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Santos TB, Kramer-Soares JC, de Oliveira Coelho CA, Oliveira MGM. Functional network of contextual and temporal memory has increased amygdala centrality and connectivity with the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13087. [PMID: 37567967 PMCID: PMC10421896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In fear conditioning with time intervals between the conditioned (CS) and unconditioned (US) stimuli, a neural representation of the CS must be maintained over time to be associated with the later US. Usually, temporal associations are studied by investigating individual brain regions. It remains unknown, however, the effect of the interval at the network level, uncovering functional connections cooperating for the CS transient memory and its fear association. We investigated the functional network supporting temporal associations using a task in which a 5-s interval separates the contextual CS from the US (CFC-5s). We quantified c-Fos expression in forty-nine brain regions of male rats following the CFC-5s training, used c-Fos correlations to generate functional networks, and analyzed them by graph theory. Control groups were trained in contextual fear conditioning, in which CS and US overlap. The CFC-5s training additionally activated subdivisions of the basolateral, lateral, and medial amygdala; prelimbic, infralimbic, perirhinal, postrhinal, and intermediate entorhinal cortices; ventral CA1 and subiculum. The CFC-5s network had increased amygdala centrality and higher amygdala internal and external connectivity with the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Amygdala and thalamic nuclei were network hubs. Functional connectivity among these brain regions could support CS transient memories and their association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thays Brenner Santos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Juliana Carlota Kramer-Soares
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, 04023-062, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul - UNICSUL, São Paulo, 08060-070, Brazil
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2
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Fossati G, Kiss-Bodolay D, Prados J, Chéreau R, Husi E, Cadilhac C, Gomez L, Silva BA, Dayer A, Holtmaat A. Bimodal modulation of L1 interneuron activity in anterior cingulate cortex during fear conditioning. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1138358. [PMID: 37334059 PMCID: PMC10272719 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1138358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a crucial role in encoding, consolidating and retrieving memories related to emotionally salient experiences, such as aversive and rewarding events. Various studies have highlighted its importance for fear memory processing, but its circuit mechanisms are still poorly understood. Cortical layer 1 (L1) of the ACC might be a particularly important site of signal integration, since it is a major entry point for long-range inputs, which is tightly controlled by local inhibition. Many L1 interneurons express the ionotropic serotonin receptor 3a (5HT3aR), which has been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder and in models of anxiety. Hence, unraveling the response dynamics of L1 interneurons and subtypes thereof during fear memory processing may provide important insights into the microcircuit organization regulating this process. Here, using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy of genetically encoded calcium indicators through microprisms in awake mice, we longitudinally monitored over days the activity of L1 interneurons in the ACC in a tone-cued fear conditioning paradigm. We observed that tones elicited responses in a substantial fraction of the imaged neurons, which were significantly modulated in a bidirectional manner after the tone was associated to an aversive stimulus. A subpopulation of these neurons, the neurogliaform cells (NGCs), displayed a net increase in tone-evoked responses following fear conditioning. Together, these results suggest that different subpopulations of L1 interneurons may exert distinct functions in the ACC circuitry regulating fear learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Fossati
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Kiss-Bodolay
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Lemanic Neuroscience Doctoral School, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Prados
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ronan Chéreau
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Husi
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Cadilhac
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Gomez
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bianca A. Silva
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Holtmaat
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, and Neurocenter, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Kong MS, Kim N, Jo KI, Kim SP, Choi JS. Differential Encoding of Trace and Delay Fear Memory in the Entorhinal Cortex. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:20-30. [PMID: 36919333 PMCID: PMC10017844 DOI: 10.5607/en22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace fear conditioning is characterized by a stimulus-free trace interval (TI) between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), which requires an array of brain structures to support the formation and storage of associative memory. The entorhinal cortex (EC) has been proposed to provide essential neural code for resolving temporal discontinuity in conjunction with the hippocampus. However, how the CS and TI are encoded at the neuronal level in the EC is not clear. In Exp. 1, we tested the effect of bilateral pre-training electrolytic lesions of EC on trace vs. delay fear conditioning using rats as subjects. We found that the lesions impaired the acquisition of trace but not delay fear conditioning confirming that EC is a critical brain area for trace fear memory formation. In Exp. 2, single-unit activities from EC were recorded during the pre-training baseline and post-training retention sessions following trace or delay conditioning. The recording results showed that a significant proportion of the EC neurons modulated their firing during TI after the trace conditioning, but not after the delay fear conditioning. Further analysis revealed that the majority of modulated units decreased the firing rate during the TI or the CS. Taken together, these results suggest that EC critically contributes to trace fear conditioning by modulating neuronal activity during the TI to facilitate the association between the CS and US across a temporal gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Seon Kong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn 20147, VA, USA
| | - Kyeong Im Jo
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sung-Phil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - June-Seek Choi
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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4
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Pi C, Tang W, Li Z, Liu Y, Jing Q, Dai W, Wang T, Yang C, Yu S. Cortical pain induced by optogenetic cortical spreading depression: from whole brain activity mapping. Mol Brain 2022; 15:99. [PMID: 36471383 PMCID: PMC9721019 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is an electrophysiological event underlying migraine aura. Traditional CSD models are invasive and often cause injuries. The aim of the study was to establish a minimally invasive optogenetic CSD model and identify the active networks after CSD using whole-brain activity mapping. METHODS CSD was induced in mice by light illumination, and their periorbital thresholds and behaviours in the open field, elevated plus-maze and light-aversion were recorded. Using c-fos, we mapped the brain activity after CSD. The whole brain was imaged, reconstructed and analyzed using the Volumetric Imaging with Synchronized on-the-fly-scan and Readout technique. To ensure the accuracy of the results, the immunofluorescence staining method was used to verify the imaging results. RESULTS The optogenetic CSD model showed significantly decreased periorbital thresholds, increased facial grooming and freezing behaviours and prominent light-aversion behaviours. Brain activity mapping revealed that the somatosensory, primary sensory, olfactory, basal ganglia and default mode networks were activated. However, the thalamus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis were not activated. CONCLUSIONS Optogenetic CSD model could mimic the behaviours of headache and photophobia. Moreover, the optogenetic CSD could activate multiple sensory cortical regions without the thalamus or trigeminal nucleus caudalis to induce cortical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Pi
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhishuai Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309The State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jing
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Dai
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Neurology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Lee JY, You T, Lee CH, Im GH, Seo H, Woo CW, Kim SG. Role of anterior cingulate cortex inputs to periaqueductal gray for pain avoidance. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2834-2847.e5. [PMID: 35609604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although pain-related excessive fear is known to be a key factor in chronic pain disability, which involves the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), little is known about the downstream circuits of the ACC for fear avoidance in pain processing. Using behavioral experiments and functional magnetic resonance imaging with optogenetics at 15.2 T, we demonstrate that the ACC is a part of the abnormal circuit changes in chronic pain and its downstream circuits are closely related to modulating sensorimotor integration and generating active movement rather than carrying sensory information. The projection from the ACC to the dorsolateral and lateral parts of the periaqueductal gray (dl/lPAG) especially enhances both reflexive and active avoidance behavior toward pain. Collectively, our results indicate that increased signals from the ACC to the dl/lPAG might be critical for excessive fear avoidance in chronic pain disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Yun Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taeyi You
