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Ji B, Chen J, Gong H, Li X. Streamlined Full-Length Total RNA Sequencing of Paraformaldehyde-Fixed Brain Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6504. [PMID: 38928210 PMCID: PMC11204141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraformaldehyde (PFA) fixation is the preferred method for preserving tissue architecture for anatomical and pathological observations. Meanwhile, PFA reacts with the amine groups of biomolecules to form chemical cross-linking, which preserves RNA within the tissue. This has great prospects for RNA sequencing to characterize the molecular underpinnings after anatomical and pathological observations. However, RNA is inaccessible due to cross-linked adducts forming between RNA and other biomolecules in prolonged PFA-fixed tissue. It is also difficult to perform reverse transcription and PCR, resulting in low sequencing sensitivity and reduced reproducibility. Here, we developed a method to perform RNA sequencing in PFA-fixed tissue, which is easy to use, cost-effective, and allows efficient sample multiplexing. We employ cross-link reversal to recover RNA and library construction using random primers without artificial fragmentation. The yield and quality of recovered RNA significantly increased through our method, and sequencing quality metrics and detected genes did not show any major differences compared with matched fresh samples. Moreover, we applied our method for gene expression analysis in different regions of the mouse brain and identified unique gene expression profiles with varied functional implications. We also find significant dysregulation of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis within the medial septum (MS)/vertical diagonal band of Broca (VDB) of the 5×FAD mouse brain. Our method can thus increase the performance of high-throughput RNA sequencing with PFA-fixed samples and allows longitudinal studies of small tissue regions isolated by their in situ context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Ji
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.J.); (J.C.); (H.G.)
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiale Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.J.); (J.C.); (H.G.)
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (B.J.); (J.C.); (H.G.)
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou 215125, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou 215125, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Giri PK, Samanta SS, Mudi N, Mandal U, Misra A. Synthesis of Fluorophore Based Functional Material for Selective Detection of Al 3+ Ion in Water and Decoding the AIEE Property of Its Hydrosol. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:2131-2144. [PMID: 37060429 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A designed aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) active fluorescence probe 2,3-Bis-[(2-hydroxy-napthalen-1-ylmethylene)-amino]-but-2-enedinitrile (L) was synthesized via one step condensation method. The probe shows swift sensitivity and selectivity toward Al3+over other relevant metal ions and also exhibits significant AIEE phenomena in methanol/water mixture. Significant enhancement of fluorescence intensity is triggered via chelation-enhanced fluorescence through complex (Al3+-L) formation. A 2:1 metal to ligand ratio is observed from Job's plot based on UV - Vis absorption titration and detection limit (LOD) is found as low as 31.14 nM. Moreover, 1H NMR titrations and fluorescence reversibility by adding Al3+ and EDTA sequentially had been performed to establish the binding site of sensor complex (Al3+-L). Time-resolved photoluminescence, dynamic light scattering, optical microscopy, and on-site visualization studies have been performed to understand the AIEE mechanism of L in different volume percentage of water and methanol mixture. An INHIBIT molecular logic gate has been constructed utilizing the fluorescence behavior of the probe, L in presence of Al3+ and strong chelating ligand EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Naren Mudi
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Usha Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajay Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Dutta D, Jana M, Paidi RK, Majumder M, Raha S, Dasarathy S, Pahan K. Tau fibrils induce glial inflammation and neuropathology via TLR2 in Alzheimer's disease-related mouse models. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e161987. [PMID: 37552543 PMCID: PMC10503811 DOI: 10.1172/jci161987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and inflammation coincide with neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in neurons. However, the mechanism behind the interaction between tau fibrils and glia is poorly understood. Here, we found that tau preformed fibrils (PFFs) caused induction of inflammation in microglia by specifically activating the TLR2/MyD88, but not the TLR4/MyD88, pathway. Accordingly, the WT TLR2-interacting domain of MyD88 (wtTIDM) peptide inhibited tau PFF-induced activation of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, resulting in reduced inflammation. Nasal administration of wtTIDM in P301S tau-expressing PS19 mice was found to inhibit gliosis and inflammatory markers, as well as to reduce pathogenic tau in the hippocampus, resulting in improved cognitive behavior in PS19 mice. The inhibitory effect of wtTIDM on tau pathology was absent in PS19 mice lacking TLR2, reinforcing the essential involvement of TLR2 in wtTIDM-mediated effects in vivo. Studying the mechanism further, we found that the tau promoter harbored a potential NF-κB-binding site and that proinflammatory molecules increased transcription of tau in neurons via NF-κB. These results suggest that tau-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathology require TLR2 and that neuroinflammation directly upregulates tau in neurons via NF-κB, highlighting a direct connection between inflammation and tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramesh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Moumita Majumder
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Matafora V, Gorb A, Yang F, Noble W, Bachi A, Perez‐Nievas BG, Jimenez‐Sanchez M. Proteomics of the astrocyte secretome reveals changes in their response to soluble oligomeric Aβ. J Neurochem 2023; 166:346-366. [PMID: 37303123 PMCID: PMC10952722 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes associate with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes react to changes in the brain environment, including increasing concentrations of amyloid-β (Aβ). However, the precise response of astrocytes to soluble small Aβ oligomers at concentrations similar to those present in the human brain has not been addressed. In this study, we exposed astrocytes to media from neurons that express the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgene with the double Swedish mutation (APPSwe), and which contains APP-derived fragments, including soluble human Aβ oligomers. We then used proteomics to investigate changes in the astrocyte secretome. Our data show dysregulated secretion of astrocytic proteins involved in the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal organization and increase secretion of proteins involved in oxidative stress responses and those with chaperone activity. Several of these proteins have been identified in previous transcriptomic and proteomic studies using brain tissue from human AD and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our work highlights the relevance of studying astrocyte secretion to understand the brain response to AD pathology and the potential use of these proteins as biomarkers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena Gorb
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Fangjia Yang
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM ETS‐ The AIRC Institute of Molecular OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Beatriz Gomez Perez‐Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria Jimenez‐Sanchez
- Department of Basic and Clinical NeuroscienceMaurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
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Kim JH, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Analyzing the glial proteome in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:197-209. [PMID: 37724426 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2260955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and changes in behavior. Accumulating evidence indicates that dysfunction of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, may contribute to the development and progression of AD. Large-scale analysis of glial proteins sheds light on their roles in cellular processes and diseases. In AD, glial proteomics has been utilized to understand glia-based pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. AREA COVERED In this review, we provide an updated overview of proteomic analysis of glia in the context of AD. Additionally, we discuss current challenges in the field, involving glial complexity and heterogeneity, and describe some cutting-edge proteomic technologies to address them. EXPERT OPINION Unbiased comprehensive analysis of glial proteomes aids our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis. These investigations highlight the crucial role of glial cells and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of AD pathology. A deeper understanding of the AD-related glial proteome could offer a repertoire of potential biomarkers and therapeutics. Further technical advancement of glial proteomics will enable us to identify proteins within individual cells and specific cell types, thus significantly enhancing our comprehension of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Choi EM, Park SY, Suh KS, Chon S. Apigenin attenuates tetrabromobisphenol A-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal SK-N-MC cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:152-162. [PMID: 36843298 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2182581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a reactive brominated flame retardant widely used in various industrial and household products. This compound is persistent in the environment and accumulates in living organisms through the food chain, and is toxic to animals and human beings. Studies have shown that TBBPA is toxic to various human cell lines, including neuronal cells. Apigenin is a dietary flavonoid that exhibits various beneficial health effects on biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the cytoprotective effects of apigenin against TBBPA-mediated cytotoxicity in SK-N-MC cells. Our results demonstrated that treatment of SK-N-MC cells with apigenin increased the cell viability, which was decreased by TBBPA, and reduced apoptosis and autophagy induced by TBBPA. Although we did not observe any change in the levels of IL-1β and nitrite in cultured cells after TBBPA treatment, apigenin was found to decrease the production of these pro-inflammatory mediators. Apigenin decreased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, NOX4 level, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss and increased the mitochondrial biogenesis and nuclear Nrf2 levels that were reduced by TBBPA. Finally, apigenin treatment decreased Akt and ERK induction in cells exposed to TBBPA. Based on these results, apigenin could be a promising candidate for designing natural drugs to treat or prevent TBBPA-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Choi
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Suh
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chon
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tohumeken S, Deme P, Yoo SW, Gupta S, Rais R, Slusher BS, Haughey NJ. Neuronal deletion of nSMase2 reduces the production of Aβ and directly protects neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105987. [PMID: 36603748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to regulate the deposition of Aβ. Multiple publications have shown that APP, amyloid processing enzymes and Aβ peptides are associated with EVs. However, very little Aβ is associated with EVs compared with the total amount Aβ present in human plasma, CSF, or supernatants from cultured neurons. The involvement of EVs has largely been inferred by pharmacological inhibition or whole body deletion of the sphingomyelin hydrolase neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) that is a key regulator for the biogenesis of at-least one population of EVs. Here we used a Cre-Lox system to selectively delete nSMase2 from pyramidal neurons in APP/PS1 mice (APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1) and found a ∼ 70% reduction in Aβ deposition at 6 months of age and ∼ 35% reduction at 12 months of age in both cortex and hippocampus. Brain ceramides were increased in APP/PS1 compared with Wt mice, but were similar to Wt in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice suggesting that elevated brain ceramides in this model involves neuronally expressed nSMase2. Reduced levels of PSD95 and deficits of long-term potentiation in APP/PS1 mice were normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice. In contrast, elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNFα in APP/PS1 mice were not normalized in APP/PS1-SMPD3-Nex1 mice compared with APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the size of liquid ordered membrane microdomains was increased in APP/PS1 mice, as were the amounts of APP and BACE1 localized to these microdomains. Pharmacological inhibition of nSMase2 activity with PDDC reduced the size of the liquid ordered membrane microdomains, reduced the localization of APP with BACE1 and reduced the production of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42. Although inhibition of nSMase2 reduced the release and increased the size of EVs, very little Aβ was associated with EVs in all conditions tested. We also found that nSMase2 directly protected neurons from the toxic effects of oligomerized Aβ and preserved neural network connectivity despite considerable Aβ deposition. These data demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in the production of Aβ by stabilizing the interaction of APP with BACE1 in liquid ordered membrane microdomains, and directly protects neurons from the toxic effects of Aβ. The effects of inhibiting nSMase2 on EV biogenesis may be independent from effects on Aβ production and neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehmus Tohumeken
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Pragney Deme
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Seung Wan Yoo
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Sujasha Gupta
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America
| | - Rana Rais
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Oncology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Neuroscience, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Norman J Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, United States of America; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, United States of America.
