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Albericio G, Higuera M, Araque P, Sánchez C, Herrero D, García-Brenes MA, Formentini L, Torán JL, Mora C, Bernad A. Development of a Bmi1+ Cardiac Mouse Progenitor Immortalized Model to Unravel the Relationship with Its Protective Vascular Endothelial Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8815. [PMID: 39201501 PMCID: PMC11354400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has been demonstrated to be endowed with low but real turnover capacity, especially for cardiomyocytes, the key functional cell type. The source, however, of that turnover capacity remains controversial. In this regard, we have defined and characterized a resident multipotent cardiac mouse progenitor population, Bmi1+DR (for Bmi1+ Damage-Responsive cells). Bmi1+DR is one of the cell types with the lowest ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) levels in the adult heart, being particularly characterized by their close relationship with cardiac vessels, most probably involved in the regulation of proliferation/maintenance of Bmi1+DR. This was proposed to work as their endothelial niche. Due to the scarcity of Bmi1+DR cells in the adult mouse heart, we have generated an immortalization/dis-immortalization model using Simian Vacuolating Virus 40-Large Antigen T (SV40-T) to facilitate their in vitro characterization. We have obtained a heterogeneous population of immortalized Bmi1+DR cells (Bmi1+DRIMM) that was validated attending to different criteria, also showing a comparable sensitivity to strong oxidative damage. Then, we concluded that the Bmi1-DRIMM population is an appropriate model for primary Bmi1+DR in vitro studies. The co-culture of Bmi1+DRIMM cells with endothelial cells protects them against oxidative damage, showing a moderate depletion in non-canonical autophagy and also contributing with a modest metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Albericio
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
- Molecular Biology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Higuera
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Paula Araque
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- Molecular Biology Department, Molecular Biology Center Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Herrero
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Miguel A. García-Brenes
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Laura Formentini
- Molecular Biology Department, Molecular Biology Center Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Torán
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Carmen Mora
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiac Stem Cells Lab, Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (G.A.); (M.H.); (P.A.); (J.L.T.)
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Zhu M, Fan H, Deng J, Jiang K, Liao J, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yu M, Peng Z. BMI1 Silencing Liposomes Suppress Postradiotherapy Cancer Stemness against Radioresistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23405-23421. [PMID: 37988576 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy causes DNA damage by direct ionization and indirect generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) thereby destroying cancer cells. However, ionizing radiation (IR) unexpectedly elicits metastasis and invasion of cancer cells by inducing cancer stem cells' (CSCs) properties. As BMI1 is a crucial gene that causes radioresistance and an unfavorable prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), BMI1 inhibitor PTC-209 has been encapsulated in a ROS-responsive liposome (LP(PTC-209)) to be temporally and spatially delivered to radioresistant HCC tissue. The ROS generated during IR was not only considered to directly cause tumor cell death but also be used as a stimulator to trigger ROS-responsive drug release from LP(PTC-209). The PTC-209 released into resistant HCC tissue under radiotherapy further led to cancer stem cell (CSC) differentiation and then recovered radiosensitivity of HCC tumor. The suppression of the radioresistant performance of LP(PTC-209) has been proved on radiosensitive and radioresistant Hepa1-6 CSC tumor models, respectively. Our study clarified the relationship between radiotherapy and cancer stemness and provided insights to achieve complete suppression of radioresistant HCC tumor by inhibiting cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haonan Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Junlin Deng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Center of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meng Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Hopton RE, Jahahn NJ, Zemper AE. Lrig1 drives cryptogenesis and restrains proliferation during colon development. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G570-G581. [PMID: 37873577 PMCID: PMC11192189 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00094.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Growth and specification of the mouse intestine occurs in utero and concludes after birth. Although numerous studies have examined this developmental process in the small intestine, far less is known about the cellular and molecular cues required for colon development. In this study, we examine the morphological events leading to crypt formation, epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation, and the emergence and expression of a stem and progenitor cell marker Lrig1. Through multicolor lineage tracing, we show Lrig1-expressing cells are present at birth and behave as stem cells to establish clonal crypts within 3 wk of life. In addition, we use an inducible knockout mouse to eliminate Lrig1 and show Lrig1 restrains proliferation within a critical developmental time window, without impacting colonic epithelial cell differentiation. Our study illustrates morphological changes during crypt development and the importance of Lrig1 in the developing colon.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies define the importance of studying Lrig1 in colon development. We address a critical gap in the intestinal development literature and provide new information about the molecular cues that guide colon development. Using a novel, inducible knockout of Lrig1, we show Lrig1 is required for appropriate colon epithelial growth and illustrate the importance of Lrig1-expressing cells in the establishment of colonic crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hopton
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Nicholas J Jahahn
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Anne E Zemper
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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4
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Hopton RE, Jahahn NJ, Zemper AE. The Role of Lrig1 in the Development of the Colonic Epithelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539114. [PMID: 37205411 PMCID: PMC10187246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Growth and specification of the mouse intestine occurs in utero and concludes after birth. While numerous studies have examined this developmental process in the small intestine, far less is known about the cellular and molecular cues required for colon development. In this study, we examine the morphological events leading to crypt formation, epithelial cell differentiation, areas of proliferation, and the emergence and expression of a stem and progenitor cell marker Lrig1. Through multicolor lineage tracing, we show Lrig1 expressing cells are present at birth and behave as stem cells to establish clonal crypts within three weeks after birth. In addition, we use an inducible knockout mouse to eliminate Lrig1 during colon development and show loss of Lrig1 restrains proliferation within a critical developmental time window, without impacting colonic epithelial cell differentiation. Our study illustrates the morphological changes that occur during crypt development and the importance of Lrig1 in the developing colon.
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Druy AE, Tsaur GA, Shorikov EV, Tytgat GAM, Fechina LG. Suppressed miR-128-3p combined with TERT overexpression predicts dismal outcomes for neuroblastoma. Cancer Biomark 2022; 34:661-671. [PMID: 35634846 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular and clinical diversity of neuroblastomas is notorious. The activating TERT rearrangements have been associated with dismal prognosis. Suppression of miR-128-3p may complement and enhance the adverse effects of TERT overexpression. OBJECTIVE The study aimed at evaluation of prognostic significance of the miR-128-3p/TERT expression in patients with primary neuroblastoma. METHODS RNA samples isolated from fresh-frozen tumor specimens (n= 103) were reverse transcribed for evaluation of miR-128-3p and TERT expression by qPCR. The normalized expression levels were tested for correlations with the event-free survival (EFS). ROC-analysis was used to establish threshold expression levels (TLs) for the possible best prediction of the outcomes. The median follow-up was 57 months. RESULTS Both TERT overexpression and miR-128-3p downregulation were independently associated with superior rates of adverse events (p= 0.027, TL =-2.32 log10 and p= 0.080, TL =-1.33 log10, respectively). The MYCN single-copy patients were stratified into groups based on the character of alterations in expression of the studied transcripts. Five-year EFS in the groups of patients with elevated TERT/normal miR-128-3p expression and normal TERT/reduced miR-128-3p expression were 0.74 ± 0.08 and 0.60 ± 0.16, respectively. The patients with elevated TERT/reduced miR-128-3p expression had the worst outcomes, with 5-year EFS of 0.40 ± 0.16 compared with 0.91 ± 0.06 for the patients with unaltered levels of both transcripts (p< 0.001). Cumulative incidence of relapse/progression for the groups constituted 0.23 ± 0.08, 0.40 ± 0.16, 0.60 ± 0.16 and 0.09 ± 0.06, respectively. Moreover, the loss of miR-128-3p was qualified as independent adverse predictor which outperformed the conventional clinical and genetic risk factors in the multivariate Cox regression model of EFS. CONCLUSIONS Combined expression levels of miR-128-3p and TERT represent a novel prognostic biomarker for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Druy
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of the Cellular Therapy of Oncohematological Disorders, Research Institute of Medical Cell Technologies, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - G A Tsaur
- Laboratory of the Cellular Therapy of Oncohematological Disorders, Research Institute of Medical Cell Technologies, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Center, Regional Children's Hospital, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Ural State Medical University, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - E V Shorikov
- PET-Technology Center of Nuclear Medicine, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - G A M Tytgat
- Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology (PMC), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L G Fechina
- Laboratory of the Cellular Therapy of Oncohematological Disorders, Research Institute of Medical Cell Technologies, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation.,Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Center, Regional Children's Hospital, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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The Vascular Niche for Adult Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050882. [PMID: 35624750 PMCID: PMC9137669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on cardiac progenitor cell populations has generated expectations about their potential for cardiac regeneration capacity after acute myocardial infarction and during physiological aging; however, the endogenous capacity of the adult mammalian heart is limited. The modest efficacy of exogenous cell-based treatments can guide the development of new approaches that, alone or in combination, can be applied to boost clinical efficacy. The identification and manipulation of the adult stem cell environment, termed niche, will be critical for providing new evidence on adult stem cell populations and improving stem-cell-based therapies. Here, we review and discuss the state of our understanding of the interaction of adult cardiac progenitor cells with other cardiac cell populations, with a focus on the description of the B-CPC progenitor population (Bmi1+ cardiac progenitor cell), which is a strong candidate progenitor for all main cardiac cell lineages, both in the steady state and after cardiac damage. The set of all interactions should be able to define the vascular cardiac stem cell niche, which is associated with low oxidative stress domains in vasculature, and whose manipulation would offer new hope in the cardiac regeneration field.
