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Ma Q, Chen G, Li Y, Guo Z, Zhang X. The molecular genetics of PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in the malformations of cortical development. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101021. [PMID: 39006182 PMCID: PMC11245990 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are a group of developmental disorders characterized by abnormal cortical structures caused by genetic or harmful environmental factors. Many kinds of MCD are caused by genetic variation. MCD is the common cause of intellectual disability and intractable epilepsy. With rapid advances in imaging and sequencing technologies, the diagnostic rate of MCD has been increasing, and many potential genes causing MCD have been successively identified. However, the high genetic heterogeneity of MCD makes it challenging to understand the molecular pathogenesis of MCD and to identify effective targeted drugs. Thus, in this review, we outline important events of cortical development. Then we illustrate the progress of molecular genetic studies about MCD focusing on the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway. Finally, we briefly discuss the diagnostic methods, disease models, and therapeutic strategies for MCD. The information will facilitate further research on MCD. Understanding the role of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway in MCD could lead to a novel strategy for treating MCD-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Ying Li
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Theranostics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
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Sung CYW, Li M, Jonjic S, Sanchez V, Britt WJ. Cytomegalovirus infection lengthens the cell cycle of granule cell precursors during postnatal cerebellar development. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175525. [PMID: 38855871 PMCID: PMC11382886 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in infants infected in utero can lead to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, mechanisms underlying altered neurodevelopment in infected infants remain poorly understood. We have previously described a murine model of congenital HCMV infection in which murine CMV (MCMV) spreads hematogenously and establishes a focal infection in all regions of the brain of newborn mice, including the cerebellum. Infection resulted in disruption of cerebellar cortical development characterized by reduced cerebellar size and foliation. This disruption was associated with altered cell cycle progression of the granule cell precursors (GCPs), which are the progenitors that give rise to granule cells (GCs), the most abundant neurons in the cerebellum. In the current study, we have demonstrated that MCMV infection leads to prolonged GCP cell cycle, premature exit from the cell cycle, and reduced numbers of GCs resulting in cerebellar hypoplasia. Treatment with TNF-α neutralizing antibody partially normalized the cell cycle alterations of GCPs and altered cerebellar morphogenesis induced by MCMV infection. Collectively, our results argue that virus-induced inflammation altered the cell cycle of GCPs resulting in a reduced numbers of GCs and cerebellar cortical hypoplasia, thus providing a potential mechanism for altered neurodevelopment in fetuses infected with HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Yea Won Sung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Laboratory of Hearing Biology and Therapeutics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology and
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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3
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Knol MJ, Poot RA, Evans TE, Satizabal CL, Mishra A, Sargurupremraj M, van der Auwera S, Duperron MG, Jian X, Hostettler IC, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Lamballais S, Pawlak MA, Lewis CE, Carrion-Castillo A, van Erp TGM, Reinbold CS, Shin J, Scholz M, Håberg AK, Kämpe A, Li GHY, Avinun R, Atkins JR, Hsu FC, Amod AR, Lam M, Tsuchida A, Teunissen MWA, Aygün N, Patel Y, Liang D, Beiser AS, Beyer F, Bis JC, Bos D, Bryan RN, Bülow R, Caspers S, Catheline G, Cecil CAM, Dalvie S, Dartigues JF, DeCarli C, Enlund-Cerullo M, Ford JM, Franke B, Freedman BI, Friedrich N, Green MJ, Haworth S, Helmer C, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Ikram MK, Jack CR, Jahanshad N, Jockwitz C, Kamatani Y, Knodt AR, Li S, Lim K, Longstreth WT, Macciardi F, Mäkitie O, Mazoyer B, Medland SE, Miyamoto S, Moebus S, Mosley TH, Muetzel R, Mühleisen TW, Nagata M, Nakahara S, Palmer ND, Pausova Z, Preda A, Quidé Y, Reay WR, Roshchupkin GV, Schmidt R, Schreiner PJ, Setoh K, Shapland CY, Sidney S, St Pourcain B, Stein JL, Tabara Y, Teumer A, Uhlmann A, van der Lugt A, Vernooij MW, Werring DJ, Windham BG, Witte AV, Wittfeld K, Yang Q, Yoshida K, Brunner HG, Le Grand Q, Sim K, Stein DJ, Bowden DW, Cairns MJ, Hariri AR, Cheung CL, Andersson S, Villringer A, Paus T, Cichon S, Calhoun VD, Crivello F, Launer LJ, White T, Koudstaal PJ, Houlden H, Fornage M, Matsuda F, Grabe HJ, Ikram MA, Debette S, Thompson PM, Seshadri S, Adams HHH. Genetic variants for head size share genes and pathways with cancer. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101529. [PMID: 38703765 PMCID: PMC11148644 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The size of the human head is highly heritable, but genetic drivers of its variation within the general population remain unmapped. We perform a genome-wide association study on head size (N = 80,890) and identify 67 genetic loci, of which 50 are novel. Neuroimaging studies show that 17 variants affect specific brain areas, but most have widespread effects. Gene set enrichment is observed for various cancers and the p53, Wnt, and ErbB signaling pathways. Genes harboring lead variants are enriched for macrocephaly syndrome genes (37-fold) and high-fidelity cancer genes (9-fold), which is not seen for human height variants. Head size variants are also near genes preferentially expressed in intermediate progenitor cells, neural cells linked to evolutionary brain expansion. Our results indicate that genes regulating early brain and cranial growth incline to neoplasia later in life, irrespective of height. This warrants investigation of clinical implications of the link between head size and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aniket Mishra
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Duperron
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel C Hostettler
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neurosurgical Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Lamballais
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mikolaj A Pawlak
- Department of Neurology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Computational Life Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE Research Center for Civilization Disease, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Kämpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gloria H Y Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Reut Avinun
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa R Amod
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Lam
- North Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Population and Global Health, LKC Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ami Tsuchida
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mariël W A Teunissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yash Patel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frauke Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gwenaëlle Catheline
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, team NeuroImagerie et Cognition Humaine, Bordeaux, France; EPHE-PSL University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SEPIA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Enlund-Cerullo
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith M Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keane Lim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Urban Public Health, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manabu Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nakahara
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chin Yang Shapland
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - B Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics MUMC+, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, and MHeNs School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Quentin Le Grand
- Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) {Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory}, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Houlden
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
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Pastor-Alonso O, Syeda Zahra A, Kaske B, García-Moreno F, Tetzlaff F, Bockelmann E, Grunwald V, Martín-Suárez S, Riecken K, Witte OW, Encinas JM, Urbach A. Generation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells occurs in the early postnatal dentate gyrus and depends on cyclin D2. EMBO J 2024; 43:317-338. [PMID: 38177500 PMCID: PMC10897295 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lifelong hippocampal neurogenesis is maintained by a pool of multipotent adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) residing in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms guiding transition of NSCs from the developmental to the adult state remain unclear. We show here, by using nestin-based reporter mice deficient for cyclin D2, that the aNSC pool is established through cyclin D2-dependent proliferation during the first two weeks of life. The absence of cyclin D2 does not affect normal development of the dentate gyrus until birth but prevents postnatal formation of radial glia-like aNSCs. Furthermore, retroviral fate mapping reveals that aNSCs are born on-site from precursors located in the dentate gyrus shortly after birth. Taken together, our data identify the critical time window and the spatial location of the precursor divisions that generate the persistent population of aNSCs and demonstrate the central role of cyclin D2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Pastor-Alonso
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Anum Syeda Zahra
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Bente Kaske
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felix Tetzlaff
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Enno Bockelmann
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Grunwald
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Soraya Martín-Suárez
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Otto Wilhelm Witte
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena Centre for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Centre for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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5
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Troumpoukis D, Vasileiou AR, Siskos N, Stylianopoulou E, Ypsilantis P, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Characterization of the Abracl-Expressing Cell Populations in the Embryonic Mammalian Telencephalon. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1337. [PMID: 37759737 PMCID: PMC10527439 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abracl (ABRA C-terminal-like protein) is a small, non-typical winged-helix protein that shares similarity with the C-terminal domain of the protein ABRA (Actin-Binding Rho-Activating protein). The role of Abracl in the cell remains elusive, although in cancer cells, it has been implicated in proliferation, migration and actin dynamics. Our previous study showed that Abracl mRNA was expressed in the dividing cells of the subpallial subventricular zone (SVZ), in the developing cortical plate (CP), and in the diencephalic SVZ; however, the molecular identities of the Abracl-expressing cell populations were not defined in that work. In this study, we use double immunofluorescence to characterize the expression of Abracl on sections of embryonic murine (E11.5-E18.5) and feline (E30/31-E33/34) telencephalon; to this end, we use a battery of well-known molecular markers of cycling (Ki67, Ascl1, Dlx2) or post-mitotic (Tubb3, Gad65/67, Lhx6 and Tbr1) cells. Our experiments show that Abracl protein has, compared to the mRNA, a broader expression domain, including, apart from proliferating cells of the subpallial and diencephalic SVZ, post-mitotic cells occupying the subpallial and pallial mantle (including the CP), as well as subpallial-derived migrating interneurons. Interestingly, in late embryonic developmental stages, Abracl was also transiently detected in major telencephalic fiber tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Troumpoukis
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
| | - Andreas Rafail Vasileiou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Nikistratos Siskos
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
| | - Electra Stylianopoulou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Petros Ypsilantis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Skavdis
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation & Diagnostic Technology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Maria E. Grigoriou
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece (E.S.)