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8
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Pahan S, Raha S, Dasarathi S, Pahan K. Cinnamein Inhibits the Induction of Nitric Oxide and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Macrophages, Microglia and Astrocytes. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 8:520-529. [PMID: 36848307 PMCID: PMC9949320 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.08.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation driven by proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, etc.), and nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune, inflammatory as well as neurodegenerative disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, etc. Therefore, identification of nontoxic anti-inflammatory drugs may be beneficial for these autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Cinnamein, an ester derivative of cinnamic acid and benzyl alcohol, is used as a flavoring agent and for its antifungal and antibacterial properties. This study underlines the importance of cinnamein in inhibiting the induction of proinflammatory molecules in RAW 264.7 macrophages and primary mouse microglia and astrocytes. Stimulation of RAW 264.7 macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon γ (IFNγ) led to marked production of NO. However, cinnamein pretreatment significantly inhibited LPS- and IFNγ-induced production of NO in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cinnamein also reduced the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNFα in RAW cells. Accordingly, LPS and viral double-stranded RNA mimic polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (polyIC) stimulated the production of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 in primary mouse microglia, which was inhibited by cinnamein pretreatment. Similarly, cinnamein also inhibited polyIC-induced production of TNFα and IL-6 in primary mouse astrocytes. These results suggest that cinnamein may be used to control inflammation in different autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarupa Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sumita Raha
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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9
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Fan J, Liu J, Liu J, Angel PM, Drake RR, Wu Y, Fan H, Koutalos Y, Crosson CE. Sphingomyelinases in retinas and optic nerve heads: Effects of ocular hypertension and ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109250. [PMID: 36122624 PMCID: PMC10694736 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases (SMase), enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide, are important sensors for inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic signaling. Studies have provided evidence that increased SMase activity can contribute to retinal injury. In most tissues, two major SMases are responsible for stress-induced increases in ceramide: acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and Mg2+-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase). The purposes of the current study were to determine the localization of SMases and their substrates in the retina and optic nerve head and to investigate the effects of ocular hypertension and ischemia on ASMase and NSMase activities. Tissue and cellular localization of ASMase and NSMase were determined by immunofluorescence imaging. Tissue localization of sphingomyelin in retinas was further determined by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization mass spectrometry imaging. Tissue levels of sphingomyelins and ceramide were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Sphingomyelinase activities under basal conditions and following acute ischemic and ocular hypotensive stress were measured using the Amplex Red Sphingomyelinase Assay Kit. Our data show that ASMase is in the optic nerve head and the retinal ganglion cell layer. NSMase is in the optic nerve head, photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell layers. Both ASMase and NSMase were identified in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve head astrocytes. The retina and optic nerve head each exhibited unique distribution of sphingomyelins with the abundance of very long chain species being higher in the optic nerve head than in the retina. Basal activities for ASMase in retinas and optic nerve heads were 54.98 ± 2.5 and 95.6 ± 19.5 mU/mg protein, respectively. Ocular ischemia significantly increased ASMase activity to 86.2 ± 15.3 mU/mg protein in retinas (P = 0.03) but not in optic nerve heads (81.1 ± 15.3 mU/mg protein). Ocular hypertension significantly increased ASMase activity to 121.6 ± 7.3 mU/mg protein in retinas (P < 0.001) and 267.0 ± 66.3 mU/mg protein in optic nerve heads (P = 0.03). Basal activities for NSMase in retinas and optic nerve heads were 12.3 ± 2.1 and 37.9 ± 8.7 mU/mg protein, respectively. No significant change in NSMase activity was measured following ocular ischemia or hypertension. Our results provide evidence that both ASMase and NSMase are expressed in retinas and optic nerve heads; however, basal ASMase activity is significantly higher than NSMase activity in retinas and optic nerve heads. In addition, only ASMase activity was significantly increased in ocular ischemia or hypertension. These data support a role for ASMase-mediated sphingolipid metabolism in the development of retinal ischemic and hypertensive injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jian Liu
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jiali Liu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, 274 Middle Zhijiang Road, Jingan District, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hongkuan Fan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yiannis Koutalos
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Craig E Crosson
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology, Charleston, SC, USA
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10
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Xing ZK, Du LS, Fang X, Liang H, Zhang SN, Shi L, Kuang CX, Han TX, Yang Q. The relationship among amyloid-β deposition, sphingomyelin level, and the expression and function of P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer's disease pathological process. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1300-1307. [PMID: 36453415 PMCID: PMC9838140 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.358607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease, the transporter P-glycoprotein is responsible for the clearance of amyloid-β in the brain. Amyloid-β correlates with the sphingomyelin metabolism, and sphingomyelin participates in the regulation of P-glycoprotein. The amyloid cascade hypothesis describes amyloid-β as the central cause of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Better understanding of the change of P-glycoprotein and sphingomyelin along with amyloid-β and their potential association in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease is critical. Herein, we found that the expression of P-glycoprotein in APP/PS1 mice tended to increase with age and was significantly higher at 9 and 12 months of age than that in wild-type mice at comparable age. The functionality of P-glycoprotein of APP/PS1 mice did not change with age but was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice at 12 months of age. Decreased sphingomyelin levels, increased ceramide levels, and the increased expression and activity of neutral sphingomyelinase 1 were observed in APP/PS1 mice at 9 and 12 months of age compared with the levels in wild-type mice. Similar results were observed in the Alzheimer's disease mouse model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β1-42 and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells treated with amyloid-β1-42. In human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, neutral sphingomyelinase 1 inhibitor interfered with the changes of sphingomyelin metabolism and P-glycoprotein expression and functionality caused by amyloid-β1-42 treatment. Neutral sphingomyelinase 1 regulated the expression and functionality of P-glycoprotein and the levels of sphingomyelin and ceramide. Together, these findings indicate that neutral sphingomyelinase 1 regulates the expression and function of P-glycoprotein via the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway. These studies may serve as new pursuits for the development of anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Kang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Sha Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Xiong Han
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to: Qing Yang, .
