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Rodrigo AP, Moutinho Cabral I, Alexandre A, Costa PM. Exploration of Toxins from a Marine Annelid: An Analysis of Phyllotoxins and Accompanying Bioactives. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:635. [PMID: 38396603 PMCID: PMC10885894 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous toxins are peptides or proteins that hold great biotechnological value, evidenced by their ecological role, whether as defense or predation mechanisms. Bioprospecting using bioinformatics and omics may render screening for novel bioactives more expeditious, especially considering the immense diversity of toxin-secreting marine organisms. Eulalia sp. (Annelida: Phyllodocidae), a toxin bearing marine annelid, was recently shown to secrete cysteine-rich protein (Crisp) toxins (hitherto referred to as 'phyllotoxins') that can immobilize its prey. By analyzing and validating transcriptomic data, we narrowed the list of isolated full coding sequences of transcripts of the most abundant toxins or accompanying bioactives secreted by the species (the phyllotoxin Crisp, hyaluronidase, serine protease, and peptidases M12A, M13, and M12B). Through homology matching with human proteins, the biotechnological potential of the marine annelid's toxins and related proteins was tentatively associated with coagulative and anti-inflammatory responses for the peptidases PepM12A, SePr, PepM12B, and PepM13, and with the neurotoxic activity of Crisp, and finally, hyaluronidase was inferred to bear properties of an permeabilizing agent. The in silico analysis succeeded by validation by PCR and Sanger sequencing enabled us to retrieve cDNAs can may be used for the heterologous expression of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Rodrigo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Moutinho Cabral
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Alexandre
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (A.A.)
- UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Pijet B, Kostrzewska-Księzyk A, Pijet-Kucicka M, Kaczmarek L. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Contributes to Epilepsy Development after Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:896. [PMID: 38255970 PMCID: PMC10815104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, a neurological disorder affecting over 50 million individuals globally, is characterized by an enduring predisposition and diverse consequences, both neurobiological and social. Acquired epilepsy, constituting 30% of cases, often results from brain-damaging injuries like ischemic stroke. With one third of epilepsy cases being resistant to existing drugs and without any preventive therapeutics for epileptogenesis, identifying anti-epileptogenic targets is crucial. Stroke being a leading cause of acquired epilepsy, particularly in the elderly, prompts the need for understanding post-stroke epileptogenesis. Despite the challenges in studying stroke-evoked epilepsy in rodents due to poor long-term survival rates, in this presented study the use of an animal care protocol allowed for comprehensive investigation. We highlight the role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in post-stroke epileptogenesis, emphasizing MMP-9 involvement in mouse models and its potential as a therapeutic target. Using a focal Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion model, this study demonstrates MMP-9 activation following ischemia, influencing susceptibility to seizures. MMP-9 knockout reduces epileptic features, while overexpression exacerbates them. The findings show that MMP-9 is a key player in post-stroke epileptogenesis, presenting opportunities for future therapies and expanding our understanding of acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pijet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Braincity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.)
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Dziembowska M. How dendritic spines shape is determined by MMP-9 activity in FXS. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 173:171-185. [PMID: 37993177 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) belongs to the family of endopeptidases expressed in neurons and secreted at the synapse in response to neuronal activity. It regulates the pericellular environment by cleaving its protein components. MMP9 is involved in activity-dependent reorganization of spine architecture. In the mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited intellectual disability and the most common single-gene cause of autism, increased synaptic expression of MMP-9 is responsible for the observed dendritic spine abnormalities. In this chapter, I summarize the current data on the molecular regulatory pathways responsible for synaptic MMP-9 expression and discuss the fact that MMP-9 is extracellularly localized, making it a particularly attractive potential target for therapeutic pharmacological intervention in FXS.
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Aksnes M, Capogna E, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Chaudhry FA, Myrstad M, Idland AV, Halaas NB, Dakhil S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Walhovd KB, Watne LO, Fjell AM. Matrix metalloproteinases are associated with brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 131:11-23. [PMID: 37549446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) have been linked to age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their role in normal aging is poorly understood. We used linear mixed models to determine if baseline or rate of yearly change in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of MMP-2; MMP-3; MMP-10; TIMP-123 (composite of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3); or TIMP-4 predicted changes in bilateral entorhinal cortex thickness, hippocampal volume, or lateral ventricle volume in cognitively unimpaired individuals. We also assessed effects on the CSF AD biomarkers amyloid-β42 and phosphorylated tau181. Low baseline levels of MMP-3 predicted larger ventricle volumes and more entorhinal cortex thinning. Increased CSF MMP-2 levels over time predicted more entorhinal thinning, hippocampal atrophy, and ventricular expansion, while increased TIMP-123 over time predicted ventricular expansion. No MMP/TIMPs predicted changes in CSF AD biomarkers. Notably, we show for the first time that longitudinal increases in MMP-2 and TIMP-123 levels may predict age-associated brain atrophy. In conclusion, MMPs and TIMPs may play a role in brain atrophy in cognitively unimpaired aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Elettra Capogna
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Myrstad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway; Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathalie Bodd Halaas
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shams Dakhil
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kristine Beate Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Martin Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Kaczmarek KT, Protokowicz K, Kaczmarek L. Matrix metalloproteinase-9: A magic drug target in neuropsychiatry? J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 37791997 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric conditions represent a major medical and societal challenge. The etiology of these conditions is very complex and combines genetic and environmental factors. The latter, for example, excessive maternal or early postnatal inflammation, as well as various forms of psychotrauma, often act as triggers leading to mental illness after a prolonged latent period (sometimes years). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an extracellularly and extrasynaptic operating protease that is markedly activated in response to the aforementioned environmental insults. MMP-9 has also been shown to play a pivotal role in the plasticity of excitatory synapses, which, in its aberrant form, has repeatedly been implicated in the etiology of mental illness. In this conceptual review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence supporting the claim that MMP-9 is uniquely positioned to be considered a drug target for ameliorating the adverse effects of environmental insults on the development of a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, and epilepsy. We also identify specific challenges and bottlenecks hampering the translation of knowledge on MMP-9 into new clinical treatments for the conditions above and suggest ways to overcome these barriers.
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Wójtowicz AK, Sitarz-Głownia AM, Wnuk A, Kajta M, Szychowski KA. Involvement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (Mmp-2 and -9) in the mechanism of action of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in cultured mouse brain astrocytes and neurons. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 92:105639. [PMID: 37406783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely used phthalates in industry. It has been shown that, after entering the body, DEHP has the ability to cross the blood-placenta and blood-brain barriers. One of the proposed mechanisms of action of DEHP is the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Many different functions of PPARγ in cells have been demonstrated, one of which is the modulation of the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Pparγ, Mmp-2, and Mmp-9 in the mechanism of action of DEHP. The experiments were performed on in vitro primary murine neurons and astrocytes. The results showed that DEHP has a pro-apototic effect on neurons, causing an increase in caspase-3 activity and in the number of apoptotic bodies. However, in astrocytes, the increase in caspase-3 activity was not related to the apoptosis process, as no increase in the formation of apoptotic bodies was observed. Moreover, DEHP increased the proliferation of astrocytes, which was confirmed by the increase in the amount and expression of the Ki-67 protein. In astrocytes, DEHP decreased the expression of the Pparγ and Mmp-9 proteins but increased the expression of the Mmp-2 protein. In DEHP neurons, it increased the expression of the Pparγ protein but decreased the expression of the Mmp-2 and Mmp-9 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Wójtowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka M Sitarz-Głownia
- Department of Nutrition, Animal Biotechnology and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Adama Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland.
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Matusiak M, Oziębło D, Ołdak M, Rejmak E, Kaczmarek L, Dobek D, Skarżyński H. MMP-9 plasma level as biomarker of cochlear implantation outcome in cohort study of deaf children. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:4361-4369. [PMID: 37004521 PMCID: PMC10497633 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE If before cochlear implantation it was possible to assay biomarkers of neuroplasticity, we might be able to identify those children with congenital deafness who, later on, were at risk of poor speech and language rehabilitation outcomes. METHODS A group of 40 children aged up to 2 years with DFNB1-related congenital deafness was observed in this prospective cohort study over three follow-up intervals (0, 8, and 18 months) after cochlear implant (CI) activation. Children were assessed for auditory development using the LittlEARS Questionnaire (LEAQ) score, and at the same time, measurements were made of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plasma levels. RESULTS There were significant negative correlations between plasma levels of MMP-9 at 8-month follow-up and LEAQ score at cochlear implantation (p = 0.04) and LEAQ score at 18-month follow-up (p = 0.02) and between MMP-9 plasma levels at 18-month follow-up and LEAQ score at cochlear implantation (p = 0.04). As already reported, we confirmed a significant negative correlation between MMP-9 plasma level at cochlear implantation and LEAQ score at 18-month follow-up (p = 0.005). Based on this latter correlation, two clusters of good and poor CI performers could be isolated. CONCLUSIONS The study shows that children born deaf who have an MMP-9 plasma level of less than 150 ng/ml at cochlear implantation have a good chance of attaining a high LEAQ score after 18 months of speech and language rehabilitation. This indicates that MMP-9 plasma level at cochlear implantation is a good prognostic marker for CI outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Matusiak
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngosurgery Clinic, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, M Mochnackiego 10, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland.
