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Lokesh M, Bandaru LJM, Rajanna A, Dhayal VS, Challa S. M1 polarization induction by lead and amyloid peptides in microglial cells: Implications for neurodegeneration process. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4267-4277. [PMID: 38700421 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study explores the potential neurodegenerative effects of lead (Pb) toxicity and amyloid beta peptides (Aβp 1-40 and Aβp 25-35) by promoting M1 polarization in microglial cells. To this end, we investigated and observed that IC50 concentrations of Pb (22.8 μM) and Aβp 25-35(29.6 μM). Our results demonstrated significant Pb uptake (31.13% at 25 μM Pb) and increased intracellular ROS levels (77.1%) upon treatment with Pb in combination of both Aβp 1-40 and Aβp 25-35. Protein carbonylation significantly increased (73.12 nmol/mL) upon treatment with Pb in combination of both Aβp 1-40 and Aβp 25-35, indicating oxidative damage and compromised cellular defenses against oxidative stress along with elevated DNA oxidative damage (164.9 pg/mL of 8-OH-dG) upon treatment with Pb in combination with both Aβp 1-40 and Aβp 25-35. Microglial polarization showed elevated M1 markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2) and reduced M2 markers (arginase-1 and cluster of differentiation 206), suggesting Pb's role in inducing neurodegenerative microglial polarization. These findings provide insights into the complex molecular events contributing to Pb-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murumulla Lokesh
- Cell Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ajumeera Rajanna
- Cell Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Suresh Challa
- Cell Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Zheng XW, Fang YY, Lin JJ, Luo JJ, Li SJ, Aschner M, Jiang YM. Signal Transduction Associated with Mn-induced Neurological Dysfunction. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4158-4169. [PMID: 38155332 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a heavy metal that occurs widely in nature and has a vital physiological role in growth and development. However, excessive exposure to Mn can cause neurological damage, especially cognitive dysfunction, such as learning disability and memory loss. Numerous studies on the mechanisms of Mn-induced nervous system damage found that this metal targets a variety of metabolic pathways, for example, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, cellular signaling pathway changes, and neurotransmitter metabolism interference. This article reviews the latest research progress on multiple signaling pathways related to Mn-induced neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Zheng
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Fang
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jun-Jie Lin
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jing-Jing Luo
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shao-Jun Li
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Michael Aschner
- The Department of Molecular Pharmacology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-Yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases in Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Medical University of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Jang JH, Jun HJ, Lee C, Sohn E, Kwon O, Kang DH, Umar M, Jung IC, Jeong SJ. Therapeutic Potential of Combined Herbal Medicine and Electroacupuncture in Mild Cognitive Impairment Through Cytokine Modulation: An Observational Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1331-1344. [PMID: 38919562 PMCID: PMC11198010 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s465650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a combined herbal formula and electroacupuncture (EA) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia, and its underlying mechanisms of action. Patients and Methods This was a prospective open-label observational pilot study at Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University in South Korea from March 2022 to March 2023. We included six Korean patients (50% male) aged ≥ 45 years and < 85 years with MCI, a clinical dementia rating score of 0.5, and a Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korea (MoCA-K) score ≤ 22. The exclusion criterion was impaired cognitive function. Patients received combined therapy, including a herbal formula and EA, for 12-24 weeks. We prescribed the herbal formulas Gamiguibi-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang, and Banhasasim-tang to the patients for at least 70% of the treatment period, in combination with EA. Moreover, we investigated changes in cognitive and cognition-related symptoms and cytokine expression in the blood following combined traditional medicine therapy. At baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks, we administered the MoCA-K and cognitive-related questionnaires. We analyzed network pharmacology to reflect the herbal formula intervention mechanism comprehensively. Results The median score [interquartile range] of MoCA-K at baseline was 19.5 [16.0, 22.0], which improved significantly (24.5 [24.0, 26.0], p < 0.01) over 24 weeks following combined therapy. We obtained no significant conclusion regarding cytokine changes due to the small sample size. In network pharmacology, we analyzed the brain, head, heart, peripheral nerves, peripheral nervous system, and pancreas as the enriched organs from the common targets of the three herbal formulas. Conclusion Combined herbal medicine and EA improved cognitive function in patients with MCI. We assume the underlying mechanism of herbal formulas to be antioxidative and anti-inflammatory changes in cytokine expression. Combined traditional medicine has potential therapeutic application in preventing MCI progression to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Joon Jun
- Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - ChaYoung Lee
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Sohn
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ojin Kwon
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kang
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Korean Medicine Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Chul Jung
- Department of Oriental Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jeong
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Cheng F, Wang C, Yan B, Yin Z, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li M, Liao P, Gao H, Jia Z, Li D, Liu Q, Lei P. CSF1R blockade slows progression of cerebral hemorrhage by reducing microglial proliferation and increasing infiltration of CD8 + CD122+ T cells into the brain. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112071. [PMID: 38636374 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play a pivotal role in the neuroinflammatory response after brain injury, and their proliferation is dependent on colony-stimulating factors. In the present study, we investigated the effect of inhibiting microglia proliferation on neurological damage post intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a mouse model, an aspect that has never been studied before. Using a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor antagonist (GW2580), we observed that inhibition of microglia proliferation significantly ameliorated neurobehavioral deficits, attenuated cerebral edema, and reduced hematoma volume after ICH. This intervention was associated with a decrease in pro-inflammatory factors in microglia and an increased infiltration of peripheral regulatory CD8 + CD122+ T cells into the injured brain tissue. The CXCR3/CXCL10 axis is the mechanism of brain homing of regulatory CD8 + CD122+ T cells, and the high expression of IL-10 is the hallmark of their synergistic anti-inflammatory effect with microglia. And activated astrocytes around the insult site are a prominent source of CXCL10. Thus, inhibition of microglial proliferation offers a new perspective for clinical translation. The cross-talk between multiple cells involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response highlights the comprehensive nature of neuroimmunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Meimei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Zexi Jia
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China.
