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Drummond LR, Campos HO, Drummond FR, de Oliveira GM, Fernandes JGRP, Amorim RP, da Costa Monteiro M, Lara HFG, Leite LHR, Coimbra CC. Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1221-1248. [PMID: 36251066 PMCID: PMC9574171 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels, as well as its relationship with the susceptibility to develop upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was performed in July 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which participants performed acute exercise or chronic physical training and were subjected to analyses of URTI incidence and concentrations of IgA and IgG. The selected studies for systematic review were divided into the following three groups: (I) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in sedentary subjects, (II) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in athletes/trained individuals, and (III) trials that evaluated the effects of chronic physical training on the incidence of URTI, as well as on the levels of IgA and IgG. Acute exercise increases the IgA levels in trained subjects but does not affect its levels in untrained subjects. Such increase in IgA levels induced by acute exercise is greater in trained individual that performed ultramarathon. On the other hand, chronic physical training reduces IgA levels in both trained and untrained subjects, does not change IgA levels in non-military subjects, besides from not affecting IgG levels. The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that acute exercise positively influences IgA levels in trained individuals, being this effect pronounced when a strenuous exercise such as ultramarathon is executed. Chronic physical training, in turn, does not affect IgG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Divinópolis, Av. Paraná, 3001 - Jardim Belvedere I, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Carangola, Carangola, MG, Brazil
| | - Filipe Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moraes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Guilhermo Rios Pimenta Fernandes
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Prates Amorim
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus da Costa Monteiro
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fernandes Gerspacher Lara
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Hora Rios Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Alkemade P, Gerrett N, Daanen HAM, Eijsvogels TMH, Janssen TWJ, Keaney LC. Heat acclimation does not negatively affect salivary immunoglobulin-A and self-reported illness symptoms and wellness in recreational athletes. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:331-343. [PMID: 36339091 PMCID: PMC9629114 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2088029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat acclimation (HA) protocols repeatedly expose individuals to heat stress. As HA is typically performed close to the pinnacle event, it is essential that the protocol does not compromise immune status, health, or wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of HA on resting salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary cortisol (s-cortisol), self-reported upper-respiratory tract symptoms, and self-reported wellness parameters. Seventeen participants (peak oxygen uptake 53.2 ± 9.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed a 10-day controlled-hyperthermia HA protocol, and a heat stress test both before (HST1) and after (HST2) HA (33°C, 65% relative humidity). Resting saliva samples were collected at HST1, day 3 and 7 of the HA protocol, HST2, and at 5 ± 1 days post-HA. Upper-respiratory tract symptom data were collected weekly from one week prior to HA until three weeks post HA, and wellness ratings were reported daily throughout HA. HA successfully induced physiological adaptations, with a lower end-exercise rectal temperature and heart rate and higher whole-body sweat rate at HST2 compared to HST1. In contrast, resting saliva flow rate, s-IgA concentration, s-cortisol concentration, and s-cortisol secretion rate remained unchanged (n = 11–14, P = 0.10–0.48). Resting s-IgA secretion rate increased by 39% from HST1 to HST2 (n = 14, P = 0.03). No changes were observed in self-reported upper respiratory tract symptoms and wellness ratings. In conclusion, controlled-hyperthermia HA did not negatively affect resting s-IgA and s-cortisol, self-reported upper-respiratory tract symptoms, and self-reported wellness parameters in recreational athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck Alkemade
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Gerrett
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gentherm, Northville, MI, USA
| | - Hein A. M. Daanen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. J. Janssen
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren C. Keaney
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Defence Technology Agency, New Zealand Defence Force, Auckland, New Zealand
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The Most Demanding Exercise in Different Training Tasks in Professional Female Futsal: A Mid-Season Study through Principal Component Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050838. [PMID: 35627975 PMCID: PMC9140358 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The contextual factors related to training tasks can play an important role in how a player performs and, subsequently, in how a player trains to face a competition. To date, there has been no study that has investigated the most demanding exercise in different training tasks in female futsal. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the most demanding efforts during different training tasks in a cohort study conducted in professional biological women futsal players using principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 14 elite women futsal players (age = 24.34 ± 4.51 years; height = 1.65 ± 0.60 m; body mass = 63.20 ± 5.65 kg) participated in this study. Seventy training sessions of an elite professional women’s team were registered over five months (pre-season and in-season). Different types of exercises were grouped into six clusters: preventive exercises; analytical situations; exercises in midcourt; exercises in ¾ of the court; exercises in full court; superiorities/inferiorities. Each exercise cluster was composed of 5–7 principal components (PCs), considering from 1 to 5 main variables forming each, explaining from 65 to 75% of the physical total variance. A total of 13–19 sub-variables explained the players’ efforts in each training task group. The first PCs to explain the total variance of training load were as follows: preventive exercises (accelerations; ~31%); analytical situations (impacts; ~23%); exercises in midcourt (high-intensity efforts; ~28%); exercises in ¾ of the court (~27%) and superiorities/inferiorities (~26%) (aerobic/anaerobic components); exercises in full court (anaerobic efforts; ~24%). The PCs extracted from each exercise cluster provide evidence that may assist researchers and coaches during training load monitoring. The descriptive values of the training load support a scientific base to assist coaches in the planning of training schedules.
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Brisola GMP, Claus GM, Zagatto AM. Monitoring Training Load, Immune-Endocrine, Autonomic Nervous System Responses, and Swimming Performance in Women's Water Polo. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35344471 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1976377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purposes of the study were to: i) verify the variations in training load and the subsequent effects on swimming performance parameters, biochemical parameters, and autonomic nervous activity during a water polo season; ii) investigate the sensitivity of physiological markers in tracking training load and performance variations, and iii) verify the overreaching prevalence. Method: The training load of 20 female water polo players was monitored (using the session rating of perceived exertion method [sRPE], training monotony, and strain), and the lactate minimum speed (LMS), repeated sprint ability (RSA), plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and heart rate variability (lnRMSSD) were evaluated during the season. Result: The training load parameters were higher in the competitive cycle (p ≤ 0.002). The LMS improved only in the general cycle from baseline (p = .015), while the RSA best time improved in the general (p = .002) and specific cycles (p = .012) from baseline and deteriorated in the competitive from general cycle (p = .008). The SIgA secretion rate presented a reduction only in the specific cycle from baseline (p = .032), while the lnRMSSD increased in the general (p = .038) and competitive (p < .001) cycles from baseline. Five athletes were diagnosed as overreaching state. Conclusion: Therefore, the physiological markers (i.e., plasma hormone and glutamine concentration, SIgA, and lnRMSSD) showed little sensitivity to detect changes in training load and swimming performance. The higher training loads applied in the competitive cycle seem to limit swimming performance gains.