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6
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Slavi N, Balasubramanian R, Lee MA, Liapin M, Oaks-Leaf R, Peregrin J, Potenski A, Troy CM, Ross ME, Herrera E, Kosmidis S, John SWM, Mason CA. CyclinD2-mediated regulation of neurogenic output from the retinal ciliary margin is perturbed in albinism. Neuron 2023; 111:49-64.e5. [PMID: 36351424 PMCID: PMC9822872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In albinism, aberrations in the ipsi-/contralateral retinal ganglion cell (RGC) ratio compromise the functional integrity of the binocular circuit. Here, we focus on the mouse ciliary margin zone (CMZ), a neurogenic niche at the embryonic peripheral retina, to investigate developmental processes regulating RGC neurogenesis and identity acquisition. We found that the mouse ventral CMZ generates predominantly ipsilaterally projecting RGCs, but this output is altered in the albino visual system because of CyclinD2 downregulation and disturbed timing of the cell cycle. Consequently, albino as well as CyclinD2-deficient pigmented mice exhibit diminished ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection and poor depth perception. In albino mice, pharmacological stimulation of calcium channels, known to upregulate CyclinD2 in other cell types, augmented CyclinD2-dependent neurogenesis of ipsilateral RGCs and improved stereopsis. Together, these results implicate CMZ neurogenesis and its regulators as critical for the formation and function of the mammalian binocular circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefeli Slavi
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Revathi Balasubramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Ann Lee
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Liapin
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Oaks-Leaf
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Peregrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Potenski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Marie Troy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Stylianos Kosmidis
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon William Maxwell John
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Ann Mason
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Suzuki T. Overview of single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and its application to spermatogenesis research. Reprod Med Biol 2023; 22:e12502. [PMID: 36726594 PMCID: PMC9884325 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Single-cell transcriptomics allows parallel analysis of multiple cell types in tissues. Because testes comprise somatic cells and germ cells at various stages of spermatogenesis, single-cell RNA sequencing is a powerful tool for investigating the complex process of spermatogenesis. However, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis needs extensive knowledge of experimental technologies and bioinformatics, making it difficult for many, particularly experimental biologists and clinicians, to use it. Methods Aiming to make single-cell RNA sequencing analysis familiar, this review article presents an overview of experimental and computational methods for single-cell RNA sequencing analysis with a history of transcriptomics. In addition, combining the PubMed search and manual curation, this review also provides a summary of recent novel insights into human and mouse spermatogenesis obtained using single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. Main Findings Single-cell RNA sequencing identified mesenchymal cells and type II innate lymphoid cells as novel testicular cell types in the adult mouse testes, as well as detailed subtypes of germ cells. This review outlines recent discoveries into germ cell development and subtypes, somatic cell development, and cell-cell interactions. Conclusion The findings on spermatogenesis obtained using single-cell RNA sequencing may contribute to a deeper understanding of spermatogenesis and provide new directions for male fertility therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrated Medical Science (IMS)Yokohama CityKanagawaJapan
- Graduate School of Medical Life ScienceYokohama City UniversityYokohama CityKanagawaJapan
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8
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Llorca A, Deogracias R. Origin, Development, and Synaptogenesis of Cortical Interneurons. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:929469. [PMID: 35833090 PMCID: PMC9272671 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.929469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex represents one of the most recent and astonishing inventions of nature, responsible of a large diversity of functions that range from sensory processing to high-order cognitive abilities, such as logical reasoning or language. Decades of dedicated study have contributed to our current understanding of this structure, both at structural and functional levels. A key feature of the neocortex is its outstanding richness in cell diversity, composed by multiple types of long-range projecting neurons and locally connecting interneurons. In this review, we will describe the great diversity of interneurons that constitute local neocortical circuits and summarize the mechanisms underlying their development and their assembly into functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Llorca
| | - Ruben Deogracias
- Neuronal Circuits Formation and Brain Disorders Laboratory, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Ruben Deogracias
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9
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Impaired Generation of Transit-Amplifying Progenitors in the Adult Subventricular Zone of Cyclin D2 Knockout Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010135. [PMID: 35011697 PMCID: PMC8750346 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain, new neurons are constitutively derived from postnatal neural stem cells/progenitors located in two neurogenic regions: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (migrating and differentiating into different subtypes of the inhibitory interneurons of the olfactory bulbs), and the subgranular layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Cyclin D2 knockout (cD2-KO) mice exhibit reduced numbers of new hippocampal neurons; however, the proliferation deficiency and the dysregulation of adult neurogenesis in the SVZ required further investigation. In this report, we characterized the differentiation potential of each subpopulation of the SVZ neural precursors in cD2-KO mice. The number of newly generated cells in the SVZs was significantly decreased in cD2-KO mice compared to wild type mice (WT), and was not accompanied by elevated levels of apoptosis. Although the number of B1-type quiescent precursors (B1q) and the overall B1-type activated precursors (B1a) were not affected in the SVZ neurogenic niche, the number of transit-amplifying progenitors (TaPs) was significantly reduced. Additionally, the subpopulations of calbindin D28k and calretinin interneurons were diminished in the olfactory bulbs of cD2-KO mice. Our results suggest that cyclin D2 might be critical for the proliferation of neural precursors and progenitors in the SVZ—the transition of B1a into TaPs and, thereafter, the production of newly generated interneurons in the olfactory bulbs. Untangling regulators that functionally modulate adult neurogenesis provides a basis for the development of regenerative therapies for injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.
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10
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Zhang LB, Qiu TT, Yang WWJ. Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Distinct Role of 5'UTR-specific m6A RNA Modification in Mice Developing Cerebral Cortices. Dev Neurosci 2021; 44:67-79. [PMID: 34959237 DOI: 10.1159/000521620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) abundantly exists in the cerebral cortex, and is emerging as an essential factor in cortical development and function. As the m6A binding site appears to be dynamically methylated in different RNA regions at the temporal-specific developing stage, it is of value to distinguish the unique character of region- and temporal-specific m6A. Herein, we analyzed the status of temporal-specific m6A within RNA 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) using m6A-methylated sequencing data and transcriptomic sequencing data from 12.5-13-day embryonic cerebral cortices and 14-day postnatal ones. We identified sorts of RNAs that are uniquely m6A-methylated in the 5'UTR region and sorted them into specific neurological processes. Compared with 3'UTR-m6A-methylated RNAs, 5'UTR-m6A-methylated RNAs showed unique functions and mechanisms in regulating cortical development, especially through the pathway of mRNA transport and surveillance. Moreover, the 5'UTR-specific m6A was associated with neurological disorders as well. The FoxO signaling pathway was then focused by these pathogenic 5'UTR-m6A-methylated RNAs, and explored to be involved in the determination of neurological disorders. Additionally, the 5'UTR-m6A-modification patterns and transcriptional patterns play independent but cohesive roles in the developing cortices. Our study emphasizes the importance of 5'UTR-specific m6A in the developing cortex and provides an informative reference for future studies of 5'UTR-specific m6A in normal cortical development and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Bin Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Wu-Wei-Jie Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
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11
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Down-regulation of cyclin D2 in amyloid β toxicity, inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259740. [PMID: 34793515 PMCID: PMC8601534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we analyzed the effects of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and amyloid β (Aβ) peptide on the expression of genes encoding cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) in: (i) PC12 cells overexpressing human beta amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), wild-type (APPwt-PC12), or carrying the Swedish mutantion (APPsw-PC12); (ii) the murine hippocampus during SIR; and (iii) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. In APPwt-PC12 expression of cyclin D2 (cD2) was exclusively reduced, and in APPsw-PC12 cyclins cD2 and also cA1 were down-regulated, but cA2, cB1, cB2, and cE1 were up-regulated. In the SIR cD2, cB2, cE1 were found to be significantly down-regulated and cD3, Cdk5, and Cdk7 were significantly up-regulated. Cyclin cD2 was also found to be down-regulated in AD neocortex and hippocampus. Our novel data indicate that Aβ peptide and inflammation both significantly decreased the expression of cD2, suggesting that Aβ peptides may also contribute to downregulation of cD2 in AD brain.
