1
|
Vahabi A, Öztürk AM, Kılıçlı B, Birim D, Kaftan Öcal G, Dağcı T, Armağan G. Silibinin promotes healing in spinal cord injury through anti-ferroptotic mechanisms. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1344. [PMID: 38957164 PMCID: PMC11217020 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Study Design Pre-clinical animal experiment. Objective In this study, we investigated therapeutic effects of silibinin in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. In SCI, loss of cells due to secondary damage mechanisms exceeds that caused by primary damage. Ferroptosis, which is iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death, is shown to be influential in the pathogenesis of SCI. Methods The study was conducted as an in vivo experiment using a total of 78 adult male/female Sprague Dawley rats. Groups were as follows: Sham, SCI, deferoxamine (DFO) treatment, and silibinin treatment. There were subgroups with follow-up periods of 24 h, 72 h, and 6 weeks in all groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and Fe2+ levels were measured by spectrophotometry. Glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4), ferroportin (FPN), transferrin receptor (TfR1), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-modified protein levels were assessed by Western blotting. Functional recovery was assessed using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan test. Results Silibinin achieved significant suppression in MDA and 4-HNE levels compared to the SCI both in 72-h and 6 weeks group (p < 0.05). GSH, GPX4, and FNP levels were found to be significantly higher in the silibinin 24 h, 72 h, and 6 weeks group compared to corresponding SCI groups (p < 0.05). Significant reduction in iron levels was observed in silibinin treated rats in 72 h and 6 weeks group (p < 0.05). Silibinin substantially suppressed TfR1 levels in 24 h and 72 h groups (p < 0.05). Significant difference among recovery capacities was observed as follows: Silibinin > DFO > SCI (p < 0.05). Conclusion Impact of silibinin on iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, both of which are features of ferroptosis, may contribute to therapeutic activity. Within this context, our findings posit silibinin as a potential therapeutic candidate possessing antiferroptotic properties in SCI model. Therapeutic agents capable of effectively and safely mitigating ferroptotic cell death hold the potential to be critical points of future clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Vahabi
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Anıl Murat Öztürk
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Bünyamin Kılıçlı
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Derviş Birim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Gizem Kaftan Öcal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryAfyonkarahisar Health Sciences UniversityAfyonkarahisarTurkey
| | - Taner Dağcı
- Department of PhysiologyEge University School of MedicineIzmirTurkey
| | - Güliz Armağan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hammad W, Sweidan N, Zarqa MA. A new flavonolignan from milk thistle ( Silybum marianum). JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:739-746. [PMID: 38329008 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2313535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A new flavonolignan, sonyamandin (1), along with other known compounds was isolated from the aerial parts and seeds extracts of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) collected from Jordan. The known ones are ursolic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), maslinic acid (4), oleic acid (5), β-sitosterol (6), β-, sitosteryl glucoside (7), apigenin (8), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (9), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glycoside (10), isosylibin A (11), isosylibin B (12), and silybin B (13). The absolute stereochemistry of 1 was confirmed by 2D NMR and CD analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waed Hammad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Nuha Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Musa Abu Zarqa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahari H, Shahraki Jazinaki M, Rashidmayvan M, Taheri S, Amini MR, Malekahmadi M. The effects of silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:949-963. [PMID: 38372848 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to the rich phytochemical content of Silymarin, it may effectively manage inflammation and oxidative stress. We, therefore, aimed to examine the existing evidence on the effect of Silymarin consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress factors by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. METHODS A systematic literature search up to September 2023 was completed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, to identify eligible RCTs. Heterogeneity tests of the selected trials were performed using the I2 statistic. Random effects models were assessed based on the heterogeneity tests, and pooled data were determined as weighted mean differences with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Fifteen RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. Our findings showed that Silymarin consumption significantly decreased CRP (WMD, - 0.50 mg/L; 95% CI, (- 0.95 to - 0.04); p = 0.03), MDA (WMD, - 1.19 nmol/mL; 95% CI, (- 1.99 to - 0.38); p = 0.004), and IL-6 (WMD, - 0.44 pg/ml; 95% CI, (- 0.75 to - 0.12); p = 0.006). Silymarin consumption had no significant effects on IL-10, TAC, and GSH. A significant non-linear relationship was observed between the duration of the intervention and MDA changes. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin can help reduce inflammation in patients with diabetes and thalassemia by reducing MDA as an oxidative stress marker and CRP and IL-6 as inflammatory markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Bahari
- Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shahraki Jazinaki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashidmayvan
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Malekahmadi
- Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brahma S, Goyal AK, Dhamodhar P, Kumari MR, Jayashree S, Usha T, Middha SK. Can Polyherbal Medicine be used for the Treatment of Diabetes? - A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e140323214600. [PMID: 36918778 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230314093721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudem Brahma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar-783370, BTR, Assam, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar-783370, BTR, Assam, India
| | - Prakash Dhamodhar
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangaluru-560054, Karnataka, India
| | - Mani Reema Kumari
- Department of Botany, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jayashree
- School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Talambedu Usha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Middha
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharani Lakshmi Ammanni College for Women, Bengaluru-560012, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Awla NJ, Naqishbandi AM, Baqi Y. Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Silybum marianum Seed Extract Rich in Silydianin and Silychristin in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1715-1723. [PMID: 37974616 PMCID: PMC10644432 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become an increasing global health problem, which leads to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Silybum marianum extracts have been reported to possess several biological activities. In this study, an ethyl acetate extract prepared from S. marianum seeds of the Iraqi Kurdistan region was analyzed to identify its chemical constituents. Subsequently, its potential for the prevention and treatment of MetS was studied in a rat model induced by a high-fat/high-fructose diet (HFD/F). Silydianin and silychristin were the most abundant flavonolignan constituents (39.4%) identified in the S. marianum extract (SMEE). HFD/F-induced rats treated with SMEE exhibited preventive effects including reduced serum triglyceride levels (TG), decreased glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test (p < 0.001), attenuated weight gain, and reduced blood pressure compared to the untreated control group. Therapeutic application of SMEE after inducing MetS led to lowering of TG (p < 0.001) and glucose levels, in addition to reducing weight gain and normalizing blood pressure (p < 0.005). Thus, S. marianum extract rich in silydianin and silychristin may be useful for preventing and attenuating MetS, and further research and clinical trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naza Jalal Awla