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Cognitive and neuromuscular influences on perceived effort during a competitive season in futsal. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Steidten T, Baumbach P, May R, Gabriel B, Herbsleb M, Markov A, Granacher U, Kellmann M, Bloch W, Gabriel HHW, Puta C. Overnight Immune Regulation and Subjective Measures of Sleep: A Three Night Observational Study in Adolescent Track and Field Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:689805. [PMID: 34651124 PMCID: PMC8506008 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.689805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure health maintenance of young athletes, immunological stress due to physical exercise has to be balanced for performance development and health maintenance. Sleep is an important influencing factor for immune regulation because of its regenerating effect. In an attempt to assess overnight immune regulation, this observational study aimed to examine associations between changes in capillary immunological blood markers and measures of sleep in adolescent athletes. Over a period of three nights, 12 male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) adolescent track and field athletes aged 16.4 ± 1.1 years were monitored for their sleep behavior (e.g., sleep duration, sleep depth) and immune regulation by using subjective (e.g., sleep) and objective (capillary blood markers) measurement tools. Over the 4 day (three nights), athletes followed their daily routines (school, homework, free time activities, and training). Training was performed for different disciplines (sprint, hurdles, and long-jump) following their daily training routines. Training included dynamic core stability training, coordination training, speed training, resistance training, and endurance training. Capillary blood samples were taken 30-45 min after the last training session (10:00-12:00 a.m. or 5:00-6:00 p.m.) and every morning between 7:00 and 10:00 a.m. Changes in capillary blood markers from post-training to the next morning and morning-to-morning fluctuations in capillary blood markers were analyzed over a three-night period using a generalized estimating equations (GEE) statistical approach. Associations of overnight changes with measures of sleep were analyzed using GEE. We found significant decreases in white blood cell count (WBC), granulocytes (GRAN), granulocytes% (GRAN%), monocytes (MID), and granulocyte-lymphocyte-ratio. In contrast, lymphocytes% (LYM%) increased significantly and systemic inflammation index showed no difference from post-training to the next morning. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in WBC and GRAN between morning 1 and morning 3. At morning 4, values returned to baseline (morning 1), irrespective if athletes performed a training session or rested on day 3. Furthermore, sleep duration was significantly and negatively associated with changes in WBC (βz = -0.491) and lymphocytes (βz = -0.451). Our results indicate that overnight sleep duration is an important parameter of immunological overnight regulation for adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steidten
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Baumbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rico May
- Physical Education/English/Sports Theory, Sports High School, Johann Chr. Fr. GutsMuths Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Brunhild Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Herbsleb
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger H. W. Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases Related to Professional Activities, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Stochi de Oliveira R, Borin JP. Monitoring and Behavior of Biomotor Skills in Futsal Athletes During a Season. Front Psychol 2021; 12:661262. [PMID: 34177714 PMCID: PMC8220288 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a sport that presents alternation of high and low intensity moments, which lacks investigations regarding the effects of the organization of the training load on biomotor skills. In this sense, this study aims to verify the monitoring of the training load throughout the season and the behavior of biomotor skills in futsal athletes. Twelve futsal athletes (24.5 ± 4.9 years, 1.79 ± 0.6 m, 72.4 ± 9.4 kg, and 9.4 ± 4.3% fat) from the adult category who competed in the first division of the Paulista championship participated in the study. Throughout the season the internal training load (ITL) was calculated, through the relationship between volume (minutes) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), monotony, and training strain. The training periods were divided into: preparatory, competitive and competitive II, for a total of four moments of evaluation: M1: at the beginning of the preparatory period; M2: 5th week, at the end of the preparatory period; M3: 13th week, in the middle of the competitive period; and M4: at the start of the competitive period II. The tests used were: (i) Power of lower limbs: counter movement jump (CMJ); (ii) Displacement speed, over the 10-meter distance (V10m); and (iii) Aerobic power, by the Carminatti test (T-CAR). The variables analyzed were compared at the different moments of evaluation, normally distributed variables (Volume, S-RPE, strain, and monotony) were analyzed using the ANOVA ONE-WAY variance test followed by the Tukey. Variables that did not show normality (lower limb power, speed, and aerobic power) were compared using the Friedman test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test and was presented by median and interquartile interval. The significance value adopted was p < 0.05. A significant improvement (p < 0.05) was observed in the power of lower limbs from M1 (37.5 ± 5.5 cm) to M3 (40.8 ± 5.7 cm), from M2 (38.9 ± 5.5 cm) to M3 (40.8 ± 5.7 cm), and from M1 (37.5 ± 5.5 cm) to M4 (40.2 ± 5.4 cm). Aerobic power showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) from M1 (12.1 ± 0.7 km/h) to M3 (12.7 ± 7 km/h) and from M1 (12.1 ± 0.7 km/h) to M4 (12.73 ± 1.04 km/h). The internal training load showed a difference between competitive I and II in relation to the preparatory period (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the proposed training organization was sufficient to improve the power of the lower limbs and the aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Stochi de Oliveira
- Max Planck University Center (UNIMAX) - Sports and Physical Education Department, Indaiatuba, Brazil.,Sports Training Theory and Methodology Group (GTMTD), Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Borin
- Sports Training Theory and Methodology Group (GTMTD), Campinas, Brazil.,University of Campinas (UNICAMP) - Physical Education College, Campinas, Brazil
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Borges L, Dermargos A, Gorjão R, Cury-Boaventura MF, Hirabara SM, Abad CC, Pithon-Curi TC, Curi R, Barros MP, Hatanaka E. Updating futsal physiology, immune system, and performance. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:659-676. [PMID: 34028324 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Futsal promotes stress by handling the ball, physical contact, and exhaustive muscle contractions, elevating the risks for injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation after a training session or a match. In this review, we critically evaluate the more recent advances in the performance and health of futsal players. We searched the effects of futsal on performance, physiological parameters, muscle injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Although the stressful factors apply to all futsal players, goalkeepers require special attention during the competition and the recovery phase. We also show that the FIFA injury prevention programme, called The 11+, is effective in improving athletic performance and avoiding injury in futsal players. Research with different training durations and intensities and a wider range of studies involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and physiological mechanisms are of interest to design a more precise map of the biochemical regulation of training load and competition season in futsal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Dermargos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil.,Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria F Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sandro M Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cesar C Abad
- Faculdade Lusófona de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Tania C Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil.,Immunobiological Production Sector, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcelo P Barros
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Atividade Física e Esportes (ICAFE), Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brasil