- World Hearing Centre, Mokra 17, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland.
| | - Dominika Oziębło
- World Hearing Centre, Mokra 17, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, M Mochnackiego 10, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ołdak
- World Hearing Centre, Mokra 17, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, M Mochnackiego 10, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Rejmak
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, L Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, L Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Dobek
- Transition Technologies Science, Pawia 55, 01-030, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Henryk Skarżyński
- Oto-Rhino-Laryngosurgery Clinic, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, M Mochnackiego 10, 02-042, Warsaw, Poland
- World Hearing Centre, Mokra 17, 05-830, Nadarzyn, Poland
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Valeri J, Gisabella B, Pantazopoulos H. Dynamic regulation of the extracellular matrix in reward memory processes: a question of time. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1208974. [PMID: 37396928 PMCID: PMC10311570 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1208974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a global health problem with increasing prevalence resulting in significant socioeconomic burden and increased mortality. Converging lines of evidence point to a critical role of brain extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. An increasing number of preclinical studies highlight the ECM as a promising target for development of novel cessation pharmacotherapies. The brain ECM is dynamically regulated during learning and memory processes, thus the time course of ECM alterations in substance use disorders is a critical factor that may impact interpretation of the current studies and development of pharmacological therapies. This review highlights the evidence for the involvement of ECM molecules in reward learning, including drug reward and natural reward such as food, as well as evidence regarding the pathophysiological state of the brain's ECM in substance use disorders and metabolic disorders. We focus on the information regarding time-course and substance specific changes in ECM molecules and how this information can be leveraged for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Valeri
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Aksnes M, Edwin TH, Saltvedt I, Eldholm RS, Chaudhry FA, Halaas NB, Myrstad M, Watne LO, Knapskog AB. Sex-specific associations of matrix metalloproteinases in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:35. [PMID: 37221606 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be characterised in vivo by biomarkers reflecting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology. However, there is a need for biomarkers reflecting additional pathological pathways. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have recently been highlighted as candidate biomarkers for sex-specific mechanisms and progression in AD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we investigated nine MMPs and four tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the cerebrospinal fluid of 256 memory clinic patients with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to AD and 100 cognitively unimpaired age-matched controls. We studied group differences in MMP/TIMP levels and examined the associations with established markers of Aβ and tau pathology as well as disease progression. Further, we studied sex-specific interactions. RESULTS MMP-10 and TIMP-2 levels differed significantly between the memory clinic patients and the cognitively unimpaired controls. Furthermore, MMP- and TIMP-levels were generally strongly associated with tau biomarkers, whereas only MMP-3 and TIMP-4 were associated with Aβ biomarkers; these associations were sex-specific. In terms of progression, we found a trend towards higher MMP-10 at baseline predicting more cognitive and functional decline over time exclusively in women. CONCLUSION Our results support the use of MMPs/TIMPs as markers of sex differences and progression in AD. Our findings show sex-specific effects of MMP-3 and TIMP-4 on amyloid pathology. Further, this study highlights that the sex-specific effects of MMP-10 on cognitive and functional decline should be studied further if MMP-10 is to be used as a prognostic biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aksnes
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trine H Edwin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Saltvedt
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rannveig S Eldholm
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Farrukh A Chaudhry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nathalie B Halaas
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Myrstad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 1346, Gjettum, Norway
- Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 1346, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Leiv O Watne
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
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Pabian-Jewuła S, Rylski M. Does the functional polymorphism-1562C/T of MMP-9 gene influence brain disorders? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1110967. [PMID: 37206663 PMCID: PMC10188926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is one of the most strongly expressed matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the brain. The MMP-9 activity in the brain is strictly regulated, and any disruptions in this regulation contribute to a development of many disorders of the nervous system including multiple sclerosis, brain strokes, neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumors, schizophrenia, or Guillain-Barré syndrome. This article discusses a relationship between development of the nervous system diseases and the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -1562C/T within the MMP-9 gene. A pathogenic influence of MMP-9-1562C/T SNP was observed both in neurological and psychiatric disorders. The presence of the allele T often increases the activity of the MMP-9 gene promoter and consequently the expression of MMP-9 when compared to the allele C. This leads to a change in the likelihood of an occurrence of diseases and modifies the course of certain brain diseases in humans, as discussed below. The presented data indicates that the MMP-9-1562C/T functional polymorphism influences the course of many neuropsychiatric disorders in humans suggesting a significant pathological role of the MMP-9 metalloproteinase in pathologies of the human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pabian-Jewuła
- Department of Translational Immunology and Experimental Intensive Care, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Sylwia Pabian-Jewuła,
| | - Marcin Rylski
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
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Xie M, Hao Y, Feng L, Wang T, Yao M, Li H, Ma D, Feng J. Neutrophil Heterogeneity and its Roles in the Inflammatory Network after Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:621-650. [PMID: 35794770 PMCID: PMC10207908 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220706115957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first peripheral immune cells to enter the brain after ischemic stroke, neutrophils are important participants in stroke-related neuroinflammation. Neutrophils are quickly mobilized from the periphery in response to a stroke episode and cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the ischemic brain parenchyma. This process involves the mobilization and activation of neutrophils from peripheral immune organs (including the bone marrow and spleen), their chemotaxis in the peripheral blood, and their infiltration into the brain parenchyma (including disruption of the blood-brain barrier, inflammatory effects on brain tissue, and interactions with other immune cell types). In the past, it was believed that neutrophils aggravated brain injuries through the massive release of proteases, reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory factors, and extracellular structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). With the failure of early clinical trials targeting neutrophils and uncovering their underlying heterogeneity, our view of their role in ischemic stroke has become more complex and multifaceted. As neutrophils can be divided into N1 and N2 phenotypes in tumors, neutrophils have also been found to have similar phenotypes after ischemic stroke, and play different roles in the development and prognosis of ischemic stroke. N1 neutrophils are dominant during the acute phase of stroke (within three days) and are responsible for the damage to neural structures via the aforementioned mechanisms. However, the proportion of N2 neutrophils gradually increases in later phases, and this has a beneficial effect through the release of anti-inflammatory factors and other neuroprotective mediators. Moreover, the N1 and N2 phenotypes are highly plastic and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. The pronounced differences in their function and their high degree of plasticity make these neutrophil subpopulations promising targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Xie
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Mengyue Yao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China
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12
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Keshri N, Nandeesha H. Dysregulation of Synaptic Plasticity Markers in Schizophrenia. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:4-12. [PMID: 36684500 PMCID: PMC9852406 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by cognitive impairment resulting in compromised quality of life. Since the regulation of synaptic plasticity has functional implications in various aspects of cognition such as learning, memory, and neural circuit maturation, the dysregulation of synaptic plasticity is considered as a pathobiological feature of schizophrenia. The findings from our recently concluded studies indicate that there is an alteration in levels of synaptic plasticity markers such as neural cell adhesion molecule-1 (NCAM-1), Neurotropin-3 (NT-3) and Matrix-mettaloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in schizophrenia patients. The objective of the present article is to review the role of markers of synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia. PubMed database (http;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) was used to perform an extensive literature search using the keywords schizophrenia and synaptic plasticity. We conclude that markers of synaptic plasticity are altered in schizophrenia and may lead to complications of schizophrenia including cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, 605006 India
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13
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Inspiring Anti-Tick Vaccine Research, Development and Deployment in Tropical Africa for the Control of Cattle Ticks: Review and Insights. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010099. [PMID: 36679944 PMCID: PMC9866923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are worldwide ectoparasites to humans and animals, and are associated with numerous health and economic effects. Threatening over 80% of the global cattle population, tick and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) particularly constrain livestock production in the East, Central and Southern Africa. This, therefore, makes their control critical to the sustainability of the animal industry in the region. Since ticks are developing resistance against acaricides, anti-tick vaccines (ATVs) have been proposed as an environmentally friendly control alternative. Whereas they have been used in Latin America and Australia to reduce tick populations, pathogenic infections and number of acaricide treatments, commercially registered ATVs have not been adopted in tropical Africa for tick control. This is majorly due to their limited protection against economically important tick species of Africa and lack of research. Recent advances in various omics technologies and reverse vaccinology have enabled the identification of many candidate anti-tick antigens (ATAs), and are likely to usher in the next generation of vaccines, for which Africa should prepare to embrace. Herein, we highlight some scientific principles and approaches that have been used to identify ATAs, outline characteristics of a desirable ATA for vaccine design and propose the need for African governments to investment in ATV research to develop vaccines relevant to local tick species (personalized vaccines). We have also discussed the prospect of incorporating anti-tick vaccines into the integrated TTBDs control strategies in the sub-Saharan Africa, citing the case of Uganda.