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq
| | - Alaadin M. Naqishbandi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region 44001, Iraq
| | - Younis Baqi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan
Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36,
Postal Code 123 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Manhard CE, Lucke-Wold B. Commentary: Discussing the antidepressant potential of silymarin. World J Pharmacol 2023; 12:18-24. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v12.i3.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of diet, dietary supplements, herbal remedies, and nutraceuticals for treatment of depression and anxiety is being increasingly explored. In this commentary, we discuss the recent findings on the antidepressant potential of silymarin (SILY) in mice and present an alternative approach. We highlight the extensive research on another phytochemical, curcumin, for the treatment of depression and anxiety. Finally, we suggest a future application, which investigates the potential synergistic effects of combined treatment with SILY and curcumin for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Manhard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mazraesefidi M, Mahmoodi M, Hajizadeh M. Effects of silibinin on apoptosis and insulin secretion in rat RINm5F pancreatic β-cells. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:201-209. [PMID: 36762428 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2154840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether silibinin, a flavonoid, might be useful for treating diabetes mellitus by treating five groups of rat RINm5F β-insulinemia cells as follows: control streptozotocin (STZ) group administered citrate buffer and dimethyl sulfoxide; STZ group administered 20 mM STZ; silibinin group administered 50 µM silibinin; pre-silibinin group administered 50 µM silibinin 5 h before administering 20 mM STZ; simultaneous group administered 50 µM silibinin at the same time as 20 mM STZ. For all groups, MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cell viability and necrosis, respectively. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and insulin cell content were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Also, expression of genes, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (pdx1), neuronal differentiation 1 (neurod1), v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (mafa), glucose transporter 2 (glut2)) was determined using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found that silibinin improved the viability of RINm5F cells and increased GSIS and cellular insulin under glucotoxic conditions. Silibinin increased the expression of neurod1, mafa and glut2, but reduced pdx1 expression. Our findings suggest that silibinin might increase glucose sensitivity and insulin synthesis under glucotoxic conditions, which could be useful for diabetes treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mazraesefidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipoor Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zahra N, Wahid A, Hafeez MB, Shaukat K, Shahzad S, Shah T, Alyemeni MN. Plant Growth Promoters Alleviate Oxidative Damages and Improve the Growth of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Under Salinity Stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-021-10498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
|
9
|
Feng J, Zhou Y, Liao L, Yu L, Yuan P, Zhang J. Network Pharmacology and Transcriptomics Reveal the Mechanism of GuaLouQuMaiWan in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Active Small Molecular Compound. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:2736504. [PMID: 36248223 PMCID: PMC9560855 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2736504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathophysiological abnormalities in type 2 diabetes (T2D) include pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Due to hyperglycemia, patients receive long-term treatment. However, side effects and drug tolerance usually lead to treatment failure. GuaLouQuMaiWan (GLQMW), a common traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has positive effects on controlling blood sugar and improving quality of life, but the mechanism is still unclear. To decipher their molecular mechanisms, we used a novel computational systems pharmacology-based approach consisting of bioinformatics analysis, network pharmacology, and drug similarity comparison. We divided the participants into nondisease (ND), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes groups according to the WHO's recommendations for diabetes. By analyzing the gene expression profile of the ND-IGT-T2D (ND to IGT to T2D) process, we found that the function of downregulated genes in the whole process was mainly related to insulin secretion, while the upregulated genes were related to inflammation. Furthermore, other genes in the ND-IGT (ND to IGT) process are mainly related to inflammation and lipid metabolic disorders. We speculate that 17 genes with a consistent trend may play a key role in the process of ND-IGT-T2D. We further performed target prediction for 50 compounds in GLQMW that met the screening criteria and intersected the differentially expressed genes of the T2D process with the compounds of GLQMW; a total of 18 proteins proved potential targets for GLQMW. Among these, RBP4 is considerably related to insulin resistance. GO/KEGG enrichment analyses of the target genes of GLQMW showed enrichment in inflammation- and T2D therapy-related pathways. Based on the RDKit tool and the DrugBank database, we speculate that (-)-taxifolin, dialoside A_qt, spinasterol, isofucosterol, and 11,14-eicosadienoic acid can be used as potential drugs for T2D via molecular docking and drug similarity comparison.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Feng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China 518000
| | - Yuheng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China 510632
| | - Li Liao
- Chongqing Jiangjin District Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China 404100
| | - Liping Yu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China 518000
| | - Ping Yuan
- Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 200000
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Traditional Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 510632
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zahra N, Wahid A, Hafeez MB, Alyemeni MN, Shah T, Ahmad P. Plant growth promoters mediated quality and yield attributes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) ecotypes under salinity stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23200. [PMID: 34853350 PMCID: PMC8636566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Astraceae) is a well-reputed medicinal plant mostly utilized for silymarin (Sily) content and oil production, however, the information about Sily contents in achene part is still fragmented under different climatic conditions. In this study four milk thistle ecotypes from Faisalabad (FSD), Gujranwala (GUJ), Quetta (QTA), and Kallar kahar (KK) having an altered achene color were analyzed under salt stress. Application of plant growth promoters (PGPs) is one of the solution for ameliorating the effect of salinity and increasing the quantity and quality traits of milk thistle, so ascorbic acid (AsA), thiourea (TU), and moringa leaf extract (MLE) were soil supplied after developing salinity stress (120 mM with irrigation) at germination stage. Predetermined levels were selected for PGPs such as AsA (500 µM), MLE (3%), and TU (250 µM). Results revealed that all yield related attributes were significantly decreased, while secondary metabolites, pericarp epidermis, pericarp parenchyma, and pericarp seed integument increased under salinity stress. Data suggested that PGPs treatment was helpful to alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and enhance the milk thistle quality and quantity parameters. The ecotypic variations with altered achene color patterns represent an advantage for QTA ecotypes for higher Sily extraction under salt stressed conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Zahra