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Rico-González M, Clemente FM, Oliveira R, Bustamante-Hernández N, Pino-Ortega J. Part I: Relationship among Training Load Management, Salivary Immunoglobulin A, and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Team Sport: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:366. [PMID: 33805186 PMCID: PMC8064383 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is the first line of defense against upper respiratory tract viruses, has been related with training load management. This article aimed to systematically identify and summarize (1) the studies that have found a relationship between training load and salivary IgA in team sports, and (2) the studies that have highlighted a relationship between IgA and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in team sports. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using two electronic databases (PubMed and WoK) until 3 October 2020. From a total of 174 studies initially found, 24 were included in the qualitative synthesis. This systematic review confirmed that lower values of IgA occurred after greater training load (intensity/volume) and congested periods. In this scenario, a low level of IgA was correlated with higher URTI, which makes training load management mandatory to healthcare avoiding immunosuppression. Therefore, physical fitness and conditioning coaches should carefully manage training load progression, avoiding high-intensity sessions in two consecutive days. In addition, they should not program high-intensity training sessions during at least the two days following competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Naia Bustamante-Hernández
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
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10
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Polito LFT, Marquezi ML, Marin DP, Villas Boas Junior M, Brandão MRF. The Goal Scale: A New Instrument to Measure the Perceived Exertion in Soccer (Indoor, Field, and Beach) Players. Front Psychol 2021; 11:623480. [PMID: 33488488 PMCID: PMC7817942 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.623480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) can be used to monitor the exercise intensity during laboratory and specific tests, training sessions, and to estimate the internal training load of the athletes. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a specific pictorial perceived exertion scale for soccer players (indoor, field, and beach soccer) called GOAL Scale. The pictorial GOAL Scale (six drawings; 1 “low exertion” to 6 “exhaustion”) was validated for twenty under-17 soccer players (16.4 ± 0.68 years; 175.4 ± 9 cm; 66.4 ± 7.7 kg; % fat mass 12.4 ± 3.3). In the validation phase, the athletes were evaluated in a progressive protocol involving stimuluses of 3 min with 1 min for the rest into the stages until the voluntary exhaustion in Maximal Cardiopulmonary Effort Test (MCET), and in the Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery Test – Level 1 (Yo-Yo). The RPE identified by the GOL Scale, by the Borg Scale 6 – 20 and by the Cavasini Scale, as well as the heart rate (HR), perceptual of the heart rate (%HRmax) and the blood lactate concentration ([La]) were immediately evaluated after each stage of both tests. Spearman’s correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was used. Construct scale validity was examined by regressing GOAL Scale against Borg Scale 6 – 20 and Cavasini Scale and concurrent scale validity was investigated by regressing GOAL Scale against HR, beats/min and blood lactate concentration (mmol/L) during two progressive tests. There was a significant correlation values of the GOAL Scale with Borg Scale (r = 0.93; r = 0.88), Cavasini Scale (r = 0.91; r = 0.90), %HRmax (r = 0.91; r = 0,86), HR (r = 0.87; r = 0.83) and lactate (r = 0.68; r = 0.83) during tests (Maximal Incremental Cardiopulmonary Test and Yo-Yo test, respectively). The results evidenced concurrent and construct validity of the GOAL Scale across a wide range of exercise intensity. The absence of verbal anchors makes the use of this instrument to soccer, futsal and beach soccer athletes of different languages and different literacy levels possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Luis Marquezi
- Physical Education Research Laboratory, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Popp Marin
- Physical Education School, Methodist University of São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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11
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Physical fitness modulates mucosal immunity and acceleration capacity during a short-term training period in elite youth basketball players. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Tiernan C, Lyons M, Comyns T, Nevill AM, Warrington G. Salivary IgA as a Predictor of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Relationship to Training Load in Elite Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:782-790. [PMID: 30694968 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tiernan, C, Lyons, M, Comyns, T, Nevill, AM, and Warrington, G. Salivary IgA as a predictor of upper respiratory tract infections and relationship to training load in elite rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 782-790, 2020-Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) are among the most common illnesses reported in athletes. An URTI can result in missed training days, which in turn may lead to performance decrements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as a predictor of URTI, while also exploring the relationship to weekly training load in elite rugby union players. Nineteen male elite rugby union players provided morning saliva swabs, biweekly (Monday and Friday), over a 10-week training period. Participants completed an illness log documenting symptoms of URTI. Session Rate of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) was collected to determine training load (sRPE × session duration). Weekly training load was also calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between incidences of URTI with sIgA and training load. Multilevel regression was conducted to compare associations between sIgA and training load. The results found that the likelihood of suffering from an URTI increased when sIgA significantly decreased (p = 0.046). Where sIgA decreased by 65% or more, a player was at a greater risk of contracting an URTI within the following 2 weeks. No association was found between sIgA and training load. In conclusion, sIgA may be a useful predictor for determining the likelihood of players contracting an URTI. This will allow the coach to make informed decisions on training status, helping reduce the risk of players missing training, which may have performance decrements. Coaches will benefit from the fast, easy, and instant results available, to analyze a player's immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Tiernan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Mark Lyons
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tom Comyns
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
| | - Alan M Nevill
- Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and
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13
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Lago-Fuentes C, Jiménez-Loaisa A, Padrón-Cabo A, Fernández-Villarino M, Mecías-Calvo M, Travassos B, Rey E. Monitoring Workloads of a Professional Female Futsal Team over a Season: A Case Study. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050069. [PMID: 32438612 PMCID: PMC7281136 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to describe the external and internal workloads in a professional female futsal team during a whole season and to compare workloads during different periods of the season. Ten professional female futsal players (age 22.8 ± 4.3 years; 5.1 ± 2.4 years of experience; weight 61.9 ± 7.1 kg; height 1.66 ± 0.06 m) participated voluntarily in this study during the whole season. The internal workload was measured by the session-Rate of perceived exertion (session-RPE) method, while the external workload was indirectly measured by considering the training and match volume and the type of contents of each session over 43 weeks. Mean sRPE throughout the season was 319.9 ± 127.1 arbitrary units (AU). Higher internal loads (total weekly training load and strain) were reported during the pre-season compared with the in-season mesocycles (p < 0.05); meanwhile, the fifth to eighth mesocycles of the in-season showed an oscillatory pattern. Finally, Monday was the most-demanding session during the in-season period over the Thursday (p < 0.05; effect size: 1.33) followed by match day, meanwhile no statistical differences were reported during different sessions of the pre-season microcycle (p > 0.05). This study suggests that microcycles of pre-season present a stable load pattern, meanwhile workloads during the in-season period report a tapering strategy in a professional female futsal team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lago-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports and Education Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (A.P.-C.); (M.F.-V.); (E.R.)
| | - Alejandro Jiménez-Loaisa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Research Centre, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain;
| | - Alexis Padrón-Cabo
- Faculty of Sports and Education Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (A.P.-C.); (M.F.-V.); (E.R.)
| | - Marián Fernández-Villarino
- Faculty of Sports and Education Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (A.P.-C.); (M.F.-V.); (E.R.)
| | - Marcos Mecías-Calvo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011 Santander, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Industrial de Cantabria (CITICAN), 39011 Santander, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-942-244-244
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Departament of Sport Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 2784-214 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Sports and Education Sciences, Universidad de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (A.P.-C.); (M.F.-V.); (E.R.)
