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Uçan Yarkaç F, Babayiğit O, Gokturk O. Associations between immune-inflammatory markers, age, and periodontal status: a cross-sectional study. Odontology 2024; 112:1296-1306. [PMID: 38443702 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-024-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Since periodontal disease is associated with many systemic diseases, it is important to evaluate its effects on host responses in elderly individuals. To this end, this study investigated salivary interleukin (IL)-17, IL-18, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in patient groups with different periodontal health statuses and immunologically evaluated the relationship between age and periodontal health status. A total of 60 individuals aged 18-40 years (young individuals) and 60 individuals aged 65 years or older (elderly individuals) were included in this study. According to periodontal disease status, the patients were divided into periodontally healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis subgroups. Clinical periodontal parameters, including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI), were recorded. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed using ELISA to determine the levels of IL-17, IL-18, TLR2, TLR4, and TNF-α. Higher clinical periodontal parameter (PD, CAL, PI, and GI) and inflammatory marker (IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, TLR2, and TLR4) levels were found in patients with periodontitis than those in periodontally healthy individuals and patients with gingivitis (P < 0.05). Salivary inflammatory marker levels were significantly higher in elderly individuals than those in young individuals in all subgroups (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between inflammatory marker levels and clinical periodontal parameters, but there was no correlation between TLR2 and PI or GI. This study suggests a significant increase in host response to periodontal disease as the disease progresses, with the levels of cytokines and TLR expression exhibiting an increasing trend with age. Increased IL-17, IL-18, TLR2, TLR4, and TNF-α levels in elderly individuals in all periodontal health subgroups might suggest the role of these cytokines and TLR pathway in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Uçan Yarkaç
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, Turkey
| | - Osman Babayiğit
- Department of Periodontology, Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, Turkey.
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2
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Yılmaz B, Emingil G, Öztürk VÖ, Atmaca H, Köse T, Kantarcı A. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of TLR-9, AIM-2, and ZBP-1 in periodontal diseases. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 39171523 DOI: 10.1111/odi.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9, may play a role in periodontal disease inflammation. This study measured TLR-9 and its related molecules, absence in melanoma-2 (AIM-2) and Z-DNA-binding protein-1 (ZBP-1), in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with varying stages of periodontal disease to assess the role of pathogen-derived nucleic acids in inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised 80 participants: 20 with Stage III Grade C periodontitis, 20 with Stage III Grade B periodontitis (P-Stage III-B), 19 with gingivitis, and 21 with periodontal health. Parameters including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. ELISA was used to analyze TLR-9, AIM-2, and ZBP-1 levels in GCF. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS The total amount of TLR-9 was higher in P-Stage III-B than in the healthy group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the gingivitis group exhibited elevated GCF TLR-9 levels compared to the healthy group (p < 0.05). GCF AIM-2 and ZBP-1 levels remained consistent across groups (p > 0.05). Significant correlations were found between GCF TLR-9 and CAL (p < 0.05), BOP (p < 0.05), PI (p < 0.01), and GCF volume (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that the TLR-9-mediated inflammatory process plays a role in periodontal disease, as evidenced by the increased levels of TLR-9 in GCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yılmaz
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Veli Özgen Öztürk
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Harika Atmaca
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Timur Köse
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Alpdoğan Kantarcı
