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Bańkosz Z, Hawrylak A, Kołodziej M, Murinova L, Barczyk-Pawelec K. Interlimb and trunk asymmetry in the frontal plane of table tennis female players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17526. [PMID: 38915380 PMCID: PMC11195546 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background An interesting and little-reported problem in the literature is the scale of asymmetry in table tennis players, the magnitude of which should perhaps be treated as a risk for injury. Determining the degree of asymmetry in table tennis players can indicate the need to appropriately manage the training process, including compensatory or corrective exercises in the training program, especially since recent studies confirm that training interventions can reduce sporting asymmetries and improve performance. This study aimed to assess the amount of asymmetry in the trunk regarding the frontal plane and the difference between limb circumferences in female table tennis players compared to the control group (non-athletes). Methods Twenty-two women took part in the study. Ten of them were table tennis professionals with an average training experience of 7 ± 4.3 years (the exclusion criterion of the study was a minimum of 3 years of training experience). As a comparison group, the study included 12 female students who did not participate in competitive sports. Body posture was assessed in all subjects using equipment for computer analysis of asymmetry in the torso using the photogrammetric method. Additionally, all the subjects had their upper and lower limb circumferences measured. Results The results of the conducted research showed asymmetry in the frontal plane in the table tennis player group. As many as six parameters-regarding the pelvic rotation angle, angle of trunk inclination, the height of the angles of the lower shoulder blades and their distance from the spine, as well as the waist triangles, difference in the width and height of the waist triangles and the angle of trunk inclination-indicated asymmetry in this group but significantly differed from the control group (p ≤ 0.05) only in the first parameter given above. The calculated differences in circumference between the right and left sides in the individual groups were statistically different in several cases (p ≤ 0.05). This concerned the circumferences of the arms, forearms, elbows, and knees of table tennis players. Conclusions The research carried out in this study allowed us to determine the occurrence of asymmetry in the frontal plane of the trunk and between the limbs of table tennis players. According to some studies, this may be a risk factor for injury. However, despite the lack of uniform views in the literature on the importance and threats resulting from asymmetries, it appears that, if only for aesthetic reasons, table tennis would require compensatory or corrective training aimed at developing symmetry of the body structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziemowit Bańkosz
- Department of Biomechanics, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Science, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Arletta Hawrylak
- Department of Kinesiology, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Science, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kołodziej
- Department of Biomechanics, Wrocław University of Sport and Health Science, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lenka Murinova
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Paravlic AH, Abazovic E, Milanović Z, Vučković G, Spudić D, Hadzic V, Pajek M, Vodičar J. The association between unilateral and bilateral performance-related measures in elite female soccer players: a multifaceted investigation. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1298159. [PMID: 38952868 PMCID: PMC11215189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1298159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to investigate a) the associations between bilateral performance utilizing countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), speed and unilateral CMJ, isokinetic peak torque in knee extension and flexion with angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s and tensiomyography (TMG) parameters; b) whether the asymmetries derived from unilateral tests are associated with bilateral CMJ, SJ and speed in elite female soccer players. Methods Thirty-five elite female soccer players (average age: 20 ± 5 years) completed CMJ, SJ, speed, isokinetic muscle strength and TMG tests. Results Compared to the non-dominant leg, the dominant leg demonstrated greater peak torque output in both knee flexion (7.4%) and knee extension (5.6%) isokinetic tasks, as well as m. vastus medialis contraction time (7.6%), and soccer-specific agility test (4.1%). Conversely, the hamstring to quadriceps peak torque ratio at 180°/s (8.5%) was significantly greater in the non-dominant leg. The associations between CMJ, SJ and speed performance were positive and ranged from weak (r = 0.350) to high (r = 0.710). For speed and TMG-derived variables, correlations were negative and ranged from weak (r = -0.345, p = 0.042, for vastus medialis contraction time) to moderate (r = -0.530, p = 0.001, for biceps femoris contraction time). Furthermore, both bilateral CMJ and SJ negatively correlated with TMG-derived variables, ranging from weak (r = -0.350, p = 0.039, for vastus lateralis contraction time) to moderate (r = -0.537, p = 0.003, for rectus femoris contraction time). Conclusion The overall significant, albeit inconsistent, correlations between the diverse performance scores obtained highlight the necessity for a multifaceted and thorough diagnostic strategy in female soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Huso Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ensar Abazovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Goran Vučković
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Spudić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vedran Hadzic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Pajek
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Vodičar
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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de Andrade AGP, Carpes FP. A new approach to quantify asymmetry in human movement. J Biomech 2024; 170:112158. [PMID: 38781797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this perspective paper, we propose a new approach to quantify the asymmetries in human movement. Before describing this approach, we delve into the asymmetry in human movement, often defined as the opposite of symmetry, and its implications for studying human movement. We critically examine the various methods available to quantify and describe bilateral differences, from arbitrary thresholds (such as the commonly employed 10-15% difference) to the measure of the smallest meaningful changes, and we stress the need for consideration of interindividual variability in the analysis. Our proposal centers on a straightforward metric, the probability of agreement, and a corresponding plot summarizing the agreement between measures from two limbs. Critically, the agreement between two limbs depends on the value of the clinically acceptable difference. The agreement will increase with larger values of clinically acceptable difference and decrease with smaller values of clinically acceptable difference. Data from various movements and conditions in athletes' sports training and rehabilitation are used to illustrate this approach. Our perspective provides valuable insights into the nature of asymmetry in human movement, considering that a rational understanding of asymmetry in human movement requires a thoughtful approach encompassing both statistical and clinical significance. The data and codes employed in our research are openly accessible in the supplementary materials, enabling others in the field to replicate and build upon our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Nardon M, Ferri U, Caffi G, Bartesaghi M, Perin C, Zaza A, Alessandro C. Kinematics but not kinetics alterations to single-leg drop jump movements following a subject-tailored fatiguing protocol suggest an increased risk of ACL injury. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1418598. [PMID: 38832309 PMCID: PMC11144872 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1418598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuromuscular fatigue causes a transient reduction of muscle force, and alters the mechanisms of motor control. Whether these alterations increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is still debated. Here we compare the biomechanics of single-leg drop jumps before and after the execution of a fatiguing exercise, evaluating whether this exercise causes biomechanical alterations typically associated with an increased risk of ACL lesion. The intensity of the fatiguing protocol was tailored to the aerobic capacity of each participant, minimizing potential differential effects due to inter-individual variability in fitness. Methods Twenty-four healthy male volunteers performed single leg drop jumps, before and after a single-set fatiguing session on a cycle ergometer until exhaustion (cadence: 65-70 revolutions per minute). For each participant, the intensity of the fatiguing exercise was set to 110% of the power achieved at their anaerobic threshold, previously identified by means of a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Joint angles and moments, as well as ground reaction forces (GRF) before and after the fatiguing exercise were compared for both the dominant and the non-dominant leg. Results Following the fatiguing exercise, the hip joint was more extended (landing: Δ=-2.17°, p = 0.005; propulsion: Δ=-1.83°, p = 0.032) and more abducted (landing: Δ=-0.72°, p = 0.01; propulsion: Δ=-1.12°, p = 0.009). Similarly, the knee joint was more extended at landing (non-dominant leg: Δ=-2.67°, p < 0.001; dominant: Δ=-1.4°, p = 0.023), and more abducted at propulsion (both legs: Δ=-0.99°, p < 0.001) and stabilization (both legs: Δ=-1.71°, p < 0.001) hence increasing knee valgus. Fatigue also caused a significant reduction of vertical GRF upon landing (Δ=-0.21 N/kg, p = 0.003), but not during propulsion. Fatigue did not affect joint moments significantly. Conclusion The increased hip and knee extension, as well as the increased knee abduction we observed after the execution of the fatiguing exercise have been previously identified as risk factors for ACL injury. These results therefore suggest an increased risk of ACL injury after the execution of the participant-tailored fatiguing protocol proposed here. However, the reduced vertical GRF upon landing and the preservation of joint moments are intriguing, as they may suggest the adoption of protective strategies in the fatigued condition to be evaluated in future studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nardon
- School of Medicine and Surgery/Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Ferri
- School of Medicine and Surgery/Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caffi
- School of Medicine and Surgery/Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Bartesaghi
- School of Medicine and Surgery/Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Perin
- School of Medicine and Surgery/Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Zucchi - GDS, Carate Brianza, Monza e Brianza, Italy
| | - Antonio Zaza
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences/Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandro
- School of Medicine and Surgery/Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Di Martino G, Centorbi M, Buonsenso A, Fiorilli G, della Valle C, Iuliano E, Calcagno G, di Cagno A. Assessing the Impact of Fencing on Postural Parameters: Observational Study Findings on Elite Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:130. [PMID: 38786999 PMCID: PMC11125417 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the static stabilometric parameters among elite fencers, were affected by prolonged, asymmetric training regimen. A sample of 26 elite fencers of both genders, aged 19.15 ± 2.24 years, practising one of the three disciplines foil, épée, or sabre, was recruited for the study. Anthropometric measurements including thigh and calf circumferences and postural assessment based on the weight distribution on a stabilimeter platform were performed. Postural tone, as indicated by measures such as sway length and sway area ratio was calculated.. No notable anthropometric asymmetries were detected within the examined group The weight distribution patterns on the support quadrants in static stabilometric measurements did not suggest clinically significant issues. There were no significant differences among subgroups based on gender and lower limb dominance for both anthropometric and stabilimeter variables. However, 30.8% of participants showed anomalies in postural tone (hypertonic and hypotonic condition). Five out of eight athletes found with abnormal postural tone were foil fencers, suggesting a potential discipline-specific effect. Individual adjustments were found in foil fencers. These findings provide insights into the potential effects of fencing training on postural parameters among elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Martino
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Marco Centorbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Andrea Buonsenso
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Carlo della Valle
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Enzo Iuliano
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (G.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy;