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14
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Nunes RFH, Cidral-Filho FJ, Flores LJF, Nakamura FY, Rodriguez HFM, Bobinski F, De Sousa A, Petronilho F, Danielski LG, Martins MM, Martins DF, Guglielmo LGA. Effects of Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials on Recovery During 2-Week Preseason of Elite Futsal Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:235-248. [PMID: 30113919 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nunes, RFH, Cidral-Filho, FJ, Flores, LJF, Nakamura, FY, Rodriguez, HFM, Bobinski, F, De Sousa, A, Petronilho, F, Danielski, LG, Martins, MM, Martins, DF, and Guglielmo, LGA. Effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials on recovery during 2-week preseason of elite futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 235-248, 2020-We investigated the effects of far-infrared emitting ceramic materials (cFIR) during overnight sleep on neuromuscular, biochemical and perceptual markers in futsal players. Twenty athletes performed a 2-week preseason training program and during sleep wore bioceramic (BIO; n = 10) or placebo pants (PL; n = 10). Performance (countermovement jump [CMJ]; squat jump [SJ]; sprints 5, 10, and 15-m) and biochemical markers (tumor necrosis factor alpha-TNF-α, interleukin 10-IL-10, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species [TBARS], carbonyl, superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT]) were obtained at baseline and after the 1st and 2nd week of training. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and training strain were monitored throughout. Changes in ΔCMJ and ΔSJ were possibly (60/36/4 [week-1]) and likely (76/22/2 [week-2]) higher in BIO. Both groups were faster in 5-m sprint in week 2 compared with baseline (p = 0.015), furthermore, BIO was likely faster in 10-m sprint (3/25/72 [week 1]). Significant group × time interaction in %ΔTNF-α were observed (p = 0.024 [week-1]; p = 0.021 [week-2]) with values possibly (53/44/3 [week 1]) and likely (80/19/1 [week 2]) higher in BIO. The %ΔIL-10 decreased across weeks compared with baseline (p = 0.019 [week-1]; p = 0.026 [week-2]), showing values likely higher in BIO (81/16/3 [week-1]; 80/17/3 [week-2]). Significant weekly increases in %ΔTBARS (p = 0.001 [week-1]; p = 0.011 [week-2]) and %ΔCarbonyl (p = 0.002 [week-1]; p < 0.001 [week-2]) were observed compared with baseline, showing likely (91/5/4 [week-1]) and possibly (68/30/2 [week-2]) higher changes in BIO. Significant weekly decreases in %ΔSOD were observed compared with baseline (p = 0.046 [week 1]; p = 0.011 [week-2]), and between week 2 and week 1 (p = 0.021), in addition to significant decreases in %ΔCAT compared with baseline (p = 0.070 [week 1]; p = 0.012 [week 2]). Training strain (p = 0.021; very -likely [0/2/98]; week 1) and DOMS was lower in BIO (likely; 7 sessions) with differences over time (p = 0.001). The results suggest that the daily use of cFIR clothing could facilitate recovery, especially on perceptual markers during the early phases of an intensive training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan F H Nunes
- Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Francisco J Cidral-Filho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences and Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucinar J F Flores
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'annunzio", University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Franciane Bobinski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences and Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Amanda De Sousa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences and Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucineia G Danielski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maryane M Martins
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosciences and Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luiz G A Guglielmo
- Departament of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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15
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Clemente FM, Silva AF, Sarmento H, Ramirez-Campillo R, Chiu YW, Lu YX, Bezerra P, Chen YS. Psychobiological Changes during National Futsal Team Training Camps and Their Relationship with Training Load. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061843. [PMID: 32178370 PMCID: PMC7143129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to analyze the within-week variations of heart rate, session-rated of perceived exertion (sRPE), total distance, distance in 8.0–11.99 km/h−1, recovery distance in 12.0–17.99 km/h−1, distance in >18.0 km/h−1, maximum speed, number of sprints, heart rate variability, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue during training camps of a national futsal team; and (2) to analyze the relationships between load and the well-being. Twenty-eight men from the Chinese Taipei U−20 national futsal team were analyzed. Comparisons of training days revealed that the total distance was significantly smaller on day 1 (d = −1.22) and day 6 (d = −1.95) than on day 3. The sRPE values were significantly lower on day 1 than days 4 (d = −1.53), 5 (d = −2.07), and 6 (d = −2.59). The relationships between training load and recovery parameters revealed moderate correlations between the DOMS and the sRPE recorded one (r = −0.321) and two days before training (r = −0.289). It is possible conclude that first day imposed a smaller external load and internal load, and that the internal load had a greater dependent relationship with reported DOMS and fatigue during the training camps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (P.B.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (P.B.)
- N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory. Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group. Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos. Lord Cochrane 1046, Osorno, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Mayor. Santiago, Av Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 2027, Chile
| | - Yi-Wen Chiu
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Xian Lu
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Athletes and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Pedro Bezerra
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (A.F.S.); (P.B.)
- The Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Yung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (Y.-X.L.); (Y.-S.C.)
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16
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Paszynska E, Roszak M, Slopien A, Boucher Y, Dutkiewicz A, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Gawriolek M, Otulakowska-Skrzynska J, Rzatowski S, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M. Is there a link between stress and immune biomarkers and salivary opiorphin in patients with a restrictive-type of anorexia nervosa? World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:220-229. [PMID: 30880537 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1593502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Opiorphin is a salivary peptide with analgesic and antidepressant properties. Its relationship with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, autonomic nervous and immune systems may provide understanding of chronic stress, especially in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study investigated a possible correlation between opiorphin and stress/immune biomarkers, cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), in saliva of patients with restrictive-type AN.Methods: A case-control clinical trial was conducted in 92 AN patients (+75 healthy controls). Unstimulated salivary samples were taken during the acute stage of AN, measurements of cortisol, sAA, sIgA and opiorphin were performed with a quantitative assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, P < 0.05).Results: AN patients displayed an increase in cortisol (P < 0.001) and sIgA (P < 0.001) but not in sAA (P = 0.279) levels. Distinct correlation between these two parameters and body-weight indexes were observed. Opiorphin levels were neither correlated to stress and immune biomarkers, nor to salivary flow rate.Conclusions: The effect of stress responses can be reliably assessed in saliva in AN patients. The difference between sIgA and cortisol indicate that they can both be used for mental stress assessment in saliva. Modulation of opiorphin by chronic stress was not confirmed. Unchanged sAA indicates a partial adaptation of human organism to severe condition during malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Paszynska
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PUMS), Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Roszak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, PUMS, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Yves Boucher
- Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, UFR Odontologie Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, PUMS, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Maria Gawriolek
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PUMS), Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Szymon Rzatowski
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PUMS), Poznań, Poland
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17
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Tiernan C, Lyons M, Comyns T, Nevill AM, Warrington G. Investigation of the Relationship Between Salivary Cortisol, Training Load, and Subjective Markers of Recovery in Elite Rugby Union Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:113-118. [PMID: 31034263 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insufficient recovery can lead to a decrease in performance and increase the risk of injury and illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol as a marker of recovery in elite rugby union players. METHOD Over a 10-wk preseason training period, 19 male elite rugby union players provided saliva swabs biweekly (Monday and Friday mornings). Subjective markers of recovery were collected every morning of each training day. Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was taken after every training session, and training load was calculated (sRPE × session duration). RESULTS Multilevel analysis found no significant association between salivary cortisol and training load or subjective markers of recovery (all P > .05) over the training period. Compared with baseline (wk 1), Monday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 4 (14.94 [7.73] ng/mL; P = .04), wk 8 (16.39 [9.53] ng/mL; P = .01), and wk 9 (15.41 [9.82] ng/mL; P = .02), and Friday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 5 (14.81 [8.74] ng/mL; P = .04) and wk 10 (15.36 [11.30] ng/mL; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The significant increase in salivary cortisol on certain Mondays may indicate that players did not physically recover from the previous week of training or match at the weekend. The increased Friday cortisol levels and subjective marker of perceived fatigue indicated increased physiological stress from that week's training. Regular monitoring of salivary cortisol combined with appropriate planning of training load may allow sufficient recovery to optimize training performance.