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12
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Agrawal M, Welshhans K. Local Translation Across Neural Development: A Focus on Radial Glial Cells, Axons, and Synaptogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:717170. [PMID: 34434089 PMCID: PMC8380849 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.717170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mRNA localization and translation at distal sites in axons and dendrites. The existing literature shows that local translation is regulated in a temporally and spatially restricted manner and is critical throughout embryonic and post-embryonic life. Here, recent key findings about mRNA localization and local translation across the various stages of neural development, including neurogenesis, axon development, and synaptogenesis, are reviewed. In the early stages of development, mRNAs are localized and locally translated in the endfeet of radial glial cells, but much is still unexplored about their functional significance. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided new information about the specific mechanisms regulating local translation during axon development, including growth cone guidance and axon branching. Later in development, localization and translation of mRNAs help mediate the major structural and functional changes that occur in the axon during synaptogenesis. Clinically, changes in local translation across all stages of neural development have important implications for understanding the etiology of several neurological disorders. Herein, local translation and mechanisms regulating this process across developmental stages are compared and discussed in the context of function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Agrawal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Kristy Welshhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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13
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Yousefi F, Soltani BM, Rabbani S. MicroRNA‑331 inhibits isoproterenol‑induced expression of profibrotic genes in cardiac myofibroblasts via the TGFβ/smad3 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2548. [PMID: 33510328 PMCID: PMC7843612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis in the failing heart is modulated by activated myofibroblasts, and is a pathology marked by their deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The TGFβ signaling pathway is important in stimulating fibrosis and therefore seems an attractive new target for anti-fibrotic therapy. The relationship between ncRNAs and TGFβ signaling pathway has been extensively studied. Here, we have provided several lines of evidence to prove that the fibrosis process could be regulated by miR-331 through targeting TGFβ signaling. First, bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase assay validated a direct interaction between the miR-331 and TGFβ-R1 3'UTR sequence which results in the downregulation of TGFβ signaling pathway. Second, miR-331 expression was inversely related to the expression of a number of genes which are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) production and deposition processes, both in the in vivo and in vitro fibrosis models. Third, in cultured mouse and human cardiac myofibroblasts (CMyoFbs) under ISO treatment, overexpression of miR-331 decreased the expression level of fibrosis-related genes. Consistently, western blot analysis confirmed that miR-331 overexpression ended in both Smad3 and Col1A1 protein level reduction in mouse cardiac myofibroblasts. Finally, flow cytometry analysis, cyclin D1 and D2 gene expression analysis, and wound-healing assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of miR-331 against cell proliferation and migration in ISO-treated cardiac myofibroblasts. Taken together, accumulative results showed that miR-331 reduced the level of fibrosis-related proteins in cardiac myofibroblasts culture via regulating TGFβ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram M Soltani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Rabbani
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Turrero García M, Stegmann SK, Lacey TE, Reid CM, Hrvatin S, Weinreb C, Adam MA, Nagy MA, Harwell CC. Transcriptional profiling of sequentially generated septal neuron fates. eLife 2021; 10:71545. [PMID: 34851821 PMCID: PMC8694698 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The septum is a ventral forebrain structure known to regulate innate behaviors. During embryonic development, septal neurons are produced in multiple proliferative areas from neural progenitors following transcriptional programs that are still largely unknown. Here, we use a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, histology, and genetic models to address how septal neuron diversity is established during neurogenesis. We find that the transcriptional profiles of septal progenitors change along neurogenesis, coinciding with the generation of distinct neuron types. We characterize the septal eminence, an anatomically distinct and transient proliferative zone composed of progenitors with distinctive molecular profiles, proliferative capacity, and fate potential compared to the rostral septal progenitor zone. We show that Nkx2.1-expressing septal eminence progenitors give rise to neurons belonging to at least three morphological classes, born in temporal cohorts that are distributed across different septal nuclei in a sequential fountain-like pattern. Our study provides insight into the molecular programs that control the sequential production of different neuronal types in the septum, a structure with important roles in regulating mood and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah K Stegmann
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Tiara E Lacey
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Biological and Biomedical Sciences PhD program at Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,PhD Program in Neuroscience at Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Sinisa Hrvatin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Caleb Weinreb
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,PhD Program in Systems Biology at Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Manal A Adam
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - M Aurel Nagy
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,PhD Program in Neuroscience at Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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15
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Turrero García M, Baizabal JM, Tran DN, Peixoto R, Wang W, Xie Y, Adam MA, English LA, Reid CM, Brito SI, Booker MA, Tolstorukov MY, Harwell CC. Transcriptional regulation of MGE progenitor proliferation by PRDM16 controls cortical GABAergic interneuron production. Development 2020; 147:dev187526. [PMID: 33060132 PMCID: PMC7687860 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cortex is populated by neurons derived from neural progenitors located throughout the embryonic telencephalon. Excitatory neurons are derived from the dorsal telencephalon, whereas inhibitory interneurons are generated in its ventral portion. The transcriptional regulator PRDM16 is expressed by radial glia, neural progenitors present in both regions; however, its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. It is unclear whether PRDM16 plays a similar role in neurogenesis in both dorsal and ventral progenitor lineages and, if so, whether it regulates common or unique networks of genes. Here, we show that Prdm16 expression in mouse medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors is required for maintaining their proliferative capacity and for the production of proper numbers of forebrain GABAergic interneurons. PRDM16 binds to cis-regulatory elements and represses the expression of region-specific neuronal differentiation genes, thereby controlling the timing of neuronal maturation. PRDM16 regulates convergent developmental gene expression programs in the cortex and MGE, which utilize both common and region-specific sets of genes to control the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors, ensuring the generation of correct numbers of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana N Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Peixoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yajun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manal A Adam
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren A English
- Summer Honors Undergraduate Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador I Brito
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Hwang Y, Hidalgo D, Socolovsky M. The shifting shape and functional specializations of the cell cycle during lineage development. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1504. [PMID: 32916032 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essentially all cell cycling in multicellular organisms in vivo takes place in the context of lineage differentiation. This notwithstanding, the regulation of the cell cycle is often assumed to be generic, independent of tissue or developmental stage. Here we review developmental-stage-specific cell cycle adaptations that may influence developmental decisions, in mammalian erythropoiesis and in other lineages. The length of the cell cycle influences the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in multiple tissues, and may determine lineage fate. Shorter cycles contribute to the efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotency stem cells and help maintain the pluripotent state. While the plasticity of G1 length is well established, the speed of S phase is emerging as a novel regulated parameter that may influence cell fate transitions in the erythroid lineage, in neural tissue and in embryonic stem cells. A slow S phase may stabilize the self-renewal state, whereas S phase shortening may favor a cell fate change. In the erythroid lineage, functional approaches and single-cell RNA-sequencing show that a key transcriptional switch, at the transition from self-renewal to differentiation, is synchronized with and dependent on S phase. This specific S phase is shorter, as a result of a genome-wide increase in the speed of replication forks. Furthermore, there is progressive shortening in G1 in the period preceding this switch. Together these studies suggest an integrated regulatory landscape of the cycle and differentiation programs, where cell cycle adaptations are controlled by, and in turn feed back on, the propagation of developmental trajectories. This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Developmental Biology > Lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hwang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Hidalgo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Merav Socolovsky
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Colas P. Cyclin-dependent kinases and rare developmental disorders. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:203. [PMID: 32762766 PMCID: PMC7410148 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies in the past 30 years have established that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) exert many diverse, important functions in a number of molecular and cellular processes that are at play during development. Not surprisingly, mutations affecting CDKs or their activating cyclin subunits have been involved in a variety of rare human developmental disorders. These recent findings are reviewed herein, giving a particular attention to the discovered mutations and their demonstrated or hypothesized functional consequences, which can account for pathological human phenotypes. The review highlights novel, important CDK or cyclin functions that were unveiled by their association with human disorders, and it discusses the shortcomings of mouse models to reveal some of these functions. It explains how human genetics can be used in combination with proteome-scale interaction databases to loom regulatory networks around CDKs and cyclins. Finally, it advocates the use of these networks to profile pathogenic CDK or cyclin variants, in order to gain knowledge on protein function and on pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Colas
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université / CNRS, Roscoff, France.