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hee Lee
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Ho Im
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Seo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44704, USA
| | - Choong-Wan Woo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Shi W, Fu Y, Shi T, Zhou W. Different Synaptic Plasticity After Physiological and Psychological Stress in the Anterior Insular Cortex in an Observational Fear Mouse Model. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:851015. [PMID: 35645764 PMCID: PMC9132225 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.851015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be triggered not only in people who have personally experienced traumatic events but also in those who witness them. Physiological and psychological stress can have different effects on neural activity, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. There is ample evidence that the insular cortex, especially the anterior insular cortex (aIC), is critical to both the sensory and emotional experience of pain. It is therefore worthwhile to explore the effects of direct and indirect stress on the synaptic plasticity of the aIC. Here, we used a mouse model of observational fear to mimic direct suffering (Demonstrator, DM) and witnessing (Observer, OB) of traumatic events. After observational fear training, using a 64-channel recording system, we showed that both DM and OB mice exhibited a decreased ratio of paired-pulse with intervals of 50 ms in the superficial layers of the aIC but not in the deep layers. We found that theta-burst stimulation (TBS)–induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in OB mice was significantly higher than in DM mice, and the recruitment of synaptic responses occurred only in OB mice. Compared with naive mice, OB mice showed stronger recruitment and higher amplitude in the superficial layers of the aIC. We also used low-frequency stimulation (LFS) to induce long-term depression (LTD). OB mice showed greater LTD in both the superficial and deep layers of the aIC than naive mice, but no significant difference was found between OB and DM mice. These results provide insights into the changes in synaptic plasticity in the aIC after physiological and psychological stress, and suggest that different types of stress may have different mechanisms. Furthermore, identification of the possible causes of the differences in stress could help treat stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tianyao Shi,
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Wenxia Zhou,
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7
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Brennan EKW, Jedrasiak-Cape I, Kailasa S, Rice SP, Sudhakar SK, Ahmed OJ. Thalamus and claustrum control parallel layer 1 circuits in retrosplenial cortex. eLife 2021; 10:e62207. [PMID: 34170817 PMCID: PMC8233040 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) is critical for both spatial and non-spatial behaviors, but the underlying neural codes remain poorly understood. Here, we use optogenetic circuit mapping in mice to reveal a double dissociation that allows parallel circuits in superficial RSG to process disparate inputs. The anterior thalamus and dorsal subiculum, sources of spatial information, strongly and selectively recruit small low-rheobase (LR) pyramidal cells in RSG. In contrast, neighboring regular-spiking (RS) cells are preferentially controlled by claustral and anterior cingulate inputs, sources of mostly non-spatial information. Precise sublaminar axonal and dendritic arborization within RSG layer 1, in particular, permits this parallel processing. Observed thalamocortical synaptic dynamics enable computational models of LR neurons to compute the speed of head rotation, despite receiving head direction inputs that do not explicitly encode speed. Thus, parallel input streams identify a distinct principal neuronal subtype ideally positioned to support spatial orientation computations in the RSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen KW Brennan
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | | | - Sameer Kailasa
- Department of Mathematics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sharena P Rice
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | | | - Omar J Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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8
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Seamans JK. The anterior cingulate cortex and event-based modulation of autonomic states. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 158:135-169. [PMID: 33785144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of being an intensive area of research focus, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) remains somewhat of an enigma. Many theories have focused on its role in various aspects of cognition yet surgically precise lesions of the ACC, used to treat severe emotional disorders in human patients, typically have no lasting effects on cognition. An alternative view is that the ACC has a prominent role in regulating autonomic states. This view is consistent with anatomical data showing that a main target of the ACC are regions involved in autonomic control and with the observation that stimulation of the ACC evokes changes in autonomic states in both animals and humans. From an electrophysiological perspective, ACC neurons appear able to represent virtually any event or internal state, even though there is not always a strong link between these representations and behavior. Ensembles of neurons form robust contextual representations that strongly influence how specific events are encoded. The activity patterns associated with these contextually-based event representations presumably impact activity in downstream regions that control autonomic state. As a result, the ACC may regulate the autonomic and perhaps emotional reactions to events it is representing. This event-based control of autonomic tone by the ACC would likely arise during all types of cognitive and affective processes, without necessarily being critical for any of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Seamans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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9
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Koga K, Yamada A, Song Q, Li XH, Chen QY, Liu RH, Ge J, Zhan C, Furue H, Zhuo M, Chen T. Ascending noradrenergic excitation from the locus coeruleus to the anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Brain 2020; 13:49. [PMID: 32216807 PMCID: PMC7098117 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays important roles in sensory perception including pain and itch. Neurons in the ACC receive various neuromodulatory inputs from subcortical structures, including locus coeruleus noradrenaline (LC-NA) neurons. Few studies have been reported about synaptic and behavioral functions of LC-NA projections to the ACC. Using viral-genetic method (AAV-DIO-eYFP) on DBH-cre mice, we found that LC-NA formed synaptic connections to ACC pyramidal cells but not interneurons. This is further supported by the electron microscopic study showing NAergic fibers contact the presynaptic inputs and post-synaptic areas of the pyramidal cells. NA application produced both pre- and post-synaptic potentiation effects in ACC excitatory transmission in vivo and in vitro. Activation of LC-NA projection to the ACC by optogenetic method produced enhancement of excitatory transmission in vitro and induced scratching and behavioral sensitization for mechanical stimulation. Our results demonstrate that LC-NA projections enhance or facilitate brain responses to pain and itch by potentiating glutamatergic synaptic transmissions in the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Qian Song
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Qi-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ren-Hao Liu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Cheng Zhan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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10
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Sex difference in synaptic plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex of adult mice. Mol Brain 2020; 13:41. [PMID: 32178709 PMCID: PMC7076932 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in certain types of pain sensitivity and emotional responses have been previously reported. Synaptic plasticity is a key cellular mechanism for pain perception and emotional regulation, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). However, it is unclear whether there is a sex difference at synaptic level. Recent studies indicate that excitatory transmission and plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are critical in chronic pain and pain related emotional responses. In the present study, we used 64-channel multielectrode (MED64) system to record synaptic plasticity in the ACC of male and female adult mice. We found that there was no significant difference in theta-burst stimulation (TBS)-induced LTP between female and male mice. Furthermore, the recruitment of inactive channels was also not different. For LTD, we found that LTD was greater in slices of ACC in male mice than female mice. Our results demonstrate that LTP in the ACC does not show any sex-related difference.