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hafeez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Shah
- Department of Agroecology, Universite de Bourgogne, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Botany, GDC, Pulwama, Srinagar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tvrdý V, Pourová J, Jirkovský E, Křen V, Valentová K, Mladěnka P. Systematic review of pharmacokinetics and potential pharmacokinetic interactions of flavonolignans from silymarin. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2195-2246. [PMID: 33587317 DOI: 10.1002/med.21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is an extract from the seeds (fruits) of Silybum marianum that contains flavonolignans and flavonoids. Although it is frequently used as a hepatoprotective agent, its application remains somewhat debatable, in particular, due to the low oral bioavailability of flavonolignans. Moreover, there are claims of its potential interactions with concomitantly used drugs. This review aims at a systematic summary and critical assessment of known information on the pharmacokinetics of particular silymarin flavonolignans. There are two known major reasons for poor systemic oral bioavailability of flavonolignans: (1) rapid conjugation in intestinal cells or the liver and (2) efflux of parent flavonolignans or formed conjugates back to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract by intestinal cells and rapid excretion by the liver into the bile. The metabolism of phase I appears to play a minor role, in contrast to extensive conjugation and indeed the unconjugated flavonolignans reach low plasma levels after common doses. Only about 1%-5% of the administered dose is eliminated by the kidneys. Many in vitro studies tested the inhibitory potential of silymarin and its components toward different enzymes and transporters involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics. In most cases, effective concentrations are too high to be relevant under real biological conditions. Most human studies showed no silymarin-drug interactions explainable by these suggested interferences. More interactions were found in animal studies, likely due to the much higher doses administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Václav Tvrdý
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pourová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Jirkovský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Janocha A, Milczarek A, Pietrusiak D. Impact of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) Seeds in Broiler Chicken Diets on Rearing Results, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1550. [PMID: 34073190 PMCID: PMC8227120 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies aimed to evaluate the impact of milk thistle seeds in broiler chicken feed rations on rearing results, carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment involved 120 broiler chickens randomly allocated to three equinumerous groups (C, MT02, MT23). Each group was divided into five subgroups of eight chickens each. Over the first 21 days of life the birds were fed starter rations, and over the following 21 days received grower rations. Chicken starter/grower diets in groups MT02 and MT23 were supplemented with ground seeds of milk thistle in the amount of 0/2% (MT02) and 2/3% (MT23). It was demonstrated that Silybum marianum added to feed rations over the whole rearing period (group MT23) increased above 3% the birds' body weight on rearing day 42. (p < 0.05) and decreased about 7% the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in comparison to group C. No effect of feeding on the carcass composition was observed, including on muscularity and fattening grade, although diets containing milk thistle reduced (by 15% and 19% in group MT02 and MT23, respectively) the content of crude fat in chicken leg muscles (p < 0.05). The highest (p < 0.05) content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was determined in the breast (38.06%) and leg (37.63%) muscles of chicken receiving feed rations containing Silybum marianum throughout the rearing period. No effect of nutrition on the evaluated physical properties of muscles was observed, except on the decrease in lightness color (L*) and increase in values a* and C as well as a decrease of water holding capacity of the breast muscles. It was found that Silybum marianum in chicken diets had a positive effect on the evaluated meat flavor characteristics of the muscles. To sum up, based on the study results, including ground seeds of milk thistle in broiler chickens nutrition can be recommended in the amount of 2/3% in starter/grower diets, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Milczarek
- Institute of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobioengineering and Animal Husbandry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Bolesława Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland; (A.J.); (D.P.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu J, Cao J, Li Y, Guo F. Beneficial Flavonoid in Foods and Anti-obesity Effect. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoxian Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fujiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Marmouzi I, Bouyahya A, Ezzat SM, El Jemli M, Kharbach M. The food plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.: Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113303. [PMID: 32877720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. or Milk thistle is a medicinal plant native to Northern Africa, Southern Europe, Southern Russia and Anatolia. It also grows in South Australia, North and South America. In traditional knowledge, people have used S. marianum for liver disorders such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and gallbladder diseases. The main active compound of the plant seeds is silymarin, which is the most commonly used herbal supplement in the United States for liver problems. Nowadays, S. marianum products are available as capsules, powders, and extracts. AIM OF STUDY The aim of our study is to draw a more comprehensive overview of the traditional heritage, pharmacological benefits and chemical fingerprint of S. marianum extracts and metabolites; as well as their metabolism and bioavailability. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature search has been conducted using relavant keywords and papers with rationale methodology and robust data were selected and discussed. Studies involving S. marianum or its main active ingredients with regards to hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protection, anticancer and antimicrobial activities as well as the clinical trials performed on the plant, were discussed here. RESULTS S. marianum was subjected to thousands of ethnopharmacological, experimental and clinical investigations. Although, the plant is available for use as a dietary supplement, the FDA did not yet approve its use for cancer therapy. Nowadays, clinical investigations are in progress where a global evidence of its real efficiency is needed. CONCLUSION S. marianum is a worldwide used herb with unlimited number of investigations focusing on its benefits and properties, however, little is known about its clinical efficiency. Moreover, few studies have discussed its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, so that all future studies on S. marianum should focus on such areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Marmouzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), Giza, 12451, Egypt.