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Liu X, Li H. Global trends in research on aging associated with periodontitis from 2002 to 2023: a bibliometric analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1374027. [PMID: 38800469 PMCID: PMC11116588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1374027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has been implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by long-term irritation of the periodontal tissues by the plaque biofilm on the surface of the teeth. However, only a few bibliometric analyses have systematically studied this field to date. This work sought to visualize research hot spots and trends in aging associated with periodontitis from 2002 to 2023 through bibliometric approaches. Methods Graphpad prism v8.0.2 was used to analyse and plot annual papers, national publication trends and national publication heat maps. In addition, CtieSpace (6.1.6R (64-bit) Advanced Edition) and VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) were used to analyse these data and visualize the scientific knowledge graph. Results The number of documents related to aging associated with periodontitis has steadily increased over 21 years. With six of the top ten institutions in terms of publications coming from the US, the US is a major driver of research in this area. journal of periodontology is the most published journal in the field. Tonetti MS is the most prolific authors and co-cited authors in the field. Journal of Periodontology and Journal of Clinical Periodontology are the most popular journals in the field with the largest literature. Periodontitis, Alzheimer's disease, and peri-implantitis are current hot topics and trends in the field. Inflammation, biomarkers, oxidative stress cytokines are current research hotspots in this field. Conclusion Our research found that global publications regarding research on aging associated with periodontitis increased dramatically and were expected to continue increasing. Inflammation and aging, and the relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases, are topics worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongjiao Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Role of immune-related lncRNAs--PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT in the regulation of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 expression in human gingival fibroblasts with TNF-α stimulation. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:184-190. [PMID: 36643260 PMCID: PMC9831783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose It was reported that lncRNAs have an effect on immune-related diseases, however, their roles in periodontitis remain to be investigated. The aim of this study was to look for immune-related lncRNAs in periodontitis, and to preliminarily explore their function in vitro. Materials and methods CIBERSORT was used to analyze abundance of immune cell in the periodontal tissue. Correlation between the expression profile of lncRNAs and abundance of immune cell was calculated and immune-related lncRNAs were identified. The expressions of immune-related lncRNAs identified were validated by RT-qPCR with 15 periodontitis and 15 healthy gingival tissues. The expressions of PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT in HGFs were detected under the stimulation of different concentrations of TNF-α (0, 10, 15, 20, 30 ng/mL) and different duration (0, 12, 24 and 48 h). Then, siRNA was used to silence PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT in HGFs. The expression level of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 of the HGFs after stimulated by 15 ng/mL TNF-α, and the activation of NF-κB pathway was observed. Results PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT were identified as top 2 immune-related lncRNAs in periodontal tissues. The expressions of PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT were significantly up-regulated in inflamed periodontal tissue and in HGFs under TNF-α stimulation. After knock-down of PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT, expression level of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in HGFs with TNF-α stimulation were decreased, and activation of NF-κB pathway was inhibited. Conclusion PRKCQ-AS1 and EGOT were firstly identified as immune-related lncRNAs in periodontal tissue, and they regulate the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 of HGFs through the NF-κB pathway.
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Kondo T, Okawa H, Hokugo A, Shokeen B, Sundberg O, Zheng Y, McKenna CE, Lux R, Nishimura I. Oral microbial extracellular DNA initiates periodontitis through gingival degradation by fibroblast-derived cathepsin K in mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:962. [PMID: 36104423 PMCID: PMC9474870 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease leading to uncontrolled osteoclastic jawbone resorption and ultimately edentulism; however, the disease onset mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Here we propose a mechanism for initial pathology based on results obtained using a recently developed Osteoadsorptive Fluogenic Sentinel (OFS) probe that emits a fluorescent signal triggered by cathepsin K (Ctsk) activity. In a ligature-induced mouse model of periodontitis, a strong OFS signal is observed before the establishment of chronic inflammation and bone resorption. Single cell RNA sequencing shows gingival fibroblasts to be the primary cellular source of early Ctsk. The in vivo OFS signal is activated when Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand or oral biofilm extracellular DNA (eDNA) is topically applied to the mouse palatal gingiva. This previously unrecognized interaction between oral microbial eDNA and Ctsk of gingival fibroblasts provides a pathological mechanism for disease initiation and a strategic basis for early diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Kondo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bhumika Shokeen