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Silder A, Zifchock R, Brown L, Sessoms P, Jones D. The Association Between Grip Strength, Upper Body Power, and Limb Dominance in a Military Population. Mil Med 2024:usae227. [PMID: 38739492 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Military service members rely on upper body strength and power to accomplish tasks such as carrying heavy weapons and gear, rappelling, combat grappling, and marksmanship. Early identification of the factors that lead to reduced upper body strength and power would enable leadership to predict and mitigate aspects that decrease military operational readiness and increase injury risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between grip strength and upper body power in U.S. Infantry Marines. We hypothesized that dominant arm grip strength would show a strong positive correlation with upper body power and that the dominant arm would be more powerful than the non-dominant arm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 U.S. Marines completed 3 maximum effort isometric grip strength trials with their dominant hand and 3 maximum effort ballistic pushups on a ForceDecks force plate system. Force plate data were used to estimate pushup height and peak power. Maximum grip strength, pushup height, and peak power across the 3 trials were used for analysis. Pearson's correlation was used to test for associations between peak power, pushup height, and grip strength. Paired t-tests were used to test for differences in peak power between the dominant and non-dominant arms. RESULTS A very weak correlation was found between grip strength and upper body power, but there was no relationship between grip strength and pushup height. Additionally, there were no significant differences in upper body power between the dominant and non-dominant arms. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that grip strength is not predictive of upper body power and cannot be used as a stand-alone measure of physical readiness in a military unit. These findings do not, however, degrade the potential of both measures to predict and inform health status and physical readiness. Future prospective research should be conducted to determine if either of these measures can be used as indicators of performance and/or injury susceptibility and if limb dominance plays a role in injury incidence within the upper extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Silder
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Rebecca Zifchock
- Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Luke Brown
- Mechanical Engineering, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA
| | - Pinata Sessoms
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Douglas Jones
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
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Helme M, Emmonds S, Low C, Till K. A Novel Case Study Approach to the Investigation of Leg Strength Asymmetry and Rugby League Player's Multidirectional Speed. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:941-947. [PMID: 38260986 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Helme, M, Emmonds, S, Low, C, and Till, K. A novel case study approach to the investigation of leg strength asymmetry and Rugby League player's multidirectional speed. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 941-947, 2024-Leg strength and multidirectional speed qualities have repeatedly been linked with increased performance during Rugby League (RL) match play and associated with career attainment. However, very little of this evidence for strength has been gained through unilateral measurements with no study available that has examined the impact of strength asymmetry, in this population, on speed qualities in RL players. Therefore, this study examined the association between unilateral strength, and as a novel development, the subject with the most extreme asymmetry was identified for further analysis. Fifty RL players undertook the rear foot elevated split squat 5 repetition maximum, 20-m linear sprint, and modified 505 change of direction test. The mean leg strength for the group was 88.92 ± 12.59 kg; when divided by body mass, the mean relative strength (REL) was 1.03 ± 0.17 kg·kg -1 , and the mean asymmetry was 3.21 ± 5.70%. The subject with the greatest asymmetry (subject A) had an imbalance of 33% and a mean leg strength of 75 kg (REL = 0.78 kg·kg -1 ) and a body mass 1 SD above the group mean. Analysis of the group's data and that of subject A did not indicate that leg strength asymmetry was either frequent or harmful, with respect to speed performance. However, relative leg strength was associated with both improved linear and multidirectional speed. Practitioners are recommended to prioritize the development of relative leg strength and disregard the aspiration for between leg performance symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Helme
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey Emmonds
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Low
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kevin Till
- Centre for Sports Coaching, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Liu K, Ji L, Chang J, Li Y, Lu Y. Adverse effects of unilateral transfemoral amputation on para-alpine sit skiers and mitigation methods. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:333-340. [PMID: 38310077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of unilateral transfemoral amputation on neuromuscular and kinematic parameters in alpine sit skiers, and to determine if additional restraints on the human-bucket interface could help mitigate the effects. DESIGN Cross-sectional, repeated measures study. METHODS Simulated skiing tests were conducted indoors involving 10 skiers with unilateral transfemoral amputation and 10 able-bodied participants. A Paralympic silver medalist performed slalom skiing tests on snow. These tests were conducted with and without additional strapping on the residual limb. Surface electromyography of trunk muscles and athletic performance was measured, and the asymmetry index was calculated. RESULTS Athletes were significantly dependent on muscle activation on the dominant side (asymmetry index = 7.8 %-28.3 %, p < 0.05). Worse athletic performance to the dominant side was found based on inclination angles of the indoor board (asymmetry index = -9.8 %, p = 0.014) and outdoor sit ski (-11.1 %, p = 0.006), and distance to the gate poles during skiing turns (18.6 %, p < 0.001). After using additional restraints, the above asymmetry index declined significantly (asymmetry index < 4.5 %, p < 0.05). Furthermore, athletic performance was significantly improved on both body sides by 11.1 %-30.7 % (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Unilateral transfemoral amputation caused the dependence on the trunk muscles of the dominant side and the corresponding unilateral poor performance in athletes. Adjusting restraints in the human-equipment interface by additional strapping could mitigate the asymmetry issues and improve athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Linhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China.
| | - Jing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Yinbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Yijia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, China.
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Vaillancourt N, Montpetit C, Carile V, Fortin M. DEXA Body Composition Asymmetry Analysis and Association to Injury Risk and Low Back Pain in University Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:559. [PMID: 38791774 PMCID: PMC11120919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Soccer is a laterally dominant sport owing to the repetitive nature of unilateral kicking. The relationship between functional and body composition asymmetries related to limb dominance in soccer players has yet to be established. When present, asymmetries can increase the risk of injury and low back pain. Our study investigated whether lateral dominance is associated with limb asymmetries in a comprehensive body composition assessment among varsity soccer players. Twenty-seven varsity soccer players (age 20.4 ± 1.7 years old; BMI 22.6 ± 4.6 kg/m2) participated in this study. Body composition was assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Results showed low lower limb asymmetry indices in both males (3.82%) and females (3.36%) compared to normal ranges. However, upper limb lean mass exhibited high asymmetry, surpassing thresholds in males (7.3%) and females (4.39%). Significant differences were found in total bone mass among males and total lean body mass among females. Male players exhibited higher asymmetry indices in both arm and trunk mass compared to females. Despite these asymmetries, no significant correlations were found between asymmetry indices and occurrences of lower limb injury or low back pain. The study suggests that while evaluating body composition for injury prevention in soccer shows potential, lateral dominance may be influenced by factors extending beyond sport-specific adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vaillancourt
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Chanelle Montpetit
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Victoria Carile
- Concordia Science College, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Maryse Fortin
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
- School of Health, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
- CRIR-Centre de Réadaptation Constance-Lethbridge du CIUSSS COMTL, Montréal, QC H4B 1T3, Canada
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Borgmann K, Panzer S, Limpach S, Muehlbauer T. Inter-limb differences in upper quarter mobility/stability are not associated with performance in competitive swimmers. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1382779. [PMID: 38650841 PMCID: PMC11033382 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1382779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter (YBT-UQ) is a cost-effective, well-established, closed kinetic chain test to assess inter-limb asymmetries in the upper quarter that could negatively affect swimming performance. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine YBT-UQ performances and inter-limb differences as well as its association with swimming performance in athletes with diverging levels of expertise. Methods Forty female and male competitive swimmers (age range: 10-22 years) with different expertise levels (A-squad: n = 9, B-squad: n = 12, C-squad: n = 19) were tested (reach distances for the YBT-UQ) and swimming performance was calculated using the ratio of individual to world best time. Results YBT-UQ performances (i.e., inferolateral reach direction for the dominant arm: p = .027, ηp2 = .12 and the non-dominant arm: p = .031, ηp2 = .17) but not YBT-UQ inter-limb differences significantly differed between groups and were largest in swimmers with the lowest expertise level (i.e., C-squad). Further, YBT-UQ performances (i.e., inferolateral reach direction [r = -.68 to -.70, both p < .05] and composite score [r = -.65 to -.67, both p < .05] for both arms and medial reach direction for the non-dominant arm [r = -.64, p < .05]) but not inter-limb differences were significantly and negatively correlated with swimming performance among B-squad swimmers. Conclusions Our results suggest that inter-limb differences in upper quarter mobility/stability are not influenced by the level of expertise and have no significant associations with swimming performance. However, greater reach distances were correlated with lower swimming performance for the B-squad swimmers indicating that a training-related increase in upper quarter mobility/stability could worsen swimming performance in those athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borgmann
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Panzer
- Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sam Limpach
- Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Muehlbauer
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Keogh JAJ, Ruder MC, White K, Gavrilov MG, Phillips SM, Heisz JJ, Jordan MJ, Kobsar D. Longitudinal Monitoring of Biomechanical and Psychological State in Collegiate Female Basketball Athletes Using Principal Component Analysis. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2024; 2024:7858835. [PMID: 38654723 PMCID: PMC11023736 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7858835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background The growth in participation in collegiate athletics has been accompanied by increased sport-related injuries. The complex and multifactorial nature of sports injuries highlights the importance of monitoring athletes prospectively using a novel and integrated biopsychosocial approach, as opposed to contemporary practices that silo these facets of health. Methods Data collected over two competitive basketball seasons were used in a principal component analysis (PCA) model with the following objectives: (i) investigate whether biomechanical PCs (i.e., on-court and countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics) were correlated with psychological state across a season and (ii) explore whether subject-specific significant fluctuations could be detected using minimum detectable change statistics. Weekly CMJ (force plates) and on-court data (inertial measurement units), as well as psychological state (questionnaire) data, were collected on the female collegiate basketball team for two seasons. Results While some relationships (n = 2) were identified between biomechanical PCs and psychological state metrics, the magnitude of these associations was weak (r = |0.18-0.19|, p < 0.05), and no other overarching associations were identified at the group level. However, post-hoc case study analysis showed subject-specific relationships that highlight the potential utility of red-flagging meaningful fluctuations from normative biomechanical and psychological patterns. Conclusion Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of advanced analytical modeling to characterize components of and detect statistically and clinically relevant fluctuations in student-athlete performance, health, and well-being and the need for more tailored and athlete-centered monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. J. Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew C. Ruder