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11
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Custodia A, Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Aramburu-Núñez M, Álvarez-Rafael D, Vázquez-Vázquez L, Camino-Castiñeiras J, Leira Y, Pías-Peleteiro JM, Aldrey JM, Sobrino T, Ouro A. Ceramide/Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Axis as a Key Target for Diagnosis and Treatment in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158082. [PMID: 35897658 PMCID: PMC9331765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Sphingolipids, such as ceramide or sphingosine 1-phosphate, are bioactive molecules implicated in structural and signaling functions. Metabolic dysfunction in the highly conserved pathways to produce sphingolipids may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease. Recent studies on transcriptomics and sphingolipidomics have observed alterations in sphingolipid metabolism of both enzymes and metabolites involved in their synthesis in several neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In this review, we highlight the most relevant findings related to ceramide and neurodegeneration, with a special focus on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomás Sobrino
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.O.); Tel.: +34-981951098 (T.S.); +34-664326589 (A.O.)
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (A.O.); Tel.: +34-981951098 (T.S.); +34-664326589 (A.O.)
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12
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Dutta D, Paidi RK, Raha S, Roy A, Chandra S, Pahan K. Treadmill exercise reduces α-synuclein spreading via PPARα. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111058. [PMID: 35830804 PMCID: PMC9308946 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study underlines the importance of treadmill exercise in reducing α-synuclein (α-syn) spreading in the A53T brain and protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons. Preformed α-syn fibril (PFF) seeding in the internal capsule of young A53T α-syn mice leads to increased spreading of α-syn to substantia nigra and motor cortex and concomitant loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. However, regular treadmill exercise decreases α-syn spreading in the brain and protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in PFF-seeded mice. Accordingly, treadmill exercise also mitigates α-synucleinopathy in aged A53T mice. While investigating this mechanism, we have observed that treadmill exercise induces the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in the brain to stimulate lysosomal biogenesis via TFEB. Accordingly, treadmill exercise remains unable to stimulate TFEB and reduce α-synucleinopathy in A53T mice lacking PPARα, and fenofibrate, a prototype PPARα agonist, reduces α-synucleinopathy. These results delineate a beneficial function of treadmill exercise in reducing α-syn spreading in the brain via PPARα. Dutta et al. demonstrate that regular treadmill exercise is capable of decreasing α-synuclein spreading in the brain and protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons in mice. However, treadmill running does not reduce α-synucleinopathy in mice lacking peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), highlighting a role of PPARα in the beneficial effect of treadmill running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dutta
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ramesh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Guan X, Iyaswamy A, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Su C, Zhu Z, Liu J, Kan Y, Cheung KH, Lu J, Tan J, Li M. Mechanistic Insights into Selective Autophagy Subtypes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073609. [PMID: 35408965 PMCID: PMC8998506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells possess a plethora of regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper biochemical functionality. Autophagy, a central, conserved self-consuming process of the cell, ensures the timely degradation of damaged cellular components. Several studies have demonstrated the important roles of autophagy activation in mitigating neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, surprisingly, activation of macroautophagy has not shown clinical efficacy. Hence, alternative strategies are urgently needed for AD therapy. In recent years, selective autophagy has been reported to be involved in AD pathology, and different subtypes have been identified, such as aggrephagy, mitophagy, reticulophagy, lipophagy, pexophagy, nucleophagy, lysophagy and ribophagy. By clarifying the underlying mechanisms governing these various subtypes, we may come to understand how to control autophagy to treat AD. In this review, we summarize the latest findings concerning the role of selective autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD. The evidence overwhelmingly suggests that selective autophagy is an active mechanism in AD pathology, and that regulating selective autophagy would be an effective strategy for controlling this pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Guan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Chengfu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuxuan Kan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China;
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (X.G.); (A.I.); (S.G.S.); (C.S.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.K.); (K.-H.C.)
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (M.L.)
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14
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Sphingolipid control of cognitive functions in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Soltanian B, Dehghan Shasaltaneh M, Riazi G, Masoudian N. Protective Effect of Low Dose of Methamphetamine on The Amount of Extracellular Glutamine in Primary Fetal Human Astrocytes Induced by Amyloid Beta. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:105-111. [PMID: 35451579 PMCID: PMC9035228 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Change in astrocytes is one of the first pathological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding the signaling pathways in astrocytes can be a great help in treating of AD. This study aimed to investigate signaling pathway relations between low dose of methamphetamine (METH), the apoptosis, cell cycle, and glutamine (Gln) pathways in the activated astrocyte. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, the activated astrocyte cells were exposed to a low dose of METH (12.5 μM) which was determined by Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The groups were: group 1 cells with Aβ, group 2 cells with METH, group 3 cells with METH after 24 hours of adding Aβ (Aβ+METH, treated group), group 4 cells with Aβ after 24 hours of adding METH (METH+Aβ, prevention group), and group 5 as the control. The Gln was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and also the apoptosis, and cell cycle and BAX, BCL-X expression was evaluated. Results The amount of Gln was increased, and the value of late and early apoptosis was reduced in the treatment groups, and necrosis is decreased in the prevention group (group 4 compared to group 1). Moreover, it was revealed through cell cycle analysis that G2 in group 4 was reduced compared to group 1 and the expression of BAX, BAX/ BCL-X, and BCL-X in group 3 and group 4, was decreased and increased, respectively compared to group 1. Conclusion These findings suggest that perhaps a non-toxic dosage of METH (low dose) can reduce the amount of apoptosis and BAX expression and increase the expression of BCL-X. Furthermore, the cells are arrested in the G2 phase and can raise the amount of extracellular glutamine, which has a protective role in neuron cells. These findings may provide a new perspective to design a new drug with less toxic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Soltanian
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran,Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of ZanjanZanjanIran
| | - Gholamhossein Riazi
- Laboratory of Neuro-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Masoudian
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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16
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Kundu M, Raha S, Roy A, Pahan K. Regression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in a Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model by Monoclonal Antibodies against IL-12 p40 Monomer. Cells 2022; 11:259. [PMID: 35053375 PMCID: PMC8773899 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some therapies are available for regular breast cancers, there are very few options for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here, we demonstrated that serum level of IL-12p40 monomer (p40) was much higher in breast cancer patients than healthy controls. On the other hand, levels of IL-12, IL-23 and p40 homodimer (p402) were lower in serum of breast cancer patients as compared to healthy controls. Similarly, human TNBC cells produced greater level of p40 than p402. The level of p40 was also larger than p402 in serum of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model. Accordingly, neutralization of p40 by p40 mAb induced death of human TNBC cells and tumor shrinkage in PDX mice. While investigating the mechanism, we found that neutralization of p40 led to upregulation of human CD4+IFNγ+ and CD8+IFNγ+ T cell populations, thereby increasing the level of human IFNγ and decreasing the level of human IL-10 in PDX mice. Finally, we demonstrated the infiltration of human cytotoxic T cells, switching of tumor-associated macrophage M2 (TAM2) to TAM1 and suppression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in tumor tissues of p40 mAb-treated PDX mice. Our studies identify a possible new immunotherapy for TNBC in which p40 mAb inhibits tumor growth in PDX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (M.K.); (S.R.); (A.R.)
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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Pahan S, Dasarathi S, Pahan K. Glyceryl tribenzoate: A food additive with unique properties to be a substitute for cinnamon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:367-372. [PMID: 34723288 DOI: 10.33140/jcei.06.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamon is a regularly used natural seasoning and flavoring material throughout the world for eras. Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that oral cinnamon may be beneficial for different neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Lewy body diseases (LBD). However, cinnamon's certain limitations (e.g. unavailability of true Ceylon cinnamon throughout the world, impurities in ground cinnamon, etc.) have initiated an interest among researchers to find an alternate of cinnamon that can potentially deliver the same efficacy in the diseases mentioned above. Glyceryl tribenzoate (GTB) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved flavoring ingredient that is used in food and food packaging industries. It has been found that similar to cinnamon, oral GTB is capable of upregulating regulatory T cells and suppressing the autoimmune disease process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Moreover, both GTB and cinnamon metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) have the potency to attenuate neurodegenerative pathology in a mouse model of Huntington disease (HD). Here, we have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory property of GTB in astrocytes and macrophages, a property that is also seen with cinnamon and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB). Therefore, here, we have made a sincere attempt to discuss the similarities and dissimilarities between cinnamon and GTB with a focus whether GTB has the potential to be considered as a substitute of cinnamon for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarupa Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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18
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Wang M, Chen L, Zhang Z. Potential applications of alginate oligosaccharides for biomedicine - A mini review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 271:118408. [PMID: 34364551 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research on marine algae, especially on their health-promoting properties, has been conducted. Various ingredients with potential biomedical applications have been discovered and extracted from marine algae. Alginate oligosaccharides are low molecular weight alginate polysaccharides present in cell walls of brown algae. They exhibit various health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and immunomodulation. Their low-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, and biodegradability make them an excellent material in biomedicine. Alginate oligosaccharides can be chemically or biochemically modified to enhance their biological activity and potential in pharmaceutical applications. This paper provides a brief overview on alginate oligosaccharides characteristics, modification patterns and highlights their vital health promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Wang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, China.