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Higa T, Okita Y, Matsumoto A, Nakayama S, Oka T, Sugahara O, Koga D, Takeishi S, Nakatsumi H, Hosen N, Robine S, Taketo MM, Sato T, Nakayama KI. Spatiotemporal reprogramming of differentiated cells underlies regeneration and neoplasia in the intestinal epithelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1500. [PMID: 35314700 PMCID: PMC8938507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the mammalian intestinal epithelium manifests robust regenerative capacity after various cytotoxic injuries, the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. Here we identify the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57 as a specific marker for a quiescent cell population located around the +4 position of intestinal crypts. Lineage tracing reveals that the p57+ cells serve as enteroendocrine/tuft cell precursors under normal conditions but dedifferentiate and act as facultative stem cells to support regeneration after injury. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis shows that the p57+ cells undergo a dynamic reprogramming process after injury that is characterized by fetal-like conversion and metaplasia-like transformation. Population-level analysis also detects such spatiotemporal reprogramming widely in other differentiated cell types. In intestinal adenoma, p57+ cells manifest homeostatic stem cell activity, in the context of constitutively activated spatiotemporal reprogramming. Our results highlight a pronounced plasticity of the intestinal epithelium that supports maintenance of tissue integrity in normal and neoplastic contexts. Rapid turnover and regeneration of intestinal epithelium requires distinct intestinal stem cell (ISC) populations. Here the authors show p57 marks quiescent ISCs, and that differentiated cells revert to stem cell state after injury, through dynamic reprogramming characterized by fetal- and metaplastic-like changes.
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8
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Hidalgo I, Wahlestedt M, Yuan O, Zhang Q, Bryder D, Pronk CJ. Bmi1 induction protects hematopoietic stem cells against pronounced long-term hematopoietic stress. Exp Hematol 2022; 109:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Ezawa M, Kouno F, Kubo H, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Kinoshita T. Pou5f3.3 is involved in establishment and maintenance of hematopoietic cells during Xenopus development. Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101531. [PMID: 33798831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three POU family class V gene homologues are expressed in the development of Xenopus. In contrast to the expression of Pou5f3.1 and Pou5f3.2 in organogenesis, Pou5f3.3 is expressed during oogenesis in ovary. We investigated the expression and function of Pou5f3.3 in organogenesis of Xenopus laevis. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that Pou5f3.3 was expressed in a small number of adult liver cells and blood cells. Immunocytochemical investigation proved that Bmi1, a marker for hematopoietic progenitor cells, was co-expressed in Pou5f3.3-expressing small spherical cells in the peripheral blood. In anemic induction by intraperitoneal injection of phenyl hydrazine, the number of Pou5f3.3-expressing cells significantly increased within 3 days after phenyl hydrazine injection. In CRISPR/Cas mutagenesis of Pou5f3.3, Bmi1-positive hematopoietic progenitor cell count decreased in the hematopoietic dorsal-lateral plate (DLP) region, resulting in a considerable reduction in peripheral blood cells. CRISPR/Cas-induced hematopoietic deficiency was completely rescued by Pou5f3.3 supplementation, but not by Pou5f3.1 or Pou5f3.2. Transplantation experiments using the H2B-GFP transgenic line demonstrated that DLP-derived Pou5f3.3-positive and Bmi1-positive cells were translocated into the liver and bone through the bloodstream. These results suggest that Pou5f3.3 plays an essential role in the establishment and maintenance of hematopoietic progenitor cells during Xenopus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Ezawa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Fumika Kouno
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Kubo
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kinoshita
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan.
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Yin Y, Zhou N, Zhang H, Dai X, Lv X, Chen N, Miao D, Hu Q. Bmi1 regulate tooth and mandible development by inhibiting p16 signal pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4195-4203. [PMID: 33745198 PMCID: PMC8093977 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether the deletion of p16 can correct tooth and mandible growth retardation caused by Bmi1 deficiency, we compared the tooth and mandible phenotypes of homozygous p16‐deficient (p16−/−) mice, homozygous Bmi1‐deficient (Bmi1−/−) mice, double homozygous Bmi1 and p16‐deficient (Bmi1−/−p16−/−) mice to those of their wild‐type littermates at 4 weeks of age by radiograph, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results showed that compared to Bmi1−/− mice, the dental mineral density, dental volume and dentin sialoprotein immunopositive areas were increased, whereas the ratio of the predentin area to total dentin area and that of biglycan immunopositive area to dentin area were decreased in Bmi1−/−p16−/− mice. These results indicate that the deletion of p16 can improve tooth development in Bmi1 knockout mice. Compared to Bmi1−/− mice, the mandible mineral density, cortical thickness, alveolar bone volume, osteoblast number and activity, alkaline phosphatase positive area were all increased significantly in Bmi1−/−p16−/− mice. These results indicate that the deletion of p16 can improve mandible growth in Bmi1 knockout mice. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of cyclin D, CDK4 and p53 were increased significantly in p16−/− mice compared with those from wild‐type mice; the protein expression levels of cyclin D and CDK4 were decreased significantly, whereas those of p27 and p53 were increased significantly in Bmi1−/− mice; these parameters were partly rescued in Bmi1−/−p16−/− mice compared with those from Bmi1−/− mice. Therefore, our results indicate that Bmi1 plays roles in regulating tooth and mandible development by inhibiting p16 signal pathway which initiated entry into cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuliang Dai
- Reproductive Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Lv
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Research Center for Aging, Affiliated Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingang Hu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Generation of Transgenic Fluorescent Reporter Lines for Studying Hematopoietic Development in the Mouse. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2224:153-182. [PMID: 33606214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1008-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in the mouse and other mammals occurs in several waves and arises from distinct anatomic sites. Transgenic mice expressing fluorescent reporter proteins at various points in the hematopoietic hierarchy, from hematopoietic stem cell to more restricted progenitors to each of the final differentiated cell types, have provided valuable tools for tagging, tracking, and isolating these cells. In this chapter, we discuss general considerations in designing a transgene, survey available fluorescent probes, and describe methods for confirming and analyzing transgene expression in the hematopoietic tissues of the embryo, fetus, and postnatal/adult animal.
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12
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Yang D, Liu HQ, Yang Z, Fan D, Tang QZ. BMI1 in the heart: Novel functions beyond tumorigenesis. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103193. [PMID: 33421944 PMCID: PMC7804972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The BMI1 protein, a member of the PRC1 family, is a well recognised transcriptional suppressor and has the capability of maintaining the self-renewal and proliferation of tissue-specific stem cells. Numerous studies have established that BMI1 is highly expressed in a variety of malignant cancers and serves as a key regulator in the tumorigenesis process. However, our understanding of BMI1 in terminally differentiated organs, such as the heart, is relatively nascent. Importantly, emerging data support that, beyond the tumor, BMI1 is also expressed in the heart tissue and indeed exerts profound effects in various cardiac pathological conditions. This review gives a summary of the novel functions of BMI1 in the heart, including BMI1-positive cardiac stem cells and BMI1-mediated signaling pathways, which are involved in the response to various cardiac pathological stimuli. Besides, we summarize the recent progress of BMI1 in some novel and rapidly developing cardiovascular therapies. Furtherly, we highlight the properties of BMI1, a therapeutic target proved effective in cancer treatment, as a promising target to alleviate cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Han-Qing Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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13
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He Q, Hong M, He J, Chen W, Zhao M, Zhao W. Isoform-specific involvement of Brpf1 in expansion of adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:359-371. [PMID: 31565729 PMCID: PMC7288741 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing proteins are known readers of histone acetylation that regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Although the functions of bromodomain-containing proteins in development, homeostasis, and disease states have been well studied, their role in self-renewal of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) remains poorly understood. Here, we performed a chemical screen using nine bromodomain inhibitors and found that the bromodomain and PHD finger-containing protein 1 (Brpf1) inhibitor OF-1 enhanced the expansion of Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ HSPCs ex vivo without skewing their lineage differentiation potential. Importantly, our results also revealed distinct functions of Brpf1 isoforms in HSPCs. Brpf1b promoted the expansion of HSPCs. By contrast, Brpf1a is the most abundant isoform in adult HSPCs but enhanced HSPC quiescence and decreased the HSPC expansion. Furthermore, inhibition of Brpf1a by OF-1 promoted histone acetylation and chromatin accessibility leading to increased expression of self-renewal-related genes (e.g. Mn1). The phenotypes produced by OF-1 treatment can be rescued by suppression of Mn1 in HSPCs. Our findings demonstrate that this novel bromodomain inhibitor OF-1 can promote the clinical application of HSPCs in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping He
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengzhi Hong
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jincan He
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weixin Chen
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
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14
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Liu Q, Li Q, Zhu S, Yi Y, Cao Q. B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1: An oncogenic mediator in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:224-232. [PMID: 29862993 PMCID: PMC6498728 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_38_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region 1 (BMI1), a core member of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), has been intensely investigated in the field of cancer epigenetics for decades. Widely known as a critical regulator in cellular physiology, BMI1 is essential in self-renewal and differentiation in different lineages of stem cells. BMI1 also plays a significant role in cancer etiology for its involvement in pathological progress such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell maintenance, propagation, and differentiation. Importantly, overexpression of BMI1 is predictive for drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and eventual therapy failure of various cancer subtypes, which renders the pharmacological targeting at BMI1 as a novel and promising therapeutic approach. The study on prostate cancer, a prevalent hormone-related cancer among men, has promoted enormous research advancements in cancer genetics and epigenetics. This review summarizes the role of BMI1 as an oncogenic and epigenetic regulator in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qiaqia Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Sen Zhu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Yi
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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15
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Herrero D, Cañón S, Pelacho B, Salvador-Bernáldez M, Aguilar S, Pogontke C, Carmona RM, Salvador JM, Perez-Pomares JM, Klein OD, Prósper F, Jimenez-Borreguero LJ, Bernad A. Bmi1-Progenitor Cell Ablation Impairs the Angiogenic Response to Myocardial Infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2160-2173. [PMID: 29930004 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Cardiac progenitor cells reside in the heart in adulthood, although their physiological relevance remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that after myocardial infarction, adult Bmi1+ (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog [PCGF4]) cardiac cells are a key progenitor-like population in cardiac neovascularization during ventricular remodeling. Approach and Results- These cells, which have a strong in vivo differentiation bias, are a mixture of endothelial- and mesenchymal-related cells with in vitro spontaneous endothelial cell differentiation capacity. Genetic lineage tracing analysis showed that heart-resident Bmi1+ progenitor cells proliferate after acute myocardial infarction and differentiate to generate de novo cardiac vasculature. In a mouse model of induced myocardial infarction, genetic ablation of these cells substantially deteriorated both heart angiogenesis and the ejection fraction, resulting in an ischemic-dilated cardiac phenotype. Conclusions- These findings imply that endothelial-related Bmi1+ progenitor cells are necessary for injury-induced neovascularization in adult mouse heart and highlight these cells as a suitable therapeutic target for preventing dysfunctional left ventricular remodeling after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Herrero
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
| | - Susana Cañón
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Regenerative Medicine Area, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (B.P., F.P.).,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain (B.P., F.P.)