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Zhan Q, Kong F, Shao S, Zhang B, Huang S. Pathogenesis of Depression in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:548-556. [PMID: 38015411 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a prevalent occurrence among Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, yet its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent investigations have revealed that several pathophysiological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease can lead to mood disorders. These alterations include irregularities in monoamine neurotransmitters, disruptions in glutamatergic synaptic transmission, neuro-inflammation, dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, diminished levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and hippocampal atrophy. This review consolidates research findings from pertinent fields to elucidate the mechanisms underlying depression in Alzheimer's disease, aiming to provide valuable insights for the study of its mechanisms and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Fanyi Kong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Shuming Huang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
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Chen Z, Wang X, Du S, Liu Q, Xu Z, Guo Y, Lin X. A review on traditional Chinese medicine natural products and acupuncture intervention for Alzheimer's disease based on the neuroinflammatory. Chin Med 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 38419106 PMCID: PMC10900670 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset and progressive development. It is clinically characterized by cognitive impairment, memory impairment and behavioral change. Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture are important components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and are commonly used in clinical treatment of AD. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine natural products and acupuncture treatment of AD, which combined with existing clinical and preclinical evidence, based on a comprehensive review of neuroinflammation, and discusses the efficacy and potential mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine natural products and acupuncture treatment of AD. Resveratrol, curcumin, kaempferol and other Chinese herbal medicine components can significantly inhibit the neuroinflammation of AD in vivo and in vitro, and are candidates for the treatment of AD. Acupuncture can alleviate the memory and cognitive impairment of AD by improving neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, nerve cell apoptosis and reducing the production and aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brain. It has the characteristics of early, safe, effective and benign bidirectional adjustment. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for improving the clinical strategies of TCM for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Simin Du
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300381, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
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Dong H, Wen X, Zhang BW, Wu Z, Zou W. Astrocytes in intracerebral hemorrhage: impact and therapeutic objectives. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1327472. [PMID: 38419793 PMCID: PMC10899346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1327472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) manifests precipitously and profoundly impairs the neurological function in patients who are affected. The etiology of subsequent injury post-ICH is multifaceted, characterized by the intricate interplay of various factors, rendering therapeutic interventions challenging. Astrocytes, a distinct class of glial cells, interact with neurons and microglia, and are implicated in a series of pathophysiological alterations following ICH. A comprehensive examination of the functions and mechanisms associated with astrocytic proteins may shed light on the role of astrocytes in ICH pathology and proffer innovative therapeutic avenues for ICH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Wen Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Third Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Wu P, He B, Li X, Zhang H. Roles of microRNA-124 in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1298508. [PMID: 38034588 PMCID: PMC10687822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1298508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prominent global cause of mortality due to the limited availability of effective prevention and treatment strategies for this disorder. An effective molecular biomarker may contribute to determining the prognosis and promoting the therapeutic efficiency of TBI. MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is most abundantly expressed in the brain and exerts different biological effects in a variety of diseases by regulating pathological processes of apoptosis and proliferation. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated the association between miR-124 and TBI, but there is still a lack of relevant literature to summarize the current evidence on this topic. Based on this review, we found that miR-124 was involved as a regulatory factor in cell apoptosis and proliferation, and was also strongly related with the pathophysiological development of TBI. MiR-124 played an essential role in TBI by interacting with multiple biomolecules and signaling pathways, such as JNK, VAMP-3, Rela/ApoE, PDE4B/mTOR, MDK/TLR4/NF-κB, DAPK1/NR2B, JAK/STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Ras/MEK/Erk. The potential benefits of upregulating miR-124 in facilitating TBI recovery have been identified. The advancement of miRNA nanocarrier system technology presents an opportunity for miR-124 to emerge as a novel therapeutic target for TBI. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the role of miR-124 in TBI necessitate further investigation. Additionally, comprehensive large-scale studies are required to evaluate the clinical significance of miR-124 as a therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panxing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bao He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s hospital of Kunshan, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s hospital of Kunshan, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology and Nano-Bionics, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Li SJ, Ma MH, Li JM, Lu XY, Lu CB, Zhou SF, Zhang LX, Li MQ, Shao TZ, Bai SP, Yan XX, Li F, Li CQ. CNTN1 Aggravates Neuroinflammation and Triggers Cognitive Deficits in Male Mice by Boosting Crosstalk between Microglia and Astrocytes. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1853-1869. [PMID: 37196127 PMCID: PMC10529752 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A wealth of knowledge regarding glial cell-mediated neuroinflammation, which contributes to cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has emerged in recent years. Contactin 1(CNTN1), a member of the cell adhesion molecule and immunoglobulin supergene family, is centrally involved in axonal growth regulation and is also a key player in inflammation-associated disorders. However, whether CNTN1 plays a role in inflammation-related cognitive deficits and how this process is triggered and orchestrated remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined postmortem brains with AD. CNTN1 immunoreactivity was markedly increased, particularly in the CA3 subregion, as compared with non-AD brains. Furthermore, by applying an adeno-associated virus-based approach to overexpress CNTN1 directly via stereotactic injection in mice, we demonstrated that hippocampal CNTN1 overexpression triggered cognitive deficits detected by novel object-recognition, novel place-recognition and social cognition tests. The mechanisms underlying these cognitive deficits could be attributed to hippocampal microglia and astrocyte activation, which led to aberrant expression of excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT)1/EAAT2. This resulted in long-term potentiation (LTP) impairment that could be reversed by minocyline, an antibiotic and the best-known inhibitor of microglial activation. Taken together, our results identified Cntn1 as a susceptibility factor involved in regulating cognitive deficits via functional actions in the hippocampus. This factor correlated with microglial activation and triggered astrocyte activation with abnormal EAAT1/EAAT2 expression and LTP impairment. Overall, these findings may significantly advance our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the risk of neuroinflammation related cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ji Li
- The International-Joint Lab for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Min-Hui Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jun-Mei Li
- The International-Joint Lab for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Cheng-Biao Lu