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14
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Zhao DP, Lei X, Wang YY, Xue A, Zhao CY, Xu YM, Zhang Y, Liu GL, Geng F, Xu HD, Zhang N. Sagacious confucius’ pillow elixir ameliorates Dgalactose induced cognitive injury in mice via estrogenic effects and synaptic plasticity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:971385. [PMID: 36249769 PMCID: PMC9555387 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.971385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing concern in modern society, and there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic drugs. Sagacious Confucius’ Pillow Elixir (SCPE) has been studied for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. This study aimed to reveal the key components and mechanisms of SCPE’s anti-AD effect by combining Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography-electrostatic field Orbitrap combined high-resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap-MS) with a network pharmacology approach. And the mechanism was verified by in vivo experiments. Based on UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap-MS technique identified 9 blood components from rat serum containing SCPE, corresponding to 113 anti-AD targets, and 15 of the 113 targets had high connectivity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that estrogen signaling pathway and synaptic signaling pathway were the most significantly enriched pathways in SCPE anti-AD, which has been proved by in vivo experiments. SCPE can exert estrogenic effects in the brain by increasing the amount of estrogen in the brain and the expression of ERα receptors. SCPE can enhance the synaptic structure plasticity by promoting the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion and improving actin polymerization and coordinates cofilin activity. In addition, SCPE also enhances synaptic functional plasticity by increasing the density of postsynaptic densified 95 (PSD95) proteins and the expression of functional receptor AMPA. SCPE is effective for treatment of AD and the mechanism is related to increasing estrogenic effects and improving synaptic plasticity. Our study revealed the synergistic effect of SCPE at the system level and showed that SCPE exhibits anti-AD effects in a multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway manner. All these provide experimental support for the clinical application and drug development of SCPE in the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ping Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xia Lei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ao Xue
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guo-Liang Liu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Geng, ; Hong-Dan Xu, ; Ning Zhang,
| | - Hong-Dan Xu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Geng, ; Hong-Dan Xu, ; Ning Zhang,
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Geng, ; Hong-Dan Xu, ; Ning Zhang,
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15
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Kim MH, Lim SH. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101368. [PMID: 36291577 PMCID: PMC9599265 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that decompose extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. MMPs are thought to play important roles in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, apoptosis, and host defense. MMPs are distributed in almost all intraocular tissues and are involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the eye. MMPs are also associated with glaucoma, a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the eyes. MMP activity affects intraocular pressure control and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, which are the pathological mechanisms of glaucoma. It also affects the risk of glaucoma development based on genetic pleomorphism. In addition, MMPs may affect the treatment outcomes of glaucoma, including the success rate of surgical treatment and side effects on the ocular surface due to glaucoma medications. This review discusses the various relationships between MMP and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Premier Eye Center, Suseong-ro 197, Suseong-Gu, Daegu 42153, Korea
| | - Su-Ho Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center, 60 Wolgok-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42835, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-630-7572
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16
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Kuzniewska B, Rejmak K, Nowacka A, Ziółkowska M, Milek J, Magnowska M, Gruchota J, Gewartowska O, Borsuk E, Salamian A, Dziembowski A, Radwanska K, Dziembowska M. Disrupting interaction between miR-132 and Mmp9 3'UTR improves synaptic plasticity and memory in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:924534. [PMID: 35992198 PMCID: PMC9389266 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.924534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As microRNAs have emerged to be important regulators of molecular events occurring at the synapses, the new questions about their regulatory effect on the behavior have araised. In the present study, we show for the first time that the dysregulated specific targeting of miR132 to Mmp9 mRNA in the mouse brain results in the increased level of Mmp9 protein, which affects synaptic plasticity and has an effect on memory formation. Our data points at the importance of complex and precise regulation of the Mmp9 level by miR132 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Kuzniewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic Plasticity, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Rejmak
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic Plasticity, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Nowacka
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ziółkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Milek
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic Plasticity, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Magnowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic Plasticity, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gruchota
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Gewartowska
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Borsuk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kasia Radwanska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dziembowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic Plasticity, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Chernov AV, Shubayev VI. Sexually dimorphic transcriptional programs of early-phase response in regenerating peripheral nerves. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:958568. [PMID: 35983069 PMCID: PMC9378824 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.958568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The convergence of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) reshapes the spatiotemporal gene expression landscape in response to nerve transection. The control of these molecular programs exhibits sexually dimorphic characteristics that remain not sufficiently characterized. In the present study, we recorded genome-wide and sex-dependent early-phase transcriptional changes in regenerating (proximal) sciatic nerve 24 h after axotomy. Male nerves exhibited more extensive transcriptional changes with male-dominant upregulation of cytoskeletal binding and structural protein genes. Regulation of mRNAs encoding ion and ionotropic neurotransmitter channels displayed prominent sexual dimorphism consistent with sex-specific mRNA axonal transport in an early-phase regenerative response. Protein kinases and axonal transport genes showed sexually dimorphic regulation. Genes encoding components of synaptic vesicles were at high baseline expression in females and showed post-injury induction selectively in males. Predictive bioinformatic analyses established patterns of sexually dimorphic regulation of neurotrophic and immune genes, including activation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor Gfra1 receptor and immune checkpoint cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) potentially linked to X-chromosome encoded tissue inhibitor of matrix metallo proteinases 1 (Timp1). Regulatory networks involving Olig1, Pou3f3/Oct6, Myrf, and Myt1l transcription factors were linked to sex-dependent reprogramming in regenerating nerves. Differential expression patterns of non-coding RNAs motivate a model of sexually dimorphic nerve regenerative responses to injury determined by epigenetic factors. Combined with our findings in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG), unique early-phase sex-specific molecular triggers could enrich the mechanistic understanding of peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V. Chernov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrei V. Chernov,
| | - Veronica I. Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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18
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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19
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Kalebota N, Salai G, Peric P, Hrkac S, Novak R, Durmis KK, Grgurevic L. ADAMTS-4 as a possible distinguishing indicator between osteoarthritis and haemophilic arthropathy. Haemophilia 2022; 28:656-662. [PMID: 35536550 PMCID: PMC9544250 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) and haemophilic arthropathy (HA) are clinically similar, but pathologically distinct conditions which result in joint pain and loss of function. Distinguishing their disease mechanisms is therefore a key step in the development of curative therapy, as opposed to current symptomatic treatments. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) 4 is a metzincin‐family member proteoglycan with known local involvement in OA pathogenesis. Aim To investigate the potential differences and discriminatory potential of ADAMTS‐4 between OA and HA patients. Methods We determined ADAMTS‐4 plasma concentrations by ELISA in patients with HA and OA. This pilot cross‐sectional study included N = 40 male participants equally divided across four subgroups: haemophilia patients with severe or mild HA and control subjects with severe or mild/no OA. Results Our study showed a striking elevation in plasma ADAMTS‐4 expression levels in HA patients as compared to OA, as well as an increase in patients with severe as compared to mild HA. By performing the binomial logistical analysis and fitting the receiver–operator curve (ROC) (cut‐off probability .5), ADAMTS‐4 had a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 50% in discriminating between HA and OA among our study participants. Conclusion Uncovering the marked differences in plasma levels of ADAMTS‐4 in patients with HA versus OA potentially sheds new light on the mechanisms of HA pathogenesis and could foster more research into the roles ADAMTS‐4 and other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play in HA versus OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kalebota
- Clinic for Rheumatic Diseases and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Grgur Salai
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Teaching Institute of Emergency Medicine of the City of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Porin Peric
- Clinic for Rheumatic Diseases and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stela Hrkac
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rudjer Novak
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Kovac Durmis
- Clinic for Rheumatic Diseases and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Grgurevic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Department of Proteomics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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20
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Pilat D, Paumier JM, García-González L, Louis L, Stephan D, Manrique C, Khrestchatisky M, Di Pasquale E, Baranger K, Rivera S. MT5-MMP promotes neuroinflammation, neuronal excitability and Aβ production in primary neuron/astrocyte cultures from the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:65. [PMID: 35277173 PMCID: PMC8915472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 5 (MT5-MMP) deficiency in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) reduces brain neuroinflammation and amyloidosis, and prevents deficits in synaptic activity and cognition in prodromal stages of the disease. In addition, MT5-MMP deficiency prevents interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)-mediated inflammation in the peripheral nervous system. In this context, we hypothesized that the MT5-MMP/IL-1β tandem could regulate nascent AD pathogenic events in developing neural cells shortly after the onset of transgene activation.