| | - María Salvador-Bernáldez
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
| | - Susana Aguilar
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
| | - Cristina Pogontke
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) and BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía), Universidad de Málaga, Spain (C.P., J.M.P.-P.)
| | - Rosa María Carmona
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
| | - Jesús María Salvador
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
| | - Jose María Perez-Pomares
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA) and BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (Junta de Andalucía), Universidad de Málaga, Spain (C.P., J.M.P.-P.)
| | - Ophir David Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco (O.D.K.)
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Regenerative Medicine Area, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (B.P., F.P.).,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain (B.P., F.P.)
| | - Luis Jesús Jimenez-Borreguero
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC) and Hospital de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (L.J.J.-B.)
| | - Antonio Bernad
- From the Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (D.H., S.C., M.S.-B., S.A., R.M.C., J.M.S., A.B.)
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16
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Herrero D, Cañón S, Albericio G, Carmona RM, Aguilar S, Mañes S, Bernad A. Age-related oxidative stress confines damage-responsive Bmi1 + cells to perivascular regions in the murine adult heart. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101156. [PMID: 30851670 PMCID: PMC6407305 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult progenitor cells reside in specialized microenvironments which maintain their undifferentiated cell state and trigger regenerative responses following injury. Although these environments are well described in several tissues, the cellular components that comprise the cardiac environment where progenitor cells are located remain unknown. Here we use Bmi1CreERT and Bmi1GFP mice as genetic tools to trace cardiac damage-responsive cells throughout the mouse lifespan. In adolescent mice, Bmi1+ damage-responsive cells are broadly distributed throughout the myocardium. In adult mice, however, Bmi1+ cells are confined predominately in perivascular areas with low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their number decline in an age-dependent manner. In vitro co-culture experiments with endothelial cells supported a regulatory role of the endothelium in damage-responsive cell behavior. Accordingly, in vivo genetic decrease of ROS levels in adult heart disengaged Bmi1+ cells from the cardiovascular network, recapitulating an adolescent-like Bmi1 expression profile. Thus, we identify cardiac perivascular regions as low-stress microenvironments that favor the maintenance of adult damage-responsive cells. Bmi1+ cardiac damage-responsive cells are sheltered in areas with low ROS levels. Aging-related oxidative damage confines cardiac Bmi1+ cells to perivascular regions. Microvasculature-derived signals regulate adult Bmi1+ damage-responsive cell behavior. Genetic ROS levels manipulation modifies the percentage and identity of Bmi1+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Herrero
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cañón
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albericio
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Carmona
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Signaling Networks in Inflammation and Cancer Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiac Stem Cells Group, Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Song Y, Zhao M, Xie Y, Zhu T, Liang W, Sun B, Liu W, Wu L, Lu G, Li TS, Yin T, Xie Y. Bmi-1 high-expressing cells enrich cardiac stem/progenitor cells and respond to heart injury. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:104-111. [PMID: 30396232 PMCID: PMC6307799 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmi‐1 gene is well recognized as an oncogene, but has been recently demonstrated to play a role in the self‐renewal of tissue‐specific stem cells. By using Bmi‐1GFP/+ mice, we investigated the role of Bmi‐1 in cardiac stem/progenitor cells and myocardial repair. RT‐PCR and flow cytometry analysis indicated that the expression of Bmi‐1 was significantly higher in cardiac side population than the main population from CD45−Ter119−CD31− heart cells. More Sca‐1+ cardiac stem/progenitor cells were found in Bmi‐1 GFPhi subpopulation, and these Bmi‐1 GFPhi heart cells showed the potential of differentiation into SMM+ smooth muscle‐like cells and TnT+ cardiomyocyte‐like cells in vitro. The silencing of Bmi‐1 significantly inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of heart cells. Otherwise, myocardial infarction induced a significantly increase (2.7‐folds) of Bmi‐1 GFPhi population, mainly within the infarction and border zones. These preliminary data suggest that Bmi‐1hi heart cells are enriched in cardiac stem/progenitor cells and may play a role in myocardial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewang Song
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Bengbu Medical School, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Tingfang Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baiming Sun
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Weixin Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liqun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tong Yin
- The National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yucai Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Goldstein BJ, Choi R, Goss GM. Multiple polycomb epigenetic regulatory proteins are active in normal and regenerating adult olfactory epithelium. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 3:337-344. [PMID: 30410986 PMCID: PMC6209616 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate epigenetic mechanisms contributing to regulation of cellular renewal and neurogenesis in adult olfactory epithelium (OE). Study Design Prospective basic science study. Methods Olfactory basal cell cultures were prepared from adult mice per established protocols. in vivo studies were performed using the mouse methimazole lesion-regeneration paradigm. Nasal tissue sections were prepared from adult mice 7 days following lesion, or from unlesioned controls. Polycomb proteins were assessed by Western blot from culture or nasal tissue lysates, and by gene expression studies from cultures. In addition, in vivo expression patterns of Polycomb proteins were examined using immunohistochemistry. Chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was performed to investigate epigenetic modifications and specific chromatin interactions for Polycomb proteins in olfactory basal cells. Results Subunits of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) and Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) were identified in basal cell cultures and in vivo. In regenerating OE, basal progenitor cells identified by expression of the c-KIT receptor were found to coexpress the PRC2 protein EZH2. Because multiple variants of PRC1 subunits give rise to diverse PRC1 complexes serving different functions, expression of specific PRC1 variants was further examined. We identified PRC1 components including MEL18 (PCGF2) in immature neurons, and confirm BMI1 (PCGF4) expression in mature neurons. Moreover, we identified CBX8 as a neuron-specific PRC1 subunit. ChIP assays from OE cells demonstrated binding of PRC proteins to regulatory regions of specific transcription factors, consistent with PRC-mediated epigenetic silencing mechanisms active in adult OE. Conclusions Multiple Polycomb proteins have cell type-specific expression patterns in the adult OE. Findings presented here, together with evidence from prior studies, suggest that PRC-mediated epigenetic silencing contributes to regulation of cellular renewal and tissue homeostasis in the OE. Efforts to define the mechanisms that regulate repair in the OE are essential for development of new therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorders. Level of Evidence N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A
| | - Rhea Choi
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A.,Medical Scientist Training Program University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A
| | - Garrett M Goss
- Department of Otolaryngology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida U.S.A
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19
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Kim MJ, Xia B, Suh HN, Lee SH, Jun S, Lien EM, Zhang J, Chen K, Park JI. PAF-Myc-Controlled Cell Stemness Is Required for Intestinal Regeneration and Tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 2018. [PMID: 29533773 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of how self-renewing cells are controlled in regenerating tissues and cancer remain ambiguous. PCNA-associated factor (PAF) modulates DNA repair via PCNA. Also, PAF hyperactivates Wnt/β-catenin signaling independently of PCNA interaction. We found that PAF is expressed in intestinal stem and progenitor cells (ISCs and IPCs) and markedly upregulated during intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis. Whereas PAF is dispensable for intestinal homeostasis, upon radiation injury, genetic ablation of PAF impairs intestinal regeneration along with the severe loss of ISCs and Myc expression. Mechanistically, PAF conditionally occupies and transactivates the c-Myc promoter, which induces the expansion of ISCs/IPCs during intestinal regeneration. In mouse models, PAF knockout inhibits Apc inactivation-driven intestinal tumorigenesis with reduced tumor cell stemness and suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity, supported by transcriptome profiling. Collectively, our results unveil that the PAF-Myc signaling axis is indispensable for intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis by positively regulating self-renewing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jong Kim
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Xia
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sohee Jun
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esther M Lien