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kaylee White
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Momchil G. Gavrilov
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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12
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Knihs DA, Bishop C, Zimmermann HB, Dal Pupo J. Between-session reliability of dry-land and in-water tests to measure inter-limb asymmetries in swimmers. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:737-750. [PMID: 38836573 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2363695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to: i) analyse the between-session reliability of dry-land and in-water swimming tests, and ii) investigate the prevalence of meaningful asymmetries in swimming athletes. Twenty-eight swimmers (21 males, 7 females) performed anthropometric, shoulder range of motion (ROM), countermovement jump, shoulder isokinetic torque, and 15-s tethered swimming tests two times, 1 week apart. Inter-limb asymmetries were calculated for each variable. Raw data reliability was determined using the intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) and the typical error of measurement (TEM), and effect size (ES) was used to determine systematic bias between test sessions. At an individual level, inter-limb asymmetries were compared to the coefficient of variation (CV) to determine whether they were real. The between-session reliability was good to excellent (0.75 to 1.00) for most of the raw data, except for ROM. Between-session ES was predominately "trivial" or "small" for raw data and asymmetries, reinforcing that the values did not change significantly between the sessions. In addition, real asymmetries were seen in some tested metrics, depending on the test. In conclusion, the tested variables presented good levels of between-session reliability and were able to detect real and consistent asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora A Knihs
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Haiko B Zimmermann
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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13
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Liu K, Ji L, Lu Y. Influence of Amputation on Kinetic Chain Musculature Activity During Basic and Modified Core Exercises. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38508161 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Core strength is vital for athletic performance, and many more exercises that involve the kinetic chain have been designed for able-bodied athletes. Disabilities that impair the kinetic chain can reduce the effectiveness of strength training. However, the impact of amputation on core strength training of people with disabilities and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the muscle activation patterns and levels in athletes with amputation during 4 basic and modified weight-bearing core strength-training exercises. METHODS Fifteen elite athletes with unilateral amputation (170.6 [7.3] cm; 63.9 [11.9] kg; 25.9 [5.3] y) volunteered for this study. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activity mainly in the lumbopelvic-hip complex-stabilizing muscles during 4 kinetic chain trunk exercises with and without modifications. RESULTS The significance level was set at α = .05. The results showed a significant difference in muscle activation between different body sides (P < .05). Specifically, amputation on the support position resulted in a diagonal pattern of muscle activation, and amputation on the free distal segments resulted in a unilateral dominant pattern with higher activation in muscles on the nonamputated side (P < .05). Modifications led to significant decreases in muscle activation asymmetry index (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Amputation caused muscle activation asymmetry and 2 activation patterns. Modifications by enhancing proximal stability and adjusting distal loading effectively reduced the asymmetry of muscle activation. Coaches and clinicians can use these results to tailor exercises for athletes with disabilities in training and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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14
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Maly T, Hank M, Verbruggen FF, Clarup C, Phillips K, Zahalka F, Mala L, Ford KR. Relationships of lower extremity and trunk asymmetries in elite soccer players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1343090. [PMID: 38370013 PMCID: PMC10869622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1343090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In light of previous research highlighting the prevalence of asymmetries in soccer players and possible links to injury risks, there is a crucial gap in the biomechanical understanding of complex relationships between lower extremity and trunk asymmetries in elite soccer players. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level, relationships, and differences among twelve different parameters of strength, morphological, and neuromuscular asymmetries in elite soccer players. Methods: Elite male soccer players (n = 25, age 21.7 ± 3.9 years) were tested in the following tests: bilateral fluid distribution, hip flexor range of motion, postural stability, isokinetic strength of knee extensors and flexors, isometric lateral trunk rotation strength, eccentric strength of knee flexors, isometric bilateral strength of hip adductors, and vertical ground reaction force in counter-movement jump-free arms, counter-movement jump, squat jump, and drop jump tests. One-way ANOVA, Pearson's coefficient (r), and partial eta squared (η p 2) were used for data analysis. Results: Significant differences in asymmetries were found in elite soccer players (F11,299 = 11.01, p < .01). The magnitude of asymmetry over 10% was in postural stability and drop jump parameters. The lowest magnitudes of asymmetries were in the fluid distribution of the lower limbs and the vertical ground reaction force during the take-off phase in squat jumps. The highest asymmetries between the dominant and non-dominant sides were found in postural stability and drop jump. A total of eleven significant correlations (p < 0.05, r = 0.41-0.63, R2 = 0.17-0.40) were detected between the analyzed asymmetries in elite soccer players. The lateral trunk rotation asymmetries were significantly correlated to vertical ground reaction force asymmetries and knee extensors. Conclusion: Long-term exposure in elite soccer leads to unilateral biomechanical loading that induces abnormal strength and morphological adaptations in favor of the dominant side while linking lower limb and trunk strength asymmetries. By unraveling these complex relationships, we strive to contribute novel methods that could inform targeted training regimens and injury prevention strategies in the elite soccer community. The data should encourage future researchers and coaches to monitor and develop trunk strength linked to lower body kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Maly
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Performance, AC Sparta Praha, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mikulas Hank
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ferdia Fallon Verbruggen
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Performance, AC Sparta Praha, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Kirk Phillips
- Department of Performance, AC Sparta Praha, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Zahalka
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucia Mala
- Sport Research Center, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kevin R. Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, United States
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15
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Domínguez-Navarro F, Gámez-Payá J, Ricart-Luna B, Chulvi-Medrano I. Exploring the Implications of Inter-Limb Asymmetries on Sprint, Agility, and Jump Performance in Young Highly-Trained Basketball Athletes: Is There a Relevant Threshold? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:131. [PMID: 38256392 PMCID: PMC10820856 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the magnitude of vertical jump inter-limb asymmetries among young highly-trained basketball athletes and to analyze its impact on sport performance, specifically in sprints, agility, and vertical jumps. Materials and Methods: A unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) was employed to determine Inter-limb Index Asymmetry (IAI) in 320 participants aged from 14 to 18 years, from the Valencia Basket youth academy. IAI was categorized into three groups: 0-9.9%, 10-14.9%, and >15%. The relationship between IAI and performance variables was analyzed through correlation studies (Pearson or Spearman's). The influence of IAI magnitude was assessed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis analysis, with leg dominance as a covariable. SPSS Statistics version 26 was used for analysis. Results: Among all the participants, the mean IAI was 10.6%. Correlation studies revealed non-significant values (p < 0.05) between IAI and sport performance variables. The three IAI magnitude groups did not show statistically significant differences in sprint, agility, and jump outcomes. Leg dominance did not seem to influence performance outcomes, except for unilateral CMJ. Conclusions: The results obtained challenge the assumption that an IAI above 10% negatively affects sprint, agility, or jump performance in young basketball athletes. Notably, the magnitude of IAI did not influence sport performance parameters, suggesting that the 10-15% threshold from previous studies may not be applicable to this population. The study emphasizes the need to understand lower-limb asymmetries in the context of specific sport task performance, considering the potential evolution over time among affected young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Domínguez-Navarro
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomechanics & Physiotherapy in Sports Research Group (BIOCAPS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Gámez-Payá
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomechanics & Physiotherapy in Sports Research Group (BIOCAPS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Borja Ricart-Luna
- Alqueria LAB Department, Valencia Basket Club, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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16
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Molitor SL, Zelik KE, McDonald KA. Lower-limb dominance does not explain subject-specific foot kinematic asymmetries observed during walking and running. J Biomech 2024; 162:111877. [PMID: 38007867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies of human locomotion have observed asymmetries in lower-limb kinematics, especially at the more distal joints. However, it is unclear whether these asymmetries are related to functional differences between the dominant and non-dominant limb. This study aimed to determine the effect of lower-limb dominance on foot kinematics during human locomotion. Range of motion for the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) and medial longitudinal arch (MLA), as well as time duration of windlass mechanism engagement, were recorded from healthy young adults (N = 12) across a range of treadmill walking and running speeds. On the group level, there were no differences in MPJ or MLA range of motion, or windlass engagement timing, between the dominant and non-dominant limb (p > 0.05). While not explained by limb dominance, between-limb differences in MPJ and MLA ranges of motion were observed for individual participants on the order of ∼2-6°, which could be clinically relevant or impact interpretation of research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Molitor
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Karl E Zelik
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Kirsty A McDonald
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Vanderbilt University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37212, USA; Unversity of New South Wales, School of Health Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Thomas C, Dos'Santos T, Comfort P, Jones PA. Male and female soccer players exhibit different knee joint mechanics during pre-planned change of direction. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:118-131. [PMID: 33115317 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1830160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Change of direction manoeuvres is important in soccer and associated with non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury, yet it is not known how the mechanics differentiate between males and females during 180° turns. Twenty-eight soccer players (14 males and 14 females) performed 180° turns with ground reaction forces collected over penultimate and final contacts. A two-way (contact × limb) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were run to examine differences between contact (penultimate and final) or limb (dominant and non-dominant) for sagittal plane hip, knee and ankle peak angles and moments, and frontal plane knee abduction moments and angles between sexes. Average horizontal GRF was increased on the dominant limb, compared to non-dominant and for the final contact compared to the penultimate contact. Knee abduction angles were increased in females compared to males, while the opposite was true for knee abduction moments. Statistically significant differences were evident, with increases in peak vertical GRF, peak hip flexion angle, peak knee flexion angle, peak knee extensor moment, and peak ankle dorsiflexion angle observed in the penultimate contact compared to final contact. The results indicate the penultimate contact during turns helps reduce loading on the final contact, yet male and female soccer players exhibit different knee joint mechanics during pre-planned change of direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Thomas