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11
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Bravo F, Cross I, Hopkins C, Gonzalez N, Docampo J, Bruno C, Stamatakis EA. Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex response to systematically controlled tonal dissonance during passive music listening. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:46-66. [PMID: 31512332 PMCID: PMC7268082 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attempted to investigate how the brain codes emotional value when processing music of contrasting levels of dissonance; however, the lack of control over specific musical structural characteristics (i.e., dynamics, rhythm, melodic contour or instrumental timbre), which are known to affect perceived dissonance, rendered results difficult to interpret. To account for this, we used functional imaging with an optimized control of the musical structure to obtain a finer characterization of brain activity in response to tonal dissonance. Behavioral findings supported previous evidence for an association between increased dissonance and negative emotion. Results further demonstrated that the manipulation of tonal dissonance through systematically controlled changes in interval content elicited contrasting valence ratings but no significant effects on either arousal or potency. Neuroscientific findings showed an engagement of the left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the left rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) while participants listened to dissonant compared to consonant music, converging with studies that have proposed a core role of these regions during conflict monitoring (detection and resolution), and in the appraisal of negative emotion and fear‐related information. Both the left and right primary auditory cortices showed stronger functional connectivity with the ACC during the dissonant portion of the task, implying a demand for greater information integration when processing negatively valenced musical stimuli. This study demonstrated that the systematic control of musical dissonance could be applied to isolate valence from the arousal dimension, facilitating a novel access to the neural representation of negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bravo
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,TU Dresden, Institut für Kunst- und Musikwissenschaft, Dresden, Germany.,Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Cross
- Centre for Music and Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nadia Gonzalez
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Docampo
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Department of Neuroimaging, Fundación Científica del Sur Imaging Centre, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Cognition and Consciousness Imaging Group, Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Wirt RA, Hyman JM. ACC Theta Improves Hippocampal Contextual Processing during Remote Recall. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2313-2327.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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13
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Finnie PSB, Gamache K, Protopoulos M, Sinclair E, Baker AG, Wang SH, Nader K. Cortico-hippocampal Schemas Enable NMDAR-Independent Fear Conditioning in Rats. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2900-2909.e5. [PMID: 30197087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiology of memory formation has been studied primarily in experimentally naive animals, but the majority of learning unfolds on a background of prior experience. Considerable evidence now indicates that the brain processes initial and subsequent learning differently. In rodents, a first instance of contextual fear conditioning requires NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation in the dorsal hippocampus, but subsequent conditioning to another context does not. This shift may result from a change in molecular plasticity mechanisms or in the information required to learn the second task. To clarify how related events are encoded, it is critical to identify which aspect of a first task engages NMDAR-independent learning and the brain regions that maintain this state. Here, we show in rats that the requirement for NMDARs in hippocampus depends neither on prior exposure to context nor footshock alone but rather on the procedural similarity between two conditioning tasks. Importantly, NMDAR-independent learning requires the memory of the first task to remain hippocampus dependent. Furthermore, disrupting memory maintenance in the anterior cingulate cortex after the first task also reinstates NMDAR dependency. These results reveal cortico-hippocampal interactions supporting experience-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S B Finnie
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Karine Gamache
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Maria Protopoulos
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Andrew G Baker
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Szu-Han Wang
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Chancellor's Building GU507c, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Karim Nader
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
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14
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Xiao X, Zhang YQ. A new perspective on the anterior cingulate cortex and affective pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Li M, Xie K, Kuang H, Liu J, Wang D, Fox GE, Shi Z, Chen L, Zhao F, Mao Y, Tsien JZ. Neural Coding of Cell Assemblies via Spike-Timing Self-Information. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:2563-2576. [PMID: 29688285 PMCID: PMC5998964 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracking brain's neural code is of general interest. In contrast to the traditional view that enormous spike variability in resting states and stimulus-triggered responses reflects noise, here, we examine the "Neural Self-Information Theory" that the interspike-interval (ISI), or the silence-duration between 2 adjoining spikes, carries self-information that is inversely proportional to its variability-probability. Specifically, higher-probability ISIs convey minimal information because they reflect the ground state, whereas lower-probability ISIs carry more information, in the form of "positive" or "negative surprisals," signifying the excitatory or inhibitory shifts from the ground state, respectively. These surprisals serve as the quanta of information to construct temporally coordinated cell-assembly ternary codes representing real-time cognitions. Accordingly, we devised a general decoding method and unbiasedly uncovered 15 cell assemblies underlying different sleep cycles, fear-memory experiences, spatial navigation, and 5-choice serial-reaction time (5CSRT) visual-discrimination behaviors. We further revealed that robust cell-assembly codes were generated by ISI surprisals constituted of ~20% of the skewed ISI gamma-distribution tails, conforming to the "Pareto Principle" that specifies, for many events-including communication-roughly 80% of the output or consequences come from 20% of the input or causes. These results demonstrate that real-time neural coding arises from the temporal assembly of neural-clique members via silence variability-based self-information codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kun Xie
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Province Academy of Science and Technology, Xi-Shuang-Ban-Na Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Kuang
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Deheng Wang
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Province Academy of Science and Technology, Xi-Shuang-Ban-Na Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Grace E Fox
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Province Academy of Science and Technology, Xi-Shuang-Ban-Na Prefecture, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joe Z Tsien
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Province Academy of Science and Technology, Xi-Shuang-Ban-Na Prefecture, Yunnan, China
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16