- Section of Biosystems and Function, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Oskar Sundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yiying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- Section of Biosystems and Function, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative & Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Wielento A, Bereta GP, Łagosz-Ćwik KB, Eick S, Lamont RJ, Grabiec AM, Potempa J. TLR2 Activation by Porphyromonas gingivalis Requires Both PPAD Activity and Fimbriae. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823685. [PMID: 35432342 PMCID: PMC9010743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone oral pathogen implicated in development and progression of periodontitis, may also contribute to the pathogenicity of diseases such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's. P. gingivalis is a master manipulator of host immune responses due to production of a large variety of virulence factors. Among these, P. gingivalis peptidilarginine deiminase (PPAD), an enzyme unique to P. gingivalis, converts C-terminal Arg residues in bacterium- and host-derived proteins and peptides into citrulline. PPAD contributes to stimulation of proinflammatory responses in host cells and is essential for activation of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis pathway in gingival fibroblasts. Since P. gingivalis is recognized mainly by Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), we investigated the effects of PPAD activity on TLR2-dependent host cell responses to P. gingivalis, as well as to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and fimbriae produced by this organism. Using reporter cell lines, we found that PPAD activity was required for TLR2 activation by P. gingivalis cells and OMVs. We also found that fimbriae, an established TLR2 ligand, from wild-type ATCC 33277 (but not from its isogenic PPAD mutant) enhanced the proinflammatory responses of host cells. Furthermore, only fimbriae from wild-type ATCC 33277, but not from the PPAD-deficient strains, induced cytokine production and stimulated expression of genes within the PGE2 synthesis pathway in human gingival fibroblasts via activation of the NF-ĸB and MAP kinase-dependent signaling pathways. Analysis of ten clinical isolates revealed that type I FimA is preferable for TLR2 signaling enhancement. In conclusion, the data strongly suggest that both PPAD activity and fimbriae are important for TLR2-dependent cell responses to P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wielento
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz P. Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna B. Łagosz-Ćwik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Aleksander M. Grabiec
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Inomata M, Horie T, Into T. Effect of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 on Gene Expression of Chemokines and 29 Toll-like Receptor-Associated Proteins in Human Gingival Fibroblasts Under Stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:64-72. [PMID: 31686299 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 neutralizes the biological activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while it upregulates the expression of several immune-related genes. We investigated the effect of LL-37 on gene regulation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), stimulated with or without Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived LPS, a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR). LL-37 was non-toxic to HGFs up to a concentration of 10 μg/ml. P. gingivalis LPS upregulated the expression of IL8, CXCL10, and CCL2, whereas LL-37 reduced this upregulation. In absence of LPS, LL-37 itself upregulated the expression of IL8 and CCL2. LL-37 increased the expression of P2X7, which was constitutively expressed in HGFs. The P2X7 antagonist A-438079 suppressed the cytotoxicity and upregulatory effect of LL-37 on chemokine response, but not its downregulatory effect on P. gingivalis LPS-induced chemokine response. Whether LL-37 alters the expression of 29 genes that encode TLR-associated proteins, including TLRs, co-receptors, signaling molecules, and negative regulators, in HGFs, under stimulation with LPS, was examined. Among TLRs, P. gingivalis LPS upregulated the level of TLR4, whereas LL-37 reduced it. In co-receptors, LL-37 downregulated the level of CD14. Among signaling molecules, LL-37 augmented the LPS-upregulated expression of IRAK1. Similar effects were observed in the specific negative regulators TNFAIP3, RNF216, TOLLIP, and SIGIRR. Our results suggest that LL-37 exerts cytotoxicity and upregulation of chemokine response via the P2X7 receptor, while it induces downregulation of P. gingivalis LPS-induced chemokine response through alteration in the expression of 7 specific TLR-associated genes: downregulation of TLR4 and CD14 and upregulation of IRAK1, TNFAIP3, RNF216, TOLLIP, and SIGIRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inomata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan.
| | - Toshi Horie
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Takeshi Into
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan.