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Jones
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
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18
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Chapelle L, Bishop C, D'Hondt J, Rommers N, D'Hondt E, Clarys P. Development of upper and lower extremity functional asymmetries in male and female elite youth tennis players: a longitudinal study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1269-1284. [PMID: 37902794 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study aimed to examine the development of both upper and lower extremity functional performances, together with asymmetry magnitudes and directionality in youth tennis players. METHODS Dominant and non-dominant physical performance values of 90 players (53 males, 37 females) were determined yearly (with monitoring up to 3 years) using unilateral strength, power, speed and agility tests from which asymmetry magnitude percentages were calculated. Linear mixed effect models examined the development of performance values according to youth players' maturity offset, performance dominance, sex and training volume. Similarly, the development of functional asymmetry magnitudes was examined according to players' maturity offset, sex and training volume. Kappa coefficients (k) examined the consistency in directionality across test occasions. RESULTS Regardless of sex, the dominant and non-dominant physical performance values of every test significantly (P<0.05) improved with increasing maturity offset. No sex differences were apparent except for strength and power related tests where male players performed significantly better. Functional asymmetry magnitudes (ranging from 2.0 to 15.9%) did not significantly change with increasing maturity offset (range=-0.3-0.4% per year). Training volume was not significantly associated with the performance values and asymmetry magnitudes. The dominant upper extremity (which holds the tennis racket) consistently displayed the dominant performance value (k value: 1.00) across test occasions, which was not the case at lower extremity level (k value range: -0.28-0.31). CONCLUSIONS The functional asymmetry magnitudes did not change significantly with youth tennis players' maturity offset over a 3-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Chapelle
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium -
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Joachim D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nikki Rommers
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Clarys
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Ujaković F, Šarabon N. The Effects of Workload Difference Between Limbs in Plyometric and Strength Exercises in Reducing Asymmetry in Change of Direction Ability During Basketball Season. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2282-2288. [PMID: 37747901 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ujaković, F, and Šarabon, N. The effects of workload difference between limbs in plyometric and strength exercises in reducing asymmetry in change of direction ability during basketball season. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2282-2288, 2023-The topic of interlimb asymmetries has recently been extensively investigated; despite that, intervention for purpose of reducing them have been narrowly examined. The present study investigated the effects of maximal strength and plyometric resistance training program with 3:1 workload ratio (nondominant to dominant side) on change of direction deficit (CoDdef) asymmetry during the basketball season. Thirty-six highly trained male basketball players (19.3 ± 4.9 years) from different age categories (U-17, U-19, and senior) were divided into 2 groups: the control group ( n = 18) and the intervention group ( n = 18). The intervention group performed once-a-week training that consisted of strength (Bulgarian split squats) and jumping (single-leg countermovement jumps [SLCMJs]) part in which nondominant-to-dominant workload ratio was 3:1 during the 8-week period. Preintervention and postintervention testing included single-leg isometric squat, SLCMJ, 10-m sprint, and 505 test. Analysis of covariance results showed a statistically significant difference with large effect size ( p < 0.05; η2 = 0.26) when preintervention asymmetry was included as covariate. Post hoc analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in mean CoDdef asymmetry between preintervention (11.88%) and postintervention (4.47%) testing ( p < 0.01, effect size [ES] = -1.37). Isometric squat strength increased on nondominant side in the intervention group ( p < 0.05; ES = 0.77). No other performance or asymmetry variable showed significant change. In conclusion, a 3:1 workload of nonspecific movement task in favor of nondominant limb is an effective training strategy to reduce CoDdef asymmetry during basketball season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ujaković
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Basketball Club Cedevita Olimpija Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia; and
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Egoyan A, Parulava G, Baker S, Gilhen-Baker M, Roviello GN. Movement Asymmetries: From Their Molecular Origin to the Analysis of Movement Asymmetries in Athletes. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2127. [PMID: 38004267 PMCID: PMC10672360 DOI: 10.3390/life13112127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetry plays a major role in biology at all scales. This can be seen in the helix of DNA, the fact that the human heart is on the left side, or that most people use their right hand. A single protein such as Myosin 1D can induce helical motion in another molecule. This causes cells, organs, and even entire bodies to twist in a domino effect, causing left-right behaviour. More generally, athlete movements are often asymmetric and, during the physical rehabilitation after injury, the asymmetry is visually discernible. Herein, we review the molecular basis of the movement asymmetries and report on the available knowledge on the few therapeutics investigated so far such as meloxicam. From a more rehabilitative perspective, it is very important to use effective methods to control the process of resolving the injury-related movement asymmetry through the complex use of specialised exercises, measurements, and gait analysis, which can all provide useful information on the effectiveness of the rehabilitation plans. If for each athlete, the normal range of asymmetry is known, the asymmetry can be individually treated and the evolution can be monitored over time. Appropriate measures should be taken if the movement asymmetry is outside this range. In addition, genetic, physiological, and psychological factors relevant to athlete health should be considered in the process of assessing and improving exercise asymmetry, which we also discuss in this review. The main proposal of this work is that the movement asymmetries in athletes should be individually treated, while taking into account the athlete's genetics, physical condition, and previous injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Egoyan
- Faculty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Georgian State Teaching University of Physical Education and Sport, 49 Chavchavadze Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; (A.E.); (G.P.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Giorgi Parulava
- Faculty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Georgian State Teaching University of Physical Education and Sport, 49 Chavchavadze Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; (A.E.); (G.P.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Steven Baker
- Compete Physiotherapy Ltd., Unit 1, Bridge Mill, Cowan Bridge, Carnforth LA6 2HS, UK;
| | - Melinda Gilhen-Baker
- Faculty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Georgian State Teaching University of Physical Education and Sport, 49 Chavchavadze Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; (A.E.); (G.P.); (M.G.-B.)
| | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Area di Ricerca Site and Headquarters, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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21
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Jamkrajang P, Suwanmana S, Limroongreungrat W, Verheul J. Spatiotemporal and kinematic adjustments in master runners may be associated with the relative physiological effort during running. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1271502. [PMID: 37886221 PMCID: PMC10598343 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1271502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Master runners maintain a similar running economy to young runners, despite displaying biomechanical characteristics that are associated with a worse running economy. This apparent paradox may be explained by a greater physiological effort-i.e., percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max)-that master runners perform at a given speed. Moreover, age-related responses to non-exhaustive sustained running are yet underexplored. The aims of this study were, therefore, to examine if biomechanical adjustments in master runners are physiological-effort dependent, and to explore the age-related biomechanical changes during a non-exhaustive sustained run. Young (23.9 ± 6; n = 12) and master (47.3 ± 6.9; n = 12) runners performed a sustained 30-minute treadmill run matched for relative physiological effort (70% VO2-max), while spatiotemporal and lower-limb kinematic characteristics were collected during the 1st and 30th minute. Group differences were observed in step/stride length, knee touch-down angle, and knee stiffness. However, both groups of runners had a similar step frequency, vertical center of mass oscillation, and knee range of motion. Age-related adjustment in these latter characteristics may thus not be an inevitable result of the aging process but rather a strategy to maintain running economy. The relative physiological effort of runners should, therefore, be considered when examining age-related adjustments in running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parunchaya Jamkrajang
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarit Suwanmana
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Jasper Verheul
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Montalvo AM, Buscà B, Arboix-Alió J. Effects of Exercise-Induced Neuromuscular Fatigue on Jump Performance and Lower-Limb Asymmetries in Youth Female Team Sport Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:19-31. [PMID: 38053949 PMCID: PMC10694723 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of acute neuromuscular fatigue on unilateral jump performance and inter-limb asymmetries. Thirty elite youth female team sport athletes (age: U-14 to U-18) performed the Unilateral Countermovement Jump (UCJ) and the Unilateral Drop Jump (UDJ) (18-cm box) tests before and approximately 10 minutes after the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT). A paired samples t-test showed significant reductions in UCJ jump height in the right leg after the 30-15 IFT (p = 0.018; d = 0.33), but not in the left leg (p = 0.459; d = 0.48). For the UDJ, significant reductions in jump height were shown in both the right (p < 0.001; d = 0.33) and left (p < 0.001; d = 0.33) legs. In addition, for the reactive strength index (UDJ), significant reductions were seen in the left leg after the 30-15 IFT (p < 0.001; d = 0.31), but not in the right leg (p = 0.948; d < 0.001). Only UCJ inter-limb jump height asymmetries increased significantly post 30-15 IFT (p = 0.033; d = 0.46). In conclusion, the current study indicates that the 30-15 IFT provides a sufficient dose of activity for inducing acute fatigue in elite youth female team sport athletes. Therefore, monitoring jump height in unilateral jump testing is recommended given the tests' sensitivity to detect significant differences in physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries under acutely fatigued conditions in healthy youth female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Bernat Buscà