| | - Meryem El Jemli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, CePhaR, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohammadi H, Manouchehri H, Changizi R, Bootorabi F, Khorramizadeh MR. Concurrent metformin and silibinin therapy in diabetes: assessments in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) animal model. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1233-1244. [PMID: 33553026 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective In this study, zebrafish was used as a biological model to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus through glucose. Then, the effect of metformin and silibinin combination was examined on elevated blood glucose, intestinal tissues, liver enzymes, and TNF-α, IFN-γ, INL1β genes as inflammation marker genes. Methods The liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) derived from fish viscera homogenate supernatants were assayed in an auto-analyzer. The expression of target genes was quantified on RNA extracted from the tails by an in-house RT-PCR method, with fine intestine tissue staining performed by hematoxylin and eosin protocol (H&E). Result In the glucose-free treatments, metformin and silymarin decreased the levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes in the blood. The combination of these two drugs had also a significant role in reducing glucose levels. The body weight increased significantly in the control group which was affected by glucose concentration, with the lowest body weight gain observed in the metformin group. The expression of INL-1β gene was significantly enhanced in the control group and the highest IFN-γ expression was observed in both control groups with glucose (G + CTRL) and without glucose (G-CTRL) (p < 0.05). The lowest level of TNF-α gene expression was observed in the control + glucose group (G + CTRL) (p < 0.05). Diabetic state causes weak absorption whereby the fish body demands to increase absorption level by enhancing the amount of acidic goblet cells thereby acidifying the environment in the gastric tracts. Conclusion Collectively, this study indicated that treatment with metformin and Silibinin could improve metabolic-mediated performances by reducing the expression of inflammatory genes and blood glucose, modulating liver enzymes, and ameliorating the intestinal inflammation in type 2 diabetic zebrafish model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mohammadi
- Department of Aquaculture Science, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Manouchehri
- Department of Aquaculture Science, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Reza Changizi
- Department of Aquaculture Science, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bootorabi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, and Zebra fish core Facility (ZFIN ID : ZDB-LAB-190117-2), Endocrinology and Metabolism research Institute, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Impact of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds in fattener diets on pig performance and carcass traits and fatty acid profile and cholesterol of meat, backfat and liver. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Naveed M, Majeed F, Taleb A, Zubair HM, Shumzaid M, Farooq MA, Baig MMFA, Abbas M, Saeed M, Changxing L. A Review of Medicinal Plants in Cardiovascular Disorders: Benefits and Risks. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:259-286. [PMID: 32345058 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cultivated and wild plants are used for the management of various diseases, specifically renal and hepatic diseases and those of the immune and cardiovascular systems. In China, medicinal plants from ancient to modern history have been used in patients with angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), systolic hypertension, arrhythmia, and venous insufficiency for centuries. The latest increase in the fame of natural products and alternative medicine has revived interest in conventional remedies that have been consumed in the management of CVD. The cardio-protective properties of the various herbs are possibly due to their anti-oxidative, antihypercholesterolemic, anti-ischemic activities, and inhibition of platelet aggregation that reduce the risk of CVD. Ethno-pharmacological and biological properties of these plants are explored, based upon published scientific literature. Although a majority of medicinal plants having a biological mechanism that linked with CVD management, to date, published literature pertaining to their promising scientific properties are still poorly understood. Compared with synthetic medicines, alternative medicines do not need scientific studies before their formal approval from the government sector and due to this purpose; their safety, as well as efficacy, still remain elusive. Taken together, we addressed all accessible evidence on alternative medicines commonly consumed in CVD management. Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicated that many TCMs are available and valuable herbal medication would be the best alternative for the management of CVD as a complementary therapy. Furthermore, practitioners should always discuss possible benefits-risks of alternative medicines with patients so that they are aware of the consumption of alternative medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Fatima Majeed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Abdoh Taleb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Shumzaid
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Punjab Province, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 6300, Pakistan
| | - Li Changxing
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Saadh MJ. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of combined milk thistle and fenugreek seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Vet World 2020; 13:1732-1736. [PMID: 33061252 PMCID: PMC7522935 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1732-1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs, they are not free from associated adverse side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of seeds from two medicinal plants: (1) Milk thistle and (2) fenugreek. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant seeds were washed in distilled water and ground with a coffee grinder. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Group 1 (n=10), diabetic rats fed with 0.5 g/kg milk thistle and 2 g/kg fenugreek seeds per day and (2) Group 2 (n=10), diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks. RESULTS Oral administration of milk thistle and fenugreek seeds for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose (155.00±9.70 mg/dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL; p<0.001), HbA1c (5.5±0.19% vs. 13.65±1.77%; p<0.001), cholesterol (281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL; p<0.001), triglyceride (239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL; p<0.01), and body weight (265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g; p<0.01) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Milk thistle and fenugreek seeds possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jamal Saadh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leonberg-Yoo AK, Johnson D, Persun N, Bahrainwala J, Reese PP, Naji A, Trofe-Clark J. Use of Dietary Supplements in Living Kidney Donors: A Critical Review. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 76:851-860. [PMID: 32659245 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplement use is high among US adults, with the intention by users to promote overall health and wellness. Kidney donors, who are selected based on their overall good health and wellness, can have high utilization rates of dietary supplements. We provide a framework for the evaluation of living kidney donors and use of dietary supplements. In this review, dietary supplements will include any orally administered dietary or complementary nutritional products, but excluding micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), food, and cannabis. Use of dietary supplements can influence metabolic parameters that mask future risk for chronic illness such as diabetes and hypertension. Dietary supplements can also alter bleeding risk, anesthesia and analgesic efficacy, and safety in a perioperative period. Finally, postdonation monitoring of kidney function and risk for supplement-related nephrotoxicity should be part of a kidney donor educational process. For practitioners evaluating a potential kidney donor, we provide a list of the most commonly used herbal supplements and the effects on evaluation in a predonation, perioperative donation, and postoperative donation phase. Finally, we provide recommendations for best practices for integration into a comprehensive care plan for kidney donors during all stages of evaluation. We recommend avoidance of dietary supplements in a kidney donor population, although there is a paucity of data that identifies true harm. Rather, associations, known mechanisms of action, and common sense suggest that we avoid use in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Leonberg-Yoo
- Renal-Electrolyte & Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Medicine Transplant Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David Johnson
- Penn Medicine Transplant Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Persun