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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19
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Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Correa-Paz C, Posado-Fernández A, Gómez-Larrauri A, Castillo J, Gómez-Muñoz A, Sobrino T, Ouro A. Ceramide Metabolism and Parkinson's Disease-Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2021; 11:945. [PMID: 34202192 PMCID: PMC8301871 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in numerous cellular processes. In addition to being the precursor of complex sphingolipids, ceramides can act as second messengers, especially when they are generated at the plasma membrane of cells. Its metabolic dysfunction may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease. Recent reports on transcriptomics and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis have demonstrated the variation of specific levels of sphingolipids and enzymes involved in their metabolism in different neurodegenerative diseases. In the present review, we highlight the most relevant discoveries related to ceramide and neurodegeneration, with a special focus on Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Custodia
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Adrián Posado-Fernández
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Gómez-Larrauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
- Respiratory Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48903 Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, 48980 Bilbao, Spain; (A.G.-L.); (A.G.-M.)
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesa da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.C.); (M.A.-N.); (C.C.-P.); (A.P.-F.); (J.C.)
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20
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de Wit NM, Mol K, Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, de Vries HE, Kooij G. The Role of Sphingolipids and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620348. [PMID: 33633739 PMCID: PMC7902029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide giving rise to devastating forms of cognitive decline, which impacts patients’ lives and that of their proxies. Pathologically, AD is characterized by extracellular amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangles and chronic neuroinflammation. To date, there is no cure that prevents progression of AD. In this review, we elaborate on how bioactive lipids, including sphingolipids (SL) and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM), affect ongoing neuroinflammatory processes during AD and how we may exploit them for the development of new biomarker panels and/or therapies. In particular, we here describe how SPM and SL metabolism, ranging from ω-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites to ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, initiates pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling cascades in the central nervous system (CNS) and what changes occur therein during AD pathology. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to resolve chronic neuroinflammation in AD by modulating the SPM and SL pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M de Wit
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kevin Mol
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabela Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Acioglu C, Li L, Elkabes S. Contribution of astrocytes to neuropathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res 2021; 1758:147291. [PMID: 33516810 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Classically, the loss of vulnerable neuronal populations in neurodegenerative diseases was considered to be the consequence of cell autonomous degeneration of neurons. However, progress in the understanding of glial function, the availability of improved animal models recapitulating the features of the human diseases, and the development of new approaches to derive glia and neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from patients, provided novel information that altered this view. Current evidence strongly supports the notion that non-cell autonomous mechanisms contribute to the demise of neurons in neurodegenerative disorders, and glia causally participate in the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases. In addition to microglia, astrocytes have emerged as key players in neurodegenerative diseases and will be the focus of the present review. Under the influence of pathological stimuli present in the microenvironment of the diseased CNS, astrocytes undergo morphological, transcriptional, and functional changes and become reactive. Reactive astrocytes are heterogeneous and exhibit neurotoxic (A1) or neuroprotective (A2) phenotypes. In recent years, single-cell or single-nucleus transcriptome analyses unraveled new, disease-specific phenotypes beyond A1/A2. These investigations highlighted the complexity of the astrocytic responses to CNS pathology. The present review will discuss the contribution of astrocytes to neurodegenerative diseases with particular emphasis on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Some of the commonalties and differences in astrocyte-mediated mechanisms that possibly drive the pathogenesis or progression of the diseases will be summarized. The emerging view is that astrocytes are potential new targets for therapeutic interventions. A comprehensive understanding of astrocyte heterogeneity and disease-specific phenotypic complexity could facilitate the design of novel strategies to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
| | - Lun Li
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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Fonteh AN, Chiang AJ, Arakaki X, Edminster SP, Harrington MG. Accumulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids in Cognitively Healthy Participants With Alzheimer's Biomarkers Precedes Lipolysis in the Dementia Stage. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:611393. [PMID: 33390893 PMCID: PMC7772205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.611393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into lipids' roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology is limited because brain membrane lipids have not been characterized in cognitively healthy (CH) individuals. Since age is a significant risk factor of AD, we hypothesize that aging renders the amyloid precursor protein (APP) more susceptible to abnormal processing because of deteriorating membrane lipids. To reflect brain membranes, we studied their lipid components in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain-derived CSF nanoparticle membranes. Based on CSF Aβ42/Tau levels established biomarkers of AD, we define a subset of CH participants with normal Aβ42/Tau (CH-NAT) and another group with abnormal or pathological Aβ42/Tau (CH-PAT). We report that glycerophospholipids are differentially metabolized in the CSF supernatant fluid and nanoparticle membrane fractions from CH-NAT, CH-PAT, and AD participants. Phosphatidylcholine molecular species from the supernatant fraction of CH-PAT were higher than in the CH-NAT and AD participants. Sphingomyelin levels in the supernatant fraction were lower in the CH-PAT and AD than in the CH-NAT group. The decrease in sphingomyelin corresponded with an increase in ceramide and dihydroceramide and an increase in the ceramide to sphingomyelin ratio in AD. In contrast to the supernatant fraction, sphingomyelin is higher in the nanoparticle fraction from the CH-PAT group, accompanied by lower ceramide and dihydroceramide and a decrease in the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin in CH-PAT compared with CH-NAT. On investigating the mechanism for the lipid changes in AD, we observed that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was higher in the AD group than the CH groups. Paradoxically, acid and neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) activities were lower in AD compared to the CH groups. Considering external influences on lipids, the clinical groups did not differ in their fasting blood lipids or dietary lipids, consistent with the CSF lipid changes originating from brain pathophysiology. The lipid accumulation in a prodromal AD biomarker positive stage identifies perturbation of lipid metabolism and disturbances in APP/Amyloid beta (Aβ) as early events in AD pathophysiology. Our results identify increased lipid turnover in CH participants with AD biomarkers, switching to a predominantly lipolytic state in dementia. This knowledge may be useful for targeting and testing new AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Xu W, Ocak U, Gao L, Tu S, Lenahan CJ, Zhang J, Shao A. Selective autophagy as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1369-1392. [PMID: 33067655 PMCID: PMC7904548 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurological diseases primarily include acute injuries, chronic neurodegeneration, and others (e.g., infectious diseases of the central nervous system). Autophagy is a housekeeping process responsible for the bulk degradation of misfolded protein aggregates and damaged organelles through the lysosomal machinery. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy, particularly selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, pexophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy, lipophagy, etc., is closely implicated in neurological diseases. These forms of selective autophagy are controlled by a group of important proteins, including PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, p62, optineurin (OPTN), neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1), and nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1 (NUFIP1). This review highlights the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of different types of selective autophagy, and their implications in various forms of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16110, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Anti-proBDNF in a Rat Photothrombotic Ischemic Model. Neuroscience 2020; 446:261-270. [PMID: 32798590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of proBDNF in ischemic brain and the detrimental role of proBDNF on cellular survival has already been established. We propose that the up-regulated proBDNF may trigger the harmful events and evoke a secondary ischemic damage after ischemia. This study aimed to establish the neuroprotective effects of anti-proBDNF antibody in a rat photothrombotic ischemic model. Photothrombotic ischemic model was performed on Sprague Dawley rats and anti-proBDNF antibodies were administered intraperitoneally to the ischemic rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg after 6 hours (6 h) and on 3 days (3d) after ischemia. Behavioural tests were performed for sensorimotor functional analyses. Animals were euthanized at 7d for histochemical and biochemical studies. We observed higher proBDNF expression around the ischemic infarct. Higher level of apoptosis and inflammation was evident at 7d after ischemia on brain sections. Interestingly, the anti-proBDNF treatment instigated significant reduction of the infarction size as detected by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Similar reduction of apoptotic signaling proteins in western blot and immunostaining after anti-proBDNF treatment was found. Up-regulation of synaptic protein expression was also observed after this treatment. Significant sensorimotor functional improvements were also noticed at 7d after anti-proBDNF treatment. We conclude that anti-proBDNF treatment is anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory, and plays advantageous role in promoting cellular growth and improving sensorimotor function after ischemic insult. Taken together, our study suggests that this anti-proBDNF treatment can be considered as a therapeutic approach for ischemic recovery.