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18
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Brisola GMP, Claus GM, Dutra YM, Malta ES, de Poli RAB, Esco MR, Zagatto AM. Effects of Seasonal Training Load on Performance and Illness Symptoms in Water Polo. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:406-413. [PMID: 31714461 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brisola, GMP, Claus, GM, Dutra, YM, Malta, ES, de Poli, RAB, Esco, MR, and Zagatto, AM. Effects of seasonal training load on performance and illness symptoms in water polo. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 406-413, 2020-The purpose of the study was to describe the training load distribution of a young female water polo team in different cycles of the season and verify its subsequent effects on specific fitness measured by the repeated sprints ability (RSA) test, aerobic endurance measured by the lactate minimum test, incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms, and muscle damage markers. The training load (i.e., rating of perceived exertion × session duration) of 20 young female water polo players (mean ± SD: age = 15.65 ± 1.3 years; body mass = 60.93 ± 11.0 kg; height = 1.62 ± 0.1 m) was monitored, and the incidence and severity of URTI was assessed during part of the season. In addition, we assessed the lactate minimum speed (LMS), RSA, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) blood concentration during the season. The level of significance set was p < 0.05. The training loads were higher in the specific period (p < 0.01), whereas a high incidence of URTI was observed in the general cycle. The LMS was greater in the general cycle (p < 0.05), whereas total time and best time in the RSA test were greater in the competitive cycle (p < 0.05). The CK and LDH concentrations were significantly lower during the competitive cycle (p < 0.01). The general cycle of a female water polo team is critical regarding URTI and muscle damage, even with smaller training loads than the specific period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M P Brisola
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Gabriel M Claus
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Yago M Dutra
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Elvis S Malta
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Rodrigo A B de Poli
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Michael R Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), Department of Physical Education, School of Science, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil; and
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19
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Orysiak J, Witek K, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Zembron-Lacny A, Pokrywka A, Sitkowski D. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection and Mucosal Immunity in Young Ice Hockey Players During the Pretournament Training Period. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3129-3135. [PMID: 31644518 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Orysiak, J, Witek, K, Malczewska-Lenczowska, J, Zembron-Lacny, A, Pokrywka, A, and Sitkowski, D. Upper respiratory tract infection and mucosal immunity in young ice hockey players during the pretournament training period. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 3129-3135, 2019-The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 17 days of training during preparation for the Ice Hockey Under 18 World Championship of the Polish ice hockey national team on the mucosal immune function and monitor upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) incidence before, during, and after the competition. Twelve male ice hockey players (age, 17.7 ± 0.5 years) were recruited for this study. The first saliva and blood collection took place at the beginning of the training camp (without training at the training camp), the second one was collected on the 9th day of the training camp immediately after the intensification of training, and the third collection was performed on the 13th day of training (4 days before leaving for the World Championship) in the tapering phase. To assess the mucosal immune function, concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), sIgA1, and sIgA2 were analyzed in saliva. Cortisol concentration and creatine kinase activity were determined in blood, as indicators of stress and muscle damage, respectively. The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 questionnaire was used to assess URTI symptoms. A significant increase in the sIgA1 and sIgA2 concentrations was observed in the third collection compared with the second time point (114.45 ± 33.00 vs. 77.49 ± 27.29 and 88.97 ± 25.33 vs. 71.65 ± 32.44 U, respectively). There were no statistically significant correlations between the URTI incidence and saliva variables. In conclusion, the tapering period positively affects the mucosal immune function, especially sIgA1 and sIgA2 concentrations, with no significant change in the frequency of URTI in young ice hockey players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad Witek
- Biochemistry, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Dariusz Sitkowski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Descrição de 18 semanas de treinamento integrado sobre a velocidade de deslocamento em atletas brasileiros de futsal. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Clemente FM, Martinho R, Calvete F, Mendes B. Training load and well-being status variations of elite futsal players across a full season: Comparisons between normal and congested weeks. Physiol Behav 2019; 201:123-129. [PMID: 30611762 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to analyze the variations of internal load (IL) and well-being between normal and congested weeks in professional futsal (also known as indoor soccer) players and (ii) to analyze variations in training days (MD-1, MD-2 and MD-3 [matchday -1, -2, and -3, respectively]) within weeks. Twenty male professional futsal players (age: 27.8 ± 5.7 years old; height: 173.8 ± 5.6 cm; weight: 71.5 ± 7.9 kg) that participated in the first futsal league of Portugal were monitored in all training sessions and matches during a full season. Session ratings of perceived exertion and a Hooper questionnaire (to measure muscle soreness, stress, fatigue, and sleep) were used to monitor the IL and well-being, respectively. Almost certain large decreases in IL during congested weeks in training session MD-3 were observed (-27.7%, [-35.8;-18.6]). Likely moderate decreases in IL during congested weeks in the MD-2 session were also verified (-9.9%, [-17.2;-2.0]). Regarding muscle soreness, almost certain large decreases were found during congested weeks on MD-3 (-21.2%, [-30.0;-11.3]) and MD-1 (-17.3%, [-26.6;-6.9]). Similar evidence was found for fatigue level, as almost certain large decreases were observed during congested weeks on MD-3 (-23.5%, [-32.9;-12.7]) and MD-1 (-16.6%, [-24.8;-7.4]). Within-week changes during normal weeks revealed almost certain large increases in internal load on MD-2 (93.4%, [78.6;109.3]) and MD-3 (106.7%, [88.2;127.0]) in comparison with MD-1. Also, during congested weeks, almost certain large increases of internal load were observed on MD-2 (77.2%, [53.4;104.7]) and MD-3 (65.7%, [42.8;92.3]) in comparison with MD-1. The major findings of this study revealed meaningful increases of IL, muscle soreness, and fatigue in normal weeks in comparison to congested ones. Within-week changes were also observed, with the greatest loads being observed on MD-3 during normal weeks and on MD-2 during congested weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, School of Sport and Leisure, Melgaço, Portugal; Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Bruno Mendes
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
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Teixeira AS, Nunes RFH, Yanci J, Izzicupo P, Forner Flores LJ, Romano JC, Guglielmo LGA, Nakamura FY. Different Pathways Leading up to the Same Futsal Competition: Individual and Inter-Team Variability in Loading Patterns and Preseason Training Adaptations. Sports (Basel) 2018; 7:sports7010007. [PMID: 30597862 PMCID: PMC6358978 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During the preseason, futsal players deal with large internal load, which may result in a reduction in physical performance. The aims of this study were to compare the session rating of perceived exertion training load (s-RPE TL) during the preseason between two teams; and to analyze the changes on the delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), aerobic- and speed-power characteristics in players accumulating different s-RPE TL (Low (LTL) vs. High (HTL)). Twenty-eight players (Team A, n = 15; Team B, n = 13) were recruited. The s-RPE TL was monitored throughout the preseason phase (five weeks) in both teams. The coaches of each team planned the activities that comprised their training programs, without any interference from the researchers. Team A evaluated countermovement jumps (CMJ) and DOMS weekly. Team B performed squat jumps (SJ), CMJ, 5 m and 15 m sprints, and a futsal intermittent endurance test (PVFIET) before and after the preseason. Team B accumulated an almost-certainly greater s-RPE TL than Team A. In Team A, the CMJ height was likely to almost certainly improved for the HTL group from week 3. In Team B, the 5 m and 15 m sprint likely decreased after the preseason. Changes in 5 m (r = −0.61) and 15 m (r = −0.56) were correlated with total s-RPE TL. Changes in PVFIET were positively associated with changes in sprint, but inversely related to the baseline. s-RPE TL differed between both teams, and substantial gains in neuromuscular performance were observed for the HTL group in Team A. Slower and faster players in Team B showed distinct intermittent-endurance and speed adaptive responses during the high-volume preseason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis⁻SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Renan Felipe Hartmann Nunes
- Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Physical Effort Laboratory, Florianópolis⁻SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Javier Yanci
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, E-01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Pascal Izzicupo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University Gabriele d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Lucinar Jupir Forner Flores
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Candido Rondon, Paraná 85960-000, Brazil.
| | - João Carlos Romano
- Joinville Esporte Clube/Krona Futsal, Joinville 89202-310, Brazil.