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kaifu Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Smith NR, Swain JR, Davies PS, Gallagher AC, Parappilly MS, Beach CZ, Streeter PR, Williamson IA, Magness ST, Wong MH. Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Dynamic Plasticity Between Lgr5- and Bmi1-Expressing Intestinal Cell Populations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:79-96. [PMID: 29928673 PMCID: PMC6008251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Continual renewal of the intestinal epithelium is dependent on active- and slow-cycling stem cells that are confined to the crypt base. Tight regulation of these stem cell populations maintains homeostasis by balancing proliferation and differentiation to support critical intestinal functions. The hierarchical relation of discrete stem cell populations in homeostasis or during regenerative epithelial repair remains controversial. Although recent studies have supported a model for the active-cycling leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) functioning upstream of the slow-cycling B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1)-expressing cell, other studies have reported the opposite relation. Tools that facilitate simultaneous analyses of these populations are required to evaluate their coordinated function. METHODS We used novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against murine intestinal epithelial cells in conjunction with ISC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice to analyze relations between ISC populations by microscopy. Ex vivo 3-dimensional cultures, flow cytometry, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. RESULTS Two novel mAbs recognized distinct subpopulations of the intestinal epithelium and when used in combination permitted isolation of discrete Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP-enriched populations with stem activity. Growth from singly isolated Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to small spheroids. Spheroids did not express Lgr5GFP and instead up-regulated Bmi1GFP expression. Conversely, Bmi1-derived spheroids initiated Lgr5GFP expression as crypt domains were established. CONCLUSIONS These data showed the functional utility of murine mAbs in the isolation and investigation of Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP ISC-enriched populations. Ex vivo analyses showed hierarchical plasticity between different ISC-expressing states; specifically Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to Bmi1GFP cells, and vice versa. These data highlight the impact of temporal and physiological context on unappreciated interactions between Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP cells during crypt formation.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- 4-OHT, 4-hydroxytamoxifen
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Bmi1
- Bmi1, B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog
- Egf, epidermal growth factor
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Hierarchy
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- Lgr5
- Lgr5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- Lyz, lysozyme
- OHSU, Oregon Health and Science University
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- Plasticity
- Rspo1, R-spondin1
- TdT, tdTomato
- Wnt, wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - John R. Swain
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael S. Parappilly
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherine Z. Beach
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philip R. Streeter
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Health & Science University Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ian A. Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Health & Science University Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.
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21
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Choi R, Goldstein BJ. Olfactory epithelium: Cells, clinical disorders, and insights from an adult stem cell niche. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 3:35-42. [PMID: 29492466 PMCID: PMC5824112 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders causing a loss of the sense of smell remain a therapeutic challenge. Basic research has, however, greatly expanded our knowledge of the organization and function of the olfactory system. This review describes advances in our understanding of the cellular components of the peripheral olfactory system, specifically the olfactory epithelium in the nose. The article discusses recent findings regarding the mechanisms involved in regeneration and cellular renewal from basal stem cells in the adult olfactory epithelium, considering the strategies involved in embryonic olfactory development and insights from research on other stem cell niches. In the context of clinical conditions causing anosmia, the current view of adult olfactory neurogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and failures in these processes is considered, along with current and future treatment strategies. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Choi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
| | - Bradley J. Goldstein
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
- Department of OtolaryngologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaU.S.A
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22
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Herrero D, Tomé M, Cañón S, Cruz FM, Carmona RM, Fuster E, Roche E, Bernad A. Redox-dependent BMI1 activity drives in vivo adult cardiac progenitor cell differentiation. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:809-822. [PMID: 29323265 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with several cardiovascular pathologies and with cell cycle exit by neonanatal cardiomyocytes, a key limiting factor in the regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart. The polycomb complex component BMI1 is linked to adult progenitors and is an important partner in DNA repair and redox regulation. We found that high BMI1 expression is associated with an adult Sca1+ cardiac progenitor sub-population with low ROS levels. In homeostasis, BMI1 repressed cell fate genes, including a cardiogenic differentiation program. Oxidative damage nonetheless modified BMI1 activity in vivo by derepressing canonical target genes in favor of their antioxidant and anticlastogenic functions. This redox-mediated mechanism is not restricted to damage situations, however, and we report ROS-associated differentiation of cardiac progenitors in steady state. These findings demonstrate how redox status influences the cardiac progenitor response, and identify redox-mediated BMI1 regulation with implications in maintenance of cellular identity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Herrero
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Tomé
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cañón
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cruz
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Carmona
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarna Fuster
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Fundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Enrique Roche
- CIBERobn (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Research Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition and Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Fundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Yong KJ, Basseres DS, Welner RS, Zhang WC, Yang H, Yan B, Alberich-Jorda M, Zhang J, de Figueiredo-Pontes LL, Battelli C, Hetherington CJ, Ye M, Zhang H, Maroni G, O'Brien K, Magli MC, Borczuk AC, Varticovski L, Kocher O, Zhang P, Moon YC, Sydorenko N, Cao L, Davis TW, Thakkar BM, Soo RA, Iwama A, Lim B, Halmos B, Neuberg D, Tenen DG, Levantini E. Targeted BMI1 inhibition impairs tumor growth in lung adenocarcinomas with low CEBPα expression. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:350ra104. [PMID: 27488898 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths. The expression of the transcription factor C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α) is frequently lost in non-small cell lung cancer, but the mechanisms by which C/EBPα suppresses tumor formation are not fully understood. In addition, no pharmacological therapy is available to specifically target C/EBPα expression. We discovered a subset of pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients in whom negative/low C/EBPα expression and positive expression of the oncogenic protein BMI1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) have prognostic value. We also generated a lung-specific mouse model of C/EBPα deletion that develops lung adenocarcinomas, which are prevented by Bmi1 haploinsufficiency. BMI1 activity is required for both tumor initiation and maintenance in the C/EBPα-null background, and pharmacological inhibition of BMI1 exhibits antitumor effects in both murine and human adenocarcinoma lines. Overall, we show that C/EBPα is a tumor suppressor in lung cancer and that BMI1 is required for the oncogenic process downstream of C/EBPα loss. Therefore, anti-BMI1 pharmacological inhibition may offer a therapeutic benefit for lung cancer patients with low expression of C/EBPα and high BMI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kol Jia Yong
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Daniela S Basseres
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert S Welner
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Wen Cai Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Meritxell Alberich-Jorda
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lorena Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14020, Brazil
| | - Chiara Battelli
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher J Hetherington
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Min Ye
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giorgia Maroni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Karen O'Brien
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Magli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Olivier Kocher
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Nadiya Sydorenko
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Thomas W Davis
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Bhavin M Thakkar
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Ross A Soo
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. Department of Haematology-Oncology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Bing Lim
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy.