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pharmacy, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jehan Bahrainwala
- Renal-Electrolyte & Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Medicine Transplant Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter P Reese
- Renal-Electrolyte & Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Medicine Transplant Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ali Naji
- Penn Medicine Transplant Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Transplantation Division, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer Trofe-Clark
- Renal-Electrolyte & Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Penn Medicine Transplant Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pharmacy Services, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang L, Yan T, Wu B, Xu F, Jia Y. Silychristin A activates Nrf2-HO-1/SOD2 pathway to reduce apoptosis and improve GLP-1 production through upregulation of estrogen receptor α in GLUTag cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173236. [PMID: 32497626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a glucagon-like peptide secreted mainly from intestinal L cells, possesses the functions of promoting synthesis and secretion of insulin in pancreatic β-cells, and maintaining glucose homeostasis in an insulin-independent manner. Silychristin A, a major flavonolignan from silymarin, was reported to protect pancreatic β-cells from oxidative damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. However, the role of silychristin A in the protection of intestinal L-cells is still unknown. Our current study demonstrated that palmitate (PA) inhibited protein expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and subsequently increased reactive oxygen species level to induce apoptosis and decrease GLP-1 content in intestinal L-cell line GLUTag cells. Pre-incubation of silychristin A effectively reversed PA-inactivated Nrf2-HO-1/SOD2 antioxidative pathway accompanied with decreased apoptosis level and increased GLP-1 level in GLUTag cells. As a potential target of silychristin A, estrogen receptor α was shown to be downregulated by PA stimulation, and the expression of which was improved by silychristin A in a concentration-dependent manner. Further study revealed that the treatment of estrogen receptor α antagonist MPP induced apoptosis and blocked the stimulation of GLP-1 production by silychristin A through the activation of Nrf2-HO-1/SOD2 pathway in GLUTag cells. Taken together, our study found silychristin A activated estrogen receptor α-dependent Nrf2-HO-1/SOD2 pathway to decrease apoptosis and upregulate GLP-1 production in GLUTag cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Luxin Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Ying Jia
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang ZS, Wang S, Liu H, Li BZ, Che L. Constituents and thermal properties of milk thistle seed oils extracted with three methods. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
22
|
Rahim Pouran S, Bayrami A, Mohammadi Arvanag F, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R, Singh R, Abdul Raman AA, Chae KH, Khataee A, Kang HK. Biogenic integrated ZnO/Ag nanocomposite: Surface analysis and in vivo practices for the management of type 1 diabetes complications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 189:110878. [PMID: 32087528 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a milk thistle seed extract (MTSE)-rich medium was used as a capping and reducing agent for the one-pot biosynthesis of ZnO/Ag (5 wt%) nanostructure. The sample was systematically characterized through various techniques and its strong biomolecule‒metal interface structure was supported by the results. The efficacy of the derived nanostructure (MTSE/ZnO/Ag) was evaluated in vivo on the basis of its therapeutic effects on the main complications of Type 1 diabetes (hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin deficiency). For this purpose, the changes in the plasma values of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, total triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin in alloxan-diabetic Wistar male rats were compared with those in healthy and untreated diabetic controls after a treatment period of 16 days. The antidiabetic results of MTSE/ZnO/Ag were compared with those obtained from pristine ZnO, MTSE, and insulin therapies. The health conditions of the rats with Type 1 diabetes were significantly enhanced after treatment with MTSE/ZnO/Ag (p < 0.05), which is owing to the enhanced interface structure and participatory functions of the united compartments of MTSE/ZnO/Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Rahim Pouran
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Farid Mohammadi Arvanag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Ramesh Singh
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Tunku Highway, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keun Hwa Chae
- Advanced Analysis Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Hee Kyoung Kang
- Advanced Analysis Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wojas O, Krzych-Fałta E, Samel-Kowalik P, Żalikowska-Gardocka M, Majsiak E, Mari A, Samoliński B. A case of allergy to Silybum marianum ( milk thistle) and Eragrostis tef ( teff). Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:23. [PMID: 32322285 PMCID: PMC7161110 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This paper presents a peculiar first case of an allergy to Silybum marianum (milk thistle) and Eragrostis tef (teff). Both teff and milk thistle have been presented in the literature (both domestic and foreign) in a positive light, the former as a new part of gluten-free diet, and the latter as a treatment for a number of conditions, particularly those of the liver. Case presentation A 29-year-old male presented at our clinic due to an episode of itching and burning in his mouth, swollen tongue, and difficulty swallowing following ingestion of teff flakes. He also reported sneezing, runny nose, watering and burning eyes, and wheezing following inhalation exposure to ground milk thistle. The patient’s occupation is associated with exposure to these allergens. The patient underwent comprehensive allergy diagnostic assessments (including skin-prick testing, serum specific IgE levels, Faber test, spirometry, and acoustic rhinometry) and gastroenterological assessments. The diagnosis was established on skin tests with native allergens (milk thistle 16/35, teff flour 22/60, negative control 0/0, histamine 3/5) provided by the patient. There are no commercially available (standardized) tests for milk thistle or teff either in Poland or anywhere else in the world. Conclusions Milk thistle is available in the form of dry, finely-ground preparations (which are used as additives to bread, soups, and yoghurts) and extracts (which are used as ingredients in over-the-counter herbal remedies). Teff is a gluten-free cereal whose grains are rich in methionine, calcium, iron, folic acid, and antioxidants. This case report presents milk thistle and teff as potentially new allergens. A literature review revealed no similar allergy cases in Poland or elsewhere in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Wojas
- 1Deprtament of Environmental Hazard Prevention and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Krzych-Fałta
- 1Deprtament of Environmental Hazard Prevention and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Samel-Kowalik
- 1Deprtament of Environmental Hazard Prevention and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Żalikowska-Gardocka
- 2Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Majsiak
- Polish-Ukrainian Foundation for the Development of Medicine, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Mari
- Clinician and Scientist in Allergy and Immunology Centri Associati di Allergologia Molecolare (CAAM), Rome, Italy
| | - B Samoliński
- 1Deprtament of Environmental Hazard Prevention and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kato E, Kushibiki N, Satoh H, Kawabata J. Silychristin derivatives conjugated with coniferylalcohols from silymarin and their pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory activity. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:759-765. [PMID: 30445852 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1499639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the fruit of Silybum marianum (milk thistle). The latter is used as a medicinal plant to treat liver and gallbladder disorders. Recently, silymarin has been investigated for its effects against diabetes mellitus, and shown to reduce serum levels of glucose in model animals and in clinical trials. This effect can be explained mainly by the protective effect of silymarin against pancreatic beta-cells, but the involvement of other mechanisms is possible. We demonstrated the α-amylase inhibitory activity of silymarin and investigated the components responsible for this effect. Two major flavonolignans, silibinin and silychristin, did not show inhibition against α-amylase, but two novel silychristin derivatives conjugated with dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol were isolated as the mildly inhibiting components of silymarin. Further analyses indicated the presence of various silychristin derivatives in silymarin that may act synergistically to show α-amylase inhibitory activity.[Formula: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Kato