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18
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MicroRNAs are indispensable for the proliferation and differentiation of adult neural progenitor cells in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:209-214. [PMID: 32828287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
More than two decades after the discovery of adult neurogenesis in humans, researchers still struggle to elucidate the underlying transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. RNA interference is a crucially important process in the central nervous system, and its role in adult neurogenesis is poorly understood. In this work, we address the role of Dicer-dependent microRNA biogenesis in neuronal differentiation of adult neural stem cells within the subventricular zone of the mouse brain. Loss of the Dicer1 gene in the tailless (Tlx)-positive cells did not cause the decline in their numbers, but severely affected differentiation. Thus, our findings identify yet another phenomenon associated with microRNA pathway deregulation in adult neural stem cells which might be of relevance both for neuroscience and clinical practice.
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Grison A, Atanasoski S. Cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in the Mouse Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3206-3218. [PMID: 32506380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development and normal physiology of the nervous system require proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells in a strictly controlled manner. The number of cells generated depends on the type of cell division, the cell cycle length, and the fraction of cells that exit the cell cycle to become quiescent or differentiate. The underlying processes are tightly controlled and modulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their interactions with cyclins and Cdk inhibitors (CKIs). Studies performed in the nervous system with mouse models lacking individual Cdks, cyclins, and CKIs, or combinations thereof, have shown that many of these molecules control proliferation rates in a cell-type specific and time-dependent manner. In this review, we will provide an update on the in vivo studies on cyclins, Cdks, and CKIs in neuronal and glial tissue. The goal is to highlight their impact on proliferation processes during the development of the peripheral and central nervous system, including and comparing normal and pathological conditions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grison
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Jessop ZM, Al-Sabah A, Simoes IN, Burnell SEA, Pieper IL, Thornton CA, Whitaker IS. Isolation and characterisation of nasoseptal cartilage stem/progenitor cells and their role in the chondrogenic niche. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32408888 PMCID: PMC7222513 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since cartilage-derived stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) were first identified in articular cartilage using differential adhesion to fibronectin, their self-renewal capacity and niche-specific lineage preference for chondrogenesis have propelled their application for cartilage tissue engineering. In many adult tissues, stem/progenitor cells are recognised to be involved in tissue homeostasis. However, the role of nasoseptal CSPCs has not yet been elucidated. Our aim was to isolate and characterise nasoseptal CSPCs alongside nasoseptal chondrocyte populations and determine chondrogenic capacity. METHODS Here, we isolated nasoseptal CSPCs using differential adhesion to fibronectin and assessed their colony forming efficiency, proliferation kinetics, karyotype and trilineage potential. CSPCs were characterised alongside non-fibronectin-adherent nasoseptal chondrocytes (DNCs) and cartilage-derived cells (CDCs, a heterogenous combination of DNCs and CSPCs) by assessing differences in gene expression profiles using PCR Stem Cell Array, immunophenotype using flow cytometry and chondrogencity using RT-PCR and histology. RESULTS CSPCs were clonogenic with increased gene expression of the neuroectodermal markers NCAM1 and N-Cadherin, as well as Cyclins D1 and D2, compared to DNCs. All three cell populations expressed recognised mesenchymal stem cell surface markers (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90), yet only CSPCs and CDCs showed multilineage differentiation potential. CDC populations expressed significantly higher levels of type 2 collagen and bone morphogenetic protein 2 genes, with greater cartilage extracellular matrix secretion. When DNCs were cultured in isolation, there was reduced chondrogenicity and higher expression of type 1 collagen, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), CD73 and CD90, recognised markers of a fibroblast-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Fibronectin-adherent CSPCs demonstrate a unique gene expression profile compared to non-fibronectin-adherent DNCs. DNCs cultured in isolation, without CSPCs, express fibroblastic phenotype with reduced chondrogenicity. Mixed populations of stem/progenitor cells and chondrocytes were required for optimal chondrogenesis, suggesting that CSPCs may be required to retain phenotypic stability and chondrogenic potential of DNCs. Crosstalk between DNCs and CSPCs is proposed based on SDF-1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK
| | - Ayesha Al-Sabah
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Irina N Simoes
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephanie E A Burnell
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ina Laura Pieper
- Calon Cardio-Technology Ltd, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. .,Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
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21
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Abstract
Binocular vision depends on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon projection either to the same side or to the opposite side of the brain. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms for decussation of RGC axons, with a focus on axon guidance signaling at the optic chiasm and ipsi- and contralateral axon organization in the optic tract prior to and during targeting. The spatial and temporal features of RGC neurogenesis that give rise to ipsilateral and contralateral identity are described. The albino visual system is highlighted as an apt comparative model for understanding RGC decussation, as albinos have a reduced ipsilateral projection and altered RGC neurogenesis associated with perturbed melanogenesis in the retinal pigment epithelium. Understanding the steps for RGC specification into ipsi- and contralateral subtypes will facilitate differentiation of stem cells into RGCs with proper navigational abilities for effective axon regeneration and correct targeting of higher-order visual centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Nefeli Slavi
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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22
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Wei Y, Han X, Zhao C. PDK1 regulates the survival of the developing cortical interneurons. Mol Brain 2020; 13:65. [PMID: 32366272 PMCID: PMC7197138 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons are critical for maintaining the excitatory/inhibitory balance. During the development cortical interneurons originate from the ganglionic eminence and arrive at the dorsal cortex through two tangential migration routes. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of cortical interneurons remain unclear. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) has been shown to be involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation and migration, and plays an important role in the neurogenesis of cortical excitatory neurons. However, the function of PDK1 in interneurons is still unclear. Here, we reported that the disruption of Pdk1 in the subpallium achieved by crossing the Dlx5/6-Cre-IRES-EGFP line with Pdk1fl/fl mice led to the severely increased apoptosis of immature interneurons, subsequently resulting in a remarkable reduction in cortical interneurons. However, the tangential migration, progenitor pools and cell proliferation were not affected by the disruption of Pdk1. We further found the activity of AKT-GSK3β signaling pathway was decreased after Pdk1 deletion, suggesting it might be involved in the regulation of the survival of cortical interneurons. These results provide new insights into the function of PDK1 in the development of the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, MOE, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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23
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Sohni A, Tan K, Song HW, Burow D, de Rooij DG, Laurent L, Hsieh TC, Rabah R, Hammoud SS, Vicini E, Wilkinson MF. The Neonatal and Adult Human Testis Defined at the Single-Cell Level. Cell Rep 2020; 26:1501-1517.e4. [PMID: 30726734 PMCID: PMC6402825 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis has been intensely studied in rodents but remains poorly understood in humans. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze human testes. Clustering analysis of neonatal testes reveals several cell subsets, including cell populations with characteristics of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). In adult testes, we identify four undifferentiated spermatogonia (SPG) clusters, each of which expresses specific marker genes. We identify protein markers for the most primitive SPG state, allowing us to purify this likely SSC-enriched cell subset. We map the timeline of male germ cell development from PGCs through fetal germ cells to differentiating adult SPG stages. We also define somatic cell subsets in both neonatal and adult testes and trace their developmental trajectories. Our data provide a blueprint of the developing human male germline and supporting somatic cells. The PGC-like and SSC markers are candidates to be used for SSC therapy to treat infertility. Sohni et al. use scRNA-seq analysis to define cell subsets in the human testis. Highlights include the identification of primordial germ cell- and spermatogonial stem cell-like cell subsets in neonatal testes, numerous undifferentiated spermatogonial cell states in adult testes, and somatic cell subsets in both neonatal and adult testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sohni
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hye-Won Song
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dana Burow
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dirk G de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Laurent
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tung-Chin Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
| | - Raja Rabah
- Pediatric and Perinatal Pathology, Michigan Medicine, CS Mott and VonVoigtlander Women's Hospitals, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4272, USA