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Allsop SA, Wichmann R, Mills F, Burgos-Robles A, Chang CJ, Felix-Ortiz AC, Vienne A, Beyeler A, Izadmehr EM, Glober G, Cum MI, Stergiadou J, Anandalingam KK, Farris K, Namburi P, Leppla CA, Weddington JC, Nieh EH, Smith AC, Ba D, Brown EN, Tye KM. Corticoamygdala Transfer of Socially Derived Information Gates Observational Learning. Cell 2018; 173:1329-1342.e18. [PMID: 29731170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Observational learning is a powerful survival tool allowing individuals to learn about threat-predictive stimuli without directly experiencing the pairing of the predictive cue and punishment. This ability has been linked to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA). To investigate how information is encoded and transmitted through this circuit, we performed electrophysiological recordings in mice observing a demonstrator mouse undergo associative fear conditioning and found that BLA-projecting ACC (ACC→BLA) neurons preferentially encode socially derived aversive cue information. Inhibition of ACC→BLA alters real-time amygdala representation of the aversive cue during observational conditioning. Selective inhibition of the ACC→BLA projection impaired acquisition, but not expression, of observational fear conditioning. We show that information derived from observation about the aversive value of the cue is transmitted from the ACC to the BLA and that this routing of information is critically instructive for observational fear conditioning. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Allsop
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Romy Wichmann
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fergil Mills
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony Burgos-Robles
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ada C Felix-Ortiz
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alienor Vienne
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna Beyeler
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ehsan M Izadmehr
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gordon Glober
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Meghan I Cum
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Johanna Stergiadou
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kavitha K Anandalingam
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn Farris
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Praneeth Namburi
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher A Leppla
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Javier C Weddington
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward H Nieh
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anne C Smith
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Demba Ba
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emery N Brown
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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17
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SCRAPPER Selectively Contributes to Spontaneous Release and Presynaptic Long-Term Potentiation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3887-3895. [PMID: 28292828 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0023-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SCRAPPER is an E3 ubiquitin ligase expressed in presynaptic terminals, neural cell body, and dendrites of the hippocampus and cortex, which is coded by the FBXL20 gene. SCRAPPER is known to regulate synaptic transmissions and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, but no report is available for the cortex. Here we show genetic evidence for critical roles of SCRAPPER in excitatory transmission and presynaptic LTP (pre-LTP) of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a critical cortical region for pain, anxiety, and fear. Miniature and spontaneous releases, but not evoked release, of glutamate were significantly increased in SCRAPPER knock-out (SCR-KO) mice. Interestingly, SCRAPPER selectively contributes to the increases of frequency and amplitude. The pre-LTP in the ACC was completely blocked in SCR-KO mice. Our results thus provide direct evidence for SCRAPPER in both spontaneous release and pre-LTP in the ACC and reveal a potential novel target for treating anxiety-related disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays critical roles in pain, anxiety, and fear. Peripheral injury induces long-term changes in synaptic transmission in the ACC. Our recent study found that a presynaptic form of LTP (pre-LTP) in the ACC contributes to chronic pain-induced anxiety. Here, we show that SCRAPPER plays a critical role in ACC pre-LTP as well as synaptic transmission.
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18
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Xie K, Fox GE, Liu J, Lyu C, Lee JC, Kuang H, Jacobs S, Li M, Liu T, Song S, Tsien JZ. Brain Computation Is Organized via Power-of-Two-Based Permutation Logic. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:95. [PMID: 27895562 PMCID: PMC5108790 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable scientific interest in understanding how cell assemblies—the long-presumed computational motif—are organized so that the brain can generate intelligent cognition and flexible behavior. The Theory of Connectivity proposes that the origin of intelligence is rooted in a power-of-two-based permutation logic (N = 2i–1), producing specific-to-general cell-assembly architecture capable of generating specific perceptions and memories, as well as generalized knowledge and flexible actions. We show that this power-of-two-based permutation logic is widely used in cortical and subcortical circuits across animal species and is conserved for the processing of a variety of cognitive modalities including appetitive, emotional and social information. However, modulatory neurons, such as dopaminergic (DA) neurons, use a simpler logic despite their distinct subtypes. Interestingly, this specific-to-general permutation logic remained largely intact although NMDA receptors—the synaptic switch for learning and memory—were deleted throughout adulthood, suggesting that the logic is developmentally pre-configured. Moreover, this computational logic is implemented in the cortex via combining a random-connectivity strategy in superficial layers 2/3 with nonrandom organizations in deep layers 5/6. This randomness of layers 2/3 cliques—which preferentially encode specific and low-combinatorial features and project inter-cortically—is ideal for maximizing cross-modality novel pattern-extraction, pattern-discrimination and pattern-categorization using sparse code, consequently explaining why it requires hippocampal offline-consolidation. In contrast, the nonrandomness in layers 5/6—which consists of few specific cliques but a higher portion of more general cliques projecting mostly to subcortical systems—is ideal for feedback-control of motivation, emotion, consciousness and behaviors. These observations suggest that the brain’s basic computational algorithm is indeed organized by the power-of-two-based permutation logic. This simple mathematical logic can account for brain computation across the entire evolutionary spectrum, ranging from the simplest neural networks to the most complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, GA, USA; The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Science and TechnologyYunnan, China
| | - Grace E Fox
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, GA, USA; The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Science and TechnologyYunnan, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Computer Science and Brain Imaging Center, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA; School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Jason C Lee
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hui Kuang
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie Jacobs
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, GA, USA; The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Science and TechnologyYunnan, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Brain Imaging Center, University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sen Song
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Joe Z Tsien
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta UniversityAugusta, GA, USA; The Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Science and TechnologyYunnan, China
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19
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Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is activated in both acute and chronic pain. In this Review, we discuss increasing evidence from rodent studies that ACC activation contributes to chronic pain states and describe several forms of synaptic plasticity that may underlie this effect. In particular, one form of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ACC, which is triggered by the activation of NMDA receptors and expressed by an increase in AMPA-receptor function, sustains the affective component of the pain state. Another form of LTP in the ACC, which is triggered by the activation of kainate receptors and expressed by an increase in glutamate release, may contribute to pain-related anxiety.