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Krajcigr M, Bahenský P, Vobr R, Marko D, Grosicki GJ. Relationship between body composition and anaerobic power with inter-limb difference dependence in Czech elite ice hockey players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1043-1050. [PMID: 37428100 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ice hockey includes symmetrical as well as asymmetrical movements. As such, possible difference in mass and strength, as well as performance variables, may be observed between limbs. METHODS We examined the relation between body composition and lower extremity anaerobic power in Czech elite ice hockey players with the inter-limb difference dependence. In total, 168 ice hockey players (age = 20.81, Q1 = 18.24, Q3 = 28.75) underwent body composition measurement and Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) leg was established. A Wilcoxon Signed Rank was used. The difference between the dominant and non-dominant lower extremities was evaluated using the dimensionless analysis and by setting the value for the dominant leg at 100%. RESULTS The difference in muscle mass (MM), fat mass (FM), and WAnT outcome variables (MP, RAP, MP5sP) between the right and left leg was greater than the difference between D and ND leg. Less total body fat mass (TBFM) and more total body muscle mass (TBMM) and lower extremities muscle mass (LEMM) were associated with higher WAnT outcome values. The dimensionless analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between almost all variables. CONCLUSIONS More TBMF and LEMM and less TBFM was better for WAnT. The difference between the right and left leg was greater than the difference between D and ND leg. If there is a difference between MM and FM of lower limbs than there could be difference between the power of lower limbs as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Krajcigr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic -
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic -
| | - Petr Bahenský
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Vobr
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Marko
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Sports Motor Skills Laboratory, Faculty of Sports, Physical Training and Education, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory J Grosicki
- Biodynamics and Human Performance Center, Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA, USA
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24
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Biduski GM, Knihs DA, Nery de Oliveira S, Hoinaski LP, Rossato M, Freitas CDLR. Magnitude and direction of elbow torque asymmetries in manual wheelchair users. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1239626. [PMID: 37745200 PMCID: PMC10514472 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1239626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study are to investigate the magnitude and direction of the elbow torque asymmetries in manual wheelchair users and to verify the agreement levels of the asymmetry's direction between different velocities and contraction modes in the isokinetic test. The sample was composed of 14 manual wheelchair users (four women, 10 men). The peak torque of the elbow flexors and extensors were measured on the dominant and non-dominant limbs, using a set of concentric/eccentric contractions at speeds of 60° s-1 and 180° s-1. Asymmetries were calculated by a specific equation, and the levels of agreement of the asymmetry's direction were calculated using Kappa coefficient. The main results showed a large variability in the magnitude of the asymmetries, ranging from -73.1% (ND) to 59.9% (D) between participants. The agreement levels of the elbow flexors and extensors between the different contraction modes were great (k = 0.71-0.85) for most of the velocities [except for flexors of 60° s-1 (k = 0.29)], but the agreement levels were only slight to fair (k = 0.16-0.31) for most of the contraction modes when comparing between velocities [except for flexors eccentric (k = 0.71)]. In conclusion, the elbow torque asymmetries are highly variable between subjects in terms of magnitude. In addition, in general, the limb favored by the asymmetry is the same when comparing between velocities, but not when comparing between contraction modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maria Biduski
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Sport Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Débora Aparecida Knihs
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Sport Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Silas Nery de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Sport Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Laís Peixoto Hoinaski
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Sport Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Mateus Rossato
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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25
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Siegel SD, Mason J, Hamacher D, Rahlf AL, Zech A. Asymmetries of foot strike patterns during running in high-level female and male soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:86. [PMID: 37452424 PMCID: PMC10349471 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKROUND Foot strike pattern (FSP) is defined by the way the foot makes initial ground contact and is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study investigated the effect of running speed on asymmetries of FSP. METHODS Seventeen female and nineteen male soccer players performed an incremental running test on an instrumented treadmill starting at 2.0 m/s until complete exhaustion. Force plate data were used to categorize foot strikes into rearfoot (RFS) and non-rearfoot strikes. Additionally, peak vertical ground reaction force (peakGRF) and stride time were calculated. The symmetry index (SI) was used to quantify lateral asymmetries between legs. RESULTS The SI indicated asymmetries of the rate of RFS (%RFS) of approximately 30% at slow running speed which decreased to 4.4% during faster running speed (p = 0.001). There were minor asymmetries in peakGRF and stride time at each running stage. Running speed influenced %RFS (p < 0.001), peakGRF (p < 0.001) and stride time (p < 0.001). Significant interaction effects between running speed and sex were shown for %RFS (p = 0.033), peakGRF (p < 0.001) and stride time (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION FSP of soccer players are asymmetric at slower running speed, but symmetry increases with increasing speed. Future studies should consider that FSP are non-stationary and influenced by running speed but also differ between legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Dimitri Siegel
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany.
| | - Joel Mason
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Daniel Hamacher
- Methods and Statistics in Sports, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany
| | - Anna Lina Rahlf
- Department of Sports Science, Institute of Health, Nutrition and Sport Science, Europa-Universität Flensburg, Campusallee 2, Flensburg, 24943, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Seidelstraße 20, Jena, 07749, Germany
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Roso-Moliner A, Lozano D, Nobari H, Bishop C, Carton-Llorente A, Mainer-Pardos E. Horizontal jump asymmetries are associated with reduced range of motion and vertical jump performance in female soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:80. [PMID: 37422669 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance in jumping and change of direction tests are good proxies to reflect the skill level during soccer-specific actions. Greater inter-leg asymmetries have been identified as a risk factor for developing acute and overuse injuries and jeopardizing soccer performance. The aim of this study was to assess the association between asymmetry in the unilateral vertical and horizontal jump tests, ankle range of motion, linear velocity, and change of direction in a sample of highly trained adult female soccer players. METHODS Thirty-eight highly trained female soccer players underwent a testing protocol including ankle dorsiflexion, single leg jumps for height (CMJ), distance (HJ), 40 m sprint and 180° change of direction tests. RESULTS Within-session reliability was acceptable (CV ≤ 7.9%), and relative reliability showed good to excellent (ICC: 0.83 to 0.99). The one-way ANOVA reported higher inter-limb differences for change of direction deficit (10.9 ± 8.04%) and single leg CMJ (5.70 ± 5.22%). Pearson correlations highlighted significant relationships between horizontal jump asymmetries and ankle dorsiflexion (r = -0.41), CMJ (r = -0.36 to -0.49) and HJ (r = -0.28 to -0.56). CONCLUSIONS Assessing inter-limb asymmetries through different methods can help scientists understand the specificity of their detrimental effects on soccer performance. Practitioners should be aware of these specificities as well as the magnitude and direction of the asymmetries when aiming to improve specific on-field skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, NW4 1RL, UK
| | - Antonio Carton-Llorente
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
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Cadens M, Planas-Anzano A, Peirau-Terés X, Bishop C, Romero-Rodríguez D, Madruga-Parera M. Relationship between Asymmetry Profiles and Jump Performance in Youth Female Handball Players. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:5-16. [PMID: 37559760 PMCID: PMC10407328 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/163432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationships between asymmetries and performance or the identification of the asymmetry profile that has been routinely studied during jumping tests are largely derived from male-only and small sample size studies. Therefore, the aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate the magnitude and the direction of jump asymmetries (vertical and lateral) in three different age groups of adolescent female handball players, and 2) to identify the effect of asymmetry between limbs on jump performance in the three age groups. One hundred and eighty-five adolescent female handball players (age: 14.88 ± 1.49 years) were distributed in three groups: U14, U16 and U18 and performed two tests to assess jumping ability which were the single leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) and the single leg hop lateral (SL-HL). The magnitude of asymmetry in the SL-CMJ test (10.80%) was higher compared to that of the SL-LH test (6.47%), and there were no significant differences between particular categories. The direction of asymmetry represented by the Kappa values showed "poor" and "fair" levels of agreement in U14 and U16 categories, which means that asymmetries rarely favored the same side during each jumping test, but in contrast, in the U18 category the Kappa value result was "slight". There were significant correlations between SL-CMJ jumping asymmetries and jumping performance in the U18 category (r = 0.31 to 0.49). These data indicate that in order to identify the player's asymmetry profile, we need to consider the magnitude and the direction of different tests which will help better understand the natural deficits, contextualize them and consider appropriate training interventions for the reduction of inter-limb asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cadens
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas-Anzano
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau-Terés
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Daniel Romero-Rodríguez
- Physical Therapy Department, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- INNOVITY, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Madruga-Parera
- Physical Therapy Department, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- FC Barcelona Second Team, Sport Performance Area, Barcelona, Spain
- reQ, Return to Play and Sports Training Center, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Reichert L, Müller T, Wieland B, Fleddermann MT, Zentgraf K. Upper-body isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1213957. [PMID: 37398557 PMCID: PMC10312092 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1213957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Imagine blocking the opposing defense linemen in American football to protect your quarterback or creating gaps in the opponents' defense by setting blocks as a pivot player in handball. Such movements require a pushing action away from the body with the arms and stabilizing the whole body in different postural positions. Upper-body strength obviously plays an important role during American football and handball as well as in other game sports with opponent contact such as basketball. Yet, the availability of appropriate tests to measure upper-body strength serving sport-specific requirements seems limited. Therefore, a whole-body setup to measure isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes was developed. The purpose of the study was to verify validity and reliability of this setup and present empirical data from game sport athletes. In 119 athletes, isometric horizontal strength was measured in three game-like standing positions (upright, slightly leaning forward and clearly leaning forward), each in three weight-shift conditions (80% of body weight on the left leg, 50/50% on both legs, 80% on the right leg). Also, handgrip strength on both sides was measured in all athletes using a dynamometer. Linear regression indicated that handgrip strength is a significant predictor of upper-body horizontal strength in female (β = 0.70, p = 0.043) but not in male athletes (β = 0.31, p = 0.117). As an expertise-related factor, linear regression indicated that the number of years played at the top level is a predictor of the upper-body horizontal relative strength measure (β = 0.05, p = 0.03). Reliability analyses showed high levels of within-test reliability (ICC > 0.90) as well as test-retest reliability between two separate measurements (r > 0.77). The results indicate that the setup used in this study could be a valid tool for measuring performance-relevant upper-body horizontal strength in different game-like positions in professional game sport athletes.