- Confederação Brasileira de Futsal, Fortaleza 60060-150, Brazil.
| | | | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University Gabriele d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland 4811, Australia.
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba⁻UFPB, João Pessoa⁻PB 58051-900, Brazil.
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Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A reactivity: a comparison to cortisol and α-amylase patterns in the same breast cancer survivors. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2018; 22:191-201. [PMID: 30455592 PMCID: PMC6238094 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2018.78946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction One way to examine the extent to which the stress associated with a breast cancer experience (BC) impacts stress-related physiological mechanisms is to study the secretion patterns of associated biomarkers. Unlike cortisol and α-amylase (sAA), biomarkers of immune functioning such as secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) have rarely been examined in BC survivors. Aim of the study This study had two principal aims: the first was to evaluate the basal secretion profiles of SIgA as well as its response to an acute stressor as a marker of immune health in BC survivors and women with no history of BC, and the second was to determine how SIgA stress-related patterns compare to published cortisol and sAA patterns in the same women. Results Overall, the findings indicate that BC survivors exhibit a blunted cortisol reaction to an acute stressor, a generally elevated diurnal sAA concentration pattern, and normal SIgA profiles, compared to women with no history of cancer. This study serves as a foundation for future research to elucidate the relationships between BC experience variables, stress biomarkers, and health outcomes in BC survivors.
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Puta C, Steidten T, Baumbach P, Wöhrl T, May R, Kellmann M, Herbsleb M, Gabriel B, Weber S, Granacher U, Gabriel HHW. Standardized Assessment of Resistance Training-Induced Subjective Symptoms and Objective Signs of Immunological Stress Responses in Young Athletes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 29922184 PMCID: PMC5996067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
From a health and performance-related perspective, it is crucial to evaluate subjective symptoms and objective signs of acute training-induced immunological responses in young athletes. The limited number of available studies focused on immunological adaptations following aerobic training. Hardly any studies have been conducted on resistance-training induced stress responses. Therefore, the aim of this observational study was to investigate subjective symptoms and objective signs of immunological stress responses following resistance training in young athletes. Fourteen (7 females and 7 males) track and field athletes with a mean age of 16.4 years and without any symptoms of upper or lower respiratory tract infections participated in this study. Over a period of 7 days, subjective symptoms using the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) and objective signs of immunological responses using capillary blood markers were taken each morning and after the last training session. Differences between morning and evening sessions and associations between subjective and objective parameters were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). In post hoc analyses, daily change-scores of the ARSS dimensions were compared between participants and revealed specific changes in objective capillary blood samples. In the GEE models, recovery (ARSS) was characterized by a significant decrease while stress (ARSS) showed a significant increase between morning and evening-training sessions. A concomitant increase in white blood cell count (WBC), granulocytes (GRAN) and percentage shares of granulocytes (GRAN%) was found between morning and evening sessions. Of note, percentage shares of lymphocytes (LYM%) showed a significant decrease. Furthermore, using multivariate regression analyses, we identified that recovery was significantly associated with LYM%, while stress was significantly associated with WBC and GRAN%. Post hoc analyses revealed significantly larger increases in participants’ stress dimensions who showed increases in GRAN%. For recovery, significantly larger decreases were found in participants with decreases in LYM% during recovery. More specifically, daily change-scores of the recovery and stress dimensions of the ARSS were associated with specific changes in objective immunological markers (GRAN%, LYM%) between morning and evening-training sessions. Our results indicate that changes of subjective symptoms of recovery and stress dimensions using the ARSS were associated with specific changes in objectively measured immunological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Steidten
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Baumbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Toni Wöhrl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rico May
- Sportgymnasium Jena "Johann Chr. Fr. GutsMuths", Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marco Herbsleb
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Brunhild Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weber
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Holger H W Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Jones CM, Griffiths PC, Mellalieu SD. Training Load and Fatigue Marker Associations with Injury and Illness: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Med 2018; 47:943-974. [PMID: 27677917 PMCID: PMC5394138 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Coaches, sport scientists, clinicians and medical personnel face a constant challenge to prescribe sufficient training load to produce training adaption while minimising fatigue, performance inhibition and risk of injury/illness. Objective The aim of this review was to investigate the relationship between injury and illness and longitudinal training load and fatigue markers in sporting populations. Methods Systematic searches of the Web of Science and PubMed online databases to August 2015 were conducted for articles reporting relationships between training load/fatigue measures and injury/illness in athlete populations. Results From the initial 5943 articles identified, 2863 duplicates were removed, followed by a further 2833 articles from title and abstract selection. Manual searching of the reference lists of the remaining 247 articles, together with use of the Google Scholar ‘cited by’ tool, yielded 205 extra articles deemed worthy of assessment. Sixty-eight studies were subsequently selected for inclusion in this study, of which 45 investigated injury only, 17 investigated illness only, and 6 investigated both injury and illness. This systematic review highlighted a number of key findings, including disparity within the literature regarding the use of various terminologies such as training load, fatigue, injury and illness. Athletes are at an increased risk of injury/illness at key stages in their training and competition, including periods of training load intensification and periods of accumulated training loads. Conclusions Further investigation of individual athlete characteristics is required due to their impact on internal training load and, therefore, susceptibility to injury/illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jones
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, Wales, UK.
| | - Peter C Griffiths
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, Wales, UK
| | - Stephen D Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Intensified Training Period Increases Salivary IgA Responses But Does Not Affect the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms in Prepuberal Rhythmic Gymnasts. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:189-197. [PMID: 28872424 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a 4-week intensified training (IT) period, followed by a 2-week tapering period (TP), on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA), salivary cortisol, and the severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in 23 rhythmic gymnasts [12.1 (2.6) y; 143.9 (13.7) cm; 37.2 (9.4) kg]. Saliva sampling was conducted at pre- and post-IT, and post-TP (analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21) questionnaire was completed daily to analyze the severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms. The session rating of the perceived exertion was used to determine the internal training load and the acute:chronic workload ratio. A higher SIgA concentration [SIgAabs (μg/mL); F = 7.6; P = .001] for post-IT [234 (104)] versus pre-IT [173 (91)], and post-TP [182 (70)], and a higher SIgA secretion rate [SIgArate (μg/min); F = 3.4; P = .04] for post-IT [69 (28)] versus pre-IT [55 (27)], and post-TP [58 (22)] were observed. No significant change was observed for cortisol (F = 0.81; P = .45) or for the severity of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms (χ2 = 2.81; P = .24). Internal training load was higher during IT (vs TP; effect size = 2.37). The acute:chronic workload for the IT weeks varied from 1.2 (0.3) to 1.4 (0.3). These results suggest that a 4-week IT may temporarily augment the oral mucosal immunity, and an acute:chronic workload of 1.2-1.4 seems to be a safe approach to periodized training loads in youth rhythmic gymnasts.