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20
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Karalis N, Dejean C, Chaudun F, Khoder S, Rozeske RR, Wurtz H, Bagur S, Benchenane K, Sirota A, Courtin J, Herry C. 4-Hz oscillations synchronize prefrontal-amygdala circuits during fear behavior. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:605-12. [PMID: 26878674 PMCID: PMC4843971 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fear expression relies on the coordinated activity of prefrontal and amygdala circuits, yet the mechanisms allowing long-range network synchronization during fear remain unknown. Using a combination of extracellular recordings, pharmacological, and optogenetic manipulations we report that freezing, a behavioural expression of fear, temporally coincides with the development of sustained, internally generated 4 Hz oscillations within prefrontal-amygdala circuits. 4 Hz oscillations predict freezing onset and offset and synchronize prefrontal-amygdala circuits. Optogenetic induction of prefrontal 4 Hz oscillations coordinates prefrontal-amygdala activity and elicits fear behaviour. These results unravel a novel sustained oscillatory mechanism mediating prefrontal-amygdala coupling during fear behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Karalis
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cyril Dejean
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Chaudun
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Suzana Khoder
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Robert R Rozeske
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Wurtz
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Bagur
- Team Memory, Oscillations and Brain states (MOBs), Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI ParisTech, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Karim Benchenane
- Team Memory, Oscillations and Brain states (MOBs), Brain Plasticity Unit, CNRS UMR 8249, ESPCI ParisTech, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anton Sirota
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Munich, Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julien Courtin
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Herry
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Bordeaux, France
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21
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Kim N, Kong MS, Jo KI, Kim EJ, Choi JS. Increased tone-offset response in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala underlies trace fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 126:7-17. [PMID: 26524504 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) stores associative memory in the form of enhanced neural response to the sensory input following classical fear conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are presented in a temporally continuous manner. However, little is known about the role of the LA in trace fear conditioning where the CS and the US are separated by a temporal gap. Single-unit recordings of LA neurons before and after trace fear conditioning revealed that the short-latency activity to the CS offset, but not that to the onset, increased significantly and accompanied the conditioned fear response. The increased short-latency activity was evident in two aspects: the number of offset-responsive neurons was increased and the latency of the neuronal response to the CS offset was shortened. On the contrary, changes in the firing rate to either the onset or the offset were negligible following unpaired presentations of the CS and US. In sum, our results suggest that increased synaptic efficacy in the CS offset pathway in the LA might underlie the association between temporally distant stimuli in trace fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namsoo Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mi-Seon Kong
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyeong Im Jo
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - June-Seek Choi
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, 5-1, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Theta-frequency phase-locking of single anterior cingulate cortex neurons and synchronization with the medial thalamus are modulated by visceral noxious stimulation in rats. Neuroscience 2015; 298:200-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Mu L, Wang J, Cao B, Jelfs B, Chan RHM, Xu X, Hasan M, Zhang X, Li Y. Impairment of cognitive function by chemotherapy: association with the disruption of phase-locking and synchronization in anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Brain 2015; 8:32. [PMID: 26001812 PMCID: PMC4490721 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients following prolonged cancer chemotherapy are at high risk of emotional and cognitive deficits. Research indicates that the brain neuronal temporal coding and synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) are critical in memory and perception. We studied the effects of cisplatin on induction of LTP in the basolateral amygdala (BLA)-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) pathway, characterized the coordination of spike timing with local theta oscillation, and identified synchrony in the BLA-ACC network integrity. Results In the study presented, the impacts of cisplatin on emotional and cognitive functions were investigated by elevated plus-maze test, Morris water maze test, and rat Iowa gambling task (RGT). Electrophysiological recordings were conducted to study long-term potentiation. Simultaneous recordings from multi-electrodes were performed to characterize the neural spike firing and ongoing theta oscillation of local field potential (LFP), and to clarify the synchronization of large scale of theta oscillation in the BLA-ACC pathway. Cisplatin-treated rats demonstrated anxiety- like behavior, exhibited impaired spatial reference memory. RGT showed decrease of the percentage of good decision-makers, and increase in the percentage of maladaptive behavior (delay-good decision-makers plus poor decision-makers). Cisplatin suppressed the LTP, and disrupted the phase-locking of ACC single neural firings to the ongoing theta oscillation; further, cisplatin interrupted the synchrony in the BLA-ACC pathway. Conclusions We provide the first direct evidence that the cisplatin interrupts theta-frequency phase-locking of ACC neurons. The block of LTP and disruption of synchronized theta oscillations in the BLA-ACC pathway are associated with emotional and cognitive deficits in rats, following cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Bing Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Beth Jelfs
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Rosa H M Chan
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiaoxiang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Mahadi Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. .,Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Horne JA. Human REM sleep: influence on feeding behaviour, with clinical implications. Sleep Med 2015; 16:910-6. [PMID: 26122167 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep shares many underlying mechanisms with wakefulness, to a much greater extent than does non-REM, especially those relating to feeding behaviours, appetite, curiosity, exploratory (locomotor) activities, as well as aspects of emotions, particularly 'fear extinction'. REM is most evident in infancy, thereafter declining in what seems to be a dispensable manner that largely reciprocates increasing wakefulness. However, human adults retain more REM than do other mammals, where for us it is most abundant during our usual final REM period (fREMP) of the night, nearing wakefulness. The case is made that our REM is unusual, and that (i) fREMP retains this 'dispensability', acting as a proxy for wakefulness, able to be forfeited (without REM rebound) and substituted by physical activity (locomotion) when pressures of wakefulness increase; (ii) REM's atonia (inhibited motor output) may be a proxy for this locomotion; (iii) our nocturnal sleep typically develops into a physiological fast, especially during fREMP, which is also an appetite suppressant; (iv) REM may have 'anti-obesity' properties, and that the loss of fREMP may well enhance appetite and contribute to weight gain ('overeating') in habitually short sleepers; (v) as we also select foods for their hedonic (emotional) values, REM may be integral to developing food preferences and dislikes; and (vii) REM seems to have wider influences in regulating energy balance in terms of exercise 'substitution' and energy (body heat) retention. Avenues for further research are proposed, linking REM with feeding behaviours, including eating disorders, and effects of REM-suppressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Horne