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience and Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natsuka Kushibiki
- Division of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Jun Kawabata
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience and Research, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The bitter Asteraceae: An interesting approach to delay the metabolic syndrome progression. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Kheiripour N, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Taghi Goodarzi M, Hashemnia M. Hepatoprotective Effects of Silymarin on Liver Injury via Irisin Upregulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 44:108-117. [PMID: 30936597 PMCID: PMC6423431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Irisin (FNDC5 protein) is involved in the new strategy of combating type 2 diabetes. In the liver, the antidiabetic mechanism of silymarin at the molecular level is unknown. This study investigated the effects of silymarin on irisin and the related gene expression and oxidative stress status in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6 each) by simple randomization: control, control+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), control+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), diabetic, diabetic+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily for 60 days), and diabetic+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily for 60 days). Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric and immunoassay methods, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, using SPSS software, version 16.0. The results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than 0.05. RESULTS In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic group, body weight (P=0.04 and P=0.02), insulin (P<0.001), expression of PGC-1α (P=0.04 and P=0.02), expression of FNDC5 (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and concentration of irisin in the liver (P=0.02 and P=0.01) and serum (P<0.001) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of glucose (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and liver injury markers (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. Oxidative stress status and histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that silymarin because of its ability to upregulate irisin and antioxidant effects can be considered an antidiabetic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat Kheiripour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases,
Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran;
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hashemnia
- Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Involvement of CXCR4 in Normal and Abnormal Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020185. [PMID: 30791675 PMCID: PMC6406665 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is associated with normal and abnormal development, including oncogenesis. The ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), also known as CXC motif ligand (CXCL) 12. Through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, both homing and migration of hematopoietic (stem) cells are regulated through niches in the bone marrow. Outside of the bone marrow, however, SDF-1 can recruit CXCR4-positive cells from the bone marrow. SDF/CXCR4 has been implicated in the maintenance and/or differentiation of stemness, and tissue-derived stem cells can be associated with SDF-1 and CXCR4 activity. CXCR4 plays a role in multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and other pathologies. Here, we summarize reports detailing the functions of CXCR4. We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events. As a constituent of stem cells, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis influences downstream signal transduction and the cell microenvironment.
Collapse
|
29
|
Erkan SO, Tuhanioğlu B, Gürgen SG, Özdaş T, Taştekin B, Pelit A, Görgülü O. The effect of resveratrol on the histologic characteristics of the cochlea in diabetic rats. Laryngoscope 2018; 129:E1-E6. [PMID: 30284252 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the cochlea and the potential dose-dependent effects of resveratrol (RSV) against diabetes mellitus (DM) ototoxicity. STUDY DESIGN Animal model. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Baseline distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) measurements were evaluated. Group I was the control group, group II was made diabetic with single-dose streptozotocin, and groups III and IV were rendered diabetic as group II and administered 10 and 20 mg RSV, respectively, intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. All animals were sacrificed after repeated DPOAE measurement. Apoptosis was investigated using caspase-3, Bax (Bcl-associated X protein), and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) staining. RESULTS The DPOAE values in the diabetic group were found to be significantly lower compared with the other groups at 5,714 Hz and 8,000 Hz (P < .05). No significant difference in otoacoustic emission was detected in the comparison of the RSV doses (P > .05). The histopathologic investigation using caspase-3, Bax, and TUNEL staining showed that the mean rank of the diabetic group was significantly higher compared with the RSV10, RSV20, and control groups (DM > RSV10 > RSV20 > control) (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These results imply that RSV administration offered statistically significant protection for the cochleas of rats against diabetes. This protective effect improved histologically with higher doses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:E1-E6, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanem O Erkan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Health Science University, Adana City Hospital, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey
| | - Birgül Tuhanioğlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Health Science University, Adana City Hospital, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey
| | - Seren G Gürgen
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Talih Özdaş
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Health Science University, Adana City Hospital, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bora Taştekin
- Department of Biophysics, Çukurova University, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey
| | - Aykut Pelit
- Department of Biophysics, Çukurova University, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey
| | - Orhan Görgülü
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Health Science University, Adana City Hospital, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun J, Ge F, Wang Y, Dong Y, Shan Y, Zhu Q, Wu X, Wu C, Ge RS. Taxifolin is a rat and human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitor as a possible drug to treat the metabolic syndrome. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
31
|
Rafizadeh A, Koohi-Dehkordi M, Sorkheh K. Molecular insights of genetic variation in milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) populations collected from southwest Iran. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:601-609. [PMID: 29882084 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is among the world's popular medicinal plants. Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) marker system was utilized to investigate the genetic variability of 80 S. marianum genotypes from eight populations in Iran. SCoT marker produced 255 amplicons and 84.03% polymorphism was generated. The SCoT marker system's polymorphism information content value was 0.43. The primers' resolving power values were between 4.18 and 7.84. The percentage of polymorphic bands was between 33.3 and 100%. The Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.19-1.30 with an average 0.72. The Shannon's index (I) ranged from 0.29 to 1.38 with an average value of 0.83. The average gene flow (0.37) demonstrated a high genetic variation among the studied populations. The variation of 42% was displayed by the molecular variance analysis among the populations while a recorded variation of 58% was made within the populations. Current investigation suggested that SCoT marker system could effectively evaluate milk thistle genotypes genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rafizadeh
- Department of Agricultural Science, Payame-Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrana Koohi-Dehkordi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Payame-Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Karim Sorkheh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P. O. Box 61355/144, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
