects a general response to groups of pathogens. Furthermore, it is unclear how the evoked change in AMP expression affects the host. To fully exploit the therapeutic potential of AMPs - by direct application of peptides or by using AMP-inducers - it is crucial to gain an insight into the complexity involved in pathogen-mediated regulation of AMP expression. This review summarises current knowledge on how AMP expression is affected by pathogens. In addition, the relevance and specificity of these changes in AMPs during infection will be discussed.
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Cela EM, Weill FS, Paz ML, Leoni J, Gonzalez Maglio DH. Lipoteichoic acid challenge induces higher inflammatory responses than lipopolysaccharide in UV-irradiated keratinocytes. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 31:111-4. [PMID: 25367441 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M Cela
- CONICET, IDEHU, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Katzenback BA, Holden HA, Falardeau J, Childers C, Hadj-Moussa H, Avis TJ, Storey KB. Regulation of the Rana sylvatica brevinin-1SY antimicrobial peptide during development and in dorsal and ventral skin in response to freezing, anoxia and dehydration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:1392-401. [PMID: 24436376 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brevinin-1SY is the only described antimicrobial peptide (AMP) of Rana sylvatica. As AMPs are important innate immune molecules that inhibit microbes, this study examined brevinin-1SY regulation during development and in adult frogs in response to environmental stress. The brevinin-1SY nucleotide sequence was identified and used for protein modeling. Brevinin-1SY was predicted to be an amphipathic, hydrophobic, alpha helical peptide that inserts into a lipid bilayer. Brevinin-1SY transcripts were detected in tadpoles and were significantly increased during the later stages of development. Effects of environmental stress (24 h anoxia, 40% dehydration or 24 h frozen) on the mRNA levels of brevinin-1SY in the dorsal and ventral skin were examined. The brevinin-1SY mRNA levels were increased in dorsal and ventral skin of dehydrated frogs, and in ventral skin of anoxic frogs, compared with controls (non-stressed). Brevinin-1SY protein levels in peptide extracts of dorsal skin showed a similar, but not significant, trend to that of brevinin-1SY mRNA levels. Antimicrobial activity of skin extracts from control and stressed animals were assessed for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer and Pythium sulcatum using disk diffusion assays. Peptide extracts of dorsal skin from anoxic, frozen and dehydrated animals showed significantly higher inhibition of E. coli and P. sulcatum than from control animals. In ventral skin peptide extracts, significant growth inhibition was observed in frozen animals for E. coli and P. sulcatum, and in anoxic animals for B. cinerea, compared with controls. Environmental regulation of brevinin-1SY may have important implications for defense against pathogens.
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Huang CM, Xu H, Wang CC, Elmets CA. Proteomic characterization of skin and epidermis in response to environmental agents. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 2:809-20. [PMID: 16209658 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.5.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The skin and its outer epidermis layer in particular, prevent access of various environmental agents including potential allergens, irritants, carcinogens, ultraviolet radiation and microbes. Cells in the epidermis make a significant contribution to innate as well as adaptive immune reactions in skin. The skin immunity thus provides a biologic defense in response to hazardous environmental agents. Although proteomics has been utilized to establish skin proteomes and investigate skin responses to some environmental agents, it has not been extensively used to address the complexity of skin responses to various environments. This review summarizes cutaneous genes and proteins that have been characterized as related to skin exposure to environmental agents. In parallel, this review emphasizes functional proteomics and systems biology, which are believed to be an important future direction toward characterizing the skin proteome-environmental interaction and developing successful therapeutic strategies for skin diseases caused by environmental insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA.