Methods
To test this hypothesis, we used 11–14 day in vitro primary cortical cultures from wild type, MT5-MMP−/−, 5xFAD and 5xFAD/MT5-MMP−/− mice, and evaluated the impact of MT5-MMP deficiency and IL-1β treatment for 24 h, by performing whole cell patch-clamp recordings, RT-qPCR, western blot, gel zymography, ELISA, immunocytochemistry and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transduction.
Results
5xFAD cells showed higher levels of MT5-MMP than wild type, concomitant with higher basal levels of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, MT5-MMP-deficient cultures had strong decrease of the inflammatory response to IL-1β, as well as decreased stability of recombinant IL-1β. The levels of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) were similar in 5xFAD and wild-type cultures, and IL-1β treatment did not affect Aβ levels. Instead, the absence of MT5-MMP significantly reduced Aβ by more than 40% while sparing APP metabolism, suggesting altogether no functional crosstalk between IL-1β and APP/Aβ, as well as independent control of their levels by MT5-MMP. The lack of MT5-MMP strongly downregulated the AAV-induced neuronal accumulation of the C-terminal APP fragment, C99, and subsequently that of Aβ. Finally, MT5-MMP deficiency prevented basal hyperexcitability observed in 5xFAD neurons, but not hyperexcitability induced by IL-1β treatment.
Conclusions
Neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability precede Aβ accumulation in developing neural cells with nascent expression of AD transgenes. MT5-MMP deletion is able to tune down basal neuronal inflammation and hyperexcitability, as well as APP/Aβ metabolism. In addition, MT5-MMP deficiency prevents IL-1β-mediated effects in brain cells, except hyperexcitability. Overall, this work reinforces the idea that MT5-MMP is at the crossroads of pathogenic AD pathways that are already incipiently activated in developing neural cells, and that targeting MT5-MMP opens interesting therapeutic prospects.
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21
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Prospective cohort study reveals MMP-9, a neuroplasticity regulator, as a prediction marker of cochlear implantation outcome in prelingual deafness treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2190-2203. [PMID: 35061219 PMCID: PMC9262127 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of vast variability of cochlear implantation outcomes in
prelingual deafness treatment, identification of good and poor performers remains a
challenging task. To address this issue, we investigated genetic variants of matrix
metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and plasma levels of
MMP-9, BDNF, and pro-BDNF that have all been implicated in neuroplasticity after
sensory deprivation in the auditory pathway. We recruited a cohort of prelingually
deaf children, all implanted before the age of 2, and carried out a prospective
observation (N = 61). Next, we analyzed the
association between (i) functional MMP9 (rs20544,
rs3918242, rs2234681) and BDNF (rs6265) gene
variants (and their respective protein levels) and (ii) the child’s auditory
development as measured with the LittlEARS Questionnaire (LEAQ) before cochlear
implant (CI) activation and at 8 and 18 months post-CI activation. Statistical
analyses revealed that the plasma level of MMP-9 measured at implantation in
prelingually deaf children was significantly correlated with the LEAQ score
18 months after CI activation. In the subgroup of DFNB1-related deafness (N = 40), rs3918242 of MMP9 was significantly associated with LEAQ score at 18 months after
CI activation; also, according to a multiple regression model, the ratio of plasma
levels of pro-BDNF/BDNF measured at implantation was a significant predictor of
overall LEAQ score at follow-up. In the subgroup with DFNB1-related deafness, who
had CI activation after 1 year old (N = 22), a
multiple regression model showed that rs3918242 of MMP9 was a significant predictor of overall LEAQ score at
follow-up.
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22
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Escalona RM, Kannourakis G, Findlay JK, Ahmed N. Expression of TIMPs and MMPs in Ovarian Tumors, Ascites, Ascites-Derived Cells, and Cancer Cell Lines: Characteristic Modulatory Response Before and After Chemotherapy Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 11:796588. [PMID: 35047406 PMCID: PMC8762252 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.796588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) and their associated metalloproteinase (MMPs) are essential regulators of tissue homeostasis and are essential for cancer progression. This study analyzed the expression of TIMP-1,-2,-3 and the associated MMPs (MMP-2,-9,-11,-14) in different Stages, Grades and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications of serous ovarian tumors, ascites, ascites-derived cells from chemo-naïve (CN) and relapsed (CR) patients, and in ovarian cancer cell lines. The status of TIMPs and associated MMPs in response to chemotherapy treatment was assessed in cancer cell lines; TCGA data was interrogated to gauge TIMPs and associated MMPs as prognostic and platinum-response indicators. Methods The levels of TIMP-1, -2 and -3 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of TIMPs and MMPs was quantified by real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The chemosensitivity (IC50 values) to Cisplatin or Paclitaxel in cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. The levels of TIMPs in ascites and cell lysates were analyzed by an ELISA assay. Results The expression of TIMP-2 was significantly upregulated in Type 2 compared to Type 1 tumors and normal/benign ovarian tissues. TIMP-3 expression was significantly enhanced in Stage III, Grade 3 and Type 2 tumors compared to normal/benign ovarian tissues. The mRNA expression of MMP-9,-11 and -14 was significantly upregulated in Stage IV compared to normal/benign ovarian tissues. The expression of TIMP-1 was highest, followed by TIMP-2 and then TIMP-3 in CN ascites. At the cellular level, TIMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in CN compared to CR epithelial cells in patients. The expression of TIMP-1 and -2, MMPs and cancer stem cells (CSCs) were upregulated in response to chemotherapy treatments in cancer cell lines. Interrogation of the TCGA dataset suggests shifts in platinum responses in patients consistent with genetic alterations in TIMP-2, -3 and MMP-2, -11 genes in tumors; and decreased overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with altered MMP-14 genes. Conclusions TIMPs and related MMPs are differentially expressed in serous ovarian tumors, ascites, ascites-derived cells and ovarian cancer cell lines. Chemotherapy treatment modulates expression of TIMPs and MMPs in association with increased expression of genes related to cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Escalona
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nuzhat Ahmed
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
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Kalinina M, Ponomarenko I, Efremova O, Batlutskaya I, Churnosov M. The role of gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions of polymorphic matrix metalloproteinases loci in the formation of the risk of stroke in men with hypertension. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:41-47. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212208241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP)-A2 in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123576. [PMID: 34944082 PMCID: PMC8700087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays fundamental roles during development, maturation, and aging. Members of this axis, composed of various ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, are regulated in a tissue- and time-specific manner that requires precise control that is not completely understood. Some of the most recent advances in understanding the implications of this axis in human growth are derived from the identifications of new mutations in the gene encoding the pregnancy-associated plasma protein PAPP-A2 protease that liberates IGFs from their carrier proteins in a selective manner to allow binding to the IGF receptor 1. The identification of three nonrelated families with mutations in the PAPP-A2 gene has shed light on how this protease affects human physiology. This review summarizes our understanding of the implications of PAPP-A2 in growth physiology, obtained from studies in genetically modified animal models and the PAPP-A2 deficient patients known to date.
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25
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Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Echinoderms: Structure and Possible Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092331. [PMID: 34571980 PMCID: PMC8467561 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms are one of the most ancient groups of invertebrates. The study of their genomes has made it possible to conclude that these animals have a wide variety of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The phylogenetic analysis shows that the MMPs and TIMPs underwent repeated duplication and active divergence after the separation of Ambulacraria (Echinodermata+Hemichordata) from the Chordata. In this regard the homology of the proteinases and their inhibitors between these groups of animals cannot be established. However, the MMPs of echinoderms and vertebrates have a similar domain structure. Echinoderm proteinases can be structurally divided into three groups-archetypal MMPs, matrilysins, and furin-activatable MMPs. Gelatinases homologous to those of vertebrates were not found in genomes of studied species and are probably absent in echinoderms. The MMPs of echinoderms possess lytic activity toward collagen type I and gelatin and play an important role in the mechanisms of development, asexual reproduction and regeneration. Echinoderms have a large number of genes encoding TIMPs and TIMP-like proteins. TIMPs of these animals, with a few exceptions, have a structure typical for this class of proteins. They contain an NTR domain and 10-12 conservatively located cysteine residues. Repeated duplication and divergence of TIMP genes of echinoderms was probably associated with an increase in the functional importance of the proteins encoded by them in the physiology of the animals.