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Unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide ameliorates β-amyloid pathology through autophagy in Alzheimer's disease cell models. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 251:117124. [PMID: 33142656 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated mannuronate oligosaccharide (MOS) is an enzymatic depolymerization product from alginate-derived polymannuronate (PM). In this study, we investigated for the first time the potential therapeutic effect of MOS on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its molecular mechanism in N2a-sw cells and 3×Tg-AD primary cortex neurons. Our results showed that MOS ranges from mannuronate dimer to mannuronate undecamer (M2-M11) with an unsaturated nonreducing terminal structure and with a double bond and 1,4-glycosidic linkages. It significantly inhibited the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 oligomer, decreased expression of Aβ1-42 and reduced levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and BACE1. It promoted the autophagy, which involves the inactivation of mTOR signaling pathway and the facilitation of the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Finally, autophagy inhibitors blocked MOS' anti-AD actions, confirming the involvement of autophagy. In conclusion, MOS from seaweed alginate might be a promising nutraceutical or natural medicine for AD therapy.
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Mészáros Á, Molnár K, Nógrádi B, Hernádi Z, Nyúl-Tóth Á, Wilhelm I, Krizbai IA. Neurovascular Inflammaging in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071614. [PMID: 32635451 PMCID: PMC7407516 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a chronic low-grade sterile inflammation dubbed as inflammaging, which in part originates from accumulating cellular debris. These, acting as danger signals with many intrinsic factors such as cytokines, are sensed by a network of pattern recognition receptors and other cognate receptors, leading to the activation of inflammasomes. Due to the inflammasome activity-dependent increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β, IL-18), inflammation is initiated, resulting in tissue injury in various organs, the brain and the spinal cord included. Similarly, in age-related diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), inflammasome activation is a prominent moment, in which cells of the neurovascular unit occupy a significant position. In this review, we discuss the inflammatory changes in normal aging and summarize the current knowledge on the role of inflammasomes and contributing mechanisms in common CNS diseases, namely Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and stroke, all of which occur more frequently with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Mészáros
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Theoretical Medicine Doctoral School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bernát Nógrádi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Foundation for the Future of Biomedical Sciences in Szeged, Szeged Scientists Academy, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Hernádi
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Foundation for the Future of Biomedical Sciences in Szeged, Szeged Scientists Academy, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nyúl-Tóth
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging/Oklahoma Center for Geroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (K.M.); (B.N.); (Z.H.); (Á.N.-T.); (I.W.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldiş Western University of Arad, 310414 Arad, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-599-794
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Astrocyte- and Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Alzheimer's Disease Patients Effect Complement-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071618. [PMID: 32635578 PMCID: PMC7407141 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that blood astrocytic-origin extracellular vesicles (AEVs) from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients contain high complement levels. To test the hypothesis that circulating EVs from AD patients can induce complement-mediated neurotoxicity involving Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) formation, we assessed the effects of immunocaptured AEVs (using anti-GLAST antibody), in comparison with neuronal-origin (N)EVs (using anti-L1CAM antibody), and nonspecific CD81+ EVs (using anti-CD81 antibody), from the plasma of AD, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and control participants. AEVs (and, less effectively, NEVs) of AD participants induced Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) expression on recipient neurons (by immunohistochemistry), membrane disruption (by EthD-1 assay), reduced neurite density (by Tuj-1 immunohistochemistry), and decreased cell viability (by MTT assay) in rat cortical neurons and human iPSC-derived neurons. Demonstration of decreased cell viability was replicated in a separate cohort of autopsy-confirmed AD patients. These effects were not produced by CD81+ EVs from AD participants or AEVs/NEVs from FTLD or control participants, and were suppressed by the MAC inhibitor CD59 and other complement inhibitors. Our results support the stated hypothesis and should motivate future studies on the roles of neuronal MAC deposition and AEV/NEV uptake, as effectors of neurodegeneration in AD.
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28
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Alessenko AV, Albi E. Exploring Sphingolipid Implications in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2020; 11:437. [PMID: 32528400 PMCID: PMC7254877 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it was found that relatively simple sphingolipids, such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and glucosylceramide play important roles in neuronal functions by regulating rates of neuronal growth and differentiation. Homeostasis of membrane sphingolipids in neurons and myelin is essential to prevent the loss of synaptic plasticity, cell death and neurodegeneration. In our review we summarize data about significant brain cell alterations of sphingolipids in different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Gaucher's, Farber's diseases, etc. We reported results obtained in brain tissue from both animals in which diseases were induced and humans in autopsy samples. Moreover, attention was paid on sphingolipids in biofluids, liquor and blood, from patients. In Alzheimer's disease sphingolipids are involved in the processing and aggregation of β-amyloid and in the transmission of the cytotoxic signal β-amyloid and TNFα-induced. Recently, the gangliosides metabolism in transgenic animals and the relationship between blood sphingolipids changes and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients have been intensively studied. Numerous experiments have highlighted the involvement of ceramide and monohexosylceramide metabolism in the pathophysiology of the sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, gene mutations of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme were considered as responsible for Parkinson's disease via transition of the monomeric form of α-synuclein to an oligomeric, aggregated toxic form. Disturbances in the metabolism of ceramides were also associated with the appearance of Lewy's bodies. Changes in sphingolipid metabolism were found as a manifestation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, both sporadic and family forms, and affected the rate of disease development. Currently, fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, is the only drug undergoing clinical trials of phase II safety for the treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The use of sphingolipids as new diagnostic markers and as targets for innovative therapeutic strategies in different neurodegenerative disorders has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Alessenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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29
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Bi D, Li X, Li T, Li X, Lin Z, Yao L, Li H, Xu H, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Xu X. Characterization and Neuroprotection Potential of Seleno-Polymannuronate. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32153394 PMCID: PMC7044149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seleno-polymannuronate (Se-PM) was prepared from alginate-derived polymannuronate (PM) through a sulfation followed by a selenylation replacement reaction. The organic selenium content of Se-PM was 437.25 μg/g and its average molecular weight was 2.36 kDa. The neuroprotection effect of Se-PM and corresponding molecular mechanisms were investigated. Our results showed that, comparing to both sulfated PM (S-PM) and PM, Se-PM remarkably inhibited the aggregation of Aβ1-42 oligomer in vitro and significantly reduced the APP and BACE1 protein expression in N2a-sw cells, highlighting the critical function of the selenium presented in Se-PM. Moreover, Se-PM decreased the expression of cytochrome c and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential in N2a-sw cells. These results suggested that Se-PM treatment can markedly inhibit N2a-sw cell apoptosis and promote N2a-sw cell survival and that Se-PM might be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of neurodegeneration owing to its remarkable neuroprotection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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30
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Sung K, Jimenez-Sanchez M. Autophagy in Astrocytes and its Implications in Neurodegeneration. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2605-2621. [PMID: 31931011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway where double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic content to the lysosome. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, misfolded proteins that accumulate in these diseases and constitute a common pathological hallmark are substrates for autophagic degradation. Astrocytes, a major type of glial cells, are emerging as a critical component in most neurodegenerative diseases. This review will summarize the recent efforts to investigate the role that autophagy plays in astrocytes in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. While the field has mostly focused on the implications of autophagy in neurons, autophagy may also be involved in the clearance of disease-related proteins in astrocytes as well as in maintaining astrocyte function, which could impact the cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous contribution of astrocytes to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sung
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
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Abstract
Sphingosine, ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and other related sphingolipids have emerged as important bioactive molecules involved in a variety of key cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, exosome release, and inter- and intracellular cell communication, making the pathways of sphingolipid metabolism a key domain in maintaining cell homeostasis (Hannun and Obeid, Trends Biochem Sci 20:73-77, 1995; Hannun and Obeid, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:139-150, 2008; Kosaka et al., J Biol Chem 288:10849-10859, 2013). Various studies have determined that these pathways play a central role in regulating intracellular production of ceramide and the other bioactive sphingolipids and hence are an important component of signaling in various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases (Chaube et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1821:313-323, 2012; Clarke et al., Adv Enzyme Regul 51:51-58, 2011b; Horres and Hannun, Neurochem Res 37:1137-1149, 2012). In this chapter, we discuss one of the major enzyme classes in producing ceramide, sphingomyelinases (SMases), from a biochemical and structural perspective with an emphasis on their applicability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Shanbhogue
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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32