| | - Saher Sue Hammoud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elena Vicini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic, Section of Histology Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Miles F Wilkinson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Bouchart C, Trépant AL, Hein M, Van Gestel D, Demetter P. Prognostic impact of glioblastoma stem cell markers OLIG2 and CCND2. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1069-1078. [PMID: 31568682 PMCID: PMC6997071 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal malignant brain tumor in adults. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are implicated in this poor prognosis and in radio(chemo‐)resistance. We have previously demonstrated that among potentially highly specific GSC markers oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) appears to be the most specific and cyclin D2 (CCND2) the only one related to cell cycle regulation. The purpose of this work was to investigate the clinical significance and the evolution of OLIG2 and CCND2 protein expression in GBM. Methods and results Immunohistochemical expression analysis of Olig2 and Ccnd2 was carried out on a cohort of human paired GBM samples comparing initial resections with local recurrent tumors after radiation therapy (RT) alone or radio‐chemotherapy with temozolomide (RT‐TMZ). Uni‐ and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that significant risk factors predicting early mortality (<12 months) are: subtotal surgery for recurrence, time to recurrence <6 months, Ccnd2 nuclear expression at initial surgery ≥30%, and Olig2 nuclear expression <30% at second surgery after RT alone and RT‐TMZ. Conclusions We demonstrated that patients for whom nuclear expression of Olig2 becomes low (<30%) after adjuvant treatments have a significantly shorter time to recurrence and survival reflecting most probably a proneural to mesenchymal transition of the GSCs population. We also highlighted the fact that at initial surgery, high nuclear expression (≥30%) of CCND2, a G1/S regulator specific of GSCs, has a prognostic value and is associated with early mortality (<12 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bouchart
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Trépant
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Hein
- Department of Psychiatry and Sleep Laboratory, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Gestel
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Demetter
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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26
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Mason C, Guillery R. Conversations with Ray Guillery on albinism: linking Siamese cat visual pathway connectivity to mouse retinal development. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 49:913-927. [PMID: 30801828 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In albinism of all species, perturbed melanin biosynthesis in the eye leads to foveal hypoplasia, retinal ganglion cell misrouting, and, consequently, altered binocular vision. Here, written before he died, Ray Guillery chronicles his discovery of the aberrant circuitry from eye to brain in the Siamese cat. Ray's characterization of visual pathway anomalies in this temperature sensitive mutation of tyrosinase and thus melanin synthesis in domestic cats opened the exploration of albinism and simultaneously, a genetic approach to the organization of neural circuitry. I follow this account with a remembrance of Ray's influence on my work. Beginning with my postdoc research with Ray on the cat visual pathway, through my own work on the mechanisms of retinal axon guidance in the developing mouse, Ray and I had a continuous and rich dialogue about the albino visual pathway. I will present the questions Ray posed and clues we have to date on the still-elusive link between eye pigment and the proper balance of ipsilateral and contralateral retinal ganglion cell projections to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Mason
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, Jerome L. Greene Science Center, 3227 Broadway, Room L3-043, Quad 3C, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ray Guillery
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, Jerome L. Greene Science Center, 3227 Broadway, Room L3-043, Quad 3C, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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27
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Marcucci F, Soares CA, Mason C. Distinct timing of neurogenesis of ipsilateral and contralateral retinal ganglion cells. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:212-224. [PMID: 29761490 PMCID: PMC6237670 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In higher vertebrates, the circuit formed by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) projecting ipsilaterally (iRGCs) or contralaterally (cRGCs) to the brain permits binocular vision and depth perception. iRGCs and cRGCs differ in their position within the retina and in expression of transcription, guidance and activity-related factors. To parse whether these two populations also differ in the timing of their genesis, a feature of distinct neural subtypes and associated projections, we used newer birthdating methods and cell subtype specific markers to determine birthdate and cell cycle exit more precisely than previously. In the ventrotemporal (VT) retina, i- and cRGCs intermingle and neurogenesis in this zone lags behind RGC production in the rest of the retina where only cRGCs are positioned. In addition, within the VT retina, i- and cRGC populations are born at distinct times: neurogenesis of iRGCs surges at E13, and cRGCs arise as early as E14, not later in embryogenesis as reported. Moreover, in the ventral ciliary margin zone (CMZ), which contains progenitors that give rise to some iRGCs in ventral neural retina (Marcucci et al., 2016), cell cycle exit is slower than in other retinal regions in which progenitors give rise only to cRGCs. Further, when the cell cycle regulator Cyclin D2 is missing, cell cycle length in the CMZ is further reduced, mirroring the reduction of both i- and cRGCs in the Cyclin D2 mutant. These results strengthen the view that differential regulation of cell cycle dynamics at the progenitor level is associated with specific RGC fates and laterality of axonal projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Marcucci
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University
| | - Célia A. Soares
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University
| | - Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University
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28
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Caron N, Genin EC, Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Beukelaers P, Morel L, Hu MG, Hinds PW, Nguyen L, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Proliferation of hippocampal progenitors relies on p27-dependent regulation of Cdk6 kinase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3817-3827. [PMID: 29728713 PMCID: PMC11105564 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells give rise to granule dentate neurons throughout life in the hippocampus. Upon activation, these stem cells generate fast proliferating progenitors that complete several rounds of divisions before differentiating into neurons. Although the mechanisms regulating the activation of stem cells have been intensively studied, little attention has been given so far to the intrinsic machinery allowing the expansion of the progenitor pool. The cell cycle protein Cdk6 positively regulates the proliferation of hippocampal progenitors, but the mechanism involved remains elusive. Whereas Cdk6 functions primarily as a cell cycle kinase, it can also act as transcriptional regulator in cancer cells and hematopoietic stem cells. Using mouse genetics, we show here that the function of Cdk6 in hippocampal neurogenesis relies specifically on its kinase activity. The present study also reveals a specific regulatory mechanism for Cdk6 in hippocampal progenitors. In contrast to the classical model of the cell cycle, we observe that the Cip/Kip family member p27, rather than the Ink4 family, negatively regulates Cdk6 in the adult hippocampus. Altogether, our data uncover a unique, cell type-specific regulatory mechanism controlling the expansion of hippocampal progenitors, where Cdk6 kinase activity is modulated by p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Caron
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuelle C Genin
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Quentin Marlier
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Verteneuil
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Beukelaers
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 75 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 75 Kneeland Street, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, GIGA-Neurosciences, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 15, B36 +1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Pharmacological Inhibition of ERK Signaling Rescues Pathophysiology and Behavioral Phenotype Associated with 16p11.2 Chromosomal Deletion in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6640-6652. [PMID: 29934348 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0515-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human 16p11.2 microdeletion is one of the most common gene copy number variations linked to autism, but the pathophysiology associated with this chromosomal abnormality is largely unknown. The 593 kb deletion contains the ERK1 gene and other genes that converge onto the ERK/MAP kinase pathway. Perturbations in ERK signaling are linked to a group of related neurodevelopmental disorders hallmarked by intellectual disability, including autism. We report that mice harboring the 16p11.2 deletion exhibit a paradoxical elevation of ERK activity, cortical cytoarchitecture abnormalities and behavioral deficits. Importantly, we show that treatment with a novel ERK pathway inhibitor during a critical period of brain development rescues the molecular, anatomical and behavioral deficits in the 16p11.2 deletion mice. The ERK inhibitor treatment administered to adult mice ameliorates a subset of these behavioral deficits. Our findings provide evidence for potential targeted therapeutic intervention in 16p11.2 deletion carriers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ERK/MAPK pathway is genetically linked to autism spectrum disorders and other syndromes typified by intellectual disability. We provide direct evidence connecting the ERK/MAP kinases to the developmental abnormalities in neurogenesis and cortical cytoarchitecture associated with the 16p11.2 chromosomal deletion. Most importantly, we demonstrate that treatment with a novel ERK-specific inhibitor during development rescues aberrant cortical cytoarchitecture and restores normal levels of cell-cycle regulators during cortical neurogenesis. These treatments partially reverse the behavioral deficits observed in the 16p11.2del mouse model, including hyperactivity, memory as well as olfaction, and maternal behavior. We also report a rescue of a subset of these deficits upon treatment of adult 16p11.2del mice. These data provide a strong rationale for therapeutic approaches to this disorder.