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26
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García-González L, Paumier JM, Louis L, Pilat D, Bernard A, Stephan D, Jullien N, Checler F, Nivet E, Khrestchatisky M, Baranger K, Rivera S. MT5-MMP controls APP and β-CTF/C99 metabolism through proteolytic-dependent and -independent mechanisms relevant for Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21727. [PMID: 34117802 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100593r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered the implication of membrane-type 5-matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we shed new light on pathogenic mechanisms by which MT5-MMP controls the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the fate of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) as well as its precursor C99, and C83. We found in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK) carrying the APP Swedish familial mutation (HEKswe) that deleting the C-terminal non-catalytic domains of MT5-MMP hampered its ability to process APP and release the soluble 95 kDa form (sAPP95). Catalytically inactive MT5-MMP variants increased the levels of Aβ and promoted APP/C99 sorting in the endolysosomal system, likely through interactions of the proteinase C-terminal portion with C99. Most interestingly, the deletion of the C-terminal domain of MT5-MMP caused a strong degradation of C99 by the proteasome and prevented Aβ accumulation. These discoveries reveal new control of MT5-MMP over APP by proteolytic and non-proteolytic mechanisms driven by the C-terminal domains of the proteinase. The targeting of these non-catalytic domains of MT5-MMP could, therefore, provide new insights into the therapeutic regulation of APP-related pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurence Louis
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Dominika Pilat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Stephan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Jullien
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | | | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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27
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Salamian A, Legutko D, Nowicka K, Badyra B, Kaźmierska-Grębowska P, Caban B, Kowalczyk T, Kaczmarek L, Beroun A. Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Activity Promotes Synaptogenesis in the Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3804-3819. [PMID: 33739386 PMCID: PMC8258443 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Information coding in the hippocampus relies on the interplay between various neuronal ensembles. We discovered that the application of a cholinergic agonist, carbachol (Cch), which triggers oscillatory activity in the gamma range, induces the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)—an enzyme necessary for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity. Using electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal organotypic slices, we show that Cch potentiates the frequency of miniature inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs and mEPSCs, respectively) in CA1 neurons and this effect is MMP-9 dependent. Interestingly, though MMP-9 inhibition prevents the potentiation of inhibitory events, it further boosts the frequency of excitatory mEPSCs. Such enhancement of the frequency of excitatory events is a result of increased synaptogenesis onto CA1 neurons. Thus, the function of MMP-9 in cholinergically induced plasticity in the hippocampus is to maintain the fine-tuned balance between the excitatory and the inhibitory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Salamian
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Behavior, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Diana Legutko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Klaudia Nowicka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Bogna Badyra
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Paulina Kaźmierska-Grębowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Bartosz Caban
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz 90-236, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Beroun
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Nencki-EMBL Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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28
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Das S, Amin SA, Jha T. Inhibitors of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) for the management of hematological malignancies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113623. [PMID: 34157437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are collectively known as gelatinases whereas MMP-2 is gelatinase-A and MMP-9 is termed as gelatinase-B. Gelatinases and other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have long been associated with solid tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. However, there is paucity of data available regarding the role of gelatinases in hematological malignancies. Recent studies have shown that gelatinases activities or functions are correlated with hematological malignancies. Strategies for designing more specific gelatinase inhibitors like catalytic (CAT) domain inhibitors and hemopexin (PEX) domain inhibitors as well as signaling pathway based or gelatinase expression inhibitors had been reported against hematologic malignant cells. Several substrate based non-selective to non-substrate based relatively selective synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) had been developed. Few MMPIs had reached in clinical trials during the period of 1990s-2000s. Unfortunately the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic efficacies of these MMPIs were not justified with patients having several advanced stage solid tumor cancers in any substantial number of clinical trials. Till date not a single MMPI passed phase III clinical trials designed for advanced metastatic cancers due to adverse events as well as lack of ability to show uniformity in disease prolongation. With the best of our knowledge no clinical trial study has been reported with small molecule synthetic inhibitors against hematological malignancies. This review looks at the outcome of clinical trials of MMPIs for advanced stage solid tumors. This can therefore, act as a learning experience for future development of successful gelatinase inhibitors for the management of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Das
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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29
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Pantazopoulos H, Katsel P, Haroutunian V, Chelini G, Klengel T, Berretta S. Molecular signature of extracellular matrix pathology in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3960-3987. [PMID: 33070392 PMCID: PMC8359380 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to a critical involvement of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Decreases of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and altered expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in glial cells have been identified in several brain regions. GWAS data have identified several SZ vulnerability variants of genes encoding for ECM molecules. Given the potential relevance of ECM functions to the pathophysiology of this disorder, it is necessary to understand the extent of ECM changes across brain regions, their region- and sex-specificity and which ECM components contribute to these changes. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of genes encoding for ECM molecules may be broadly disrupted in SZ across several cortical and subcortical brain regions and include key ECM components as well as factors such as ECM posttranslational modifications and regulator factors. Gene expression profiling of 14 neocortical brain regions, caudate, putamen and hippocampus from control subjects (n = 14/region) and subjects with SZ (n = 16/region) was conducted using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Analysis across brain regions revealed widespread dysregulation of ECM gene expression in cortical and subcortical brain regions in SZ, impacting several ECM functional key components. SRGN, CD44, ADAMTS1, ADAM10, BCAN, NCAN and SEMA4G showed some of the most robust changes. Region-, sex- and age-specific gene expression patterns and correlation with cognitive scores were also detected. Taken together, these findings contribute to emerging evidence for large-scale ECM dysregulation in SZ and point to molecular pathways involved in PNN decreases, glial cell dysfunction and cognitive impairment in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of PsychiatryThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Mental Illness Research Education ClinicalCenters of Excellence (MIRECC)JJ Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNYUSA
| | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Translational Molecular Genomics LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience LaboratoryMclean HospitalBelmontMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Program in NeuroscienceHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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30
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Liu G, Philp AM, Corte T, Travis MA, Schilter H, Hansbro NG, Burns CJ, Eapen MS, Sohal SS, Burgess JK, Hansbro PM. Therapeutic targets in lung tissue remodelling and fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107839. [PMID: 33774068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural changes involving tissue remodelling and fibrosis are major features of many pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is a key factor in the development of tissue remodelling that results in symptoms and impaired lung function in these diseases. Tissue remodelling in the lungs is complex and differs between compartments. Some pathways are common but tissue remodelling around the airways and in the parenchyma have different morphologies. Hence it is critical to evaluate both common fibrotic pathways and those that are specific to different compartments; thereby expanding the understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosis and remodelling in the airways and parenchyma in asthma, COPD and IPF with a view to developing therapeutic strategies for each. Here we review the current understanding of remodelling features and underlying mechanisms in these major respiratory diseases. The differences and similarities of remodelling are used to highlight potential common therapeutic targets and strategies. One central pathway in remodelling processes involves transforming growth factor (TGF)-β induced fibroblast activation and myofibroblast differentiation that increases ECM production. The current treatments and clinical trials targeting remodelling are described, as well as potential future directions. These endeavours are indicative of the renewed effort and optimism for drug discovery targeting tissue remodelling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Medical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tamera Corte
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A Travis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Schilter
- Pharmaxis Ltd, 20 Rodborough Road, Frenchs Forest, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris J Burns
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mathew S Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Janette K Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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31
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Opachaloemphan C, Mancini G, Konstantinides N, Parikh A, Mlejnek J, Yan H, Reinberg D, Desplan C. Early behavioral and molecular events leading to caste switching in the ant Harpegnathos. Genes Dev 2021; 35:410-424. [PMID: 33602869 PMCID: PMC7919410 DOI: 10.1101/gad.343699.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ant societies show a division of labor in which a queen is in charge of reproduction while nonreproductive workers maintain the colony. In Harpegnathos saltator, workers retain reproductive ability, inhibited by the queen pheromones. Following the queen loss, the colony undergoes social unrest with an antennal dueling tournament. Most workers quickly abandon the tournament while a few workers continue the dueling for months and become gamergates (pseudoqueens). However, the temporal dynamics of the social behavior and molecular mechanisms underlining the caste transition and social dominance remain unclear. By tracking behaviors, we show that the gamergate fate is accurately determined 3 d after initiation of the tournament. To identify genetic factors responsible for this commitment, we compared transcriptomes of different tissues between dueling and nondueling workers. We found that juvenile hormone is globally repressed, whereas ecdysone biosynthesis in the ovary is increased in gamergates. We show that molecular changes in the brain serve as earliest caste predictors compared with other tissues. Thus, behavioral and molecular data indicate that despite the prolonged social upheaval, the gamergate fate is rapidly established, suggesting a robust re-establishment of social structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comzit Opachaloemphan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Giacomo Mancini