- Sleep Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Hazan L, Gaisler-Salomon I. Glutaminase1 heterozygous mice show enhanced trace fear conditioning and Arc/Arg3.1 expression in hippocampus and cingulate cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1916-24. [PMID: 25453483 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mice heterozygous for a mutation in the glutaminase (GLS1) gene (GLS1 HZ mice), with reduced glutamate recycling and release, display reduced hippocampal function as well as memory of contextual cues in a delay fear conditioning (FC) paradigm. Here, we asked whether this deficit reflects an inability to process contextual information or a selective alteration in salience attribution. In addition, we asked whether baseline and activity-induced hippocampal activity were diminished in GLS1 HZ mice. For this purpose, we manipulated the relative salience of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and contextual cues in FC tasks, and examined gene expression of the immediate early gene Arc (Arc/Arg3.1) in hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) following trace FC (tFC). The results indicate that GLS1 HZ mice succeed in processing contextual information when the salient CS is absent or less predictive. In addition, in the hippocampus-dependent tFC paradigm GLS1 HZ mice display enhanced CS learning. Furthermore, while baseline arc activation was reduced in GLS1 HZ mice in the hippocampus, in line with previous fMRI findings, it was enhanced in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex following tFC. These findings suggest that GLS1 HZ mice have a pro-cognitive profile in the tFC paradigm, and this phenotype involves activation of both hippocampus and ACC. Taken together with previous work on the GLS1 HZ mouse, this study sheds light on the importance of glutamate transmission to memory processes that require the allocation of attentional resources, and extends our understanding of the underpinnings of attention deficits in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Hazan
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Inna Gaisler-Salomon
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Li XY, Wang N, Wang YJ, Zuo ZX, Koga K, Luo F, Zhuo M. Long-term temporal imprecision of information coding in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice with peripheral inflammation or nerve injury. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10675-87. [PMID: 25100600 PMCID: PMC4122801 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5166-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal properties of spike firing in the central nervous system (CNS) are critical for neuronal coding and the precision of information storage. Chronic pain has been reported to affect cognitive and emotional functions, in addition to trigger long-term plasticity in sensory synapses and behavioral sensitization. Less is known about the possible changes in temporal precision of cortical neurons in chronic pain conditions. In the present study, we investigated the temporal precision of action potential firing in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) by using both in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological approaches. We found that peripheral inflammation caused by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) increased the standard deviation (SD) of spikes latency (also called jitter) of ∼51% of recorded neurons in the ACC of adult rats in vivo. Similar increases in jitter were found in ACC neurons using in vitro brain slices from adult mice with peripheral inflammation or nerve injury. Bath application of glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and AP5 abolished the enhancement of jitter induced by CFA injection or nerve injury, suggesting that the increased jitter depends on the glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Activation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) by bath application of forskolin increased jitter, whereas genetic deletion of AC1 abolished the change of jitter caused by CFA inflammation. Our study provides strong evidence for long-term changes of temporal precision of information coding in cortical neurons after peripheral injuries and explains neuronal mechanism for chronic pain caused cognitive and emotional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yao Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, The Center for the study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Jie Wang
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Kohei Koga
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, The Center for the study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
| | - Fei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, The Center for the study of Pain, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and
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27
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Chen T, Lu JS, Song Q, Liu MG, Koga K, Descalzi G, Li YQ, Zhuo M. Pharmacological rescue of cortical synaptic and network potentiation in a mouse model for fragile X syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1955-67. [PMID: 24553731 PMCID: PMC4059905 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome, caused by the mutation of the Fmr1 gene, is characterized by deficits of attention and learning ability. In the hippocampus of Fmr1 knockout mice (KO), long-term depression is enhanced whereas long-term potentiation (LTP) including late-phase LTP (L-LTP) is reduced or unaffected. Here we examined L-LTP in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in Fmr1 KO mice by using a 64-electrode array recording system. In wild-type mice, theta-burst stimulation induced L-LTP that does not occur in all active electrodes/channels within the cingulate circuit and is typically detected in ∼75% of active channels. Furthermore, L-LTP recruited new responses from previous inactive channels. Both L-LTP and the recruitment of inactive responses were blocked in the ACC slices of Fmr1 KO mice. Bath application of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist or glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) inhibitors rescued the L-LTP and network recruitment. Our results demonstrate that loss of FMRP will greatly impair L-LTP and recruitment of cortical network in the ACC that can be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of mGluR5 or GSK3. This study is the first report of the network properties of L-LTP in the ACC, and provides basic mechanisms for future treatment of cortex-related cognitive defects in fragile X patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Anatomy and KK Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Shan Lu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Song
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Gang Liu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kohei Koga
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giannina Descalzi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and KK Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China,Department of Anatomy and KK Leung Brain Research Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China, Tel: +86 29 84774501, Fax: +86 29 83283229, E-mail:
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada, Tel: +1 416 978 4018, Fax: +1 416 978 7398, E-mail:
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Liu MG, Chen J. Preclinical research on pain comorbidity with affective disorders and cognitive deficits: Challenges and perspectives. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:13-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 109:3-15. [PMID: 24787485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from imaging and anatomical studies suggests that the midcingulate cortex (MCC) is a dynamic hub lying at the interface of affect and cognition. In particular, this neural system appears to integrate information about conflict and punishment in order to optimize behavior in the face of action-outcome uncertainty. In a series of meta-analyses, we show how recent human electrophysiological research provides compelling evidence that frontal-midline theta signals reflecting MCC activity are moderated by anxiety and predict adaptive behavioral adjustments. These findings underscore the importance of frontal theta activity to a broad spectrum of control operations. We argue that frontal-midline theta provides a neurophysiologically plausible mechanism for optimally adjusting behavior to uncertainty, a hallmark of situations that elicit anxiety and demand cognitive control. These observations compel a new perspective on the mechanisms guiding motivated learning and behavior and provide a framework for understanding the role of the MCC in temperament and psychopathology.