García-Ramírez M, Turch M, Simó-Servat O, Hernández C, Simó R. Silymarin prevents diabetes-induced hyperpermeability in human retinal endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:200-205. [PMID: 29422244 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an essential role in development of diabetic macular edema (DME). While there is evidence suggesting that silymarin, a flavonoid extracted from Silybum marianum, could be useful for prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy, no studies have been conducted in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of silymarin on disruption of inner blood retinal barrier (BRB), the primary cause of DME. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were cultured under standard (5.5mM D-glucose) and diabetogenic conditions (25mM D-glucose and 25mM D-glucose + recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor [rVEGF, 25mg/mL]). To assess cell viability, three concentrations of silymarin were tested (2, 4 and 10μg/mL). The effect of silymarin on HREC disruption was determined using a dextran (70kD) permeability asssay. RESULTS No differences were found in the viability of HRECs treated with 2 or 4μg/mL of silymarin as compared to untreated cells, but viability significantly decreased after using 10μg/mL. The concentration of 4 μg/mL was therefore selected. Silymarin (4μg/mL) caused a significant decrease in VEGF-induced permeability in both media with 5.5nM (422±58 vs. 600±72 ng/mL/cm2; p<0.03) and 25nM of D-glucose (354 ± 28 vs. 567 ± 102 ng/mL/cm2; p<0.04). DISCUSSION Our results show that silymarin is effective for preventing hyperpermeability induced by diabetic conditions in HRECs. Further studies are needed to assess whether silymarin could be useful to treat DME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Ramírez
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Mireia Turch
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit. Vall d'Hebron Research Institute. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Necyk C, Zubach-Cassano L. Natural Health Products and Diabetes: A Practical Review. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41:642-647. [PMID: 28826695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of natural health product (NHP) use in Canada is extensive. Patients with chronic diseases, including diabetes, use NHPs at a higher rate than the general population. Many NHPs exert hypoglycemic effects, among other effects relevant to diabetes management. To provide a practical, clinical review of NHPs with such effects targeted to pharmacists, a literature search was performed to collect data on the efficacy and safety profiles of 10 commonly used NHPs that exert antidiabetic properties. The following NHPs are included in this clinical review: alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, magnesium, bitter melon, cinnamon, fenugreek, gymnema, milk thistle, Reishi mushroom and white mulberry. Given the potential of NHPs to additively cause hypoglycemia when used concurrently with conventional medications, pharmacists should be up to date with current evidence around NHPs that may affect diabetes care to prevent adverse reactions and interactions. In addition, effective and respectful communication with patients around NHP use and collaboration with various health-care providers are essential in the patient care process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candace Necyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liperoti R, Vetrano DL, Bernabei R, Onder G. Herbal Medications in Cardiovascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:1188-1199. [PMID: 28254182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medications are commonly used for clinical purposes, including the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. Compared with conventional medications, herbal medications do not require clinical studies before their marketing or formal approval from regulatory agencies, and for this reason their efficacy and safety are rarely proven. In this review, we summarize available evidence on herbal medications mostly used in cardiovascular medicine. We show that the use of these medications for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is often not supported by scientific evidence. Despite most of these herbs showing an effect on biological mechanisms related to the cardiovascular system, data on their clinical effects are lacking. Potential relevant side effects, including increased risk of drug interactions, are described, and the possibility of contamination or substitution with other medications represents a concern. Physicians should always assess the use of herbal medications with patients and discuss the possible benefits and side effects with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Liperoti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide L Vetrano
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Graziano Onder
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopaedics, A. Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Qin NB, Jia CC, Xu J, Li DH, Xu FX, Bai J, Li ZL, Hua HM. New amides from seeds of Silybum marianum with potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Fitoterapia 2017; 119:83-89. [PMID: 28400224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two new amide compounds, mariamides A and B (1-2), were obtained together with fourteen known compounds from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses, as well as HR-ESI-MS data. Most of the compounds showed significant antioxidant activities than positive control in ABTS and FRAP assays. However, only amide compounds 1-4 showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity and compounds 7 and 16 showed the most potent activity against DPPH. Most of the compounds showed moderate to stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Nevertheless, only flavonoids showed strong PTP1B inhibitory activities. These results indicate a use of milk thistle seed extracts as promising antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Bo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Cui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Xing Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Ming Hua
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stolf AM, Cardoso CC, Acco A. Effects of Silymarin on Diabetes Mellitus Complications: A Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:366-374. [PMID: 28124457 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that is caused by a deficit in the production of (type 1) or response to (type 2) insulin. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycemia and such symptoms as weight loss, thirst, polyuria, and blurred vision. These disturbances represent one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality nowadays, despite available treatments, such as insulin, insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, and oral hypoglycemic agents. However, many efforts have been made to discover new drugs for diabetes treatment, including medicinal plant extracts. Silymarin is a powder extract of the seeds from Silybum marianum, a plant from the Asteraceae family. The major active ingredients include four isomers: silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin. Silymarin is indicated for the treatment of hepatic disorders, such as cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and gallstones. Moreover, several studies of other pathologies, including diabetes, sepsis, osteoporosis, arthritis, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, viral infections, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, have tested the effects of silymarin and reported promising results. This article reviews data from clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies on the use of silymarin, with a focus on the complications of diabetes, including nephropathy, neuropathy, healing delays, oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maria Stolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Alhusban A, Alkhazaleh E, El-Elimat T. Silymarin Ameliorates Diabetes-Induced Proangiogenic Response in Brain Endothelial Cells through a GSK-3 β Inhibition-Induced Reduction of VEGF Release. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2537216. [PMID: 29209632 PMCID: PMC5676450 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2537216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Additionally, it was found to induce a dysfunctional angiogenic response in the brain that was attributed to oxidative stress. Milk thistle seed extract (silymarin) has potent antioxidant properties, though its potential use in ameliorating diabetes-induced aberrant brain angiogenesis is unknown. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is a regulator of angiogenesis that is upregulated by diabetes. Its involvement in diabetes-induced angiogenesis is unknown. To evaluate the potential of silymarin to ameliorate diabetes-induced aberrant angiogenesis, human brain endothelial cells (HBEC-5i) were treated with 50 μg/mL advanced glycation end (AGE) products in the presence or absence of silymarin (50, 100 μM). The angiogenic potential of HBEC-5i was evaluated in terms of migration and in vitro tube formation capacities. The involvement of GSK-3β was also evaluated. AGE significantly increased the migration and tube formation rates of HBEC-5i by about onefold (p = 0.0001). Silymarin reduced AGE-induced migration in a dose-dependent manner where 50 μM reduced migration by about 50%, whereas the 100 μM completely inhibited AGE-induced migration. Similarly, silymarin 50 μg/mL blunted AGE-induced tube formation (p = 0.001). This effect was mediated through a GSK-3β-dependent inhibition of VEGF release. In conclusion, silymarin inhibits AGE-induced aberrant angiogenesis in a GSK-3β-mediated inhibition of VEGF release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alhusban