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Chakrabarti S, Jana M, Roy A, Pahan K. Upregulation of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 in Microglia by Cinnamic Acid. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 15:894-904. [PMID: 29732971 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666180507104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is an anti-inflammatory molecule that suppresses cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression in different cells including microglia. OBJECTIVE The pathways through which SOCS3 could be upregulated are poorly described. Cinnamic acid is a metabolite of cinnamon, a natural compound that is being widely used all over the world as a spice or flavoring agent. Here, we examined if cinnamic acid could upregulate SOCS3 in microglia. METHOD Microglia and astroglia isolated from mouse brain as well as BV-2 microglial cells were treated with cinnamic acid followed by monitoring the level of SOCS3 and different proinflammatory molecules by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. To nail down the mechanism, we also performed ChIP analysis to monitore the recruitment of cAMP response element binding (CREB) to the socs3 gene promoter and carried out siRNA knockdown of CREB. RESULTS Cinnamic acid upregulated the expression of SOCS3 mRNA and protein in mouse BV-2 microglial cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. Accordingly, cinnamic acid also increased the level of SOCS3 and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6) in LPSstimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Similar to BV-2 microglial cells, cinnamic acid also increased the expression of SOCS3 in primary mouse microglia and astrocytes. We have seen that cAMP response element is present in the promoter of socs3 gene, that cinnamic acid induces the activation of CREB, that siRNA knockdown of CREB abrogates cinnamic acid-mediated upregulation of SOCS3, and that cinnamic acid treatment leads to the recruitment of CREB to the socs3 gene. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that cinnamic acid upregulates the expression of SOCS3 in glial cells via CREB pathway, which may be of importance in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL-60612, United States
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL-60612, United States
| | - Avik Roy
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL-60612, United States
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL-60612, United States
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33
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Shanbhogue P, Hoffmann RM, Airola MV, Maini R, Hamelin DJ, Garcia-Diaz M, Burke JE, Hannun YA. The juxtamembrane linker in neutral sphingomyelinase-2 functions as an intramolecular allosteric switch that activates the enzyme. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7488-7502. [PMID: 30890560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) produces the bioactive lipid ceramide and has important roles in neurodegeneration, cancer, and exosome formation. Although nSMase2 has low basal activity, it is fully activated by phosphatidylserine (PS). Previous work showed that interdomain interactions within nSMase2 are needed for PS activation. Here, we use multiple approaches, including small angle X-ray scattering, hydrogen-deuterium exchange-MS, circular dichroism and thermal shift assays, and membrane yeast two-hybrid assays, to define the mechanism mediating this interdomain interactions within nSMase2. In contrast to what we previously assumed, we demonstrate that PS binding at the N-terminal and juxtamembrane regions of nSMase2 rather acts as a conformational switch leading to interdomain interactions that are critical to enzyme activation. Our work assigns a unique function for a class of linkers of lipid-activated, membrane-associated proteins. It indicates that the linker actively participates in the activation mechanism via intramolecular interactions, unlike the canonical linkers that typically aid protein dimerization or localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Shanbhogue
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology.,the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and
| | - Reece M Hoffmann
- the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8N 1A1, Canada
| | | | - Rohan Maini
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
| | - David J Hamelin
- the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8N 1A1, Canada
| | - Miguel Garcia-Diaz
- Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - John E Burke
- the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8N 1A1, Canada
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, .,the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and.,Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794.,Medicine, and
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Astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, age-related CNS diseases, and HAND. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:722-733. [PMID: 30671779 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate local cerebral blood flow, maintain ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, provide metabolic support, regulate synaptic activity, and respond to brain injury, insults, and infection. Because of their abundance, extensive connectivity, and multiple roles in the brain, astrocytes are intimately involved in normal functioning of the CNS and their dysregulation can lead to neuronal dysfunction. In normal aging, decreased biological functioning and reduced cognitive abilities are commonly experienced in individuals free of overt neurological disease. Moreover, in several age-related CNS diseases, chronic inflammation and altered metabolism have been reported. Since people with HIV (PWH) are reported to experience rapid aging with chronic inflammation, altered brain metabolism is likely to be exacerbated. In fact, many studies report altered metabolism in astrocytes in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and HIV. This review will address the roles of astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, in age-related CNS disease, and in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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35
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Dehghani R, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. MicroRNA in Alzheimer's disease revisited: implications for major neuropathological mechanisms. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:161-182. [PMID: 28941357 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) goes far beyond neurotoxicity resulting from extracellular deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques. Aberrant cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and accumulation of Aβ in the form of the plaque or neurofibrillary tangles are the known primary culprits of AD pathogenesis and target for various regulatory mechanisms. Hyper-phosphorylation of tau, a major component of neurofibrillary tangles, precipitates its aggregation and prevents its clearance. Lipid particles, apolipoproteins and lipoprotein receptors can act in favor or against Aβ and tau accumulation by altering neural membrane characteristics or dynamics of transport across the blood-brain barrier. Lipids also alter the oxidative/anti-oxidative milieu of the central nervous system (CNS). Irregular cell cycle regulation, mitochondrial stress and apoptosis, which follow both, are also implicated in AD-related neuronal loss. Dysfunction in synaptic transmission and loss of neural plasticity contribute to AD. Neuroinflammation is a final trail for many of the pathologic mechanisms while playing an active role in initiation of AD pathology. Alterations in the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in AD and their relevance to AD pathology have long been a focus of interest. Herein we focused on the precise pathomechanisms of AD in which miRNAs were implicated. We performed literature search through PubMed and Scopus using the search term: ('Alzheimer Disease') OR ('Alzheimer's Disease') AND ('microRNAs' OR 'miRNA' OR 'MiR') to reach for relevant articles. We show how a limited number of common dysregulated pathways and abnormal mechanisms are affected by various types of miRNAs in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Dehghani
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419783151, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419783151, Iran
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36
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Rangasamy SB, Jana M, Roy A, Corbett GT, Kundu M, Chandra S, Mondal S, Dasarathi S, Mufson EJ, Mishra RK, Luan CH, Bennett DA, Pahan K. Selective disruption of TLR2-MyD88 interaction inhibits inflammation and attenuates Alzheimer's pathology. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4297-4312. [PMID: 29990310 PMCID: PMC6159992 DOI: 10.1172/jci96209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of TLR2 activation depends on its association with the adapter protein MyD88. We have found that TLR2 and MyD88 levels are elevated in the hippocampus and cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in a 5XFAD mouse model of AD. Since there is no specific inhibitor of TLR2, to target induced TLR2 from a therapeutic angle, we engineered a peptide corresponding to the TLR2-interacting domain of MyD88 (TIDM) that binds to the BB loop of only TLR2, and not other TLRs. Interestingly, WT TIDM peptide inhibited microglial activation induced by fibrillar Aβ1-42 and lipoteichoic acid, but not 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, dsRNA, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, or CpG DNA. After intranasal administration, WT TIDM peptide reached the hippocampus, reduced hippocampal glial activation, lowered Aβ burden, attenuated neuronal apoptosis, and improved memory and learning in 5XFAD mice. However, WT TIDM peptide was not effective in 5XFAD mice lacking TLR2. In addition to its effects in 5XFAD mice, WT TIDM peptide also suppressed the disease process in mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis. Therefore, selective targeting of the activated status of 1 component of the innate immune system by WT TIDM peptide may be beneficial in AD as well as other disorders in which TLR2/MyD88 signaling plays a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Grant T. Corbett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sujyoti Chandra
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Susanta Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sridevi Dasarathi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Rama K. Mishra
- Medicinal and Synthetic Chemistry Core, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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37
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Joshi AU, Mochly-Rosen D. Mortal engines: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:2-15. [PMID: 30144530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in ATP generation. However, studies over the past two decades have shown that mitochondria do much more than that. Mitochondria regulate both necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways, they store and therefore coordinate cellular Ca2+ signaling, they generate and metabolize important building blocks, by-products and signaling molecules, and they also generate and are targets of free radical species that modulate many aspects of cell physiology and pathology. Most estimates suggest that although the brain makes up only 2 percent of body weight, utilizes about 20 percent of the body's total ATP. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction greatly impacts brain functions and is indeed associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, a number of abnormal disease-associated proteins have been shown to interact directly with mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent neuronal cell death. Here, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dynamics impairment in the pathological processes associated with neurodegeneration and suggest that a therapy targeting mitochondrialdysfunction holds a great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, 94305-5174, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, 94305-5174, USA.