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24
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Kameda-Smith MM, Manoranjan B, Bakhshinyan D, Adile AA, Venugopal C, Singh SK. Brain tumor initiating cells: with great technology will come greater understanding. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the brain tumor initiating cells resulted in a paradigm shift within the cancer research community to consider brain tumors as an outcome of developmental mechanisms gone awry. This review will guide the reader through the technological advances that hold the powerful potential to allow brain cancer researchers to develop an intimate understanding of the dynamic and complex mechanism governing brain tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Kameda-Smith
- Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), McMaster University, Michael DeGroote Center for Learning & Discovery, Room 5061, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Branavan Manoranjan
- Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), McMaster University, Michael DeGroote Center for Learning & Discovery, Room 5061, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), McMaster University, Michael DeGroote Center for Learning & Discovery, Room 5061, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ashley A Adile
- Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), McMaster University, Michael DeGroote Center for Learning & Discovery, Room 5061, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), McMaster University, Michael DeGroote Center for Learning & Discovery, Room 5061, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), McMaster University, Michael DeGroote Center for Learning & Discovery, Room 5061, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Yan KS, Gevaert O, Zheng GXY, Anchang B, Probert CS, Larkin KA, Davies PS, Cheng ZF, Kaddis JS, Han A, Roelf K, Calderon RI, Cynn E, Hu X, Mandleywala K, Wilhelmy J, Grimes SM, Corney DC, Boutet SC, Terry JM, Belgrader P, Ziraldo SB, Mikkelsen TS, Wang F, von Furstenberg RJ, Smith NR, Chandrakesan P, May R, Chrissy MAS, Jain R, Cartwright CA, Niland JC, Hong YK, Carrington J, Breault DT, Epstein J, Houchen CW, Lynch JP, Martin MG, Plevritis SK, Curtis C, Ji HP, Li L, Henning SJ, Wong MH, Kuo CJ. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Lineage Cells Possess Homeostatic and Injury-Inducible Stem Cell Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:78-90.e6. [PMID: 28686870 PMCID: PMC5642297 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several cell populations have been reported to possess intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity during homeostasis and injury-induced regeneration. Here, we explored inter-relationships between putative mouse ISC populations by comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The transcriptomes of multiple cycling ISC populations closely resembled Lgr5+ ISCs, the most well-defined ISC pool, but Bmi1-GFP+ cells were distinct and enriched for enteroendocrine (EE) markers, including Prox1. Prox1-GFP+ cells exhibited sustained clonogenic growth in vitro, and lineage-tracing of Prox1+ cells revealed long-lived clones during homeostasis and after radiation-induced injury in vivo. Single-cell mRNA-seq revealed two subsets of Prox1-GFP+ cells, one of which resembled mature EE cells while the other displayed low-level EE gene expression but co-expressed tuft cell markers, Lgr5 and Ascl2, reminiscent of label-retaining secretory progenitors. Our data suggest that the EE lineage, including mature EE cells, comprises a reservoir of homeostatic and injury-inducible ISCs, extending our understanding of cellular plasticity and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Yan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Olivier Gevaert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Benedict Anchang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher S Probert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn A Larkin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paige S Davies
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zhuan-Fen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Arnold Han
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kelly Roelf
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruben I Calderon
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Esther Cynn
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie Wilhelmy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sue M Grimes
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David C Corney
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengchao Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Smith
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mary Ann S Chrissy
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joyce C Niland
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Departments of Surgery and of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jill Carrington
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, NIDDK, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christina Curtis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanlee P Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Susan J Henning
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Wei K, Xie Y, Chen T, Fu B, Cui S, Wang Y, Cai G, Chen X. ERK1/2 signaling mediated naringin-induced osteogenic differentiation of immortalized human periodontal ligament stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:319-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Jadhav U, Saxena M, O'Neill NK, Saadatpour A, Yuan GC, Herbert Z, Murata K, Shivdasani RA. Dynamic Reorganization of Chromatin Accessibility Signatures during Dedifferentiation of Secretory Precursors into Lgr5+ Intestinal Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017. [PMID: 28648363 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Replicating Lgr5+ stem cells and quiescent Bmi1+ cells behave as intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in vivo. Disrupting Lgr5+ ISCs triggers epithelial renewal from Bmi1+ cells, from secretory or absorptive progenitors, and from Paneth cell precursors, revealing a high degree of plasticity within intestinal crypts. Here, we show that GFP+ cells from Bmi1GFP mice are preterminal enteroendocrine cells and we identify CD69+CD274+ cells as related goblet cell precursors. Upon loss of native Lgr5+ ISCs, both populations revert toward an Lgr5+ cell identity. While active histone marks are distributed similarly between Lgr5+ ISCs and progenitors of both major lineages, thousands of cis elements that control expression of lineage-restricted genes are selectively open in secretory cells. This accessibility signature dynamically converts to that of Lgr5+ ISCs during crypt regeneration. Beyond establishing the nature of Bmi1GFP+ cells, these findings reveal how chromatin status underlies intestinal cell diversity and dedifferentiation to restore ISC function and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unmesh Jadhav
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Madhurima Saxena
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas K O'Neill
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Assieh Saadatpour
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zachary Herbert
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kazutaka Murata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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28
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Amey CL, Karnoub AE. Targeting Cancer Stem Cells-A Renewed Therapeutic Paradigm. ONCOLOGY & HEMATOLOGY REVIEW 2017; 13:45-55. [PMID: 33959299 PMCID: PMC8098671 DOI: 10.17925/ohr.2017.13.01.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is often accompanied by radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance to anticancer treatments and is the major cause of death in cancer patients. Better understanding of how cancer cells circumvent therapeutic insults and how disseminated cancer clones generate life-threatening metastases would therefore be paramount to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for clinical management of malignant disease. Mounting reports over the past two decades have provided evidence for the existence of a minor population of highly malignant cells within liquid and solid tumors, which are capable of self-renewing and of regenerating secondary growths with the heterogeneity of the primary tumors from which they derive. These cells, called tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit increased resistance to standard radio- and chemotherapies and appear to have mechanisms that enable them to evade immune surveillance. CSCs are therefore considered to be responsible for systemic residual disease after cancer therapy, as well as for disease relapse. How CSCs develop, the nature of the interactions they establish with their microenvironment, their phenotypic and functional characteristics, as well as their molecular dependencies have all taken center stage in cancer therapy. Indeed, improved understanding of CSC biology is critical to the development of important CSC-based anti-neoplastic approaches that have the potential to radically improve cancer management. Here, we summarize some of the most pertinent elements regarding CSC development and properties, and highlight some of the clinical modalities in current development as anti-CSC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine E Karnoub
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, US; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
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29
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Smith NR, Davies PS, Levin TG, Gallagher AC, Keene DR, Sengupta SK, Wieghard N, El Rassi E, Wong MH. Cell Adhesion Molecule CD166/ALCAM Functions Within the Crypt to Orchestrate Murine Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:389-409. [PMID: 28462380 PMCID: PMC5404029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by active-cycling and slow-cycling stem cells confined within an instructive crypt-based niche. Exquisite regulating of these stem cell populations along the proliferation-to-differentiation axis maintains a homeostatic balance to prevent hyperproliferation and cancer. Although recent studies focus on how secreted ligands from mesenchymal and epithelial populations regulate intestinal stem cells (ISCs), it remains unclear what role cell adhesion plays in shaping the regulatory niche. Previously we have shown that the cell adhesion molecule and cancer stem cell marker, CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), is highly expressed by both active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs and adjacent Paneth cells within the crypt base, supporting the hypothesis that CD166 functions to mediate ISC maintenance and signal coordination. METHODS Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing a CD166-/- mouse combined with immunohistochemical, flow cytometry, gene expression, and enteroid culture. RESULTS We found that animals lacking CD166 expression harbored fewer active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs. Homeostasis was maintained by expansion of the transit-amplifying compartment and not by slow-cycling Bmi1+ ISC stimulation. Loss of active-cycling ISCs was coupled with deregulated Paneth cell homeostasis, manifested as increased numbers of immature Paneth progenitors due to decreased terminal differentiation, linked to defective Wnt signaling. CD166-/- Paneth cells expressed reduced Wnt3 ligand expression and depleted nuclear β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS These data support a function for CD166 as an important cell adhesion molecule that shapes the signaling microenvironment by mediating ISC-niche cell interactions. Furthermore, loss of CD166 expression results in decreased ISC and Paneth cell homeostasis and an altered Wnt microenvironment.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD166
- CLEM, correlative light and electron microscopy
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Homeostasis
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cell
- Lyz, lysozyme
- Muc2, mucin 2
- Paneth Cell
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WT, wild-type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Trevor G. Levin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Sidharth K. Sengupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nikki Wieghard
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward El Rassi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,OHSU Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of CellDevelopmental and Cancer Biology3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RoadMail Code L215PortlandOregon 97239
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30