- The International-Joint Lab for Non-invasive Neural Modulation/Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Shi-Fen Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Lin-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Meng-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Tong-Ze Shao
- 5-year Clinical Medicine Program, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Su-Ping Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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10
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Qiao CM, Quan W, Zhou Y, Niu GY, Hong H, Wu J, Zhao LP, Li T, Cui C, Zhao WJ, Shen YQ. Orally Induced High Serum Level of Trimethylamine N-oxide Worsened Glial Reaction and Neuroinflammation on MPTP-Induced Acute Parkinson's Disease Model Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5137-5154. [PMID: 37266763 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by brain glial cells is one of the pathological drivers of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have shown that higher circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, a gut microbiota-derived metabolite) can induce neuroinflammation and are strongly related to a variety of central nervous system diseases and adverse brain events. Herein, we explored the effect of pre-existing higher circulating TMAO on dopamine system and neuroinflammation in acute PD model mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroxypyridine (MPTP). TMAO pretreatment was given by adding 3% (w/v) TMAO to drinking water of mice for 21 days to induce higher circulating TMAO status, then mice were administered with MPTP (20 mg/kg, i.p) for four times in one day to construct an acute PD model mice and treated with TMAO continuously until the end of the experiment. Results demonstrated that TMAO treatment significantly increased serum TMAO levels. Moreover, high serum TMAO significantly increased activation of microglia and astrocytes both in striatum and in substantia nigra. And strikingly, high serum TMAO significantly promoted the metabolism of striatal dopamine (DA) of PD model mice, although it had no significant effect on the number of dopaminergic neurons or the content of DA. Furthermore, immunofluorescence, ELISA, and RT-qPCR results of the hippocampus also showed that high serum TMAO significantly promoted the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the dentate gyrus, increased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and upregulated gene expression of M1 microglia-related markers (including CD16, CD32, and iNOS) and A2 astrocyte-related markers (including S100a10, Ptx3, and Emp1) in mRNA levels. In summary, we found that pre-existing high serum levels of TMAO worsened the PD-related brain pathology by promoting DA metabolism, aggravating neuroinflammation and regulating glial cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Meng Qiao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gu-Yu Niu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Hong
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Cui
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Zhao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Monet MC, Quan N. Complex Neuroimmune Involvement in Neurodevelopment: A Mini-Review. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2979-2991. [PMID: 37489149 PMCID: PMC10363380 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s410562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cells and molecules of the immune system play significant roles in neurodevelopment. As perinatal infection is associated with the development of neurodevelopmental disorders, previous research has focused on demonstrating that the induction of neuroinflammation in the developing brain is capable of causing neuropathology and behavioral changes. Recent studies, however, have revealed that immune cells and molecules in the brain can influence neurodevelopment without the induction of overt inflammation, identifying neuroimmune activities as integral parts of normal neurodevelopment. This mini-review describes the shift in literature that has moved from emphasizing the intrusion of inflammatory events as a main culprit of neurodevelopmental disorders to evaluating the deviation of the normal neuroimmune activities in neurodevelopment as a potential pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne C Monet
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
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12
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Semikasev E, Ahlemeyer B, Acker T, Schänzer A, Baumgart-Vogt E. Rise and fall of peroxisomes during Alzheimer´s disease: a pilot study in human brains. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:80. [PMID: 37170361 PMCID: PMC10176950 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that rapidly change in number depending on the metabolic requirement of distinct cell types and tissues. In the brain, these organelles are essential for neuronal migration and myelination during development and their dysfunction is associated with age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Except for one study analysing ABCD3-positive peroxisomes in neurons of the frontal neocortex of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, no data on other brain regions or peroxisomal proteins are available. In the present morphometric study, we quantified peroxisomes labelled with PEX14, a metabolism-independent peroxisome marker, in 13 different brain areas of 8 patients each either with low, intermediate or high AD neuropathological changes compared to 10 control patients. Classification of patient samples was based on the official ABC score. During AD-stage progression, the peroxisome density decreased in the area entorhinalis, parietal/occipital neocortex and cerebellum, it increased and in later AD-stage patients decreased in the subiculum and hippocampal CA3 region, frontal neocortex and pontine gray and it remained unchanged in the gyrus dentatus, temporal neocortex, striatum and inferior olive. Moreover, we investigated the density of catalase-positive peroxisomes in a subset of patients (> 80 years), focussing on regions with significant alterations of PEX14-positive peroxisomes. In hippocampal neurons, only one third of all peroxisomes contained detectable levels of catalase exhibiting constant density at all AD stages. Whereas the density of all peroxisomes in neocortical neurons was only half of the one of the hippocampus, two thirds of them were catalase-positive exhibiting increased levels at higher ABC scores. In conclusion, we observed spatiotemporal differences in the response of peroxisomes to different stages of AD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Semikasev
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University, Arndtstr. 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig University, Arndtstr. 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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13
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Xu Y, Li Y, Wang C, Han T, Liu H, Sun L, Hong J, Hashimoto M, Wei J. The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson's disease: a double-edged sword. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:33. [PMID: 36774485 PMCID: PMC9922470 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and leads to the pathological development of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and contact-killing compounds, causing the loss of dopaminergic neurons. So far, we have mainly focused on the role of the specific class of immune cells in PD while neglecting the impact of interactions among immune cells on the disease. Therefore, this review demonstrates the reciprocal interplays between microglia and T cells and the associated subpopulations through cytokine and chemokine production that impair and/or protect the pathological process of PD. Furthermore, potential targets and models of PD neuroinflammation are highlighted to provide the new ideas/directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China ,grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XHenan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Yongjie Li
- grid.414360.40000 0004 0605 7104Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Orthopedics Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Changqing Wang
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Tingting Han
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Haixuan Liu
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Lin Sun
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XHenan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 Henan China
| | - Jun Hong
- grid.256922.80000 0000 9139 560XInstitute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- grid.272456.00000 0000 9343 3630Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506 Japan
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China. .,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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14