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27
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Cury-Boaventura MF, Gorjão R, de Moura NR, Santos VC, Bortolon JR, Murata GM, Borges LDS, Momesso CM, Dermargos A, Pithon-Curi TC, Hatanaka E. The Effect of a Competitive Futsal Match on T Lymphocyte Surface Receptor Signaling and Functions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:202. [PMID: 29599721 PMCID: PMC5862818 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the lymphocyte activation status (surface expression of CD95, CD28, CD25, and CTLA-4), lymphocyte number, lymphocyte subpopulations, lymphocyte necrosis and/or apoptosis, and lymphocyte release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated in blood samples from 16 futsal athletes before and immediately following a competitive match. Lymphocytes were isolated from the blood samples, and the cellular parameters were assessed by flow cytometry. The futsal match induced lymphocytosis and lymphocyte apoptosis, as indicated by phosphatidylserine externalization, CD95 expression, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, the competitive match induced the necrotic death of lymphocytes. No differences in the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or in the T-helper/suppressor profile between before and immediately after the match were observed. Additionally, after the futsal match, the CD95 and CD28 expression levels were decreased, and the lymphocytes spontaneously released higher levels of ROS. Regardless of the origin, the situation-specific knowledge of lymphocyte behavior obtained herein may facilitate the design of strategies to control the processes that result in infection and tissue injury and that subsequently decrease athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Cury-Boaventura
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo R de Moura
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius C Santos
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R Bortolon
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson M Murata
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro da Silva Borges
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - César M Momesso
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tania C Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Djaoui L, Haddad M, Chamari K, Dellal A. Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:86-94. [PMID: 28886966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and monitoring of training load (TL) has been the topic of many scientific works in the last fifteen years. TL monitoring helps coaches to individually prescribe, follow-up, analyse, adjust and programme training sessions. In particular, the aim of the present review was to provide a critical literature report regarding different physiological markers of TL monitoring, particularly in soccer, as the load is specific to individual sports. Therefore, the interests and limitations of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and biochemical variables (blood, urinary and hormonal variations) were analysed, with a special focus on daily measures (before, during and after training) and monitoring throughout a whole season. It appears that the most relevant markers were the resting HR before training, HR reserve during training, HRV during rest days, blood lactate, and blood and salivary immunological status in follow-ups throughout the season. Urinary markers indicative of the players' hydration status also deserve attention. However, these objective markers should be considered with a subjective marker of TL such as the rating of perceived exertion to give a more precise quantification of TL and its perception. Future research could be directed towards urinary marker analysis and the analysis of specific markers of TL, which could be related to injury occurrence and to performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Djaoui
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athletic Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre Orthopédique Santy, Sport Science and Research Department, Lyon, France
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The Effects of a 4-Week, Intensified Training, and Competition Period on Salivary Hormones, Immunoglobulin A, Illness Symptoms, and Mood State in Elite Synchronised Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5030064. [PMID: 29910424 PMCID: PMC5968973 DOI: 10.3390/sports5030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the limited research into the physiological and psychological demands of elite synchronised swimming, the aim of this study was to examine 10 elite female synchronised swimmers and analyse the relationship between training load, stress, illness episodes, and salivary biomarkers during a period of training and competition. Saliva samples were collected before (BASE), during an intensified training camp (CAMP), during an international competition period (COMP), and post competition recovery (REC) for analysis of cortisol, testosterone, and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Illness symptoms, Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes (DALDA), and training load were also monitored. Training load significantly increased from BASE during CAMP and COMP (p < 0.01), and SIgA secretion was higher during COMP compared to BASE and CAMP (p < 0.01). There was no change in salivary testosterone; however, salivary cortisol was elevated during COMP compared to BASE (93%, p < 0.05). DALDA ‘a scores’ were correlated with salivary cortisol (r = 0.429, p = 0.0001). The study demonstrates that a short period of intensified training and competition did not have a detrimental effect on mucosal immunity in elite synchronised swimmers; however, swimmers displayed higher cortisol levels during the competition and increased stress symptoms.
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Agostinho MF, Moreira A, Julio UF, Marcolino GS, Antunes BMM, Lira FS, Franchini E. Monitoring internal training load and salivary immune-endocrine responses during an annual judo training periodization. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:68-75. [PMID: 28349036 PMCID: PMC5332002 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1732850.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the internal training load (TL), IgA, and salivary steroid hormone responses in elite youth judo athletes during an entire annual training periodization. Ten male judo athletes (18±2 years, 72.3±12.3 kg, and 175±6 cm) competing at a state/national level were examined for the TL and salivary imune-endocrine responses variations over an annual judo season, divided in three macrocyles composed by distinct periods denominated preparatory period (PP), competitive period (CP) and transition period (TP). At the end of PP and CP, saliva samples were collected to determine cortisol, testosterone and IgA concentrations. Throughout PP and CP the session-rating of perceived exertion and the total duration of each session were monitored, allowing the internal TL and weekly training strain (TS) calculation. During all macrocycles, significant decreases in TL and TS were observed during CP compared with PP (P<0.05), although no significant differences were observed for immune-endocrine concentrations between PP and CP (P>0.05). Specific variations were observed comparing periods with similar characteristics throughout the macrocycles as higher TL and TS (PP1 to PP2 and PP3, P<0.05), increased testosterone (CP1 to CP3, P=0.024) and decreased testosterone-cortisol ratio (PP1 to PP2, P=0.005). The present findings suggest that the internal TL variations over an annual multipeak traditional periodization did not influence the resting mucosal immune-endocrinal responses in young judo athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus F Agostinho
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ursula F Julio
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilvan S Marcolino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara M M Antunes
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Paulista State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Rabelo FN, Ramirez-Campillo R, Loturco I. Faster Futsal Players Perceive Higher Training Loads and Present Greater Decreases in Sprinting Speed During the Preseason. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1553-62. [PMID: 26562717 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess the speed-power characteristics of professional futsal players before and after a 9-week preseason and to explore possible relationships with internal training loads. Ten under-20 professional Brazilian futsal players performed unloaded (squat jump [SJ] and countermovement jump [CMJ]) and loaded (jump squat [JS]) jumps and a 20-m sprint test before and after the preseason. Weekly training loads as measured by session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) varied between 2,179 and 5,519 a.u. The magnitude-based inference statistics revealed that performance in the SJ, CMJ, and 20-m sprint very likely decreased (effect size [ES] = -0.64, -0.49, and -0.92, respectively), whereas mean propulsive power in the JS likely increased (ES = 0.42) in response to the preseason. The Pearson coefficient of correlation between velocity in the 20 m sprint test and s-RPE during the first 2 weeks of training was 0.66 (p ≤ 0.05) while no significant correlation was detected between total s-RPE (i.e., 9 weeks) and changes in the power-speed tests. The baseline 20-m sprint velocity was very largely and inversely (r = -0.90) correlated with the change in the 20-m sprint performance. In conclusion, futsal preseason training leads to impaired unloaded vertical jump and sprint test performance, with speed decreasing more in faster than slower players. In addition, because of the large correlation between baseline sprint ability and s-RPE, coaches are advised to assess sprinting performance at the beginning of the preseason to finely adjust the training stimuli to each athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Y Nakamura
- 1NAR, Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3Department of Futsal, Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil; and 4Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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32