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Goldstein BJ, Goss GM, Choi R, Saur D, Seidler B, Hare JM, Chaudhari N. Contribution of Polycomb group proteins to olfactory basal stem cell self-renewal in a novel c-KIT+ culture model and in vivo. Development 2016; 143:4394-4404. [PMID: 27789621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory epithelium (OE) has a lifelong capacity for neurogenesis due to the presence of basal stem cells. Despite the ability to generate short-term cultures, the successful in vitro expansion of purified stem cells from adult OE has not been reported. We sought to establish expansion-competent OE stem cell cultures to facilitate further study of the mechanisms and cell populations important in OE renewal. Successful cultures were prepared using adult mouse basal cells selected for expression of c-KIT. We show that c-KIT signaling regulates self-renewal capacity and prevents neurodifferentiation in culture. Inhibition of TGFβ family signaling, a known negative regulator of embryonic basal cells, is also necessary for maintenance of the proliferative, undifferentiated state in vitro Characterizing successful cultures, we identified expression of BMI1 and other Polycomb proteins not previously identified in olfactory basal cells but known to be essential for self-renewal in other stem cell populations. Inducible fate mapping demonstrates that BMI1 is expressed in vivo by multipotent OE progenitors, validating our culture model. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the renewal and potency of olfactory stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA .,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Garrett M Goss
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rhea Choi
- MD, PhD Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nirupa Chaudhari
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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31
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Bassiouni M, Dos Santos A, Avci HX, Löwenheim H, Müller M. Bmi1 Loss in the Organ of Corti Results in p16ink4a Upregulation and Reduced Cell Proliferation of Otic Progenitors In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164579. [PMID: 27755610 PMCID: PMC5068820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mature mammalian organ of Corti does not regenerate spontaneously after injury, mainly due to the absence of cell proliferation and the depletion of otic progenitors with age. The polycomb gene B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1) promotes proliferation and cell cycle progression in several stem cell populations. The cell cycle inhibitor p16ink4a has been previously identified as a downstream target of Bmi1. In this study, we show that Bmi1 is expressed in the developing inner ear. In the organ of Corti, Bmi1 expression is temporally regulated during embryonic and postnatal development. In contrast, p16ink4a expression is not detectable during the same period. Bmi1-deficient mice were used to investigate the role of Bmi1 in cochlear development and otosphere generation. In the absence of Bmi1, the postnatal organ of Corti displayed normal morphology at least until the end of the first postnatal week, suggesting that Bmi1 is not required for the embryonic or early postnatal development of the organ of Corti. However, Bmi1 loss resulted in the reduced sphere-forming capacity of the organ of Corti, accompanied by the decreased cell proliferation of otic progenitors in otosphere cultures. This reduced proliferative capacity was associated with the upregulation of p16ink4ain vitro. Viral vector-mediated overexpression of p16ink4a in wildtype otosphere cultures significantly reduced the number of generated otospheres in vitro. The findings strongly suggest a role for Bmi1 as a promoter of cell proliferation in otic progenitor cells, potentially through the repression of p16ink4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bassiouni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aurélie Dos Santos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hasan X. Avci
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Löwenheim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen Hearing Research Centre, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Yoo YA, Roh M, Naseem AF, Lysy B, Desouki MM, Unno K, Abdulkadir SA. Bmi1 marks distinct castration-resistant luminal progenitor cells competent for prostate regeneration and tumour initiation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12943. [PMID: 27703144 PMCID: PMC5059479 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of defined cell populations with stem/progenitor properties is key for understanding prostate development and tumorigenesis. Here we show that the polycomb repressor protein Bmi1 marks a population of castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells enriched in the mouse proximal prostate. We employ lineage tracing to show that these castration-resistant Bmi1-expressing cells (or CARBs) are capable of tissue regeneration and self-renewal. Notably, CARBs are distinct from the previously described luminal castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cells (CARNs). CARBs can serve as a prostate cancer cell-of-origin upon Pten deletion, yielding luminal prostate tumours. Clonal analysis using the R26R-confetti allele indicates preferential tumour initiation from CARBs localized to the proximal prostate. These studies identify Bmi1 as a marker for a distinct population of castration-resistant luminal epithelial cells enriched in the proximal prostate that can serve as a cell of origin for prostate cancer. The polycomb repressor protein Bmi1 has a role in self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Here, the authors use lineage tracing to show that Bmi-expressing cells are a distinct population of cells, primarily found in the luminal compartment, which is castration resistant, can initiate cancer and regenerate prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young A Yoo
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Meejeon Roh
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Anum F Naseem
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Barbara Lysy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Mohamed M Desouki
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37215, USA
| | - Kenji Unno
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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33
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Smither BR, Pang HYM, Brubaker PL. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Requires a Full Complement of Bmi-1 for Its Proliferative Effects in the Murine Small Intestine. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2660-70. [PMID: 27187177 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), stimulates growth, survival, and function of the intestinal epithelium through increased crypt cell proliferation, and a long-acting analog has recently been approved to enhance intestinal capacity in patients with short bowel syndrome. The goal of the present study was to determine whether GLP-2-induced crypt cell proliferation requires a full complement of B-cell lymphoma Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1 homolog (Bmi-1), using the Bmi-1(eGFP/+) mouse model in comparison with age- and sex-matched Bmi-1(+/+) littermates. Bmi-1 is a member of the polycomb-repressive complex family that promotes stem cell proliferation and self-renewal and is expressed by both stem cells and transit-amplifying (TA) cells in the crypt. The acute (6 h) and chronic (11 d) proliferative responses to long-acting human (Gly(2))GLP-2 in the crypt TA zone, but not in the active or reserve stem cell zones, were both impaired by Bmi-1 haploinsufficiency. Similarly, GLP-2-induced crypt regeneration after 10-Gy irradiation was reduced in the Bmi-1(eGFP/+) animals. Despite these findings, chronic GLP-2 treatment enhanced overall intestinal growth in the Bmi-1(eGFP/+) mice, as demonstrated by increases in small intestinal weight per body weight and in the length of the crypt-villus axis, in association with decreased apoptosis and an adaptive increase in crypt epithelial cell migration rate. The results of these studies therefore demonstrate that a full complement of Bmi-1 is required for the intestinal proliferative effects of GLP-2 in both the physiological and pathological setting, and mediates, at least in part, the proliferation kinetics of cells in the TA zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Smither
- Departments of Physiology (B.R.S., H.Y.M.P., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Hilary Y M Pang
- Departments of Physiology (B.R.S., H.Y.M.P., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Departments of Physiology (B.R.S., H.Y.M.P., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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34
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Moore FE, Garcia EG, Lobbardi R, Jain E, Tang Q, Moore JC, Cortes M, Molodtsov A, Kasheta M, Luo CC, Garcia AJ, Mylvaganam R, Yoder JA, Blackburn JS, Sadreyev RI, Ceol CJ, North TE, Langenau DM. Single-cell transcriptional analysis of normal, aberrant, and malignant hematopoiesis in zebrafish. J Exp Med 2016; 213:979-92. [PMID: 27139488 PMCID: PMC4886368 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20152013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Moore et al. reports the first single-cell gene expression analysis in zebrafish blood to distinguish major blood lineages, identify new cell types, and delineate heterogeneity in T cell leukemia. Hematopoiesis culminates in the production of functionally heterogeneous blood cell types. In zebrafish, the lack of cell surface antibodies has compelled researchers to use fluorescent transgenic reporter lines to label specific blood cell fractions. However, these approaches are limited by the availability of transgenic lines and fluorescent protein combinations that can be distinguished. Here, we have transcriptionally profiled single hematopoietic cells from zebrafish to define erythroid, myeloid, B, and T cell lineages. We also used our approach to identify hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and a novel NK-lysin 4+ cell type, representing a putative cytotoxic T/NK cell. Our platform also quantified hematopoietic defects in rag2E450fs mutant fish and showed that these fish have reduced T cells with a subsequent expansion of NK-lysin 4+ cells and myeloid cells. These data suggest compensatory regulation of the innate immune system in rag2E450fs mutant zebrafish. Finally, analysis of Myc-induced T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed that cells are arrested at the CD4+/CD8+ cortical thymocyte stage and that a subset of leukemia cells inappropriately reexpress stem cell genes, including bmi1 and cmyb. In total, our experiments provide new tools and biological insights into single-cell heterogeneity found in zebrafish blood and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finola E Moore
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Elaine G Garcia
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Riadh Lobbardi
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Esha Jain
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Qin Tang
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - John C Moore
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Mauricio Cortes
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aleksey Molodtsov
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Melissa Kasheta
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Christina C Luo
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Amaris J Garcia
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ravi Mylvaganam
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jeffrey A Yoder
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 Department of Molecular Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Trista E North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129 Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129 Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139
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35