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Freret-Hodara B, Cui Y, Griveau A, Vigier L, Arai Y, Touboul J, Pierani A. Enhanced Abventricular Proliferation Compensates Cell Death in the Embryonic Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4701-4718. [PMID: 27620979 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of neurons in the neocortex is generally thought to result in a final reduction of cerebral volume. Yet, little is known on how the developing cerebral cortex copes with death of early-born neurons. Here, we tackled this issue by taking advantage of a transgenic mouse model in which, from early embryonic stages to mid-corticogenesis, abundant apoptosis is induced in the postmitotic compartment. Unexpectedly, the thickness of the mutant cortical plate at E18.5 was normal, due to an overproduction of upper layer neurons at E14.5. We developed and simulated a mathematical model to investigate theoretically the recovering capacity of the system and found that a minor increase in the probability of proliferative divisions of intermediate progenitors (IPs) is a powerful compensation lever. We confirmed experimentally that mutant mice showed an enhanced number of abventricular progenitors including basal radial glia-like cells and IPs. The latter displayed increased proliferation rate, sustained Pax6 expression and shorter cell cycle duration. Altogether, these results demonstrate the remarkable plasticity of neocortical progenitors to adapt to major embryonic insults via the modulation of abventricular divisions thereby ensuring the production of an appropriate number of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Freret-Hodara
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yi Cui
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.,Ecole Doctorale Cerveau Cognition Comportement (ED3C, ED n°158), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amélie Griveau
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Vigier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Yoko Arai
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB)-Collège de France and INRIA Paris, EPI MYCENAE, 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot , 75005Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15 Rue Hélène Brion , 75205Paris Cedex, France
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Laumonnerie C, Solecki DJ. Regulation of Polarity Protein Levels in the Developing Central Nervous System. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3472-3480. [PMID: 29864442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the course of their development from neuroepithelial cells to mature neurons, neuronal progenitors proliferate, delaminate, differentiate, migrate, and extend processes to form a complex neuronal network. In addition to supporting the morphology of the neuroepithelium and radial glia, polarity proteins contribute to the remodeling of processes and support the architectural reorganizations that result in axon extension and dendrite formation. While a good amount of evidence highlights a rheostat-like regulation by signaling events leading to local activation and/or redistribution of polarity proteins, recent studies demonstrate a new paradigm involving a switch-like regulation directly controlling the availability of polarity protein at specific stage by transcriptional regulation and/or targeted ubiquitin proteasome degradation. During the process of differentiation, most neurons will adopt a morphology with reduced polarity which suggests that polarity complex proteins are strongly repressed during key step of development. Here we review the different mechanisms that directly impact the levels of polarity complex proteins in neurons in relation to the polarization context and discuss why this transient loss of polarity is essential to understand neural development and how this knowledge could be relevant for some neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Laumonnerie
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Blvd, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Sultan KT, Shi SH. Generation of diverse cortical inhibitory interneurons. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:10.1002/wdev.306. [PMID: 29115042 PMCID: PMC5814332 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described by Ramon y Cajal as 'short-axon' cells over a century ago, inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex make up ~20-30% of the neuronal milieu. A key feature of these interneurons is the striking structural and functional diversity, which allows them to modulate neural activity in diverse ways and ultimately endow neural circuits with remarkable computational power. Here, we review our current understanding of the generation of cortical interneurons, with a focus on recent efforts to bridge the gap between progenitor behavior and interneuron production, and how these aspects influence interneuron diversity and organization. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e306. doi: 10.1002/wdev.306 This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeejah T Sultan
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Marcucci F, Murcia-Belmonte V, Wang Q, Coca Y, Ferreiro-Galve S, Kuwajima T, Khalid S, Ross ME, Mason C, Herrera E. The Ciliary Margin Zone of the Mammalian Retina Generates Retinal Ganglion Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3153-3164. [PMID: 28009286 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina of lower vertebrates grows continuously by integrating new neurons generated from progenitors in the ciliary margin zone (CMZ). Whether the mammalian CMZ provides the neural retina with retinal cells is controversial. Live imaging of embryonic retina expressing eGFP in the CMZ shows that cells migrate laterally from the CMZ to the neural retina where differentiated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reside. Because Cyclin D2, a cell-cycle regulator, is enriched in ventral CMZ, we analyzed Cyclin D2-/- mice to test whether the CMZ is a source of retinal cells. Neurogenesis is diminished in Cyclin D2 mutants, leading to a reduction of RGCs in the ventral retina. In line with these findings, in the albino retina, the decreased production of ipsilateral RGCs is correlated with fewer Cyclin D2+ cells. Together, these results implicate the mammalian CMZ as a neurogenic site that produces RGCs and whose proper generation depends on Cyclin D2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Marcucci
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Veronica Murcia-Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yaiza Coca
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Takaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sania Khalid
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Carol Mason
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Eloisa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Youn YH, Han YG. Primary Cilia in Brain Development and Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:11-22. [PMID: 29030052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium, a sensory appendage that is present in most mammalian cells, plays critical roles in signaling pathways and cell cycle progression. Mutations that affect the structure or function of primary cilia result in ciliopathies, a group of developmental and degenerative diseases that affect almost all organs and tissues. Our understanding of the constituents, development, and function of primary cilia has advanced considerably in recent years, revealing pathogenic mechanisms that potentially underlie ciliopathies. In the brain, the primary cilia are crucial for early patterning, neurogenesis, neuronal maturation and survival, and tumorigenesis, mostly through regulating cell cycle progression, Hedgehog signaling, and WNT signaling. We review these advances in our knowledge of primary cilia, focusing on brain development, and discuss the mechanisms that may underlie brain abnormalities in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ha Youn
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Young-Goo Han
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Neurobiology and Brain Tumor Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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Haushalter C, Asselin L, Fraulob V, Dollé P, Rhinn M. Retinoic acid controls early neurogenesis in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Dev Biol 2017; 430:129-141. [PMID: 28790015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A tight regulation of neuron production is required to generate a functional cerebral cortex and is achieved by a proper balance between proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. Though the vitamin A (retinol) active derivative retinoic acid (RA) has been implicated as one of the signals acting during mammalian forebrain neurogenesis, its function at the onset of neurogenesis as well as during establishment of cortical layers and neuronal subtypes remains elusive. One limitation is that murine mutants for genes encoding key enzymes involved in RA synthesis die during early embryonic development. We analysed corticogenesis in Rdh10 null mutants, in which an RA deficiency is generated as the intracellular retinol to retinaldehyde conversion is abolished. When analysed at the latest stage before lethality occurs (embryonic day [E]13.5), the mutants show smaller telencephalic vesicles and the thickness of their cortical plate is strongly reduced. The first progenitors formed in the cortical plate are radial glial (RG) cells which generate neurons either directly, or through an indirect mechanism involving the production of intermediate neuronal progenitors (INPs) which then give rise to neurons. We show that in absence of RA, the RG progenitors proliferate less and prematurely produce neurons, leading to their depletion at E11.5. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that lack of RA impairs the generation of INPs at E13.5 and affects the cell cycle exit of progenitor cells during corticogenesis, altogether leading to a deficit in projection neurons and to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Haushalter
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Asselin
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Fraulob
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Dollé
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Muriel Rhinn
- Development and Stem Cells Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Cortical interneuron specification: the juncture of genes, time and geometry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:17-24. [PMID: 27889625 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental neuroscience is how hundreds of diverse cell types are generated to form specialized brain regions. The ganglionic eminences (GEs) are embryonic brain structures located in the ventral telencephalon that produce many inhibitory GABA (γ-Aminobutyric acid)-ergic cell types, including long-range projection neurons and local interneurons (INs), which disperse widely throughout the brain. While much has been discovered about the origin and wiring of these cells, a major question remains: how do neurons originating in the GEs become specified during development as one differentiated subtype versus another? This review will cover recent work that has advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms governing cortical interneuron subtype specification, particularly progenitors' spatial origin, birthdates, lineage, and mode of division.