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Apurva Parikh
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Jakub Mlejnek
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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Chupel MU, Minuzzi LG, Furtado GE, Santos ML, Ferreira JP, Filaire E, Teixeira AM. Taurine supplementation reduces myeloperoxidase and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 levels and improves the effects of exercise in cognition and physical fitness in older women. Amino Acids 2021; 53:333-345. [PMID: 33586039 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence contributes to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, and those conditions could be attenuated by non-pharmacological anti-inflammatory strategies, such as exercise and supplementation with the amino acid taurine. Since taurine body content decreases with aging, we investigated the effects of supplementation (alone and combined with exercise) on oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, white blood cells, neurotrophins, cognition and physical fitness of elderly women. Forty-eight women (83.58 ± 6.98 years) were enrolled into exercise training only (EO: n = 13), taurine supplementation (TS: n = 12), exercise training + taurine supplementation (ETTS: n = 11), and control group (CG: n = 12). All interventions lasted 14 weeks. Exercise was applied twice a week, and taurine was given once a day (1.5 g). Data collection occurred before and after interventions with the determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) levels, and white blood cell counts (WBC). Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and physical fitness tests were also evaluated. Concentration of MPO and MMP-9 decreased after intervention in TS (p < 0.05). No effect of time or time × group was observed for WBC parameters; however, univariate analysis showed a significant decrease in lymphocytes for TS, while an increase in monocytes occurred in the CG (p < 0.05). MoCA scores decreased over time in the CG (p < 0.05). Improvements in physical fitness occurred in ETTS (better agility and aerobic capacity), mostly likely due to exercise and boosted by taurine supplementation. No changes in BDNF levels were observed (p > 0.05), while NGF concentration were undetectable in almost subjects. Exercise together with taurine supplementation appears to be a valuable strategy to enhance health-related outcomes in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Uba Chupel
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário Leonardo Santos
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Ferreira
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edith Filaire
- CIAMS Laboratory, EA 4532, University of Paris-Sud, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, CIDAF, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Andreucci M, Provenzano M, Faga T, Michael A, Patella G, Mastroroberto P, Serraino GF, Bracale UM, Ielapi N, Serra R. Aortic Aneurysms, Chronic Kidney Disease and Metalloproteinases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:194. [PMID: 33573220 PMCID: PMC7912263 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinases (MPs) are proteolytic enzymes involved in extracellular matrix deposition, regulation of cellular signals of inflammation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Metalloproteinases are classified into three families: Matrix-MPs (MMPs), A-Disintegrin-and-Metalloprotease (ADAMs), and the A-Disintegrin-and-Metalloproteinase-with-Thrombospondin-1-like-Domains (ADAMTS). Previous studies showed that MPs are involved in the development of aortic aneurysms (AA) and, concomitantly, in the onset of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD has been, per se, associated with an increased risk for AA. The aim of this review is to examine the pathways that may associate MPs with CKD and AA. Several MMPs, such as MMP-2, -8, -9, and TIMP-1 have been shown to damage the AA wall and to have a toxic effect on renal tubular cells, leading to fibrosis. Similarly, ADAM10 and 17 have been shown to degrade collagen in the AA wall and to worsen kidney function via pro-inflammatory stimuli, the impairment of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and the degradation of structural proteins. Moreover, MMP-2 and -9 inhibitors reduced aneurysm growth and albuminuria in experimental and human studies. It would be important, in the future, to expand research on MPs from both a prognostic, namely, to refine risk stratification in CKD patients, and a predictive perspective, likely to improve prognosis in response to targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Andreucci
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.A.); (T.F.); (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Teresa Faga
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.A.); (T.F.); (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Ashour Michael
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.A.); (T.F.); (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gemma Patella
- Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (M.A.); (T.F.); (A.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Pasquale Mastroroberto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (P.M.); (G.F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Filiberto Serraino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (P.M.); (G.F.S.)
| | | | - Nicola Ielapi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, “Sapienza” University of Rome, I-00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Ali O, Tolaymat M, Hu S, Xie G, Raufman JP. Overcoming Obstacles to Targeting Muscarinic Receptor Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020716. [PMID: 33450835 PMCID: PMC7828259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite great advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of colorectal cancer and the genetic and environmental factors that mitigate its onset and progression, a paucity of effective treatments persists. The five-year survival for advanced, stage IV disease remains substantially less than 20%. This review examines a relatively untapped reservoir of potential therapies to target muscarinic receptor expression, activation, and signaling in colorectal cancer. Most colorectal cancers overexpress M3 muscarinic receptors (M3R), and both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that activating these receptors stimulates cellular programs that result in colon cancer growth, survival, and spread. In vivo studies using mouse models of intestinal neoplasia have shown that using either genetic or pharmacological approaches to block M3R expression and activation, respectively, attenuates the development and progression of colon cancer. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that blocking the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are induced selectively by M3R activation, i.e., MMP1 and MMP7, also impedes colon cancer growth and progression. Nonetheless, the widespread expression of muscarinic receptors and MMPs and their importance for many cellular functions raises important concerns about off-target effects and the safety of employing similar strategies in humans. As we highlight in this review, highly selective approaches can overcome these obstacles and permit clinicians to exploit the reliance of colon cancer cells on muscarinic receptors and their downstream signal transduction pathways for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA; (O.A.); (M.T.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Mazen Tolaymat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA; (O.A.); (M.T.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
| | - Shien Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA; (O.A.); (M.T.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
| | - Guofeng Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA; (O.A.); (M.T.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA; (O.A.); (M.T.); (S.H.); (G.X.)
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Healthcare System, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-328-8728
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Zheng Y, Verhoeff TA, Perez Pardo P, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010118. [PMID: 33374371 PMCID: PMC7796333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction and repetitive behavior. The disease is thought to develop from changes in brain development at an early age, although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. In addition, a significant number of people with ASD develop problems in the intestinal tract. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) include a group of enzymes that are able to cleave membrane-bound proteins. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two members of this family that are able to cleave protein substrates involved in ASD pathogenesis, such as specific proteins important for synapse formation, axon signaling and neuroinflammation. All these pathological mechanisms are involved in ASD. Besides the brain, ADAM10 and ADAM17 are also highly expressed in the intestines. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have implications in pathways that regulate gut permeability, homeostasis and inflammation. These metalloproteases might be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions in ASD through the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract. In this review, the potential roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathology of ASD and as targets for new therapies will be discussed, with a focus on the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Tessa A. Verhoeff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)3-02534509
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Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, Ramirez-Acuña JM, Perez-Romero BA, Guerrero-Rodriguez JF, Martinez-Avila N, Martinez-Fierro ML. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9739. [PMID: 33419373 PMCID: PMC7767220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling endopeptidases that have the capacity to degrade almost every component of the ECM. The degradation of the ECM is of great importance, since it is related to embryonic development and angiogenesis. It is also involved in cell repair and the remodeling of tissues. When the expression of MMPs is altered, it can generate the abnormal degradation of the ECM. This is the initial cause of the development of chronic degenerative diseases and vascular complications generated by diabetes. In addition, this process has an association with neurodegeneration and cancer progression. Within the ECM, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs. TIMPs are important regulators of ECM turnover, tissue remodeling, and cellular behavior. Therefore, TIMPs (similar to MMPs) modulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. An interruption in the balance between MMPs and TIMPs has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several diseases. This review focuses on the participation of both MMPs (e.g., MMP-2 and MMP-9) and TIMPs (e.g., TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) in physiological processes and on how their abnormal regulation is associated with human diseases. The inclusion of current strategies and mechanisms of MMP inhibition in the development of new therapies targeting MMPs was also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y Ciencias de la Salud, Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km.6. Ejido la Escondida, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (G.AC.-P.); (C.C.-D.l.R.); (J.MR.-A.); (B.AP.-R.); (J.FG.-R.); (N.M.-A.)