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Bhusal A, Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Bidirectional Communication Between Microglia and Astrocytes in Neuroinflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2020-2029. [PMID: 36453496 PMCID: PMC10556371 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221129121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature of diverse nervous system pathologies. In many instances, it begins at an early stage of the disease, paving the way for further exacerbations. The main drivers of neuroinflammation are brain-resident glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes. Microglia are the primary responders to any insult to the brain parenchyma, translating the signals into diverse molecules. These molecules derived from microglia can regulate the stimuli-dependent reactivity of astrocytes. Once activated, astrocytes in turn, can control microglia phenotypes. Recent evidence indicates that the crosstalk between these glial cells plays an important role in delaying or accelerating neuroinflammation and overall disease progression. To date, various molecules have been recognized as key mediators of the bidirectional communication between microglia and astrocytes. The current review aims to discuss the novel molecules identified recently, which play a critical role in interglial crosstalk, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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15
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Effect of Renal Ischemia Reperfusion on Brain Neuroinflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112993. [PMID: 36428560 PMCID: PMC9687457 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an inflammatory sequence. It can lead to distant organ injury, including damage to the central nervous system (CNS), mediated by increased circulating cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. It can also lead to increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. However, the effect of AKI on the inflammatory response of the brain has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we observed the effect of AKI on BBB permeability, microglia and astrocyte activation, and neuronal toxicity in the brain. The striatum and ventral midbrain, known to control overall movement, secrete the neurotransmitter dopamine. The activation of microglia and astrocytes present in this area causes neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The activation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, which are responsible for important functions, including memory, learning, concentration, and language, can trigger nerve cell apoptosis. The activation of astrocytes and microglia at this site is also involved in the inflammatory response associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid. In the situation of kidney ischemia reperfusion (IR)-induced AKI, activation of microglia and astrocytes were observed in the striatum, ventral midbrain, hippocampus, and cortex. However, neuronal cell death was not observed until 48 h.
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16
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Li N, Deng M, Hu G, Li N, Yuan H, Zhou Y. New Insights into Microglial Mechanisms of Memory Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1722. [PMID: 36421736 PMCID: PMC9687453 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive and irreversible neurodegeneration characterized by the impairment of memory and cognition. Despite years of studies, no effective treatment and prevention strategies are available yet. Identifying new AD therapeutic targets is crucial for better elucidating the pathogenesis and establishing a valid treatment of AD. Growing evidence suggests that microglia play a critical role in AD. Microglia are resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), and their core properties supporting main biological functions include surveillance, phagocytosis, and the release of soluble factors. Activated microglia not only directly mediate the central immune response, but also participate in the pathological changes of AD, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein phosphorylation, synaptic dissection, neuron loss, memory function decline, etc. Based on these recent findings, we provide a new framework to summarize the role of microglia in AD memory impairment. This evidence suggests that microglia have the potential to become new targets for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao 266555, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingru Deng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Gonghui Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Haicheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences and Related Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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17
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Aranđelović J, Santrač A, Batinić B, Todorović L, Stevanović V, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Sharmin D, Rashid F, Stanojević B, Cook JM, Savić MM. Effects of α5 GABA A receptor modulation on social interaction, memory, and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1767-1778. [PMID: 35822698 PMCID: PMC9532908 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS GABAergic modulation involved in cognitive processing appears to be substantially changed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a widely used 5xFAD model of AD, we aimed to assess if negative and positive allosteric modulators of α5 GABAA receptors (NAM and PAM, respectively) would affect social interaction, social, object and spatial memory, and neuroinflammation. METHODS After 10-day treatment with PAM, NAM, or solvent, 6-month-old transgenic and non-transgenic 5xFAD mice underwent testing in a behavioral battery. Gene expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, GFAP, and IBA-1 were determined in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex by qPCR. RESULTS PAM treatment impaired spatial learning in transgenic females compared to solvent-treated transgenic females, and social recognition in transgenic and non-transgenic males. NAM treatment declined social interaction in transgenic and non-transgenic males, while had beneficial effect on cognitive flexibility in non-transgenic males compared to solvent-treated non-transgenic males. Transgenic animals have not fully displayed cognitive symptoms, but neuroinflammation was confirmed. NAM reduced proinflammatory gene expressions in transgenic females and astrogliosis in transgenic males compared to pathological controls. CONCLUSION PAM and NAM failed to exert favorable behavioral effects in transgenic animals. Suppression of neuroinflammation obtained with NAM calls for more studies with GABAergic ligands in amyloid beta- and/or tau-dependent models with prominent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Lidija Todorović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | | | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug DiscoveryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug DiscoveryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Boban Stanojević
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of SerbiaUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College LondonRayne InstituteLondonUK
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug DiscoveryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
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18
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Wu YG, Song LJ, Yin LJ, Yin JJ, Wang Q, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. The effects and potential of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells of the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:947-954. [PMID: 36254973 PMCID: PMC9827789 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, stimulatory factors continuously act on the microglia causing abnormal activation and unbalanced phenotypic changes; these events have become a significant and promising area of research. In this review, we summarize the effects of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Our literature search found that phenotypic changes occur continuously in Alzheimer's disease and that microglia exhibit extensive crosstalk with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and penetrated peripheral innate immune cells via specific signaling pathways and cytokines. Collectively, unlike previous efforts to modulate microglial phenotypes at a single level, targeting the phenotypes of microglia and the crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system may be more effective in reducing inflammation in the central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease. This would establish a theoretical basis for reducing neuronal death from central nervous system inflammation and provide an appropriate environment to promote neuronal regeneration in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Wu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases/Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Institute of Brain Science/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases/Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China,Correspondence to: Cun-Gen Ma, .