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Fox KT, Pearson LT, Hicks KM. The effect of lower inter-limb asymmetries on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286942. [PMID: 37289826 PMCID: PMC10249853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-limb asymmetry refers to an imbalance in performance between the left and right limbs. Discrepancies throughout asymmetry research does not allow practitioners to confidently understand the effect of inter-limb asymmetries on athletic performance. Therefore, this review summarized the current literature using a meta-analytic approach, conforming to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify the association between inter-limb asymmetry and athletic performance. A literature search using PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases yielded 11-studies assessing the effect of inter-limb asymmetries, measured via unilateral jump performance, on bilateral jump, change of direction (COD) and sprint performance in adult sports players. The quality of evidence was assessed via a modified Downs and Black checklist and in compliance with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation. Correlation coefficients were transformed via Fishers z (Zr), meta-analysed and then re-converted to correlation coefficients. Egger's regression presented no significant risk of bias. Vertical jump performance was not significantly affected by asymmetry (Zr = 0.053, r = 0.05; P = 0.874), whereas COD and sprint both presented significant weak associations (COD, Zr = 0.243, r = 0.24; Sprint, Zr = 0.203, r = 0.2; P < 0.01). The results demonstrate that inter-limb asymmetries seem to present a negative impact to COD and sprint performance but not vertical jump performance. Practitioners should consider implementing monitoring strategies to identify, monitor and possibly address inter-limb asymmetries, specifically for performance tests underpinned by unilateral movements such as COD and sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai T. Fox
- affiliations>Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation; Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Liam T. Pearson
- affiliations>Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation; Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M. Hicks
- affiliations>Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation; Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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30
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Espada MC, Jardim M, Assunção R, Estaca A, Ferreira CC, Pessôa Filho DM, Verardi CEL, Gamonales JM, Santos FJ. Lower Limb Unilateral and Bilateral Strength Asymmetry in High-Level Male Senior and Professional Football Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111579. [PMID: 37297719 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to assess the relationship between different jumping asymmetries and associated performance variables in high-level male senior and professional football players. Nineteen football players with at least 12 years of training experience (23.2 ± 3.1 years of age; 75.2 ± 4.8 kg of body mass and 181 ± 0.06 cm of height) participated in this study performing countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), single-leg CMJ and drop jump (DJ), associated performance variable eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), bilateral deficit (BLD), and limb symmetry index (LSI) were determined. High correlations were observed between different methodologies of jump tests and associated performance indicators (SSC, BLD, EUR), except LSI. Moreover, CMJ and SJ results were different (p < 0.05), but no differences were found between interlimb in CMJ (p = 0.19) and DJ (p = 0.14). Between the same limbs and different jumps differences were detected in CMJ and DJ (p < 0.01), and it has also been found that the laterality effect size on strength was small in CMJ (ES = 0.30) and DJ (ES = 0.35). LSI between CMJ and DJ was not different despite higher mean values in CMJ, and although mean BLD was positive (>100%), the results highlight the need for individual evaluation since eight players scored negatively. An in-depth and accurate analysis of performance in preseason screening jump tests should be considered, aiming to detect injury risk, specifically evaluating different jumping test methodologies, and determining jumping associated performance variables for each test, namely EUR, SSC, BLD, and LSI. Specific muscle-strengthening exercises could be implemented based on this study results and outcomes, aiming to reduce injury risks and lower extremity asymmetries and to enhance individual football performance in high-level male senior and professional football players. Sports institutions should pay special attention regarding potential health problems in athletes exposed to daily high training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário C Espada
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marco Jardim
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, 2914-503 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Rafael Assunção
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, 2914-503 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Estaca
- Casa Pia Atlético Clube, Estádio Pina Manique, Parque de Monsanto, 1500-462 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia C Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos E L Verardi
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Developmental Psychology and Learning, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - José M Gamonales
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J Santos
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
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Jiang D, Liu Z, Ling X, Dai J, Long L, Lu Y, Zhou S. Investigating the impact of inter-limb asymmetry in hamstring strength on jump, sprint, and strength performance in young athletes: comparing the role of gross force. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1185397. [PMID: 37304819 PMCID: PMC10248013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1185397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the impact of the inter-limb asymmetry of hamstring strength on jump, sprint and strength performance and to compare the effects of inter-limb asymmetry of hamstring strength with gross force (GF) of the hamstring on these physical qualities in youth volleyball athletes. Eighty-one youth volleyball players (age: 16.6 ± 1.9 years; training experience: 3.0 ± 0.9 years; height: 191.4 ± 7.1 cm; body mass: 78.5 ± 12.9 kg; lean body mass: 63.5 ± 10.5 kg; body fat rate: 18.6% ± 6.1%) performed a mid-season battery of tests consisting of morphological test, depth jump (DJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), 10 m sprint, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and hamstring strength test. All tests reported good to excellent reliability (ICC range = 0.815-0.996) and acceptable variability (CV range = 3.26-7.84%). Results show a significant negative relationship between inter-limb asymmetry of hamstring strength and all physical qualities (r = -0.271 to -0.445; p < 0.05), and a significant positive relationship between GF of hamstring and all physical qualities (r = 0.303 to 0.664; p < 0.05). Additionally, GF of hamstring was more relevant to IMTP-PF (peak force) (r = 0.664) and inter-limb asymmetry of hamstring strength was more relevant to 10 m sprint (r = -0.445). The findings from this study indicate that, for youth athletes, the GF of the hamstring is crucial for overall lower limb strength performance, and the importance of inter-limb symmetry of hamstring strength increases with the complexity of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Physical Education College, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ling
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjin Dai
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Long
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongren Lu
- Youth Competitive Sports School, Guangdong Provincial Sports Bureau, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqing Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
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Krzykała M, Karpowicz K, Karpowicz M, Bartkowiak S, Demuth A, Czerniak U, Janowski J. Somatic characteristic, morphological asymmetry and postural stability of youth male canoeists compared to control. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285997. [PMID: 37216383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships between selected morphological characteristics and the level of body composition asymmetry with postural stability among canoeists and a control group. METHODS The sample consisted of 43 males (21 canoeists 21.8±3.29 years and 22 university students 21.7±1.32 years). Measurements included body height and weight. Segmental body composition analysis was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance by determining: fat mass (FM, kg, %), fat-free mass (FFM, kg) and predicted muscle mass (PMM, kg). Postural stability was tested using the BIODEX Balance System. Anterior-posterior stability index (APSI), medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) and overall stability index (OSI) were calculated. RESULTS Our findings suggest that the canoeists had statistically lower level of fatty tissue compared to controls. There was a statistically important difference between groups in lower limb FM (% and kg). In both groups morphological asymmetry was observed, but in most cases-in athletes. Asymmetries between right and left arms appeared in all parameters, while asymmetries between right and left legs were noted in all parameters except FM (kg). There were relationships between stature and body weight with postural stability in canoeists. Canoeists demonstrated better balance than controls, particularly in the APSI. For all stability indices, significant differences were observed between right and left legs across all participants. CONCLUSIONS Athletes, with larger asymmetries or poorer balance, require more attention to improve performance and reduce the risk of overload injury. Future studies needed to develop sport-specific level of morphofunctional asymmetry which would be optimal for sport results and health as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krzykała
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Karpowicz
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Karpowicz
- Department of Team Sports Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartkowiak
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Demuth
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Urszula Czerniak
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Janowski
- Department of Theory of Sports, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Mesquita Souza RL, Aidar FJ, Villar R, Greco G, Santos LD, Poli L, Lima de Santana J, Carvutto R, Gama de Matos D, Badicu G, Silva AF, Clemente FM, Nobari H, Fischetti F, Cataldi S. Assessment of asymmetry at different intensities between conventional and paralympic powerlifting athletes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16211. [PMID: 37251905 PMCID: PMC10213187 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Powerlifting competitions require consistent and symmetric lifting of heavy loads and maximal effort, in which, asymmetric lifting results in trial invalidation. Symmetry during this very high intensity movement is determinant to athletes' performance and success in competitions. This study aimed to compare the asymmetry between Conventional Powerlifting athletes (CP) and Paralympic (PP) athletes at intensities of 45 and 80% 1RM before and after a training session. Twenty-two male athletes (11 CP: 29.84 ± 4.21 and 11 PP: 30.81 ± 8.05 years old) participated in this study. Mean Propulsive Velocity (MPV), Maximum Velocity (Vmax) and Power during the concentric and eccentric phases were evaluated at 45%-1RM before and after a training session. For the intensity of 80%-1RM, MPV, Vmax and Power were measured in the first and last series (5 series of 5 repetitions: 5X5) of a training session. PP athletes demonstrated lower velocity and greater symmetry at 45%-1RM, but higher velocity and less asymmetry at 80%-1RM, when compared to CP. The data indicated that PP athletes tend to be slower at lower intensities, faster at higher intensities in absolute values, and have greater symmetry than CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luiz Mesquita Souza
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physiological Science, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Villar
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Leonardo dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Luca Poli
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jefferson Lima de Santana
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Roberto Carvutto
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Cardiorespiratory & Physiology of Exercise Research Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Sports and Leisure School, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Guerra-Armas J, Oliva-Hazañas A, Hazañas-Ruiz S, Torrontegui-Duarte M, Cervero-Simonet M, Morales-Asencio JM, Pineda-Galan C, Flores-Cortes M, Luque-Suarez A. The presence of a previous lower limb injury does not affect step asymmetry in elite basketball players: A prospective, longitudinal observational study. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2023.2194604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Body Composition and Strength Symmetry of Kettlebell Sport Athletes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030440. [PMID: 36979132 PMCID: PMC10044987 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Kettlebell sport (KBs) is increasingly popular, but very few studies have been focused on this discipline. This research aims to investigate the effects of KBs on body composition, strength symmetry, and segmental body composition symmetry in a sample of Italian elite athletes. Data were collected from a sample of 16 athletes of both sexes (11 men and 5 women; 34.5 ± 9.0 years of age). Anthropometric (height, weight, arm, thigh, calf, and waist circumferences), hand grip strength, and total and segmental bioelectrical variables were taken. Body composition was analysed by using specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Paired t-tests and confidence ellipses were applied to analyse bilateral differences. Elite athletes of both sexes showed high values of phase angle, indicative of high body cell mass and quality and proxy of muscle mass. Hand grip strength and body composition were symmetrical, with the only exception of a higher %FM in the right leg (Zsp: t = 3.556; p = 0.003). In conclusion, this study suggests that KBs contributes to muscle mass improvement, body composition, and strength symmetry, especially in the upper body.