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30
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Abstract
Deficits of attention, emotion, and cognition occur in individuals with alcohol abuse and addiction. This review elucidates the concepts of attention, emotion, and cognition and references research on the underlying neural networks and their compromise in alcohol use disorder. Neuroimaging research on adolescents with family history of alcoholism contributes to the understanding of pre-existing brain structural conditions and characterization of cognition and attention processes in high-risk individuals. Attention and cognition interact with other brain functions, including perceptual selection, salience, emotion, reward, and memory, through interconnected neural networks. Recent research reports compromised microstructural and functional network connectivity in alcoholism, which can have an effect on the dynamic tuning between brain systems, e.g., the frontally based executive control system, the limbic emotion system, and the midbrain-striatal reward system, thereby impeding cognitive flexibility and behavioral adaptation to changing environments. Finally, we introduce concepts of functional compensation, the capacity to generate attentional resources for performance enhancement, and brain structure recovery with abstinence. An understanding of the neural mechanisms of attention, emotion, and cognition will likely provide the basis for better treatment strategies for developing skills that enhance alcoholism therapy adherence and quality of life, and reduce the propensity for relapse.
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31
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Raybuck JD, Lattal KM. Bridging the interval: theory and neurobiology of trace conditioning. Behav Processes 2014; 101:103-11. [PMID: 24036411 PMCID: PMC3943893 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An early finding in the behavioral analysis of learning was that conditioned responding weakens as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) are separated in time. This "trace" conditioning effect has been the focus of years of research in associative learning. Theoretical accounts of trace conditioning have focused on mechanisms that allow associative learning to occur across long intervals between the CS and US. These accounts have emphasized degraded contingency effects, timing mechanisms, and inhibitory learning. More recently, study of the neurobiology of trace conditioning has shown that even a short interval between the CS and US alters the circuitry recruited for learning. Here, we review some of the theoretical and neurobiological mechanisms underlying trace conditioning with an emphasis on recent studies of trace fear conditioning. Findings across many studies have implications not just for how we think about time and conditioning, but also for how we conceptualize fear conditioning in general, suggesting that circuitry beyond the usual suspects needs to be incorporated into current thinking about fear, learning, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Raybuck
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
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32
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Zhuo M. Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 369:20130146. [PMID: 24298148 PMCID: PMC3843878 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the primary excitatory transmitter of sensory transmission and perception in the central nervous system. Painful or noxious stimuli from the periphery ‘teach’ humans and animals to avoid potentially dangerous objects or environments, whereas tissue injury itself causes unnecessary chronic pain that can even last for long periods of time. Conventional pain medicines often fail to control chronic pain. Recent neurobiological studies suggest that synaptic plasticity taking place in sensory pathways, from spinal dorsal horn to cortical areas, contributes to chronic pain. Injuries trigger long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn and anterior cingulate cortex, and such persistent potentiation does not require continuous neuronal activity from the periphery. At the synaptic level, potentiation of excitatory transmission caused by injuries may be mediated by the enhancement of glutamate release from presynaptic terminals and potentiated postsynaptic responses of AMPA receptors. Preventing, ‘erasing’ or reducing such potentiation may serve as a new mechanism to inhibit chronic pain in patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Life Science, Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, , Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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33
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Zhang H, Chen G, Kuang H, Tsien JZ. Mapping and deciphering neural codes of NMDA receptor-dependent fear memory engrams in the hippocampus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79454. [PMID: 24302990 PMCID: PMC3841182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping and decoding brain activity patterns underlying learning and memory represents both great interest and immense challenge. At present, very little is known regarding many of the very basic questions regarding the neural codes of memory: are fear memories retrieved during the freezing state or non-freezing state of the animals? How do individual memory traces give arise to a holistic, real-time associative memory engram? How are memory codes regulated by synaptic plasticity? Here, by applying high-density electrode arrays and dimensionality-reduction decoding algorithms, we investigate hippocampal CA1 activity patterns of trace fear conditioning memory code in inducible NMDA receptor knockout mice and their control littermates. Our analyses showed that the conditioned tone (CS) and unconditioned foot-shock (US) can evoke hippocampal ensemble responses in control and mutant mice. Yet, temporal formats and contents of CA1 fear memory engrams differ significantly between the genotypes. The mutant mice with disabled NMDA receptor plasticity failed to generate CS-to-US or US-to-CS associative memory traces. Moreover, the mutant CA1 region lacked memory traces for “what at when” information that predicts the timing relationship between the conditioned tone and the foot shock. The degraded associative fear memory engram is further manifested in its lack of intertwined and alternating temporal association between CS and US memory traces that are characteristic to the holistic memory recall in the wild-type animals. Therefore, our study has decoded real-time memory contents, timing relationship between CS and US, and temporal organizing patterns of fear memory engrams and demonstrated how hippocampal memory codes are regulated by NMDA receptor synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Zhang
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guifen Chen
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hui Kuang
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Brain Decoding Center, Banna Biomedical Research Institute, Xi-Shuang-Ban-Na Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Joe Z. Tsien