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Chen JY, Miyanishi M, Wang SK, Yamazaki S, Sinha R, Kao KS, Seita J, Sahoo D, Nakauchi H, Weissman IL. Hoxb5 marks long-term haematopoietic stem cells and reveals a homogenous perivascular niche. Nature 2016; 530:223-7. [PMID: 26863982 PMCID: PMC4854608 DOI: 10.1038/nature16943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is arguably the most extensively characterized tissue stem cell. Since its identification by prospective isolation1, complex multi-parameter flow cytometric isolation of phenotypic subsets has facilitated studies on many aspects of HSC biology including, self-renewal2–4, differentiation, aging, niche5, and diversity6–8. Here we demonstrate by unbiased multi-step screening, identification of a single gene, Hoxb5 (homeobox B5 also known as Hox-2.1), whose expression in the bone marrow (BM) is limited to the long-term HSC (LT-HSC) in mice. Utilizing a single-color tri-mCherry reporter mouse driven by endogenous Hoxb5 regulation, only the Hoxb5-positive HSCs exhibit long-term reconstitution capacity after transplantation in primary transplant recipients, and critically, in secondary recipients. Only 7–35% of various previously defined immunophenotypic HSCs are LT-HSCs. Finally, by in situ imaging of mouse BM, we show that >94% of LT-HSC (Hoxb5+) are directly attached to VE-cadherin-positive cells, implicating a perivascular space as a near homogenous localization of the LT-HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y Chen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Masanori Miyanishi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sean K Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kevin S Kao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jun Seita
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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36
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McCracken MN, George BM, Kao KS, Marjon KD, Raveh T, Weissman IL. Normal and Neoplastic Stem Cells. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 81:1-9. [PMID: 28416577 PMCID: PMC5766001 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A stem cell is broadly defined as a cell that retains the capacity to self-renew, a feature that confers the ability to continuously make identical daughter cells or additional cells that will differentiate into downstream progeny. This highly regulated genetic program to retain "stemness" is under active investigation. Research in our laboratory has explored similarities and differences in embryonic, tissue-specific, and neoplastic stem cells and their terminally differentiated counterparts. In this review, we will focus on the contributions of our laboratory, in particular on the studies that identified the mouse hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and the human leukemic stem cell. These studies have led to significant improvements in both preclinical and clinical research, including improved clinical bone marrow transplantation protocols, isolation of nonleukemic HSCs, a cancer immunotherapy currently in clinical trials, and development of a HSC reporter mouse. These studies and the current follow-up research by us and others will continue to identify the properties, function, and regulation of both normal and neoplastic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N McCracken
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Benson M George
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kevin S Kao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kristopher D Marjon
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305
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37
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Gross S, Balderes D, Liu J, Asfaha S, Gu G, Wang TC, Sussel L. Nkx2.2 is expressed in a subset of enteroendocrine cells with expanded lineage potential. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G975-87. [PMID: 26492922 PMCID: PMC4683302 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00244.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There are two major stem cell populations in the intestinal crypt region that express either Bmi1 or Lgr5; however, it has been shown that other populations in the crypt can regain stemness. In this study, we demonstrate that the transcription factor NK2 homeobox 2 (Nkx2.2) is expressed in enteroendocrine cells located in the villus and crypt of the intestinal epithelium and is coexpressed with the stem cell markers Bmi1 and Lgr5 in a subset of crypt cells. To determine whether Nkx2.2-expressing enteroendocrine cells display cellular plasticity and stem cell potential, we performed genetic lineage tracing of the Nkx2.2-expressing population using Nkx2.2(Cre/+);R26RTomato mice. These studies demonstrated that Nkx2.2+ cells are able to give rise to all intestinal epithelial cell types in basal conditions. The proliferative capacity of Nkx2.2-expressing cells was also demonstrated in vitro using crypt organoid cultures. Injuring the intestine with irradiation, systemic inflammation, and colitis did not enhance the lineage potential of Nkx2.2-expressing cells. These findings demonstrate that a rare mature enteroendocrine cell subpopulation that is demarcated by Nkx2.2 expression display stem cell properties during normal intestinal epithelial homeostasis, but is not easily activated upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gross
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Dina Balderes
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York;
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38
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Asfaha S. Intestinal stem cells and inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:62-6. [PMID: 26654865 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is renewed every 3-5 days from at least two principal stem cell pools. Actively cycling crypt based columnar (CBC) Lgr5(+) cells and slower cycling Bmi1-expressing or Krt19-expressing cells maintain the small intestinal and colonic epithelium in homeostasis and injury. Following acute epithelial damage, Lgr5+ stem cells are susceptible to injury and a reserve stem cell or progenitor pool is responsible for regeneration of the epithelium. Current data suggests that intestinal stem cells respond to inflammatory signals to modulate their expansion during epithelial regeneration. Here, we review how inflammation and injury affect intestinal and colonic stem cells.
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39
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Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in the RB/E2F Pathway in Astrocytic Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137259. [PMID: 26317630 PMCID: PMC4552853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas, which are derived from glial cells, are considered the most common primary neoplasias of the central nervous system (CNS) and are histologically classified as low grade (I and II) or high grade (III and IV). Recent studies have shown that astrocytoma formation is the result of the deregulation of several pathways, including the RB/E2F pathway, which is commonly deregulated in various human cancers via genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. On the basis of the assumption that the study of the mechanisms controlling the INK4/ARF locus can help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of astrocytic tumors, identify diagnostic and prognostic markers, and help select appropriate clinical treatments, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing PCR and evaluate the gene expression profile using real-time PCR in the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDC6, Bmi-1, CCND1, and RB1 in astrocytic tumors. Our results indicate that all the evaluated genes are not methylated independent of the tumor grade. However, the real-time PCR results indicate that these genes undergo progressive deregulation as a function of the tumor grade. In addition, the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and RB1 were underexpressed, whereas CDC6, Bmi-1, and CCND1 were overexpressed; the increase in gene expression was significantly associated with decreased patient survival. Therefore, we propose that the evaluation of the expression levels of the genes involved in the RB/E2F pathway can be used in the monitoring of patients with astrocytomas in clinical practice and for the prognostic indication of disease progression.
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Pietras EM, Reynaud D, Kang YA, Carlin D, Calero-Nieto FJ, Leavitt AD, Stuart JM, Göttgens B, Passegué E. Functionally Distinct Subsets of Lineage-Biased Multipotent Progenitors Control Blood Production in Normal and Regenerative Conditions. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:35-46. [PMID: 26095048 PMCID: PMC4542150 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite great advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying blood production, lineage specification at the level of multipotent progenitors (MPPs) remains poorly understood. Here, we show that MPP2 and MPP3 are distinct myeloid-biased MPP subsets that work together with lymphoid-primed MPP4 cells to control blood production. We find that all MPPs are produced in parallel by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but with different kinetics and at variable levels depending on hematopoietic demands. We also show that the normally rare myeloid-biased MPPs are transiently overproduced by HSCs in regenerating conditions, hence supporting myeloid amplification to rebuild the hematopoietic system. This shift is accompanied by a reduction in self-renewal activity in regenerating HSCs and reprogramming of MPP4 fate toward the myeloid lineage. Our results support a dynamic model of blood development in which HSCs convey lineage specification through independent production of distinct lineage-biased MPP subsets that, in turn, support lineage expansion and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Pietras
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Damien Reynaud
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yoon-A Kang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel Carlin
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fernando J Calero-Nieto
- Cambridge University Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Andrew D Leavitt
- Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joshua M Stuart
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 94720, USA
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Cambridge University Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Bhattacharya R, Mustafi SB, Street M, Dey A, Dwivedi SKD. Bmi-1: At the crossroads of physiological and pathological biology. Genes Dis 2015; 2:225-239. [PMID: 26448339 PMCID: PMC4593320 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bmi-1 is a member of the Polycomb repressor complex 1 that mediates gene silencing by regulating chromatin structure and is indispensable for self-renewal of both normal and cancer stem cells. Despite three decades of research that have elucidated the transcriptional regulation, post-translational modifications and functions of Bmi-1 in regulating the DNA damage response, cellular bioenergetics, and pathologies, the entire potential of a protein with such varied functions remains to be realized. This review attempts to synthesize the current knowledge on Bmi-1 with an emphasis on its role in both normal physiology and cancer. Additionally, since cancer stem cells are emerging as a new paradigm for therapy resistance, the role of Bmi-1 in this perspective is also highlighted. The wide spectrum of malignancies that implicate Bmi-1 as a signature for stemness and oncogenesis also make it a suitable candidate for therapy. Nonetheless, new approaches are vitally needed to further characterize physiological roles of Bmi-1 with the long-term goal of using Bmi-1 as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Mark Street
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States of America
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The BMI1 polycomb protein represses cyclin G2-induced autophagy to support proliferation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2015; 29:1993-2002. [PMID: 25925206 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The BMI1 polycomb protein regulates self-renewal, proliferation and survival of cancer-initiating cells essentially through epigenetic repression of the CDKN2A tumor suppressor locus. We demonstrate here for the first time that BMI1 also prevents autophagy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines, to support their proliferation and clonogenic activity. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified CCNG2/cyclin G2 (CCNG2) as a direct BMI1 target. BMI1 downregulation in CD34+ CML cells by PTC-209 pharmacological treatment or shBMI1 transduction triggered CCNG2 expression and decreased clonogenic activity. Also, ectopic expression of CCNG2 in CD34+ CML cells strongly decreased their clonogenicity. CCNG2 was shown to act by disrupting the phosphatase 2A complex, which activates a PKCζ-AMPK-JNK-ERK pathway that engages autophagy. We observed that BMI1 and CCNG2 levels evolved inversely during the progression of CML towards an acute deadly phase, and therefore hypothesized that BMI1 could support acute transformation of CML through the silencing of a CCNG2-mediated tumor-suppressive autophagy response.