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Bosch PJ, Fuller LC, Sleeth CM, Weiner JA. Akirin2 is essential for the formation of the cerebral cortex. Neural Dev 2016; 11:21. [PMID: 27871306 PMCID: PMC5117564 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proper spatial and temporal regulation of dorsal telencephalic progenitor behavior is a prerequisite for the formation of the highly-organized, six-layered cerebral cortex. Premature differentiation of cells, disruption of cell cycle timing, excessive apoptosis, and/or incorrect neuronal migration signals can have devastating effects, resulting in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders involving microcephaly and/or lissencephaly. Though genes encoding many key players in cortical development have been identified, our understanding remains incomplete. We show that the gene encoding Akirin2, a small nuclear protein, is expressed in the embryonic telencephalon. Converging evidence indicates that Akirin2 acts as a bridge between transcription factors (including Twist and NF-κB proteins) and the BAF (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling machinery to regulate patterns of gene expression. Constitutive knockout of Akirin2 is early embryonic lethal in mice, while restricted loss in B cells led to disrupted proliferation and cell survival. Methods We generated cortex-restricted Akirin2 knockouts by crossing mice harboring a floxed Akirin2 allele with the Emx1-Cre transgenic line and assessed the resulting embryos using in situ hybridization, EdU labeling, and immunohistochemistry. Results The vast majority of Akirin2 mutants do not survive past birth, and exhibit extreme microcephaly, with little dorsal telencephalic tissue and no recognizable cortex. This is primarily due to massive cell death of early cortical progenitors, which begins at embryonic day (E)10, shortly after Emx1-Cre is active. Immunostaining and cell cycle analysis using EdU labeling indicate that Akirin2-null progenitors fail to proliferate normally, produce fewer neurons, and undergo extensive apoptosis. All of the neurons that are generated in Akirin2 mutants also undergo apoptosis by E12. In situ hybridization for Wnt3a and Wnt-responsive genes suggest defective formation and/or function of the cortical hem in Akirin2 null mice. Furthermore, the apical ventricular surface becomes disrupted, and Sox2-positive progenitors are found to “spill” into the lateral ventricle. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a previously-unsuspected role for Akirin2 in early cortical development and, given its known nuclear roles, suggest that it may act to regulate gene expression patterns critical for early progenitor cell behavior and cortical neuron production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0076-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bosch
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leah C Fuller
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Sleeth
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology and Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Ito H, Morishita R, Nagata KI. Schizophrenia susceptibility gene product dysbindin-1 regulates the homeostasis of cyclin D1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1383-91. [PMID: 27130439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysbindin-1 (dystrobrevin binding protein-1, DTNBP1) is now widely accepted as a potential schizophrenia susceptibility gene and accumulating evidence indicates its functions in the neural development. In this study, we tried to identify new binding partners for dysbindin-1 to clarify the novel function of this molecule. When consulted with BioGRID protein interaction database, cyclin D3 was found to be a possible binding partner for dysbindin-1. We then examined the interaction between various dysbindin-1 isoforms (dysbindin-1A, -1B and -1C) and all three D-type cyclins (cyclin D1, D2, and D3) by immunoprecipitation with the COS7 cell expression system, and found that dysbindin-1A preferentially interacts with cyclin D1. The mode of interaction between these molecules was considered as direct binding since recombinant dysbindin-1A and cyclin D1 formed a complex in vitro. Mapping analyses revealed that the C-terminal region of dysbindin-1A binds to the C-terminal of cyclin D1. Consistent with the results of the biochemical analyses, endogenous dysbindin-1was partially colocalized with cyclin D1 in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells and in neuronal stem and/or progenitor cells in embryonic mouse brain. While co-expression of dysbindin-1A with cyclin D1 changed the localization of the latter from the nucleus to cytosol, cyclin D1-binding partner CDK4 inhibited the dysbindin-cyclin D1 interaction. Meanwhile, depletion of endogenous dysbindin-1A increased cyclin D1 expression. These results indicate that dysbindin-1A may control the cyclin D1 function spatiotemporally and might contribute to better understanding of the pathophysiology of dysbindin-1-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan; Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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40
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DeBoer EM, Anderson SA. Fate determination of cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons and their derivation from stem cells. Brain Res 2015; 1655:277-282. [PMID: 26723568 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons modulate cortical excitation, and their dysfunction is implicated in a multitude of neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Consequently, the study of cortical interneuron development, and their derivation from stem cells for transplantation therapy, has garnered intense scientific interest. In this review, we discuss some of the molecular signals involved in cortical interneuron fate determination, and describe how this has informed the use of mouse and human embryonic stem cell biology in generating cortical interneurons in vitro. We highlight the tremendous progress that has been made recently using stem cells to derive cortical interneurons, as well as challenges that have arisen. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:StemsCellsinPsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M DeBoer
- Department of Psychiatry, Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA.
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA.
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41
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ASPM regulates symmetric stem cell division by tuning Cyclin E ubiquitination. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8763. [PMID: 26581405 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We generate a mouse model for the human microcephaly syndrome by mutating the ASPM locus, and demonstrate a premature exhaustion of the neuronal progenitor pool due to dysfunctional self-renewal processes. Earlier studies have linked ASPM mutant progenitor excessive cell cycle exit to a mitotic orientation defect. Here, we demonstrate a mitotic orientation-independent effect of ASPM on cell cycle duration. We pinpoint the cell fate-determining factor to the length of time spent in early G1 before traversing the restriction point. Characterization of the molecular mechanism reveals an interaction between ASPM and the Cdk2/Cyclin E complex, regulating the Cyclin activity by modulating its ubiquitination, phosphorylation and localization into the nucleus, before the cell is fated to transverse the restriction point. Thus, we reveal a novel function of ASPM in mediating the tightly coordinated Ubiquitin- Cyclin E- Retinoblastoma- E2F bistable-signalling pathway controlling restriction point progression and stem cell maintenance.
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HSPC280, a winged helix protein expressed in the subventricular zone of the developing ganglionic eminences, inhibits neuronal differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 145:175-84. [PMID: 26537243 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Winged helix proteins have critical roles in a variety of developmental processes. During a screening for genes expressed in the developing forebrain, we identified HSPC280, a non-typical winged helix protein, which shares similarity with a protein-protein interaction domain found in the proteins of the actin-binding Rho-activating protein family. In this work, we analyzed HSPC280 expression during mouse development as well as during neuronal differentiation of mouse Neuro2a cells. HSPC280 expression is tightly regulated; during mouse development, it was detected predominantly in the ganglionic eminences of the ventral telencephalon, from their appearance at E11.5 to P0, with the highest levels between E13.5 and E15.5, a period that correlates with the peak of neurogenesis in these structures. Comparative expression analysis of HSPC280 with Dlx2, cyclinD2 and Lhx6 revealed that, within the ganglionic eminences, HSPC280 was restricted in the proliferating cell population of the subventricular zone, in a pattern similar to that of cyclinD2. Finally, we showed that HSPC280 is a nuclear protein which, when overexpressed in Neuro2a cells, it inhibited neuronal differentiation in vitro, suggesting its involvement in the mechanisms controlling neural progenitor cells proliferation.