- Brain and Behavior Discovery Institute and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chu Sin Chung P, Kieffer BL. Delta opioid receptors in brain function and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:112-20. [PMID: 23764370 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that the delta opioid receptor (DOR) is an attractive target for the treatment of brain disorders has strengthened in recent years. This receptor is broadly expressed in the brain, binds endogenous opioid peptides, and shows as functional profile highly distinct from those of mu and kappa opioid receptors. Our knowledge of DOR function has enormously progressed from in vivo studies using pharmacological tools and genetic approaches. The important role of this receptor in reducing chronic pain has been extensively overviewed; therefore this review focuses on facets of delta receptor activity relevant to psychiatric and other neurological disorders. Beneficial effects of DOR agonists are now well established in the context of emotional responses and mood disorders. DOR activation also regulates drug reward, inhibitory controls and learning processes, but whether delta compounds may represent useful drugs in the treatment of drug abuse remains open. Epileptogenic and locomotor-stimulating effects of delta agonists appear drug-dependent, and the possibility of biased agonism at DOR for these effects is worthwhile further investigations to increase benefit/risk ratio of delta therapies. Neuroprotective effects of DOR activity represent a forthcoming research area. Future developments in DOR research will benefit from in-depth investigations of DOR function at cellular and circuit levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chu Sin Chung
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7104 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, U964 INSERM, Illkirch, France
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Duncan MJ, Prochot JR, Cook DH, Tyler Smith J, Franklin KM. Influence of aging on Bmal1 and Per2 expression in extra-SCN oscillators in hamster brain. Brain Res 2012; 1491:44-53. [PMID: 23159832 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of the core clock gene, Bmal1, ablates circadian rhythms and accelerates aging, leading to cognitive deficits and tissue atrophy (e.g., skeletal muscle) (Kondratov et al., 2006, Kondratova et al., 2010). Although normal aging has been shown to attenuate Bmal1 expression in the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), relatively little is known about age-related changes in Bmal1 expression in other tissues, where Bmal1 may have multiple functions. This study tested the hypothesis that aging reduces Bmal1 expression in extra-SCN oscillators including brain substrates for memory and in skeletal muscle. Brains and gastrocnemius muscles were collected from young (3-5 months) and old hamsters (17-21 months) euthanized at four times of day. Bmal1 mRNA expression was determined by conducting in situ hybridization on brain sections or real-time PCR on muscle samples. The results showed age-related attenuation of Bmal1 expression in many brain regions, and included loss of diurnal rhythms in the hippocampal CA2 and CA3 subfields, but no change in muscle. In situ hybridization for Per2 mRNA was also conducted and showed age-related reduction of diurnal rhythm amplitude selectively in the hippocampal CA1 and DG subfields. In conclusion, aging has tissue-dependent effects on Bmal1 expression in extra-SCN oscillators. These finding on normal aging will provide a reference for comparing potential changes in Bmal1 and Per2 expression in age-related pathologies. In conjunction with previous reports, the results suggest the possibility that attenuation of clock gene expression in some brain regions (the hippocampus, cingulate cortex and SCN) may contribute to age-related cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Duncan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Brzózka MM, Rossner MJ. Deficits in trace fear memory in a mouse model of the schizophrenia risk gene TCF4. Behav Brain Res 2012; 237:348-56. [PMID: 23069005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor TCF4 was confirmed in the combined analysis of several large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as one of the rare highly replicated significant schizophrenia (SZ) susceptibility genes in large case-control cohorts. Focused genetic association studies showed that TCF4 influences verbal learning and memory, and modulates sensorimotor gating. Mice overexpressing Tcf4 in the forebrain (Tcf4tg) display cognitive deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning tasks and impairment of prepulse inhibition, a well-established endophenotype of SZ. The spectrum of cognitive deficits in SZ subjects, however, is broad and covers attention, working memory, and anticipation. Collectively, these higher order cognitive processes and the recall of remote memories are thought to depend mainly on prefrontal cortical networks. To further investigate cognitive disturbances in Tcf4tg mice, we employed the trace fear conditioning paradigm that requires attention and critically depends on the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We show that Tcf4tg mice display deficits in recent and remote trace fear memory and are impaired at anticipating aversive stimuli. We also assessed mRNA expression of the neuronal activity-regulated gene Fos in the ACC and hippocampus. Upon trace conditioning, Fos expression is reduced in Tcf4tg mice as compared to controls, which parallels cognitive impairments in this learning paradigm. Collectively, these data indicate that the reduced cognitive performance in Tcf4tg mice includes deficits at the level of attention and behavioral anticipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Brzózka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Research Group Gene Expression and Signaling, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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37
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Li XY, Chen T, Descalzi G, Koga K, Qiu S, Zhuo M. Characterization of neuronal intrinsic properties and synaptic transmission in layer I of anterior cingulate cortex from adult mice. Mol Pain 2012; 8:53. [PMID: 22818293 PMCID: PMC3495677 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurons in neocortex layer I (LI) provide inhibition to the cortical networks. Despite increasing use of mice for the study of brain functions, few studies were reported about mouse LI neurons. In the present study, we characterized intrinsic properties of LI neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key cortical area for sensory and cognitive functions, by using whole-cell patch clamp recording approach. Seventy one neurons in LI and 12 pyramidal neurons in LII/III were recorded. Although all of the LI neurons expressed continuous adapting firing characteristics, the unsupervised clustering results revealed five groups in the ACC, including: Spontaneous firing neurons; Delay-sAHP neurons, Delay-fAHP neurons, and two groups of neurons with ADP, named ADP1 and ADP2, respectively. Using pharmacological approaches, we found that LI neurons received both excitatory (mediated by AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors), and inhibitory inputs (which were mediated by GABAA receptors). Our studies provide the first report characterizing the electrophysiological properties of neurons in LI of the ACC from adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yao Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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