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Hanimann J, Ellenberger L, Bernhard T, Franchi MV, Roth R, Faude O, Spörri J. More than just a side effect: Dynamic knee valgus and deadbug bridging performance in youth soccer players and alpine skiers have similar absolute values and asymmetry magnitudes but differ in terms of the direction of laterality. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1129351. [PMID: 36969591 PMCID: PMC10031042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1129351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
From a preventative perspective, leg axis and core stabilization capacities are important for soccer players and alpine skiers; however, due to different sport-specific demands, the role of laterality clearly differs and may result in functional long-term adaptations. The aims of this study are 1) to determine whether there are differences in leg axis and core stability between youth soccer players and alpine skiers and 2) between dominant and non-dominant sides, and 3) to explore the outcomes of applying common sport-specific asymmetry thresholds to these two distinct cohorts. Twenty-one highly trained/national-level soccer players (16.1 years, 95% CI: 15.6, 16.5) and 61 alpine skiers (15.7 years, 95% CI: 15.6, 15.8) participated in this study. Using a marker-based 3D motion capture system, dynamic knee valgus was quantified as the medial knee displacement (MKD) during drop jump landings, and core stability was quantified as the vertical displacement during deadbug bridging exercise (DBBdisplacement). For the analysis of sports and side differences, a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used. For the interpretation of laterality, coefficients of variation (CV) and common asymmetry thresholds were applied. There were no differences in MKD or DBBdisplacement between soccer players and skiers or between the dominant and non-dominant sides, but there was an interaction effect side*sports for both variables (MKD: p = 0.040, η2p = 0.052; DBBdisplacement: p = 0.025, η2p = 0.061). On average, MKD was larger on the non-dominant side and DBBdisplacement laterality on the dominant side in soccer players, whereas this pattern was reversed in alpine skiers. Despite similar absolute values and asymmetry magnitudes of dynamic knee valgus and deadbug bridging performance in youth soccer players and alpine skiers, the effect on the direction of laterality was opposite even though much less pronounced. This may imply that sport-specific demands and potential laterality advantages should be considered when dealing with asymmetries in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hanimann
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jonas Hanimann,
| | - Lynn Ellenberger
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Council for Accident Prevention BFU, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bernhard
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- FC Basel 1893, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bishop C, de Keijzer KL, Turner AN, Beato M. Measuring Interlimb Asymmetry for Strength and Power: A Brief Review of Assessment Methods, Data Analysis, Current Evidence, and Practical Recommendations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:745-750. [PMID: 36695841 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, de Keijzer, KL, Turner, AN, and Beato, M. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: A brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 745-750, 2023-The aim of this brief narrative review is to summarize the present evidence, provide recommendations for data analysis, and provide appropriate training methods to reduce strength and power asymmetries within athlete populations. Present evidence shows that a strong interest in the assessment of asymmetry exists. Despite the perceived associated relationship between asymmetry and injury and performance, a clear link is still missing. Practitioners need to be aware of this when they decide to assess asymmetries and later design training interventions. Several bilateral and unilateral tests could be used to assess asymmetries, such as isokinetic dynamometry, the isometric mid-thigh pull, squat, and Nordic hamstring exercise. Based on the current evidence, future investigations require further standardization of methodology and analysis to optimize interpretation (e.g., within session and between session), adoption, and implementation of interlimb asymmetry testing and appropriate interventions. In this review, 3 training interventions have been proposed to reduce existing lower limb asymmetries in sport populations: traditional resistance training, flywheel resistance training, and combined training interventions, with some evidence suggesting that such interventions can reduce lower limb asymmetries. Nonetheless, the number and quality of articles currently available are too limited to draw firm conclusions; therefore, further research is needed to verify whether training interventions can achieve these aims. To develop an understanding and application of interventions addressing interlimb asymmetries within the sport, greater methodological rigor should be applied toward study design, data analysis, and interpretation of future investigations and when appraising the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University at Stone-X Stadium, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University at Stone-X Stadium, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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One-Leg Stance Postural Sway Is Not Benefited by Bicycle Motocross Practice in Elite Riders. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010025. [PMID: 36810509 PMCID: PMC9944589 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Balance has been positioned as an important performance skill in sport. Differences in postural control have been found between levels of expertise. However, this statement remains unanswered in some cyclic sports. This work aimed to describe the one-leg balance performance of a sample of elite BMX riders-racing and freestyle-compared to a control group formed by recreational athletes. The center of pressure (COP) of nineteen international BMX riders (freestyle, n = 7; racing, n = 12) and twenty physically active adults was analyzed in a 30-s one-leg stance test on both legs. COP dispersion and velocity variables were analyzed. Non-linear dynamics of postural sway were evaluated through Fuzzy Entropy and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. BMX athletes did not show differences between legs in any of the variables. The control group did show differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg in the magnitude of variability of the COP in the mediolateral axis. Group comparison revealed non-significant differences. International BMX athletes did not show better balance parameters than the control group in a one-leg stance balance task. The adaptations derived from BMX practice do not have a significant impact in one-leg stance balance performance.
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Brognara L, Mazzotti A, Rossi F, Lamia F, Artioli E, Faldini C, Traina F. Using Wearable Inertial Sensors to Monitor Effectiveness of Different Types of Customized Orthoses during CrossFit ® Training. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1636. [PMID: 36772674 PMCID: PMC9918956 DOI: 10.3390/s23031636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic balance plays a key role in high-impact sports, such as CrossFit, where athletes are required to maintain balance in various weightlifting exercises. The loss of balance in these sport-specific movements may not only affect athlete performance, but also increase the risk of injuries. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to achieve greater insight into the balance and athlete position during the CrossFit training by means of inertial sensors, with a particular focus on the role of different custom foot orthoses (CFOs) in order to detect correlations with the role of the cavus foot. METHODS A total of 42 CrossFit® athletes, aged 25 to 42 years, were enrolled in this study. One-way ANOVA tests with post-hoc analysis of variance were used to compare foot posture groups and effects of different types of customized foot orthoses. RESULTS When comparing the effects of CFOs with the respective balance basal level during the pistol squat exercise, we observed a significant (p = 0.0001) decrease in the sway area, antero-posterior displacement (APD) and medio-lateral displacement (MLD) compared to the basal using both types of CFOs. CONCLUSION No significant positive effects of CFOs were observed in some static tests. On the contrary, positive effects of CFOs and, in particular, postural insoles, are relevant to dynamic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Brognara
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzotti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Rossi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Lamia
- Data Analyst, Stat.Sci, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Artioli
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Faldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy
- 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Traina
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40123 Bologna, Italy
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Bishop C, Abbott W, Brashill C, Loturco I, Beato M, Turner A. Seasonal Variation of Physical Performance, Bilateral Deficit, and Interlimb Asymmetry in Elite Academy Soccer Players: Which Metrics Are Sensitive to Change? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:358-365. [PMID: 35438675 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, Abbott, W, Brashill, C, Loturco, I, Beato, M, and Turner, A. Seasonal variation of physical performance, bilateral deficit, and interlimb asymmetry in elite academy soccer players: Which metrics are sensitive to change? J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 358-365, 2023-This study aimed to report seasonal variations for (a) physical performance, (b) interlimb asymmetry, and (c) bilateral deficit (BLD) data over the course of a competitive soccer season and determine which metrics are sensitive to change. This study used a repeated-measures observational design for 19 under-20, elite, academy, soccer players (age: 17.58 ± 0.61 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.09 m; body mass: 74.36 ± 7.58 kg), who conducted bilateral and single-leg countermovement jumps (CMJ and SLCMJ), linear speed (5, 10, 20, and 30-m) and 505 change of direction (COD) speed tests, at pre, mid, and end of season time points. For jump tests, jump height, reactive strength index modified, time to takeoff, and countermovement depth metrics were monitored, with interlimb asymmetry and the BLD also calculated for each. Significant improvements ( p < 0.05) in performance were evident in all fitness tests: CMJ (effect size [ES]: 0.61 to 1.03), SLCMJ (ES: 0.60 to 2.25), linear speed (ES: -0.54 to -1.96), and COD speed (ES: -0.68 to -1.14). Significant reductions in asymmetry (ES: -0.68 to -1.07) and significant increases in the BLD (ES: 1.15 to 1.57) were also evident throughout the season. Additionally, kappa coefficients were used to determine consistency in limb dominance throughout the season, but only poor to fair levels of agreement (kappa: -0.17 to 0.37) were evident, highlighting the fluctuating nature of limb dominance throughout the season. Despite all tests exhibiting meaningful change, the SLCMJ and linear speed showed the most frequent and largest differences in performance, highlighting their usefulness in the ongoing monitoring process of physical capacities in elite male academy players across a competitive soccer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Will Abbott
- Brighton Football Club Academy, American Express Elite Football Performance Center Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Brashill
- Brighton Football Club Academy, American Express Elite Football Performance Center Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Irineu Loturco
- Nucleus of High Performance Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Mackala K, Michalik K, Makaruk H. Sports Diagnostics-Maximizing the Results or Preventing Injuries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2470. [PMID: 36767837 PMCID: PMC9916279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sports diagnostics is a comprehensive scientific concept and comprises an aspect of training monitoring and/or sports medicine [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mackala
- Department of Track and Field, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hubert Makaruk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, The Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-809 Biala Podlaska, Poland
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Bonavolontà V, Gallotta MC, Zimatore G, Curzi D, Ferrari D, Vinciguerra MG, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Chronic Effects of Asymmetric and Symmetric Sport Load in Varsity Athletes across a Six Month Sport Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2186. [PMID: 36767552 PMCID: PMC9916379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The relation between specific sport practice and possible spine modifications is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different sports on the spine in adult varsity athletes across a six month sports season. Forty-four athletes (24.5 ± 3 years) were divided into two groups according to the typology of the sport practiced: the symmetric sports group (S, 22 athletes: track and field running, n = 14; cycling, n = 8), and the asymmetric sports group (A, 22 athletes: tennis, n = 22). The participants' spines were evaluated with Formetric® 4D rasterstereographic analysis at the beginning (BL), in the middle (INT), and at the end (FIN) of the season. Twenty-five parameters were measured in an average 4D modality. The results showed that the intervention factor (BL vs. FIN) had a significant effect on dimple distance (p < 0.05) and on left lateral deviation (BL vs. FIN and INT vs. FIN, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Statistical differences were found for the sport typology factor for pelvic antero-retroversion and right lateral deviation. For left lateral deviation, no modulation was found for the sport typology. Asymmetric versus symmetric sport loads showed small statistical differences in a non-professional sample of adult athletes. The practice of asymmetric sports should also be encouraged without exceeding the total number of hours per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Davide Curzi