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Farioli-Vecchioli S, Tirone F. Control of the Cell Cycle in Adult Neurogenesis and its Relation with Physical Exercise. Brain Plast 2015; 1:41-54. [PMID: 29765834 PMCID: PMC5928538 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult brain the neurogenesis is mainly restricted to two neurogenic regions: newly generated neurons arise at the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and at the subgranular zone of the hippocampal subregion named the dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory paradigms and the generation of new hippocampal neurons has been hypothesized to be a pivotal form of plasticity involved in the process. Moreover the dysregulation of hippocampal adult neurogenesis has been recognized and could anticipate several varieties of brain disease such as Alzheimer disease, epilepsy and depression. Over the last few decades numerous intrinsic, epigenetic and environmental factors have been revealed to deeply influence the process of adult neurogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Growing evidence indicates that physical exercise represents one of the main extrinsic factor able to profoundly increase hippocampal adult neurogenesis, by altering neurochemistry and function of newly generated neurons. The present review surveys how neurogenesis can be modulated by cell cycle kinetics and highlights the putative role of the cell cycle length as a key component of the beneficial effect of running for hippocampal adult neurogenesis, both in physiological conditions and in the presence of defective neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Fondazione S.Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Matsuzaki F, Shitamukai A. Cell Division Modes and Cleavage Planes of Neural Progenitors during Mammalian Cortical Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a015719. [PMID: 26330517 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian brain development, neural progenitor cells undergo symmetric proliferative divisions followed by asymmetric neurogenic divisions. The division mode of these self-renewing progenitors, together with the cell fate of their progeny, plays critical roles in determining the number of neurons and, ultimately, the size of the adult brain. In the past decade, remarkable progress has been made toward identifying various types of neuronal progenitors. Recent technological advances in live imaging and genetic manipulation have enabled us to link dynamic cell biological events to the molecular mechanisms that control the asymmetric divisions of self-renewing progenitors and have provided a fresh perspective on the modes of division of these progenitors. In addition, comparison of progenitor repertoires between species has provided insight into the expansion and the development of the complexity of the brain during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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45
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Peyre E, Silva CG, Nguyen L. Crosstalk between intracellular and extracellular signals regulating interneuron production, migration and integration into the cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:129. [PMID: 25926769 PMCID: PMC4396449 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, cortical interneurons are generated by ventral progenitors located in the ganglionic eminences of the telencephalon. They travel along multiple tangential paths to populate the cortical wall. As they reach this structure they undergo intracortical dispersion to settle in their final destination. At the cellular level, migrating interneurons are highly polarized cells that extend and retract processes using dynamic remodeling of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton. Different levels of molecular regulation contribute to interneuron migration. These include: (1) Extrinsic guidance cues distributed along migratory streams that are sensed and integrated by migrating interneurons; (2) Intrinsic genetic programs driven by specific transcription factors that grant specification and set the timing of migration for different subtypes of interneurons; (3) Adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal elements/regulators that transduce molecular signalings into coherent movement. These levels of molecular regulation must be properly integrated by interneurons to allow their migration in the cortex. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the interplay between microenvironmental signals and cell autonomous programs that drive cortical interneuron porduction, tangential migration, and intergration in the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peyre
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Carla G Silva
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Nguyen
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Wallon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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The 16p11.2 deletion mouse model of autism exhibits altered cortical progenitor proliferation and brain cytoarchitecture linked to the ERK MAPK pathway. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3190-200. [PMID: 25698753 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4864-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are complex, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorders affecting ∼1 in 100 children. Copy number variations of human chromosomal region 16p11.2 are genetically linked to 1% of autism-related disorders. This interval contains the MAPK3 gene, which encodes the MAP kinase, ERK1. Mutations in upstream elements regulating the ERK pathway are genetically linked to autism and other disorders of cognition including the neuro-cardio-facial cutaneous syndromes and copy number variations. We report that a murine model of human 16p11.2 deletion exhibits a reduction in brain size and perturbations in cortical cytoarchitecture. We observed enhanced progenitor proliferation and premature cell cycle exit, which are a consequence of altered levels of downstream ERK effectors cyclin D1 and p27(Kip1) during mid-neurogenesis. The increased progenitor proliferation and cell cycle withdrawal resulted in premature depletion of progenitor pools, altering the number and frequency of neurons ultimately populating cortical lamina. Specifically, we found a reduced number of upper layer pyramidal neurons and an increase in layer VI corticothalamic projection neurons, reflecting the altered cortical progenitor proliferation dynamics in these mice. Importantly, we observed a paradoxical increase in ERK signaling in mid-neurogenesis in the 16p11.2del mice, which is coincident with the development of aberrant cortical cytoarchitecture. The 16p11.2del mice exhibit anxiety-like behaviors and impaired memory. Our findings provide evidence of ERK dysregulation, developmental abnormalities in neurogenesis, and behavioral impairment associated with the 16p11.2 chromosomal deletion.
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Takeda S, Sasagawa S, Oyama T, Searleman AC, Westergard TD, Cheng EH, Hsieh JJ. Taspase1-dependent TFIIA cleavage coordinates head morphogenesis by limiting Cdkn2a locus transcription. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1203-14. [PMID: 25664857 DOI: 10.1172/jci77075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head morphogenesis requires complex signal relays to enable precisely coordinated proliferation, migration, and patterning. Here, we demonstrate that, during mouse head formation, taspase1-mediated (TASP1-mediated) cleavage of the general transcription factor TFIIA ensures proper coordination of rapid cell proliferation and morphogenesis by maintaining limited transcription of the negative cell cycle regulators p16Ink4a and p19Arf from the Cdkn2a locus. In mice, loss of TASP1 function led to catastrophic craniofacial malformations that were associated with inadequate cell proliferation. Compound deficiency of Cdkn2a, especially p16Ink4a deficiency, markedly reduced the craniofacial anomalies of TASP1-deficent mice. Furthermore, evaluation of mice expressing noncleavable TASP1 targets revealed that TFIIA is the principal TASP1 substrate that orchestrates craniofacial morphogenesis. ChIP analyses determined that noncleaved TFIIA accumulates at the p16Ink4a and p19Arf promoters to drive transcription of these negative regulators. In summary, our study elucidates a regulatory circuit comprising proteolysis, transcription, and proliferation that is pivotal for construction of the mammalian head.
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48
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Najas S, Arranz J, Lochhead PA, Ashford AL, Oxley D, Delabar JM, Cook SJ, Barallobre MJ, Arbonés ML. DYRK1A-mediated Cyclin D1 Degradation in Neural Stem Cells Contributes to the Neurogenic Cortical Defects in Down Syndrome. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:120-34. [PMID: 26137553 PMCID: PMC4484814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in cerebral cortex connectivity lead to intellectual disability and in Down syndrome, this is associated with a deficit in cortical neurons that arises during prenatal development. However, the pathogenic mechanisms that cause this deficit have not yet been defined. Here we show that the human DYRK1A kinase on chromosome 21 tightly regulates the nuclear levels of Cyclin D1 in embryonic cortical stem (radial glia) cells, and that a modest increase in DYRK1A protein in transgenic embryos lengthens the G1 phase in these progenitors. These alterations promote asymmetric proliferative divisions at the expense of neurogenic divisions, producing a deficit in cortical projection neurons that persists in postnatal stages. Moreover, radial glial progenitors in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome have less Cyclin D1, and Dyrk1a is the triplicated gene that causes both early cortical neurogenic defects and decreased nuclear Cyclin D1 levels in this model. These data provide insights into the mechanisms that couple cell cycle regulation and neuron production in cortical neural stem cells, emphasizing that the deleterious effect of DYRK1A triplication in the formation of the cerebral cortex begins at the onset of neurogenesis, which is relevant to the search for early therapeutic interventions in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Najas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Arranz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pamela A. Lochhead
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne L. Ashford
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - David Oxley
- Proteomics Group, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean M. Delabar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, UM 75, U 1127, UMR 7225, ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, CB22 3AT Cambridge, UK
| | - María José Barallobre
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L. Arbonés
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Bizen N, Inoue T, Shimizu T, Tabu K, Kagawa T, Taga T. A growth-promoting signaling component cyclin D1 in neural stem cells has antiastrogliogenic function to execute self-renewal. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1602-15. [PMID: 24302516 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Self-renewing proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is intimately linked to the inhibition of neuronal and glial differentiation, however, their molecular linkage has been poorly understood. We have proposed a model previously explaining partly this linkage, in which fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and Wnt signals cooperate to promote NSC self-renewal via β-catenin accumulation, which leads to the promotion of proliferation by lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF)/T-cell factor (TCF)-mediated cyclin D1 expression and at the same time to the inhibition of neuronal differentiation by β-catenin-mediated potentiation of Notch signaling. To fully understand the mechanisms underlying NSC self-renewal, it needs to be clarified how these growth factor signals inhibit glial differentiation as well. Here, we demonstrate that cyclin D1, a NSC growth promoting signaling component and also a common component of FGF2 and Wnt signaling pathways, inhibits astroglial differentiation of NSCs. Interestingly, this effect of cyclin D1 is mediated even though its cell cycle progression activity is blocked. Forced downregulation of cyclin D1 enhances astrogliogenesis of NSCs in culture and in vivo. We further demonstrate that cyclin D1 binds to STAT3, a transcription factor downstream of astrogliogenic cytokines, and suppresses its transcriptional activity on the glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) gene. Taken together with our previous finding, we provide a novel molecular mechanism for NSC self-renewal in which growth promoting signaling components activated by FGF2 and Wnts inhibit neuronal and glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Bizen
- Department of Stem Cell Regulation, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Tuoc TC, Pavlakis E, Tylkowski MA, Stoykova A. Control of cerebral size and thickness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3199-218. [PMID: 24614969 PMCID: PMC11113230 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a sheet of cells covering the cerebrum that provides the structural basis for the perception of sensory inputs, motor output responses, cognitive function, and mental capacity of primates. Recent discoveries promote the concept that increased cortical surface size and thickness in phylogenetically advanced species is a result of an increased generation of neurons, a process that underlies higher cognitive and intellectual performance in higher primates and humans. Here, we review some of the advances in the field, focusing on the diversity of neocortical progenitors in different species and the cellular mechanisms of neurogenesis. We discuss recent views on intrinsic and extrinsic molecular determinants, including the role of epigenetic chromatin modifiers and microRNA, in the control of neuronal output in developing cortex and in the establishment of normal cortical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Cong Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany,
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