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37
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Bongaarts A, de Jong JM, Broekaart DWM, van Scheppingen J, Anink JJ, Mijnsbergen C, Jansen FE, Spliet WGM, den Dunnen WFA, Gruber VE, Scholl T, Hainfellner JA, Feucht M, Borkowska J, Kotulska K, Jozwiak S, Grajkowska W, Buccoliero AM, Caporalini C, Giordano F, Genitori L, Scicluna BP, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, van Vliet EA, Mühlebner A, Mills JD, Aronica E. Dysregulation of the MMP/TIMP Proteolytic System in Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas in Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Modulation of MMP by MicroRNA-320d In Vitro. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:777-790. [PMID: 32472129 PMCID: PMC7304985 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, is characterized by the growth of hamartomas in several organs. This includes the growth of low-grade brain tumors, known as subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGA). Previous studies have shown differential expression of genes related to the extracellular matrix in SEGA. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are responsible for remodeling the extracellular matrix and are associated with tumorigenesis. This study aimed to investigate the MMP/TIMP proteolytic system in SEGA and the regulation of MMPs by microRNAs, which are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. We investigated the expression of MMPs and TIMPs using previously produced RNA-Sequencing data, real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry in TSC-SEGA samples and controls. We found altered expression of several MMPs and TIMPs in SEGA compared to controls. We identified the lowly expressed miR-320d in SEGA as a potential regulator of MMPs, which can decrease MMP2 expression in human fetal astrocyte cultures. This study provides evidence of a dysregulated MMP/TIMP proteolytic system in SEGA of which MMP2 could be rescued by microRNA-320d. Therefore, further elucidating microRNA-mediated MMP regulation may provide insights into SEGA pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bongaarts
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jody M de Jong
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diede W M Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Mijnsbergen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor E Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim G M Spliet
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (WGMS); Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (WFAdD)
| | | | - Victoria E Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julita Borkowska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Flavio Giordano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Brendon P Scicluna
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Center for Experimental & Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Antoinette Y N Schouten-van Meeteren
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James D Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
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38
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Chao CM, Chen CL, Niu KC, Lin CH, Tang LY, Lin LS, Chang CP. Hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning protects against hypothalamic neuron apoptosis in heat-exposed rats by reversing hypothalamic overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and ischemia. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2622-2634. [PMID: 33162790 PMCID: PMC7645337 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) have been identified as potential therapeutic targets in the brain for cerebral ischemia. To elucidate their underlying mechanisms, we first aimed to ascertain whether these proteins participate in the pathogenesis of heat-induced ischemic damage to the hypothalamus of rats. Second, we investigated whether hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning (HHP) attenuates heat-induced hypothalamic ischemic/hypoxic injury by modulating these proteins in situ. Methods: Anesthetized rats treated with or without HHP were subjected to heat stress. Hypothalamic ischemic/hypoxic damage was evaluated by measuring hypothalamic levels of cerebral blood flow (CBF), partial oxygen pressure (PO2), and hypothalamic temperature via an implanted probe. Hypothalamic apoptotic neurons were counted by measuring the number of NeuN/caspase-3/DAPI triple-stained cells. Hypothalamic protein expression of HIF-1α, HSP-72, HO-1, and MMP-9 was determined biochemically. Results: Before the start of the thermal experiments, rats were subjected to 5 hours of HHP (0.66 ATA or 18.3% O2) daily for 5 consecutive days per week for 2 weeks, which led to significant loss of body weight, reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) wet weight and decreased body temperature. The animals were then subjected to thermal studies. Twenty minutes after heat stress, heat-exposed rats not treated with HHP displayed significantly higher core and hypothalamic temperatures, hypothalamic MMP-9 levels, and numbers of hypothalamic apoptotic neurons but significantly lower mean blood pressure, hypothalamic blood flow, and PO2 values than control rats not exposed to heat. In heat-exposed rats, HHP significantly increased the hypothalamic levels of HIF-1α, HSP-72, and HO-1 but significantly alleviated body and hypothalamic hyperthermia, hypotension, hypothalamic ischemia, hypoxia, neuronal apoptosis and degeneration. Conclusions: HHP may protect against hypothalamic ischemic/hypoxic injury and overexpression of MMP-9 by upregulating the hypothalamic expression of HIF-1α, HSP-72, and HO-1 in rats subjected to heatstroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Chao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Hospital, Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chi Niu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Tang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Lieh-Sheng Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wang ZM, Liu C, Wang YY, Deng YS, He XC, Du HZ, Liu CM, Teng ZQ. SerpinA3N deficiency deteriorates impairments of learning and memory in mice following hippocampal stab injury. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:88. [PMID: 33014432 PMCID: PMC7501238 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a global leading cause of disability and death, which puts patients at high risk for developing dementia. Early intervention is believed as the key to minimize the development of brain damages that could aggravate the symptoms. Here, we report that the serine protease inhibitor SerpinA3N is upregulated in hippocampal neurons in the early stage of hippocampal stab injury (HSI), while its deficiency causes a greater degree of neuronal apoptosis and severer impairments of spatial learning and memory in mice after HSI. We further show that MMP2 is a key substrate of SerpinA3N, and MMP2 specific inhibitor (ARP100) can protect against neuronal apoptosis and cognitive dysfunction in mice after HSI. These findings demonstrate a critical role for SerpinA3N in neuroprotection, suggesting that SerpinA3N and MMP2 inhibitors might be a novel therapeutic agents for neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100408 Beijing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100408 Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100408 Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Sen Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100408 Beijing, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100408 Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100408 Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
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40
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Almeida L, Andreu-Fernández V, Navarro-Tapia E, Aras-López R, Serra-Delgado M, Martínez L, García-Algar O, Gómez-Roig MD. Murine Models for the Study of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32760684 PMCID: PMC7373736 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated to different physical, behavioral, cognitive, and neurological impairments collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. The underlying mechanisms of ethanol toxicity are not completely understood. Experimental studies during human pregnancy to identify new diagnostic biomarkers are difficult to carry out beyond genetic or epigenetic analyses in biological matrices. Therefore, animal models are a useful tool to study the teratogenic effects of alcohol on the central nervous system and analyze the benefits of promising therapies. Animal models of alcohol spectrum disorder allow the analysis of key variables such as amount, timing and frequency of ethanol consumption to describe the harmful effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. In this review, we aim to synthetize neurodevelopmental disabilities in rodent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder phenotypes, considering facial dysmorphology and fetal growth restriction. We examine the different neurodevelopmental stages based on the most consistently implicated epigenetic mechanisms, cell types and molecular pathways, and assess the advantages and disadvantages of murine models in the study of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, the different routes of alcohol administration, and alcohol consumption patterns applied to rodents. Finally, we analyze a wide range of phenotypic features to identify fetal alcohol spectrum disorder phenotypes in murine models, exploring facial dysmorphology, neurodevelopmental deficits, and growth restriction, as well as the methodologies used to evaluate behavioral and anatomical alterations produced by prenatal alcohol exposure in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Almeida
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- BCNatal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu-Fernández
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Nutrition and Health Deparment, Valencian International University (VIU), Valencia, Spain
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut D'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Navarro-Tapia
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- BCNatal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut D'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Aras-López
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Congenital Malformations Lab, Institute of Medicine and Molecular Genetic (INGEMM), Institute for Health Research of La Paz Universitary Hospital (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariona Serra-Delgado
- BCNatal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Martínez
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Congenital Malformations Lab, Institute of Medicine and Molecular Genetic (INGEMM), Institute for Health Research of La Paz Universitary Hospital (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar García-Algar
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Recerca Infancia i Entorn (GRIE), Institut D'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, ICGON, IDIBAPS, BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gómez-Roig
- Maternal and Child Health and Development Network II (SAMID II), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- BCNatal Barcelona Center for Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Zipfel P, Rochais C, Baranger K, Rivera S, Dallemagne P. Matrix Metalloproteinases as New Targets in Alzheimer's Disease: Opportunities and Challenges. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10705-10725. [PMID: 32459966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, evidence of their pathological roles have also been obtained in the last decades, making MMPs attractive therapeutic targets for several diseases. Recent discoveries of their involvement in central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and in particular in Alzheimer's disease (AD), have paved the way to consider MMP modulators as promising therapeutic strategies. Over the past few decades, diverse approaches have been undertaken in the design of therapeutic agents targeting MMPs for various purposes, leading, more recently, to encouraging developments. In this article, we will present recent examples of inhibitors ranging from small molecules and peptidomimetics to biologics. We will also discuss the scientific knowledge that has led to the development of emerging tools and techniques to overcome the challenges of selective MMP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zipfel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), F-14032 Caen, France
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Li YJ, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Figaji AA, Rohlwink UK. Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase Concentrations Offer Novel Insight Into Their Role in Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:82-86. [PMID: 30753686 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We collected lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and serum from 40 children treated for tuberculous meningitis and measured the concentrations of gelatinases and their inhibitors. The concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 were significantly elevated in the lumbar CSF samples, and we found interesting dynamics for MMP-9 that offer novel insight into its role in pediatric patients with tuberculous meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery.,Neurosciences Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery.,Neurosciences Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences