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Gazit R, Mandal PK, Ebina W, Ben-Zvi A, Nombela-Arrieta C, Silberstein LE, Rossi DJ. Fgd5 identifies hematopoietic stem cells in the murine bone marrow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1315-31. [PMID: 24958848 PMCID: PMC4076584 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fdg5 identifies bone marrow cells with potent hematopoietic stem cell activity. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the best-characterized tissue-specific stem cells, yet experimental study of HSCs remains challenging, as they are exceedingly rare and methods to purify them are cumbersome. Moreover, genetic tools for specifically investigating HSC biology are lacking. To address this we sought to identify genes uniquely expressed in HSCs within the hematopoietic system and to develop a reporter strain that specifically labels them. Using microarray profiling we identified several genes with HSC-restricted expression. Generation of mice with targeted reporter knock-in/knock-out alleles of one such gene, Fgd5, revealed that though Fgd5 was required for embryonic development, it was not required for definitive hematopoiesis or HSC function. Fgd5 reporter expression near exclusively labeled cells that expressed markers consistent with HSCs. Bone marrow cells isolated based solely on Fgd5 reporter signal showed potent HSC activity that was comparable to stringently purified HSCs. The labeled fraction of the Fgd5 reporter mice contained all HSC activity, and HSC-specific labeling was retained after transplantation. Derivation of next generation mice bearing an Fgd5-CreERT2 allele allowed tamoxifen-inducible deletion of a conditional allele specifically in HSCs. In summary, reporter expression from the Fgd5 locus permits identification and purification of HSCs based on single-color fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Gazit
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116
| | - Pankaj K Mandal
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116
| | - Wataru Ebina
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116
| | - Ayal Ben-Zvi
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116
| | - Leslie E Silberstein
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116 Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116 Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115 Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Okumura T, Shimada Y, Moriyama M, Takei Y, Omura T, Sekine S, Nagata T, Shimizu K, Tsukada K. MicroRNA-203 inhibits the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with restored epithelial tissue architecture in vivo. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1923-32. [PMID: 24692008 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-203 has been shown to induce squamous differentiation of epidermal stem cells through the suppression of p63. The aim of this study was to assess the tumor suppressor effect of miR-203 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with focus on the regulation of the cell fate decisions and organization of tumor tissue architecture in vivo. Our investigation establishing stable clones from ESCC cell lines with induced miR-203 expression resulted in significant growth inhibition in a mouse xenograft model. Small foci were observed in xenograft tumors with stratified squamous differentiation in conjunction with restored baso-apical polarity. The expression of the basement membrane protein laminine was localized at the center of the foci and the basal cell marker p75NTR was expressed in the innermost layer. The expression of ki67 and p63 was co-localized at the center layers, while involucrin was expressed in the outer layers. Flow cytometry revealed that the p75NTR-positive cells expressing p63 and Bmi1 were well maintained, while the expression of p63 was suppressed in the p75NTR-negative cells. Our cDNA microarray analysis demonstrated the upregulation of genes involved in regulating tissue architecture, such as BMP-4 and ZO-1 in the mir-203 transfectant. Investigation using surgically removed ESCC specimens revealed that the expression of miR-203 significantly correlated with a favorable prognosis. These results demonstrated that miR-203 regulated both basal and supra-basal cell components to induce differentiation with restored epithelial tissue architecture, leading to significant tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Those results suggest the use of miR-203 as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic target in patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Makoto Moriyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Omura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Shimizu
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsukada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Vacaru AM, Vitale J, Nieves J, Baron MH. Generation of transgenic mouse fluorescent reporter lines for studying hematopoietic development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1194:289-312. [PMID: 25064110 PMCID: PMC4418647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1215-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the hematopoietic system, at least eight distinct lineages are generated in the mouse embryo. Transgenic mice expressing fluorescent proteins at various points in the hematopoietic hierarchy, from hematopoietic stem cell to multipotent progenitors to each of the final differentiated cell types, have provided valuable tools for tagging, tracking, and isolating these cells. In this chapter, we discuss general considerations in designing a transgene and survey available fluorescent probes and methods for confirming and analyzing transgene expression in the hematopoietic systems of the embryo, fetus, and postnatal/adult animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei M. Vacaru
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joseph Vitale
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Johnathan Nieves
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Margaret H. Baron
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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BMI1 represses Ink4a/Arf and Hox genes to regulate stem cells in the rodent incisor. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:846-52. [PMID: 23728424 PMCID: PMC3735916 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The polycomb group gene Bmi1 is required for maintenance of adult stem cells in many organs. Inactivation of Bmi1 leads to impaired stem cell self-renewal due to deregulated gene expression. One critical target of BMI1 is Ink4a/Arf, which encodes the cell-cycle inhibitors p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf). However, deletion of Ink4a/Arf only partially rescues Bmi1-null phenotypes, indicating that other important targets of BMI1 exist. Here, using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model system, we report that Bmi1 is expressed by incisor stem cells and that deletion of Bmi1 resulted in fewer stem cells, perturbed gene expression and defective enamel production. Transcriptional profiling revealed that Hox expression is normally repressed by BMI1 in the adult, and functional assays demonstrated that BMI1-mediated repression of Hox genes preserves the undifferentiated state of stem cells. As Hox gene upregulation has also been reported in other systems when Bmi1 is inactivated, our findings point to a general mechanism whereby BMI1-mediated repression of Hox genes is required for the maintenance of adult stem cells and for prevention of inappropriate differentiation.
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Qi L, Cao JL, Hu Y, Yang JG, Ji Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, Sun DG, Xia HF, Ma X. The dynamics of polycomb group proteins in early embryonic nervous system in mouse and human. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:487-95. [PMID: 23727134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcription regulatory proteins that control the expression of a variety of genes and the antero-posterior neural patterning from early embryogenesis. Although expression of PcG genes in the nervous system has been noticed, but the expression pattern of PcG proteins in early embryonic nervous system is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression pattern of PRC1 complex members (BMI-1 and RING1B) and PRC2 complex members (EED, SUZ12 and EZH2) in early embryonic nervous system in mouse and human by Western blot and Immunohistochemistry. The results of Western blot showed that EED protein was significantly up-regulated with the increase of the day of pregnancy during the early embryogenesis in mouse. BMI-1 protein level was significantly increased from the day 10 of pregnancy, when compared with the day 9 of pregnancy. But the SUZ12, EZH2 and RING1B protein level did not change significantly. From the results of Immunohistochemistry, we found that the four PcG proteins were all expressed in the fetal brain and fetal spinal cord in mouse. In human, the expression of EED, SUZ12, and EZH2 was not significantly different in cerebral cortex and sacral spinal cord, but BMI-1 and RING1B expression was enhanced with the development of embryos in early pregnancy. Collectively, our findings showed that PRC1 and PRC2 were spatiotemporally expressed in brain and spinal cord of early embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing, China; Graduate Schools, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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Regulation of hematopoietic stem cells using protein transduction domain–fused Polycomb. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:751-760.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Fukuda A, Morris JP, Hebrok M. Bmi1 is required for regeneration of the exocrine pancreas in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:821-831.e2. [PMID: 22609312 PMCID: PMC3485080 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bmi1 is a member of the Polycomb protein family and represses transcription by modifying chromatin organization at specific promoters. Bmi1 is implicated in the control of stem cell self-renewal and has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, tissue homeostasis, and differentiation. Bmi1 is present in a subpopulation of self-renewing pancreatic acinar cells and is expressed in response to pancreatic damage. We investigated the role of Bmi1 in regeneration of exocrine pancreas. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in Bmi1(-/-) mice with cerulein; pancreatic cell regeneration, differentiation, and apoptosis were assessed. Cultured Bmi1(-/-) and wild-type primary acini were analyzed in vitro to determine acinar-specific consequences of Bmi1 deletion. To investigate cell autonomous versus non-cell autonomous roles for Bmi1 in vivo, pancreatitis was induced in Bmi1(-/-) mice reconstituted with a wild-type hematopoietic system. RESULTS Bmi1 expression was up-regulated in the exocrine pancreas during regeneration after cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Exocrine regeneration was impaired following administration of cerulein to Bmi1(-/-) mice. Pancreata of Bmi1(-/-) mice were hypoplastic, and the exocrine pancreas was replaced with ductal metaplasia that had increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation compared with that of wild-type mice. Expression of Cdkn2a and p53-dependent apoptotic genes was markedly up-regulated in Bmi1(-/-) pancreas compared with wild-type mice after injury. Furthermore, after transplantation of bone marrow from wild-type to Bmi1(-/-) mice, the chimeric mice had intermediate levels of pancreatic hypoplasia and significant but incomplete rescue of impaired exocrine regeneration after cerulein injury. CONCLUSIONS Bmi1 contributes to regeneration of the exocrine pancreas after cerulein-induced injury through cell autonomous mechanisms, in part by regulating Cdkn2a expression, and non-cell autonomous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Fukuda
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John P. Morris
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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50
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Dykhuizen EC, Carmody LC, Tolliday N, Crabtree GR, Palmer MAJ. Screening for inhibitors of an essential chromatin remodeler in mouse embryonic stem cells by monitoring transcriptional regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:1221-30. [PMID: 22853929 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112455060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SWI/SNF-like adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodeling complex, esBAF, is both necessary and, in some contexts, sufficient to induce the pluripotent state. Furthermore, mutations in various BAF subunits are associated with cancer. Little is known regarding the precise mechanism(s) by which this complex exerts its activities. Thus, it is unclear which protein interactions would be important to disrupt to isolate a relevant readout of mechanism. To address this, we developed a gene expression-based assay to identify inhibitors of the native esBAF complex. Specifically, a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to monitor expression of Bmi1, a developmentally important gene repressed by the esBAF complex. The assay was miniaturized to a 384-well format and used to screen a diverse collection of compounds, including novel products of diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS). Confirmed hits were validated using a knock-in ES cell reporter line in which luciferase is inserted into the Bmi1 locus. Several of the validated hits regulate a panel of target genes in a manner similar to the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex. Together these data indicate that expression-based screening using qRT-PCR is a successful approach to identify compounds targeting the regulation of key developmental genes in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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