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38
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Central Nervous System Neuron-Glia co-Culture Models and Application to Neuroprotective Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1727:63-80. [PMID: 29222773 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. This article presents a protocol for the preparation of cultures consisting of rat embryonic cortical neurons grown in the presence of cortical microglia, in which the glia are present in physical contact with the neurons or separated by a semipermeable membrane barrier. An example of how such systems can be used to evaluate potential neuroprotective agents will also be described.
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39
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Jana A, Krett NL, Guzman G, Khalid A, Ozden O, Staudacher JJ, Bauer J, Baik SH, Carroll T, Yazici C, Jung B. NFkB is essential for activin-induced colorectal cancer migration via upregulation of PI3K-MDM2 pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37377-37393. [PMID: 28418896 PMCID: PMC5514916 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a common and deadly cancer due to metastatic disease. Activin and TGFB (TGFβ) signaling are growth suppressive pathways that exert non-canonical pro-metastatic effects late in CRC carcinogenesis. We have recently shown that activin downregulates p21 via ubiquitination and degradation associated with enhanced cellular migration independent of SMADs. To investigate the mechanism of metastatic activin signaling, we examined activated NFkB signaling and activin ligand expression in CRC patient samples and found a strong correlation. We hypothesize that activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 by NFkB leads to p21 degradation in response to activin treatment. To dissect the link between activin and pro-carcinogenic NFkB signaling and downstream targets, we found that activin but not TGFB induced activation of NFkB leading to increased MDM2 ubiquitin ligase via PI3K. Further, overexpression of wild type p65 NFkB increased MDM2 expression while the NFkB inhibitors NEMO-binding domain (NBD) and Bay11-7082 blocked the activin-induced increase in MDM2. In conclusion, in colon cancer cell migration, activin utilizes NFkB to induce MDM2 activity leading to the degradation of p21 in a PI3K dependent mechanism. This provides new mechanistic knowledge linking activin and NFkB signaling in advanced colon cancer which is applicable to targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Jana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nancy L Krett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ahmer Khalid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ozkan Ozden
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jonas J Staudacher
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jessica Bauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Baik
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Timothy Carroll
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cemal Yazici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Barbara Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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40
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Kong JN, Zhu Z, Itokazu Y, Wang G, Dinkins MB, Zhong L, Lin HP, Elsherbini A, Leanhart S, Jiang X, Qin H, Zhi W, Spassieva SD, Bieberich E. Novel function of ceramide for regulation of mitochondrial ATP release in astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:488-506. [PMID: 29321137 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that amyloid β peptide (Aβ42) activated neutral SMase 2 (nSMase2), thereby increasing the concentration of the sphingolipid ceramide in astrocytes. Here, we show that Aβ42 induced mitochondrial fragmentation in wild-type astrocytes, but not in nSMase2-deficient cells or astrocytes treated with fumonisin B1 (FB1), an inhibitor of ceramide synthases. Unexpectedly, ceramide depletion was concurrent with rapid movements of mitochondria, indicating an unknown function of ceramide for mitochondria. Using immunocytochemistry and super-resolution microscopy, we detected ceramide-enriched and mitochondria-associated membranes (CEMAMs) that were codistributed with microtubules. Interaction of ceramide with tubulin was confirmed by cross-linking to N-[9-(3-pent-4-ynyl-3-H-diazirine-3-yl)-nonanoyl]-D-erythro-sphingosine (pacFACer), a bifunctional ceramide analog, and binding of tubulin to ceramide-linked agarose beads. Ceramide-associated tubulin (CAT) translocated from the perinuclear region to peripheral CEMAMs and mitochondria, which was prevented in nSMase2-deficient or FB1-treated astrocytes. Proximity ligation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ceramide depletion reduced association of tubulin with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), an interaction known to block mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Ceramide-depleted astrocytes contained higher levels of ATP, suggesting that ceramide-induced CAT formation leads to VDAC1 closure, thereby reducing mitochondrial ATP release, and potentially motility and resistance to Aβ42 Our data also indicate that inhibiting ceramide generation may protect mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael B Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Liansheng Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Silvia Leanhart
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Rehabilitation Center, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center of Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA .,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Jiang S, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Lan J, Yang J, Yuan L, Zhang Q, Pan K, Zhang K. Galantamine inhibits β-amyloid-induced cytostatic autophagy in PC12 cells through decreasing ROS production. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12427. [PMID: 29292543 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent brain diseases among the elderly, majority of which is caused by abnormal deposition of amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ). Galantamine, currently the first-line drug in treatment of AD, has been shown to diminish Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and exert favourable neuroprotective effects, but the detail mechanisms remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of galantamine on Aβ-induced cytotoxicity were checked by MTT, clone formation and apoptosis assays. The protein variations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured by western blotting analysis and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay, respectively. RESULTS Galantamine reversed Aβ-induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in neuron cells PC12. Aβ activated the entire autophagy flux and accumulation of autophagosomes, and the inhibition of autophagy decreased the protein level of cleaved-caspase-3 and Aβ-induced cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, galantamine suppressed Aβ-mediated autophagy flux and accumulation of autophagosomes. Moreover, Aβ upregulated ROS accumulation, while ROS scavengers N-acetyl-l-cysteine impaired Aβ-mediated autophagy. Further investigation showed that galantamine downregulated NOX4 expression to inhibit Aβ-mediated ROS accumulation and autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Galantamine inhibits Aβ-induced cytostatic autophagy through decreasing ROS accumulation, providing new insights into deep understanding of AD progression and molecular basis of galantamine in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingbin Lan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Longhui Yuan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Kejian Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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42
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D'Auria L, Bongarzone ER. Fluid levity of the cell: Role of membrane lipid architecture in genetic sphingolipidoses. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1019-24. [PMID: 27638586 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses arise from inherited loss of function of key enzymes regulating the sphingolipid (SL) metabolism and the accumulation of large quantities of these lipids in affected cells. Most frequently, toxicity is manifested in the nervous system, where survival and function of neurons and glial cells are most affected. Although detailed information is available on neuroglial alterations during terminal stages of the disease, the initial pathogenic mechanisms triggering neuropathology are largely unclear. Because they are key components of biological membranes, changes in the local concentration of SLs are likely to impact the organization of membrane domains and functions. This Commentary proposes that SL toxicity involves initial defects in the integrity of lipid domains, membrane fluidity, and membrane bending, leading to membrane deformation and deregulation of cell signaling and function. Understanding how SLs alter membrane architecture may provide breakthroughs for more efficient treatment of sphingolipidoses. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic D'Auria
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.