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19
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Toledano-Díaz A, Álvarez MI, Toledano A. The relationships between neuroglial alterations and neuronal changes in Alzheimer's disease, and the related controversies I: Gliopathogenesis and glioprotection. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221128703. [PMID: 36238130 PMCID: PMC9551335 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221128703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Alois Alzheimer described the pathology of Alzheimer's disease in 1907, an increasing number of studies have attempted to discover its causes and possible ways to treat it. For decades, research has focused on neuronal degeneration and the disruption to the neural circuits that occurs during disease progression, undervaluing in some extent the alterations to glial cells even though these alterations were described in the very first studies of this disease. In recent years, it has been recognized that different families of neuroglia are not merely support cells for neurons but rather key and active elements in the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Alterations to different types of neuroglia (especially astroglia and microglia but also mature oligodendroglia and oligodendroglial progenitors) have been identified in the initial neuropathological changes that lead to dementia, suggesting that they may represent therapeutic targets to prevent neurodegeneration. In this review, based on our own studies and on the relevant scientific literature, we argue that a careful and in-depth study of glial cells will be fundamental to understanding the origin and progression of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we analyze the main issues regarding the neuroprotective and neurotoxic role of neuroglial changes, reactions and/or involutions in both humans with Alzheimer's disease and in experimental models of this condition.
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20
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Li S, Wernersbach I, Harms GS, Schäfer MKE. Microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. Front Immunol 2022. [PMID: 36105813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022b.945485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are phagocytosis-competent CNS cells comprising a spectrum of subtypes with beneficial and/or detrimental functions in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The heterogeneity of microglia suggests differences in phagocytic activity and phenotype plasticity between microglia subtypes. To study these issues, primary murine glial cultures were cultivated in the presence of serum, different growth factors and cytokines to obtain M0-like, M1-like, and M2-like microglia as confirmed by morphology, M1/M2 gene marker expression, and nitric oxide assay. Single-cell analysis after 3 hours of phagocytosis of E.coli particles or IgG-opsonized beads showed equal internalization by M0-like microglia, whereas M1-like microglia preferably internalized E.coli particles and M2-like microglia preferably internalized IgG beads, suggesting subtype-specific preferences for different phagocytosis substrates. Time-lapse live-cells imaging over 16 hours revealed further differences between microglia subtypes in phagocytosis preference and internalization dynamics. M0- and, more efficiently, M1-like microglia continuously internalized E.coli particles for 16 hours, whereas M2-like microglia discontinued internalization after approximately 8 hours. IgG beads were continuously internalized by M0- and M1-like microglia but strikingly less by M2-like microglia. M2-like microglia initially showed continuous internalization similar to M0-like microglia but again discontinuation of internalization after 8 hours suggesting that the time of substrate exposure differently affect microglia subtypes. After prolonged exposure to E.coli particles or IgG beads for 5 days all microglia subtypes showed increased internalization of E.coli particles compared to IgG beads, increased nitric oxide release and up-regulation of M1 gene markers, irrespectively of the phagocytosis substrate, suggesting phenotype plasticity. In summary, microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. The results suggest that prolonged phagocytosis substrate exposure enhances M1-like profiles and M2-M1 repolarization of microglia. Similar processes may also take place in conditions of acute and chronic brain insults when microglia encounter different types of phagocytic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isa Wernersbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory S Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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21
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Li S, Wernersbach I, Harms GS, Schäfer MKE. Microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945485. [PMID: 36105813 PMCID: PMC9465456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are phagocytosis-competent CNS cells comprising a spectrum of subtypes with beneficial and/or detrimental functions in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The heterogeneity of microglia suggests differences in phagocytic activity and phenotype plasticity between microglia subtypes. To study these issues, primary murine glial cultures were cultivated in the presence of serum, different growth factors and cytokines to obtain M0-like, M1-like, and M2-like microglia as confirmed by morphology, M1/M2 gene marker expression, and nitric oxide assay. Single-cell analysis after 3 hours of phagocytosis of E.coli particles or IgG-opsonized beads showed equal internalization by M0-like microglia, whereas M1-like microglia preferably internalized E.coli particles and M2-like microglia preferably internalized IgG beads, suggesting subtype-specific preferences for different phagocytosis substrates. Time-lapse live-cells imaging over 16 hours revealed further differences between microglia subtypes in phagocytosis preference and internalization dynamics. M0- and, more efficiently, M1-like microglia continuously internalized E.coli particles for 16 hours, whereas M2-like microglia discontinued internalization after approximately 8 hours. IgG beads were continuously internalized by M0- and M1-like microglia but strikingly less by M2-like microglia. M2-like microglia initially showed continuous internalization similar to M0-like microglia but again discontinuation of internalization after 8 hours suggesting that the time of substrate exposure differently affect microglia subtypes. After prolonged exposure to E.coli particles or IgG beads for 5 days all microglia subtypes showed increased internalization of E.coli particles compared to IgG beads, increased nitric oxide release and up-regulation of M1 gene markers, irrespectively of the phagocytosis substrate, suggesting phenotype plasticity. In summary, microglia subtypes show substrate- and time-dependent phagocytosis preferences and phenotype plasticity. The results suggest that prolonged phagocytosis substrate exposure enhances M1-like profiles and M2-M1 repolarization of microglia. Similar processes may also take place in conditions of acute and chronic brain insults when microglia encounter different types of phagocytic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuailong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Isa Wernersbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregory S. Harms
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Departments of Biology and Physics, Wilkes University, Wilkes Barre, PA, United States
| | - Michael K. E. Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael K. E. Schäfer,
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22