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Broekaart DWM, van Scheppingen J, Anink JJ, Wierts L, van het Hof B, Jansen FE, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Kamphuis WW, de Vries HE, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Increased matrix metalloproteinases expression in tuberous sclerosis complex: modulation by microRNA 146a and 147b in vitro. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:142-159. [PMID: 31183875 PMCID: PMC7217197 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) control proteolysis within the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain. Dysfunction of this enzymatic system due to brain inflammation can disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. However, this has not been extensively studied in the epileptogenic human brain. METHODS We investigated the expression and cellular localization of major MMPs (MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP14) and TIMPs (TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 and TIMP4) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry in resected epileptogenic brain tissue from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intractable epilepsy and prominent neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we determined whether anti-inflammatory microRNAs, miR146a and miR147b, which can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level, could attenuate dysregulated MMP and TIMP expression in TSC tuber-derived astroglial cultures. RESULTS We demonstrated higher mRNA and protein expression of MMPs and TIMPs in TSC tubers compared to control and perituberal brain tissue, particularly in dysmorphic neurons and giant cells, as well as in reactive astrocytes, which was associated with BBB dysfunction. More importantly, IL-1β-induced dysregulation of MMP3, TIMP2, TIMP3 and TIMP4 could be rescued by miR146a and miR147b in tuber-derived TSC cultures. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of dysregulation of the MMP/TIMP proteolytic system in TSC, which is associated with BBB dysfunction. As dysregulated MMP and TIMP expression can be ameliorated in vitro by miR146a and miR147b, these miRNAs deserve further investigation as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. W. M. Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - J. van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - J. J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro)PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - L. Wierts
- Brendinn TherapeuticsAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - B. van het Hof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. E. Jansen
- Department of Pediatric NeurologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - W. G. Spliet
- Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - P. C. van Rijen
- Department of NeurosurgeryRudolf Magnus Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - W. W. Kamphuis
- Brendinn TherapeuticsAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - H. E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - E. Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN)HeemstedeThe Netherlands
| | - E. A. van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)PathologyAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesCenter for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Design and synthesis of selective and blood-brain barrier-permeable hydroxamate-based gelatinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wen TH, Afroz S, Reinhard SM, Palacios AR, Tapia K, Binder DK, Razak KA, Ethell IM. Genetic Reduction of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Promotes Formation of Perineuronal Nets Around Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons and Normalizes Auditory Cortex Responses in Developing Fmr1 Knock-Out Mice. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:3951-3964. [PMID: 29040407 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal sensory responses associated with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorders include hypersensitivity and impaired habituation to repeated stimuli. Similar sensory deficits are also observed in adult Fmr1 knock-out (KO) mice and are reversed by genetic deletion of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) through yet unknown mechanisms. Here we present new evidence that impaired development of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing inhibitory interneurons may underlie hyper-responsiveness in auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice via MMP-9-dependent regulation of perineuronal nets (PNNs). First, we found that PV cell development and PNN formation around GABAergic interneurons were impaired in developing auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice. Second, MMP-9 levels were elevated in P12-P18 auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice and genetic reduction of MMP-9 to WT levels restored the formation of PNNs around PV cells. Third, in vivo single-unit recordings from auditory cortex neurons showed enhanced spontaneous and sound-driven responses in developing Fmr1 KO mice, which were normalized following genetic reduction of MMP-9. These findings indicate that elevated MMP-9 levels contribute to the development of sensory hypersensitivity by influencing formation of PNNs around PV interneurons suggesting MMP-9 as a new therapeutic target to reduce sensory deficits in FXS and potentially other autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa H Wen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Afroz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Reinhard
- Psychology Department and Psychology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Palacios
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kendal Tapia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.,Psychology Department and Psychology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Kumar GB, Nair BG, Perry JJP, Martin DBC. Recent insights into natural product inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2024-2037. [PMID: 32904148 PMCID: PMC7451072 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00165d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family have biological functions that are central to human health and disease, and MMP inhibitors have been investigated for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The outcomes of initial clinical trials with the first generation of MMP inhibitors proved disappointing. However, our growing understanding of the complexities of the MMP function in disease, and an increased understanding of MMP protein architecture and control of activity now provide new opportunities and avenues to develop MMP-focused therapies. Natural products that affect MMP activities have been of strong interest as templates for drug discovery, and for their use as chemical tools to help delineate the roles of MMPs that still remain to be defined. Herein, we highlight the most recent discoveries of structurally diverse natural product inhibitors to these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha B Kumar
- School of Biotechnology , Amrita University , Kollam , Kerala , India
| | - Bipin G Nair
- School of Biotechnology , Amrita University , Kollam , Kerala , India
| | - J Jefferson P Perry
- School of Biotechnology , Amrita University , Kollam , Kerala , India
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA .
| | - David B C Martin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA 92521 , USA
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA 52242 , USA .
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Kelestemur T, Beker MC, Caglayan AB, Caglayan B, Altunay S, Kutlu S, Kilic E. Normobaric oxygen treatment improves neuronal survival functional recovery and axonal plasticity after newborn hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112338. [PMID: 31733311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborn hypoxia ischemia (HI) is one of the most prevalent cases in the emergency and can result from fetal hypoxia during delivery. In HI, restricted blood supply to the fetal brain may cause epilepsy or mental disorders. METHODS In the present study, seven-day-old pups were subjected HI and treated with different normobaric oxygen (NBO) concentrations (21%, 70% or 100%). In the acute phase, we analyzed infarct area, disseminate neuronal injury and surviving neurons. In addition, we studied the regulation of PTEN and MMP-9 proteins which were suggested to be activated by HI in the ischemic tissue. Moreover, long-term effects of NBO treatments were evaluated with open field, rotarod and Barnes maze tests. We also examined axonal plasticity with EGFP-AAV injection. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that hyperoxic NBO concentration causes an increase in cellular survival and a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, meanwhile inhibiting the proteins involved in cellular death mechanisms. Moreover, we found that hyperoxia decreases anxiety, promotes motor coordination and improve spatial learning and memory. Notably that axonal sprouting was promoted by hyperoxia. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that NBO is a promising approach for the treatment of newborn HI, which encourage proof-of-concept studies in newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Kelestemur
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa C Beker
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet B Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey; International School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak Caglayan
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey; International School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altunay
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selim Kutlu
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey; Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, 34810, Istanbul, Turkey.
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García-González L, Pilat D, Baranger K, Rivera S. Emerging Alternative Proteinases in APP Metabolism and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Focus on MT1-MMP and MT5-MMP. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:244. [PMID: 31607898 PMCID: PMC6769103 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) into amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) by β-secretase and γ-secretase complex is at the heart of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Targeting this proteolytic pathway effectively reduces/prevents pathology and cognitive decline in preclinical experimental models of the disease, but therapeutic strategies based on secretase activity modifying drugs have so far failed in clinical trials. Although this may raise some doubts on the relevance of β- and γ-secretases as targets, new APP-cleaving enzymes, including meprin-β, legumain (δ-secretase), rhomboid-like protein-4 (RHBDL4), caspases and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs/η-secretases) have confirmed that APP processing remains a solid mechanism in AD pathophysiology. This review will discuss recent findings on the roles of all these proteinases in the nervous system, and in particular on the roles of MT-MMPs, which are at the crossroads of pathological events involving not only amyloidogenesis, but also inflammation and synaptic dysfunctions. Assessing the potential of these emerging proteinases in the Alzheimer’s field opens up new research prospects to improve our knowledge of fundamental mechanisms of the disease and help us establish new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominika Pilat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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Hussain AA, Lee Y, Marshall J. Understanding the complexity of the matrix metalloproteinase system and its relevance to age-related diseases: Age-related macular degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100775. [PMID: 31473329 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are maintained by tightly coupled processes of continuous synthesis and degradation. The degradative arm is mediated by a family of proteolytic enzymes called the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These enzymes are released as latent proteins (pro-MMPs) and on activation are capable of degrading most components of an ECM. Activity of these enzymes is checked by the presence of tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and current opinion holds that the ratio of TIMPs/MMPs determines the relative rate of degradation. Thus, elevated ratios are thought to compromise degradation leading to the accumulation of abnormal ECM material, whilst diminished ratios are thought to lead to excessive ECM degradation (facilitating angiogenesis and the spread of cancer cells). Our recent work has shown this system to be far more complex. MMP species tend to undergo covalent modification leading to homo- and hetero-dimerization and aggregation resulting in the formation of very large macromolecular weight MMP complexes (LMMCs). In addition, the various MMP species also show a bound-free compartmentalisation. The net result of these changes is to reduce the availability of the latent forms of MMPs for the activation process. An assessment of the degradation potential of the MMP system in any tissue must therefore take into account the degree of sequestration of the latent MMP species, a protocol that has not previously been addressed. Taking into consideration the complexities already described, we will present an analysis of the MMP system in two common neurodegenerative disorders, namely age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Hussain
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Alt-Regen Co., Ltd, Heungdeok IT Valley, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| | - John Marshall
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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