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43
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Grimm MOW, Michaelson DM, Hartmann T. Omega-3 fatty acids, lipids, and apoE lipidation in Alzheimer's disease: a rationale for multi-nutrient dementia prevention. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2083-2101. [PMID: 28528321 PMCID: PMC5665674 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r076331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become obvious that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is closely linked to changes in lipids or lipid metabolism. One of the main pathological hallmarks of AD is amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Aβ is derived from sequential proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Interestingly, both, the APP and all APP secretases are transmembrane proteins that cleave APP close to and in the lipid bilayer. Moreover, apoE4 has been identified as the most prevalent genetic risk factor for AD. ApoE is the main lipoprotein in the brain, which has an abundant role in the transport of lipids and brain lipid metabolism. Several lipidomic approaches revealed changes in the lipid levels of cerebrospinal fluid or in post mortem AD brains. Here, we review the impact of apoE and lipids in AD, focusing on the major brain lipid classes, sphingomyelin, plasmalogens, gangliosides, sulfatides, DHA, and EPA, as well as on lipid signaling molecules, like ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate. As nutritional approaches showed limited beneficial effects in clinical studies, the opportunities of combining different supplements in multi-nutritional approaches are discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O W Grimm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Department of Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, and Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Daniel M Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Department of Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, and Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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44
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Amyloid-beta neurotoxicity and clearance are both regulated by glial group II metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:274-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 Deficiency Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Improves Cognition in the 5XFAD Mouse. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8653-67. [PMID: 27535912 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1429-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent evidence implicates exosomes in the aggregation of Aβ and spreading of tau in Alzheimer's disease. In neural cells, exosome formation can be blocked by inhibition or silencing of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2). We generated genetically nSMase2-deficient 5XFAD mice (fro;5XFAD) to assess AD-related pathology in a mouse model with consistently reduced ceramide generation. We conducted in vitro assays to assess Aβ42 aggregation and glial clearance with and without exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation and determined exosome-induced amyloid aggregation by particle counting. We analyzed brain exosome content, amyloid plaque formation, neuronal degeneration, sphingolipid, Aβ42 and phospho-tau levels, and memory-related behaviors in 5XFAD versus fro;5XFAD mice using contextual and cued fear conditioning. Astrocyte-derived exosomes accelerated aggregation of Aβ42 and blocked glial clearance of Aβ42 in vitro Aβ42 aggregates were colocalized with extracellular ceramide in vitro using a bifunctional ceramide analog preloaded into exosomes and in vivo using anticeramide IgG, implicating ceramide-enriched exosomes in plaque formation. Compared with 5XFAD mice, the fro;5XFAD mice had reduced brain exosomes, ceramide levels, serum anticeramide IgG, glial activation, total Aβ42 and plaque burden, tau phosphorylation, and improved cognition in a fear-conditioned learning task. Ceramide-enriched exosomes appear to exacerbate AD-related brain pathology by promoting the aggregation of Aβ. Reduction of exosome secretion by nSMase2 loss of function improves pathology and cognition in the 5XFAD mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We present for the first time evidence, using Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice deficient in neural exosome secretion due to lack of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 function, that ceramide-enriched exosomes exacerbate AD-related pathologies and cognitive deficits. Our results provide rationale to pursue a means of inhibiting exosome secretion as a potential therapy for individuals at risk for developing AD.
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46
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HIV Tat protein and amyloid-β peptide form multifibrillar structures that cause neurotoxicity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:379-386. [PMID: 28218748 PMCID: PMC5383535 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-β plaques is increased in the brains of HIV-infected individuals, and the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein affects amyloidogenesis through several indirect mechanisms. Here, we investigated direct interactions between Tat and amyloid-β peptide. Our in vitro studies showed that in the presence of Tat, uniform amyloid fibrils become double twisted fibrils and further form populations of thick unstructured filaments and aggregates. Specifically, Tat binding to the exterior surfaces of the Aβ fibrils increases β-sheet formation and lateral aggregation into thick multifibrillar structures, thus producing fibers with increased rigidity and mechanical resistance. Furthermore, Tat and Aβ aggregates in complex synergistically induced neurotoxicity both in vitro and in animal models. Increased rigidity and mechanical resistance of the amyloid-β-Tat complexes coupled with stronger adhesion due to the presence of Tat in the fibrils may account for increased damage, potentially through pore formation in membranes.
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CD36 gene polymorphism is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Biochimie 2017; 135:46-53. [PMID: 28111291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD36 gene encodes a membrane glycoprotein (type B scavenger receptor) present on the surface of many types of cells and having multiple cellular functions ranging from angiogenesis to gustatory perception of fatty acids. Using a case control genetic association approach we have analyzed selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) in a total of 859 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and controls and have identified the allele A in rs3211892 polymorphism of CD36 gene as significantly increasing the risk of AD. Additionally we have investigated, in the same sample of control subjects and patients, SNP's in ApoE gene and confirmed that the previously identified AD-associated SNP's indeed increased the risk and decreased the age of onset of AD as reported by others earlier. Based on the current knowledge of CD36 biochemistry we propose that the AD risk-imparting variants of CD36 alter cholesterol homeostasis, oxidation stress or induce pathological inflammatory cascades. The SNP rs3211892 has previously been associated with heart disease and other conditions but the present study is the first to identify a significant association between variations in CD36 gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Gleixner AM, Posimo JM, Pant DB, Henderson MP, Leak RK. Astrocytes Surviving Severe Stress Can Still Protect Neighboring Neurons from Proteotoxic Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4939-60. [PMID: 26374549 PMCID: PMC4792804 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are one of the major cell types to combat cellular stress and protect neighboring neurons from injury. In order to fulfill this important role, astrocytes must sense and respond to toxic stimuli, perhaps including stimuli that are severely stressful and kill some of the astrocytes. The present study demonstrates that primary astrocytes that managed to survive severe proteotoxic stress were protected against subsequent challenges. These findings suggest that the phenomenon of preconditioning or tolerance can be extended from mild to severe stress for this cell type. Astrocytic stress adaptation lasted at least 96 h, the longest interval tested. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was raised in stressed astrocytes, but inhibition of neither Hsp70 nor Hsp32 activity abolished their resistance against a second proteotoxic challenge. Only inhibition of glutathione synthesis abolished astrocytic stress adaptation, consistent with our previous report. Primary neurons were plated upon previously stressed astrocytes, and the cocultures were then exposed to another proteotoxic challenge. Severely stressed astrocytes were still able to protect neighboring neurons against this injury, and the protection was unexpectedly independent of glutathione synthesis. Stressed astrocytes were even able to protect neurons after simultaneous application of proteasome and Hsp70 inhibitors, which otherwise elicited synergistic, severe loss of neurons when applied together. Astrocyte-induced neuroprotection against proteotoxicity was not elicited with astrocyte-conditioned media, suggesting that physical cell-to-cell contacts may be essential. These findings suggest that astrocytes may adapt to severe stress so that they can continue to protect neighboring cell types from profound injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Gleixner
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Jessica M Posimo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Deepti B Pant
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Matthew P Henderson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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Ellis B, Hye A, Snowden SG. Metabolic Modifications in Human Biofluids Suggest the Involvement of Sphingolipid, Antioxidant, and Glutamate Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:313-27. [PMID: 25835424 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementia, with the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β and formation of neurofibrillary tau tangles as leading explanations of pathology. With the difficulties of studying the brain directly, it is hoped that identifying the effect of AD on the metabolite composition of biofluids will provide insights into underlying mechanisms of pathology. The present review identified 705 distinct metabolite reports representing 448 structurally distinct metabolites in six human biofluids, with 147 metabolites increased and 214 metabolites decreased with AD, while 80 metabolites showed inconsistent shifts. Sphingolipid, antioxidant, and glutamate metabolism were found to be strongly associated with AD and were selected for detailed investigation of their role in pathogenesis. In plasma, two ceramides increased and eight sphingomyelins decreased with AD, with total ceramides shown to increase in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid. In general antioxidants were shown to be depleted, with oxidative stress markers elevated in a range of biofluids in patients suggesting AD produces a pro-oxidative environment. Shifts in glutamate and glutamine and elevation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal suggests peroxidation of the astrocyte lipid bilayer resulting in reduced glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft, suggesting a excitotoxicity component to AD pathology; however, due to inconsistencies in literature reports, reliable interpretation is difficult. The present review has shown that metabolite shifts in biofluids can provide valuable insights into potential pathological mechanisms in the brain, with sphingolipid, antioxidant, and glutamate metabolism being implicated in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ellis
- Kings College London, School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart G Snowden
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
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Dinkins MB, Dasgupta S, Wang G, Zhu G, He Q, Kong JN, Bieberich E. The 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Exhibits an Age-Dependent Increase in Anti-Ceramide IgG and Exogenous Administration of Ceramide Further Increases Anti-Ceramide Titers and Amyloid Plaque Burden. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:55-61. [PMID: 25720409 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence that 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model mice develop an age-dependent increase in antibodies against ceramide, suggesting involvement of autoimmunity against ceramide in Alzheimer's disease pathology. To test this, we increased serum anti-ceramide IgG (2-fold) by ceramide administration and analyzed amyloid plaque formation in 5XFAD mice. There were no differences in soluble or total amyloid-β levels. However, females receiving ceramide had increased plaque burden (number, area, and size) compared to controls. Ceramide-treated mice showed an increase of serum exosomes (up to 3-fold using Alix as marker), suggesting that systemic anti-ceramide IgG and exosome levels are correlated with enhanced plaque formation.
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