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Astrocytic CD24 Protects Neuron from Recombinant High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein(rHMGB1)-Elicited Neuronal Injury. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091119. [PMID: 36138855 PMCID: PMC9497078 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous host-derived molecules named damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can induce excessive non-sterile inflammatory responses on recognition of specific membrane-tethered receptors. Here in this study, we aimed to explore the role of DAMP molecule HMGB1 in astrocyte-mediated sterile neuroinflammation and the resultant influences on neurons. In vitro cultured astrocytes were challenged with rHMGB1 and then harvested at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, respectively. The astrocytic CD24 expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) binding activity was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and the proinflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), were measured by qPCR. The neuronal morphology was assessed with phase-contrast microscopy. The results showed that astrocytic mRNA and protein CD24 expression began to rise at 24 h, peaked at 36 h, and remained elevated at 48 h after rHMGB1 stimulation, accompanied with enhanced NF-κB binding activity and augmented expression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, rHMGB1 caused cocultured neuron damage and was aggregated upon CD24 knockdown. Taken together, these novel findings suggested that rHMGB1 could promote astrocytic CD24 expression, the inhibition of which could aggregate neuronal damage.
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23
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 4-(4-(Heptyloxy)phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one via Repression of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways in β-Amyloid-Induced Alzheimer's Disease Models. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27155035. [PMID: 35956985 PMCID: PMC9370156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disease, but so far, it can only be treated symptomatically rather than changing the process of the disease. Recently, triazoles and their derivatives have been shown to have potential for the treatment of AD. In this study, the neuroprotective effects of 4-(4-(heptyloxy)phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (W112) against β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced AD pathology and its possible mechanism were explored both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that W112 exhibits a neuroprotective role against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells and improves the learning and memory abilities of Aβ-induced AD-like rats. In addition, the assays of the protein expression revealed that W112 reversed tau hyperphosphorylation and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, both in vitro and in vivo studies. Further study indicated that the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathways played a key role in mediating the neuroprotective effects of W112 against AD-like pathology. W112 may become a potential drug for AD intervention.
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24
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Long HZ, Zhou ZW, Cheng Y, Luo HY, Li FJ, Xu SG, Gao LC. The Role of Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease From the Perspective of Immune Inflammation and Iron Metabolism. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:888989. [PMID: 35847685 PMCID: PMC9284275 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.888989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of senile dementia, includes the complex pathogenesis of abnormal deposition of amyloid beta-protein (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and neuroimmune inflammatory. The neurodegenerative process of AD triggers microglial activation, and the overactivation of microglia produces a large number of neuroimmune inflammatory factors. Microglia dysfunction can lead to disturbances in iron metabolism and enhance iron-induced neuronal degeneration in AD, while elevated iron levels in brain areas affect microglia phenotype and function. In this manuscript, we firstly discuss the role of microglia in AD and then introduce the role of microglia in the immune-inflammatory pathology of AD. Their role in AD iron homeostasis is emphasized. Recent studies on microglia and ferroptosis in AD are also reviewed. It will help readers better understand the role of microglia in iron metabolism in AD, and provides a basis for better regulation of iron metabolism disorders in AD and the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhi Long
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuo-Guo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
| | - Li-Chen Gao
- School of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Li-Chen Gao,
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25
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Liu Y, Cheng X, Li H, Hui S, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Peng W. Non-Coding RNAs as Novel Regulators of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908076. [PMID: 35720333 PMCID: PMC9201920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in understanding the progression and pathogenesis of AD, it remains a worldwide problem and a significant public health burden. Thus, more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are urgently required. The latest research studies have revealed that neuroinflammation is crucial in the pathogenesis of AD. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), have been strongly associated with AD-induced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, several ongoing pre-clinical studies are currently investigating ncRNA as disease biomarkers and therapeutic interventions to provide new perspectives for AD diagnosis and treatment. In this review, the role of different types of ncRNAs in neuroinflammation during AD are summarized in order to improve our understanding of AD etiology and aid in the translation of basic research into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Changsha, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Hui
- Department of Geratology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorder, Changsha, China
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26
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Dong X, Qu S. Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz.: A Promising Natural Neuroprotective Agent for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:877872. [PMID: 35559239 PMCID: PMC9086453 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.877872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory loss in the elderly, which seriously affects the quality of their lives. Currently, the pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. Molecular biologists have proposed a variety of hypotheses, including the amyloid-β hypothesis, tau hyperphosphorylation hypothesis, cholinergic neuron injury, inflammation caused by an abnormal immune response, and gene mutation. Drugs based on these pathological studies, including cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, have achieved a certain level of efficacy but are far from meeting clinical needs. In the recent years, some important advances have been made in the traditional Chinese medicine treatment of AD. Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. (EBHM) is an important medicinal plant distributed in Yunnan Province, China. Studies have shown that EBHM and its active ingredients have a variety of pharmacological effects with good therapeutic effects and wide application prospects for cognitive disability-related diseases. However, to our best knowledge, only few review articles have been published on the anti-AD effects of EBHM. Through a literature review, we identified the possible pathogenesis of AD, discussed the cultivation and phytochemistry of EBHM, and summarized the pharmacological mechanism of EBHM and its active ingredients in the treatment of AD to provide suggestions regarding anti-AD therapy as well as a broader insight into the therapeutic potential of EBHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengtao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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27