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Morhenn VB, Nelson TE, Gruol DL. The rate of wound healing is increased in psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:87-92. [PMID: 23819987 PMCID: PMC4445836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis shares many features with wound healing, a process that involves switching keratinocytes from growth to differentiation. Ca2+ is known to regulate this process. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), an ionotropic glutamate receptor found on keratinocytes, is expressed abnormally in psoriasis in vivo. OBJECTIVES The goals of this study are to determine whether the rate of healing in the skin of psoriatic individuals differs from that observed in normal skin and whether the keratinocyte hyperproliferation found in psoriasis correlates with expression of specific NMDAR subunits. METHODS Three mm punch biopsies were performed on the skin of normal, as well as, involved and uninvolved skin of subjects with psoriasis. On day 0, as well as, on day 6 after the biopsy, photographs were taken and the size of the wounds determined using ImageJ. Using immunohistochemistry, the biopsy material was stained for NMDAR and its subunits. RESULTS Involved and uninvolved skin of individuals with psoriasis shows significantly more rapid healing than normal. The NR2C subunit of NMDAR is down-regulated in the basal cell layer of involved and uninvolved epidermis of psoriatic subjects compared to controls. By contrast, cells in the basal cell layer of the uninvolved epidermis showed a significantly greater percent strong staining for NR2D compared to those cells in normal epidermis. CONCLUSIONS Wound healing is significantly accelerated in psoriasis compared to normal. Immunohistochemistry showed that the relative intensity of strong immunostaining for subunits of the NMDAR is altered in the basal cell layer in psoriatic skin compared to normal controls. We suggest that these alterations may contribute to the increased rate of wound healing in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Morhenn
- Therapeutics Clinical Research, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Castañeda-Delgado J, Miranda-Castro N, González-Amaro R, González-Curiel I, Montoya-Rosales A, Rivas-Calderon B, Rivas-Santiago B. Production of antimicrobial peptides is preserved in aging. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:198-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Song C, Weichbrodt C, Salnikov ES, Dynowski M, Forsberg BO, Bechinger B, Steinem C, de Groot BL, Zachariae U, Zeth K. Crystal structure and functional mechanism of a human antimicrobial membrane channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4586-91. [PMID: 23426625 PMCID: PMC3607029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214739110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms fight bacterial and fungal infections by producing peptide-derived broad-spectrum antibiotics. These host-defense peptides compromise the integrity of microbial cell membranes and thus evade pathways by which bacteria develop rapid antibiotic resistance. Although more than 1,700 host-defense peptides have been identified, the structural and mechanistic basis of their action remains speculative. This impedes the desired rational development of these agents into next-generation antibiotics. We present the X-ray crystal structure as well as solid-state NMR spectroscopy, electrophysiology, and MD simulations of human dermcidin in membranes that reveal the antibiotic mechanism of this major human antimicrobial, found to suppress Staphylococcus aureus growth on the epidermal surface. Dermcidin forms an architecture of high-conductance transmembrane channels, composed of zinc-connected trimers of antiparallel helix pairs. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the unusual membrane permeation pathway for ions and show adjustment of the pore to various membranes. Our study unravels the comprehensive mechanism for the membrane-disruptive action of this mammalian host-defense peptide at atomistic level. The results may form a foundation for the structure-based design of peptide antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Conrad Weichbrodt
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evgeniy S. Salnikov
- Membrane Biophysics and NMR, Chemistry Institute, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marek Dynowski
- Research and Development, Computing Centre, Freiburg University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Björn O. Forsberg
- Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Bechinger
- Membrane Biophysics and NMR, Chemistry Institute, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7177, University of Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bert L. de Groot
- Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zachariae
- Scottish Universities' Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Unidad de Biofisica, University of Basque Country and Spanish Science Research Council, 48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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Fathy H, Amin MM, El-Gilany AH. Upregulation of human β-defensin-3 and cathelicidin LL-37 in Kaposi's sarcoma. F1000Res 2012; 1:38. [PMID: 24358820 PMCID: PMC3782342 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.1-38.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a rare neoplasm of lymphatic endothelial cells. Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is considered to be a necessary, but not sufficient causal agent of KS and additional cofactors remain unknown. In this study we evaluated the expression of human β defensin (HBD)-3 and LL-37 in cutaneous lesions of KS in comparison to the healthy skin of normal subjects. Methods: We performed a quantitative immunohistochemical study of HBD-3 and LL-37 on skin lesions from 18 patients having KS, and on healthy skin from 12 normal controls. Results: HBD-3 and LL-37 were significantly upregulated in epidermal and dermal specimens of all KS patients in comparison to normal skin of healthy controls. The immunostaining score of dermal HBD-3 was significantly higher in nodular lesions (9.6 ± 2.4) versus plaque lesions (4.1 ± 2.2), P = 0.001. Also the immunostaining score of dermal LL-37 was significantly higher in nodular lesions versus plaque lesions (P = 0.001). Conclusions: We have demonstrated for the first time that HBD-3 and LL-37 are significantly upregulated in lesional skin of KS in comparison to the skin of healthy controls. The obtained data suggest a possible involvement of these antimicrobial peptides in the pathogenesis of KS. However, the biological significance of HBD-3 and LL-37 in KS lesions needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Fathy
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha M Amin
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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