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Wilke CF, Ramos GP, Pacheco DAS, Santos WHM, Diniz MSL, Gonçalves GGP, Marins JCB, Wanner SP, Silami-Garcia E. Metabolic Demand and Internal Training Load in Technical-Tactical Training Sessions of Professional Futsal Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2330-40. [PMID: 26808850 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wilke, CF, Ramos, GP, Pacheco, DAS, Santos, WHM, Diniz, MSL, Gonçalves, GGP, Marins, JCB, Wanner, SP, and Silami-Garcia, E. Metabolic demand and internal training load in technical-tactical training sessions of professional futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2330-2340, 2016-The aim of the study was to characterize aspects of technical-tactical training sessions of a professional futsal team. We addressed 4 specific aims: characterize the metabolic demands and intensity of these training sessions, compare the training intensity among players of different positions, compare the intensity of different futsal-specific activities (4 × 4, 6 × 4, and match simulation), and investigate the association between an objective (training impulse; TRIMP) and a subjective method (session rating of perceived exertion; sRPE) of measuring a player's internal training load. Twelve top-level futsal players performed an incremental exercise to determine their maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate (HRmax), ventilatory threshold (VT), and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Each player's HR and RPE were measured and used to calculate energy expenditure, TRIMP, and sRPE during 37 training sessions over 8 weeks. The average intensity was 74 ± 4% of HRmax, which corresponded to 9.3 kcal·min. The players trained at intensities above the RCP, between the RCP and VT and below the VT for 20 ± 8%, 28 ± 6%, and 51 ± 10% of the session duration, respectively. Wingers, defenders, and pivots exercised at a similar average intensity but with different intensity distributions. No difference in intensity was found between the 3 typical activities. A strong correlation between the average daily TRIMP and sRPE was observed; however, this relationship was significant for only 4 of 12 players, indicating that sRPE is a useful tool for monitoring training loads but that it should be interpreted for each player individually rather than collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina F Wilke
- 1Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Graduation Program in Sport Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil; 2Nucleus of Sport Sciences Integration, Minas Tênis Club, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil; 3Brazilian Football Confederation, Teresópolis (RJ), Brazil; and 4Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa (MG), Brazil
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Barbieri RA, Zagatto AM, Milioni F, Barbieri FA. Specific futsal training program can improve the physical performance of futsal players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Miloski B, Aoki MS, de Freitas CG, Schultz de Arruda AF, de Moraes HS, Drago G, Borges TO, Moreira A. Does Testosterone Modulate Mood States and Physical Performance in Young Basketball Players? J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2474-81. [PMID: 25734781 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine and compare mood states profile and physical performance during different training phases between 2 groups of adolescent basketball players that were differentiated according to baseline testosterone concentration (T). The basketball players were submitted to an intensified training period (OVL) followed by a tapering period (TP). Twenty-three young male basketball players initiated the study. Experimental criteria data were used to stratify 16 players into high-testosterone (HTC) or low-testosterone (LTC) concentration groups. All the 16 athletes undertook 5 weeks of OVL followed by a 3-week TP. Saliva sampling, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IRL1) test and the T-test were conducted at the beginning (T1), after OVL (T2), and after TP (T3). A similar increase in internal training load was observed during OVL when compared with TP in both groups (p < 0.05). No difference in mood states was observed between groups (p > 0.05); however, LTC displayed a higher score for fatigue (p < 0.05) and a lower score for energy index (p < 0.05) in OVL, compared with TP. A significant improvement in the Yo-Yo IRL1 test and the T-test was observed (T1 to T3) (p < 0.05), with no difference between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that LTC athletes may be more susceptible to changes in mood states during intensified training periods. In addition, data indicate that a periodized training program successfully improved the physical performance (endurance and agility) of young basketball players; however, this improvement was not affected by testosterone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Miloski
- 1Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 2School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and 3Integrated Support Center for Athletes-E.C. Pinheiros, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cardiac Autonomic and Salivary Responses to a Repeated Training Bout in Elite Swimmers. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4010013. [PMID: 29910261 PMCID: PMC5968934 DOI: 10.3390/sports4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the acute training responses of heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary biomarkers (immunoglobulin A and alpha-amylase) following a standardised training bout in Paralympic swimmers. Changes in HRV, sIgA and sAA were documented Monday morning, Monday afternoon and Tuesday morning over a 14-week monitoring period leading into international competition. Magnitude based inferences with effect sizes (ES) were used to assess the practical significance of changes each week. Normal training responses elicited increases in HR, α1, sAA and sIgA, accompanied by decreases in HF(nu), standard deviation of instantaneous RR variability (SD1) and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) from Monday morning to Monday afternoon, and to Tuesday morning with similar week to week responses for most variables. Changes in RMSSD from Monday a.m. to p.m. were likely smaller (less negative) for Week 7 (78/18/3, ES = 0.40) following a competition weekend with similar changes observed from Monday a.m. to Tuesday a.m. (90/5/5, ES = 1.30). In contrast, the change in sAA from Monday a.m. to p.m. was very likely less (more negative) at Week 7 (0/0/99, ES = −2.46), with similar changes observed from Monday a.m. to Tuesday a.m. (0/0/99, ES = −4.69). During the taper period, there were also likely increases in parasympathetic modulations (RMSSD, Weeks 12–14) along with increased immune function (sIgA, Week 13) that demonstrated a favourable state of athlete preparedness. Used together, HRV and sAA provide coaches with valuable information regarding physiological changes in response to training and competition.
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Nunes JA, Moreira A, Crewther BT, Nosaka K, Viveiros L, Aoki MS. Monitoring training load, recovery-stress state, immune-endocrine responses, and physical performance in elite female basketball players during a periodized training program. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:2973-80. [PMID: 24736768 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a periodized training program on internal training load (ITL), recovery-stress state, immune-endocrine responses, and physical performance in 19 elite female basketball players. The participants were monitored across a 12-week period before an international championship, which included 2 overloading and tapering phases. The first overloading phase (fourth to sixth week) was followed by a 1-week tapering, and the second overloading phase (eighth to 10th week) was followed by a 2-week tapering. ITL (session rating of perceived exertion method) and recovery-stress state (RESTQ-76 Sport questionnaire) were assessed weekly and bi-weekly, respectively. Pretraining and posttraining assessments included measures of salivary IgA, testosterone and cortisol concentrations, strength, jumping power, running endurance, and agility. Internal training load increased across all weeks from 2 to 11 (p ≤ 0.05). After the first tapering period (week 7), a further increase in ITL was observed during the second overloading phase (p ≤ 0.05). After the second tapering period, a decrease in ITL was detected (p ≤ 0.05). A disturbance in athlete stress-recovery state was noted during the second overloading period (p ≤ 0.05), before returning to baseline level in end of the second tapering period. The training program led to significant improvements in the physical performance parameters evaluated. The salivary measures did not change despite the fluctuations in ITL. In conclusion, a periodized training program evoked changes in ITL in elite female basketball players, which appeared to influence their recovery-stress state. The training plan was effective in preparing participants for competition, as indicated by improvements in recovery-stress state and physical performance after tapering.
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Affiliation(s)
- João A Nunes
- 1School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Hamlyn Center, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; 3School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia; 4Brazilian Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and 5School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Infection incidence among athletes is highest during periods of intensified training and competition and after strenuous long-distance events. Which aspects of depressed immune function are responsible for this increased infection risk are not known, but our hypothesis is that lower salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion and a higher antiinflammatory cytokine response to antigen exposure are key determinants of infection risk.
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