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Cai Y, Liu J, Wang B, Sun M, Yang H. Microglia in the Neuroinflammatory Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856376. [PMID: 35558075 PMCID: PMC9086828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide, characterized by progressive neuron degeneration or loss due to excessive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and hyperphosphorylated tau. The treatment of AD has been only partially successful as the majority of the pharmacotherapies on the market may alleviate some of the symptoms. In the occurrence of AD, increasing attention has been paid to neurodegeneration, while the resident glial cells, like microglia are also observed. Microglia, a kind of crucial glial cells associated with the innate immune response, functions as double-edge sword role in CNS. They exert a beneficial or detrimental influence on the adjacent neurons through secretion of both pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as neurotrophic factors. In addition, their endocytosis of debris and toxic protein like Aβ and tau ensures homeostasis of the neuronal microenvironment. In this review, we will systematically summarize recent research regarding the roles of microglia in AD pathology and latest microglia-associated therapeutic targets mainly including pro-inflammatory genes, anti-inflammatory genes and phagocytosis at length, some of which are contradictory and controversial and warrant to further be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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28
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Guo J, Qiu T, Wang L, Shi L, Ai M, Xia Z, Peng Z, Zheng A, Li X, Kuang L. Microglia Loss and Astrocyte Activation Cause Dynamic Changes in Hippocampal [18F]DPA-714 Uptake in Mouse Models of Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:802192. [PMID: 35250485 PMCID: PMC8896346 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.802192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a serious and chronic mental illness. However, its etiology is poorly understood. Although glial cells have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, the specific role of microglia and astrocytes in stress-induced depression remains unclear. Translocator protein (TSPO) has long been considered a marker of neuroinflammation and microglial activation. However, this protein is also present on astrocytes. Thus, it is necessary to explore the relationships between TSPO, microglia, and astrocytes in the context of depression. In this study, C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 5 weeks. Subsequently, sucrose preference and tail suspension tests (TSTs) were performed to assess anhedonia and despair in these mice. [18F]DPA-714 positron emission tomography (PET) was adopted to dynamically assess the changes in glial cells before and 2, 4, or 5 weeks after CUS exposure. The numbers of TSPO+ cells, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule (Iba)-1+ microglial cells, TSPO+/Iba-1+ cells, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes, TSPO+/GFAP+ cells, and TUNEL-stained microglia were quantified using immunofluorescence staining. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, and IL-18 expression in the hippocampus. We observed that hippocampal [18F]DPA-714 uptake significantly increased after 2 weeks of CUS. However, the signal significantly decreased after 5 weeks of CUS. CUS significantly reduced the number of Iba-1+, TSPO+, and TSPO+/Iba-1+ cells in the hippocampus, especially in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions. However, this intervention increased the number of GFAP+ astrocytes in the CA2/CA3 subregions of the hippocampus. In addition, microglial apoptosis in the early stage of CUS appeared to be involved in microglia loss. Further, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) was significantly decreased after CUS. In contrast, the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was significantly increased after 2 weeks of CUS. These results suggested that the CUS-induced dynamic changes in hippocampal [18F]DPA-714 uptake and several cytokines may be due to combined microglial and astrocyte action. These findings provide a theoretical reference for the future clinical applications of TSPO PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Ai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiping Peng
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anhai Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Kuang,
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29
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Kagoya R, Toma-Hirano M, Yamagishi J, Matsumoto N, Kondo K, Ito K. Immunological status of the olfactory bulb in a murine model of Toll-like receptor 3-mediated upper respiratory tract inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:13. [PMID: 35012562 PMCID: PMC8744287 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) following a viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is one of the most common causes of olfactory disorders, often lasting for over a year. To date, the molecular pathology of PVOD has not been elucidated. METHODS A murine model of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated upper respiratory tract inflammation was used to investigate the impact of URIs on the olfactory system. Inflammation was induced via the intranasal administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C), a TLR3 ligand) to the right nostril for 3 days. Peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), immune cells in the olfactory mucosa, and glial cells in the olfactory bulb (OB) were analyzed histologically. Proinflammatory cytokines in the nasal tissue and OB were evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In the treated mice, OSNs were markedly reduced in the olfactory mucosa, and T cell and neutrophil infiltration therein was observed 1 day after the end of poly(I:C) administration. Moreover, there was a considerable increase in microglial cells and slight increase in activated astrocytes in the OB. In addition, qPCR and ELISA revealed the elevated expression of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma both in the OB and nasal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the decreased peripheral OSNs, OB microgliosis, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines suggest that immunological changes in the OB may be involved in the pathogenesis of PVOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kagoya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Makiko Toma-Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, 929, Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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30