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Enaam Alkhazaleh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gu M, Zhao P, Huang J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Li Y, Fan S, Ma YM, Tong Q, Yang L, Ji G, Huang C. Silymarin Ameliorates Metabolic Dysfunction Associated with Diet-Induced Obesity via Activation of Farnesyl X Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27733832 PMCID: PMC5039206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds, has been widely used to treat chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other types of toxic liver damage. Despite increasing studies on the action of silymarin and its major active constituent, silybin in their therapeutic properties against insulin resistance, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia in vitro and in vivo, the mechanism underlying silymarin action remains unclear. Experimental approach: C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months to induce obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and fatty liver. These mice were then continuously treated with HFD alone or mixed with silymarin at 40 mg/100 g for additional 6 weeks. Biochemical analysis was used to test the serum lipid and bile acid profiles. Farnesyl X receptor (FXR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transactivities were analyzed in liver using a gene reporter assay based on quantitative RT-PCR. Key results: Silymarin treatment ameliorated insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and inflammation, and reconstituted the bile acid pool in liver of diet-induced obesity. Associated with this, silybin and silymarin enhanced FXR transactivity. Consistently, in HepG2 cells, silybin inhibited NF-κB signaling, which was enhanced by FXR activation. Conclusion and implications: Our results suggest that silybin is an effective component of silymarin for treating metabolic syndrome by stimulating FXR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai, China; Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical SchoolHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas McGovern Medical School Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Research Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Complexity Systems, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gushiken LF, Beserra FP, Rozza AL, Bérgamo PL, Bérgamo DA, Pellizzon CH. Chemical and Biological Aspects of Extracts from Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Effects. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 13:96-112. [PMID: 28012277 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2016.13.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and a leading cause of death in western countries. Despite advancements in the clinical management of the disease, it is not possible to control the late complications of diabetes. The main characteristic feature of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which reflects the deterioration in the use of glucose due to a faulty or poor response to insulin secretion. Alloxan and streptozotocin (STZ) are the chemical tools that are most commonly used to study the disease in rodents. Many plant species have been used in ethnopharmacology or to treat experimentally symptoms of this disease. When evaluated pharmacologically, most of the plants employed as antidiabetic substances have been shown to exhibit hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities, and to contain chemical constituents that may be used as new antidiabetic agents. There are many substances extracted from plants that offer antidiabetic potential, whereas others may result in hypoglycemia as a side effect due to their toxicity, particularly their hepatotoxicity. In this article we present an updated overview of the studies on extracts from medicinal plants, relating the mechanisms of action by which these substances act and the natural principles of antidiabetic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F Gushiken
- Laboratory of Experimentation of Natural Products (LENP), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Unesp, 18618-970 Botucatu/SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Beserra
- Laboratory of Experimentation of Natural Products (LENP), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Unesp, 18618-970 Botucatu/SP, Brazil
| | - Ariane L Rozza
- Laboratory of Experimentation of Natural Products (LENP), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Unesp, 18618-970 Botucatu/SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia L Bérgamo
- Laboratory of Experimentation of Natural Products (LENP), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Unesp, 18618-970 Botucatu/SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo A Bérgamo
- Laboratory of Experimentation of Natural Products (LENP), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Unesp, 18618-970 Botucatu/SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia H Pellizzon
- Laboratory of Experimentation of Natural Products (LENP), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Unesp, 18618-970 Botucatu/SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pereira TMC, Pimenta FS, Porto ML, Baldo MP, Campagnaro BP, Gava AL, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC. Coadjuvants in the Diabetic Complications: Nutraceuticals and Drugs with Pleiotropic Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081273. [PMID: 27527163 PMCID: PMC5000671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disease, its prevention and treatment has been a constant challenge for basic and clinical investigators focused on translating their discoveries into clinical treatment of this complex disorder. In this review, we highlight recent experimental and clinical evidences of potential coadjuvants in the management of DM, such as polyphenols (quercetin, resveratrol and silymarin), cultured probiotic microorganisms and drugs acting through direct/indirect or pleiotropic effects on glycemic control in DM. Among several options, we highlight new promising therapeutic coadjuvants, including chemical scavengers, the probiotic kefir and the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, which besides the reduction of hyperglycemia and ameliorate insulin resistance, they reduce oxidative stress and improve endothelial dysfunction in the systemic vascular circulation. In the near future, experimental studies are expected to clear the intracellular pathways involving coadjuvants. The design of clinical trials may also contribute to new strategies with coadjuvants against the harmful effects of diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Av. Comissario Jose Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, 29102-920 Vila Velha, Brazil.
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), 29106-010 Vila Velha, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Silva Pimenta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Av. Comissario Jose Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, 29102-920 Vila Velha, Brazil.
- Burn Treatment Center, Children State Hospital, 29056-030 Vitoria, Brazil.
| | - Marcella Lima Porto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), 29106-010 Vila Velha, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Perim Baldo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Montes Claros State University, 39401-089, Montes Claros, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Prandi Campagnaro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Av. Comissario Jose Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, 29102-920 Vila Velha, Brazil.
| | - Agata Lages Gava
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo (Ufes), 29047-100 Vitoria, Brazil.
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada.
| | - Silvana Santos Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo (Ufes), 29047-100 Vitoria, Brazil.
| | - Elisardo Corral Vasquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Av. Comissario Jose Dantas Melo 21, Boa Vista, 29102-920 Vila Velha, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Federal University of Espirito Santo (Ufes), 29047-100 Vitoria, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Relevant Aspects of Nutritional and Dietary Interventions in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25168-98. [PMID: 26512643 PMCID: PMC4632797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is linked to circumstances such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Since the obesity figures and related comorbidities are increasing, NAFLD has turned into a liver problem that has become progressively more common. Currently, there is no effective drug therapy for NAFLD; therefore, interventions in lifestyles remain the first line of treatment. Bearing in mind that adherence rates to this type of treatment are poor, great efforts are currently focused on finding novel therapeutic agents for the prevention in the development of hepatic steatosis and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. This review presents a compilation of the scientific evidence found in the last years showing the results of interventions in lifestyle, diet, and behavioral therapies and research results in human, animal and cell models. Possible therapeutic agents ranging from supplementation with vitamins, amino acids, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols to interventions with medicinal plants are analyzed.
Collapse
|