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Dafne Ferrari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Vinciguerra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
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Cadens M, Planas-Anzano A, Peirau-Terés X, Benet-Vigo A, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A. Neuromuscular and Biomechanical Jumping and Landing Deficits in Young Female Handball Players. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010134. [PMID: 36671826 PMCID: PMC9855848 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular and biomechanical imbalances that exist in jumping and landing actions should be examined in order to intervene to decrease the risk of ACL injury. The main aim of this study was to analyse and compare, by chronological age, jumping and landing deficits in young female handball players using the Tuck Jump Assessment (TJA). A secondary aim was to relate the qualitative asymmetry values detected using the TJA to the quantitative asymmetry values detected starting from the single leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ). Sixty-one young female handball players (age: 14.3 ± 1.5 years) were distributed into three groups: U12, U14 and U16 and performed the TJA test and the single leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ). The female U12 category players obtained the highest scores in the TJA and there were significant differences between the U12 (12.11 ± 1.97) and U14 (10.89 ± 1.74) categories (p = 0.017; ES = 0.374). In the U12 category, the female players presented larger interlimb asymmetry magnitudes in the SL-CMJ test; they also obtained higher scores in the qualitative criteria of the TJA test that referred to asymmetry (r = 0.43; p = 0.027). The analysis of the jumping and landing pattern using TJA allowed us to identify that the lower extremity valgus at landing, foot contact timing not equal and landing contact noise are the main biomechanical deficits in young female handball players. Furthermore, the asymmetry values assessed qualitatively (TJA) are associated with the asymmetry values assessed quantitatively (difference in jump achieved with each limb in the SL-CMJ test) in younger categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cadens
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Planas-Anzano
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Peirau-Terés
- Research Group into Human Movement, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida (UdL), 25192 Lleida, Spain
| | - Ariadna Benet-Vigo
- Department of Sports Sciences, FCS Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Department of Sports Sciences, FPCEE and FCS Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Bishop C, Jordan M, Torres-Ronda L, Loturco I, Harry J, Virgile A, Mundy P, Turner A, Comfort P. Selecting Metrics That Matter: Comparing the Use of the Countermovement Jump for Performance Profiling, Neuromuscular Fatigue Monitoring, and Injury Rehabilitation Testing. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Knihs DA, Bishop C, Zimmermann HB, Dal Pupo J. Interlimb Asymmetries in Swimming and Their Impact on Performance: Evidence From a Scoping Review. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bibrowicz K, Szurmik T, Ogrodzka-Ciechanowicz K, Hudakova Z, Gąsienica-Walczak B, Kurzeja P. Asymmetry of the pelvis in Polish young adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1148239. [PMID: 37034935 PMCID: PMC10075204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1148239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Symmetry is one of the criteria of correct body posture in upright position. The spatial positioning of the pelvic girdle is crucial to it. Functional and structural asymmetries within the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex can have a significant influence on the structure and functions of many human body organs and systems. The aim of the study was to present the results of inclinometer measurements of selected landmarks of the pelvic girdle in young adults aged 19-29. Methods The analysis of occurrence of spatial pelvic asymmetry was based on the authors' original, clinical classification and the significance of the body mass and height for the analyzed asymmetries. The inclinometer measurements of the selected landmarks of the pelvic girdle were performed in a sample consisting of 300 young individuals. Then, the occurrences of the spatial asymmetry of the pelvis were analyzed based on the authors' own clinical classification using alignment symmetry of the iliac crests, the anterior superior iliac spines and the trochanters major as a criterion. All study subjects with asymmetry <1 degree were treated as those with a symmetrical pelvis. Results The significance of gender, body mass and height for the analyzed asymmetries was assessed. Symmetric positioning of the iliac crests was observed in only 32% of the respondents. The iliac crest depression on the left side was more frequently observed - in 41% of the respondents. This occurred more often in women (44%) than in men (38%). In the group of women, the rotated pelvis was the most often observed (39.4%) asymmetry, while for men, it was the oblique pelvis (40%). More detailed analysis by pelvic asymmetry subtypes showed their statistical differentiation between women and men (p < 0.0001). Analysis of moderate rotation of the pelvis for men, were reported slightly higher values but these differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.253). Women, in turn, showed slightly higher mean values but here too, the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.245). Discussion Asymmetries in the pelvis area are common; they were observed in less than three-quarters of the examined population. Oblique pelvis was found in less than a quarter of women and in more than one-third men with the predominant structural asymmetries. Rotated pelvis was observed in more than one-third of women and men with dominating functional asymmetries. There were no linear correlations between the body mass and height, and the angle of asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Bibrowicz
- Science and Research Center of Body Posture, Kazimiera Milanowska College of Education and Therapy, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szurmik
- Faculty of Arts and Educational Science, University of Silesia, Cieszyn, Poland
| | | | - Zuzana Hudakova
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
- Department of Health Care Studies, College of Polytechnics, Jihlava, Czechia
- SNP Central Military Hospital, Faculty Hospital, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | | | - Piotr Kurzeja
- Institute of Health Sciences, Podhale State College of Applied Sciences, Nowy Targ, Poland
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Silva AF, Oliveira R, Raya-González J, van den Hoek D, Akyildiz Z, Yıldız M, Garrett JM, Nobari H, Clemente FM. Difference between preferred and non-preferred leg in peak speed, acceleration, and deceleration variables and their relationships with the change-of-direction deficit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21440. [PMID: 36509823 PMCID: PMC9744825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) analyze the variation of kinematic measures between using preferred and non-preferred legs while braking during the 5-0-5 change of direction test; and (ii) test the relationships between kinematic measures, and change-of-direction deficit (CODD). A cross-sectional study using twenty adult male soccer players (21.6 ± 2.0 years; 73.2 ± 6.1 kg; 174.8 ± 4.5 cm) was employed. Players performed three repetitions of the 5-0-5 test using each leg during the braking phase. Players have used the Polar Team Pro to obtain the kinematic measures of peak speed, peak acceleration, and peak deceleration. Additionally, the CODD was also obtained using single-beamed photocells. Comparisons revealed a significantly greater peak acceleration (+ 0.22 m/s2; p < 0.001) and deceleration (+ 0.17 m/s2; p = 0.004) for the non-preferred leg. There were no significant correlations were found between CODD and peak accelerations (r = - 0.014, [- 0.193; 0.166]), peak decelerations (r = - 0.052, [- 0.229; 0.128]) or peak speed (r = 0.118, [- 0.063; 0.291]). This study revealed that preferred and non-preferred leg must be analyzed differently since they are different in the kinematic variables. However, CODD seems independent of leg preference and the kinematic measures of a 5-0-5 change of direction test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Silva
- grid.27883.360000 0000 8824 6371Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana Do Castelo, Portugal ,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- grid.513237.1The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal ,grid.410927.90000 0001 2171 5310Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal ,grid.512803.dLife Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Javier Raya-González
- grid.465942.80000 0004 4682 7468Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Daniel van den Hoek
- grid.411958.00000 0001 2194 1270School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD Australia ,grid.1034.60000 0001 1555 3415School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Zeki Akyildiz
- grid.25769.3f0000 0001 2169 7132Sports Science Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yıldız
- grid.411108.d0000 0001 0740 4815Afyon Kocatepe University Sports Science Faculty, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Joel M. Garrett
- grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Queensland Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Hadi Nobari
- grid.413026.20000 0004 1762 5445Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 5619911367 Iran ,grid.8393.10000000119412521Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain ,grid.5120.60000 0001 2159 8361Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- grid.27883.360000 0000 8824 6371Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana Do Castelo, Portugal ,Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal ,grid.421174.50000 0004 0393 4941Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Boivin K, Laurencelle L, Fontaine N, Trudeau F. Modulations morphologiques du pied chez le marcheur au long cours : influence du sexe et de la latéralité du membre inférieur. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The Effect of Application of Asymmetry Evaluation in Competitive Sports: A Systematic Review. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.5334/paah.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Pavlović M, Ogrinc N, Šarabon N. Body asymmetries as risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in dancesport, hip-hop and ballet dancers? Eur J Transl Myol 2022; 32:11020. [PMID: 36445245 PMCID: PMC9830391 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2022.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to determine the incidence and expression of body asymmetries in dancers of three different dance styles: dancesport (n = 14), hip-hop (n = 21) and ballet (n = 20) and to examine how body asymmetries (muscle strength and power, stability and range of motion) are associated with musculoskeletal injuries occurring over the past 12 months. DESIGN Cross-sectional and retrospective study. METHODS Maximal isometric voluntary contraction was measured for trunk, hip, knee and ankle movements. Participants performed a single leg stance, unilateral landing, weight bearing symmetry, squat and countermovement jump on force platforms. Passive range of motion was measured for hip, knee and ankle with two-arm goniometer or digital inclinometer (hip flexion, extension and rotations). A retrospective questionnaire was used to collect data on musculoskeletal injuries occurring in the last 12 months. RESULTS Different dance styles were associated with different body asymmetries, including strength asymmetries (hip flexion and external rotation), agonist/antagonist asymmetries (trunk flexion/extension, hip abduction/adduction, ankle dorsi/plantar flexion) and hip adduction and internal rotation range of motion asymmetries. Moreover, strength asymmetries of hip flexion, adduction and abduction/adduction as well as stability asymmetries were associated with the total number of musculoskeletal injuries. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of body asymmetries (> 10%) in dancesport, hip-hop and ballet dancers was confirmed, as well as the association of some asymmetries with self-reported injuries occurring over the last 12 months. The cause-effect relationship should be clarified by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pavlović
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia, , University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nina Ogrinc
- Conservatory of Music and Ballet Ljubljana, Ballet College, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria, InnoRenew CoE, Human Health Department, Izola, Slovenia, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia,University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Polje 42, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia. ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0747-3735
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