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Lu J, Wang J, Yu L, Cui R, Zhang Y, Ding H, Yan G. Treadmill Exercise Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Activation of M2 Microglia via Upregulation of Interleukin-4. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:735485. [PMID: 34692788 PMCID: PMC8532515 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.735485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise has been proven to be an effective therapy for stroke by reducing the microglia-initiated proinflammatory response. Few studies, however, have focused on the phenotypic changes in microglia cells caused by exercise training. The present study was designed to evaluate the influence of treadmill exercise on microglia polarization and the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups: sham, MCAO and exercise. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and exercise groups received MCAO surgery and the sham group a sham operation. The exercise group also underwent treadmill exercise after the surgery. These groups were studied after 4 and 7 days to evaluate behavioral performance using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS), and infarct conditions using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Luminex was employed to determine the expressions of markers of microglia phenotypes. Western blotting was employed to identify the phosphorylation levels of Janus kinase1 (JAK1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). Immunofluorescence was conducted to identify microglia phenotypes. Results: Treadmill exercise was found to improve neurobehavioral outcomes, mainly motor and balance functions, reduce infarct volumes and significantly increase interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression. In addition, treadmill exercise inhibited M1 microglia and promoted M2 microglia activation as evidenced by decreased M1 and increased M2 markers. Furthermore, an obvious increase in p-JAK1 and p-STAT6 was observed in the exercise group. Conclusions: Treadmill exercise ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing IL-4 expression to promote M2 microglia polarization, possibly via the JAK1-STAT6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China.,School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqing Ding
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofeng Yan
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Xie L, Liu Y, Zhang N, Li C, Sandhu AF, Williams G, Shen Y, Li H, Wu Q, Yu S. Electroacupuncture Improves M2 Microglia Polarization and Glia Anti-inflammation of Hippocampus in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:689629. [PMID: 34646113 PMCID: PMC8502881 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.689629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of recognition and memory. Neuroinflammation plays pivotal roles in the pathology of AD and affects the progression of the disease. Astrocyte and microglia, as main immune executors in the central nervous system (CNS), participate into the inflammatory response in AD. Glia polarize into different phenotypes during neurodegeneration. Pro-inflammatory glia produce cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) resulting into debris aggregates and neurotoxicity. Anti-inflammatory phenotypes produce cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) to release the inflammation. Electroacupuncture is a useful treatment that has been found to slow the neurodegeneration in animals through experimentation and in humans through clinical trials. The aim of this study was to uncover the mechanisms of glia activation, microglia polarization, and cytokine secretion regulated by electroacupuncture as a treatment for AD. Methods: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group (Control), Normal saline group (NS), AD group (AD), and Electroacupuncture group (Acupuncture). The AD and Acupuncture groups were bilaterally injected with Aβ1 - 42 into the CA1 field of the hippocampus. The Acupuncture group received electroacupuncture stimulation on the acupoint "Baihui" (GV20) for 6 days per week for a total of 3 weeks. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was used to evaluate learning and memory capacity. Immunofluorescence was used to stain GFAP and Iba1 of the DG and CA1 in the hippocampus, which, respectively, expressed the activation of astrocyte and microglia. The M1 microglia marker, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and M2 marker Arginase 1 (Arg1) were used to analyze the polarization of microglia. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), and pathway-molecules (p65 and Stat6) were tested to analyze the glia inflammatory response by immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The MWM results showed that electroacupuncture improves the escape latency time and the swimming distance of AD rats. The number of GFAP and Iba1 cells significantly increased in AD rats, but electroacupuncture decreased the cells. The iNOS-positive cells were significantly increased in AD, and electroacupuncture decreased the positive cells. Electroacupuncture elevated Arg1-positive cells in AD rats. Electroacupuncture decreased the glia pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in AD rats. Furthermore, electroacupuncture inhibited the NF-κB pathway molecule (p65) while raising the Stat6 pathway molecule (Stat6). Conclusion: These results provide evidence that electroacupuncture improves the recognition abilities and memory of AD rats. Electroacupuncture inhibits the activation of glia and polarizes microglia toward the M2 phenotype. Electroacupuncture decreased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Furthermore, electroacupuncture affects the immune responses through inhibition of NF-κB pathway but activation of Stat6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushuang Xie
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Electroacupuncture and Homeostasis Regulation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Aaron F Sandhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - George Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yan Shen
- Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Li
- Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaofeng Wu
- Institute of Electroacupuncture and Homeostasis Regulation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuguang Yu
- Institute of Electroacupuncture and Homeostasis Regulation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Electroacupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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32
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Hanslik KL, Marino KM, Ulland TK. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718324. [PMID: 34531726 PMCID: PMC8439422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are normally associated with support roles including contributions to energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and ion homeostasis. In addition to providing support for neurons, microglia and astrocytes function as the resident immune cells in the brain. The glial function is impacted by multiple aspects including aging and local CNS changes caused by neurodegeneration. During aging, microglia and astrocytes display alterations in their homeostatic functions. For example, aged microglia and astrocytes exhibit impairments in the lysosome and mitochondrial function as well as in their regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests that glia can also alter the pathology associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shifts in the microbiome can impact glial function as well. Disruptions in the microbiome can lead to aberrant microglial and astrocytic reactivity, which can contribute to an exacerbation of disease and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the normal physiological functions of microglia and astrocytes, summarize novel findings highlighting the role of glia in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Hanslik
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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