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Li A, Thomas RZ, van der Sluis L, Tjakkes G, Slot DE. Definitions used for a healthy periodontium-A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2020; 18:327-343. [PMID: 32330350 PMCID: PMC7687205 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the explicitness and variability of the definition of periodontal health in the current scientific literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed and CENTRAL (2013-01/2019-05) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the guidelines of the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) statement. RESULTS A total of 51 papers met the predefined inclusion criteria. Of these, 13 papers did not report any explicit definitions of periodontal health. Out of the 38 remaining articles, half of them used a reference to support their definition and half of them not. The studies published in periodontics-related journals or those that scored a low risk of bias for the methodical quality presented more explicit and valid definitions. Probing pocket depth was the most frequently used individual parameter for defining periodontal health. However, there were substantial variations in the methods of measurement and cut-off values. CONCLUSIONS Given the diversity of periodontal health definitions, a cross-study comparison is difficult. The results of this review may be useful in making others aware of the significance of standardizing the definition of a healthy periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Center for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Renske Z. Thomas
- Center for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of DentistryRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Luc van der Sluis
- Center for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Geerten‐Has Tjakkes
- Center for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Else Slot
- Department of PeriodontologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Sun M, Ji Y, Li Z, Chen R, Zhou S, Liu C, Du M. Ginsenoside Rb3 Inhibits Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines via MAPK/AKT/NF-κB Pathways and Attenuates Rat Alveolar Bone Resorption in Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204815. [PMID: 33092290 PMCID: PMC7588009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatments for chronic periodontitis are less effective in controlling inflammation and often relapse. Therefore, it is necessary to explore an immunomodulatory medication as an adjuvant. Ginsenoside Rb3 (Rb3), one of the most abundant active components of ginseng, has been found to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we detected the anti-inflammatory effect of Rb3 on Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells and experimental periodontitis rats for the first time. We found that the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation was remarkably downregulated by Rb3 treatment in a dose-dependent manner at both transcriptional and translational levels. Network pharmacological analysis of Rb3 showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway had the highest richness and that p38, JNK, and ERK molecules were potential targets of Rb3 in humans. Western blot analysis revealed that Rb3 significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and p65 NF-κB, as well as decreased the expression of total AKT. In experimental periodontitis rat models, reductions in alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast generation were observed in the Rb3 treatment group. Thus, we can conclude that Rb3 ameliorated Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the MAPK/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways and attenuated alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontitis rats.
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Ramadan DE, Hariyani N, Indrawati R, Ridwan RD, Diyatri I. Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis. Eur J Dent 2020; 14:483-495. [PMID: 32575137 PMCID: PMC7440949 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E
2
trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Elsayed Ramadan
- Dental Health Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ninuk Hariyani
- Dental Health Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Retno Indrawati
- Dental Health Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rini Devijanti Ridwan
- Dental Health Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Indeswati Diyatri
- Dental Health Science Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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11
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Altered Toll-Like Receptor Signalling in Children with Down Syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4068734. [PMID: 31611734 PMCID: PMC6757445 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4068734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key in initiating innate immune responses. TLR2 is crucial in recognising lipopeptides from gram-positive bacteria and is implicated in chronic inflammation. Children with Down syndrome (DS) are prone to infections from these pathogens and have an increased risk of autoimmunity. Sparstolonin B (SsnB) is a TLR antagonist which attenuates cytokine production and improves outcomes in sepsis. We hypothesised that TLR signalling may be abnormal in children with DS and contribute to their clinical phenotype. We evaluated TLR pathways in 3 ways: determining the expression of TLR2 on the surface of neutrophils and monocytes by flow cytometry, examining the gene expression of key regulatory proteins involved in TLR signal propagation, MyD88, IRAK4, and TRIF, by quantitative PCR, and lastly determining the cytokine production by ELISA following immunomodulation with proinflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Pam3Csk4) and the anti-inflammatory agent SsnB. We report TLR2 expression being significantly increased on neutrophils, total monocytes, and intermediate and nonclassical monocytes in children with DS (n = 20, mean age 8.8 ± SD 5.3 years, female n = 11) compared to controls (n = 15, mean age 6.2 ± 4.2 years, female n = 5). At baseline, the expression of MyD88 was significantly lower, and TRIF significantly raised in children with DS. The TLR antagonist SsnB was effective in reducing TLR2 and CD11b expression and abrogating cytokine production in both cohorts. We conclude that TLR signalling and the TLR2 pathway are dysregulated in DS, and this disparate innate immunity may contribute to chronic inflammation in DS. SsnB attenuates proinflammatory mediators and may be of therapeutic benefit.
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12
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Gonçalves-Anjo N, Leite-Pinheiro F, Ribeiro R, Requicha JF, Lourenço AL, Dias I, Viegas C, Bastos E. Toll-like receptor 9 gene in Periodontal Disease - A promising biomarker. Gene 2018; 687:207-211. [PMID: 30465884 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal Disease is an infectious and inflammatory disorder triggered mainly by periodontopathogenic bacteria, however, as a multifactorial disease, several factors modulate its progression, namely, genetic factors. Toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize molecular patterns present in pathogens and trigger an immune response against them. Thus, sequences variants in TLR genes seem to have the potential to modify the predisposition to Periodontal Disease and its progression. Based on this fact, TLR9 gene were analysed in a case-control study. DNA was obtained from 90 dogs (50 control and 40 cases) and a fragment of TLR9 gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The variants were identified by comparison with the dog wild type sequences. Our results suggest that rs375556098 and rs201959275 polymorphisms in the TLR9 gene are good candidates to become biomarkers of the canine predisposition to Periodontal Disease. It's important to notice that these polymorphic sites exist in Human exactly in the same codon. Since the dog is the best animal model to replicate the pathophysiological mechanisms of human Periodontal Disease, these results can potentially be extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Gonçalves-Anjo
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Leite-Pinheiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, i3S/INEB Institute for Research and Innovation in Health/Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Genetics & ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Clinical Pathology, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Filipe Requicha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, ICVS/3B's Research Group, PT Government Associated Laboratory - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Department of Polymer Engineering, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Lourenço
- Department of Animal Science, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, ICVS/3B's Research Group, PT Government Associated Laboratory - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Department of Polymer Engineering, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, ICVS/3B's Research Group, PT Government Associated Laboratory - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Department of Polymer Engineering, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Estela Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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13
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Yang NY, Wang CY, Chyuan IT, Wu KJ, Tu YK, Chang CW, Hsu PN, Kuo MYP, Chen YW. Significant association of rheumatoid arthritis-related inflammatory markers with non-surgical periodontal therapy. J Formos Med Assoc 2018; 117:1003-1010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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14
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Muniz FWMG, Montagner F, Jacinto RC, Rösing CK, Gomes BPFA. Correlation between crestal alveolar bone loss with intracanal bacteria and apical lesion area in necrotic teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:1-6. [PMID: 30025275 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the correlation between crestal alveolar bone loss with the presence of some bacterial species in root canals and the apical lesion area of necrotic teeth. DESIGN Data from 20 patients with diagnosis of pulp necrosis and acute apical abscesses, without active periodontal diseases, were evaluated. Patients with history of antibiotic usage three months prior to the study, with exposed pulp cavity, and with probing depth >3 mm were not included. The root size, the distance between the bone crest to the tooth apex in the mesial and distal surfaces, and the apical lesion area were measured from standard periapical radiographies by a calibrated examiner. Root canal samples were collected using sterilized paper points. In multirooted teeth, the largest root canal was sampled. Culture, microbial isolation and identification by phenotypic methods were performed. Spearman correlation and exact Fischer test were calculated between higher/lower existing bone crests, according to the median and the presence of specific bacteria. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Prevotella intermedia, and groups with higher/lower degree of bone loss (p > 0.05). A negative significant correlation was found between Parvimonas micra and periodontal bone loss (p = 0.02). Additionally, no statistically significant association was found between crestal bone loss and the apical lesion area. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that, in patients without active periodontitis, the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the root canal was not correlated with periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Wilker M G Muniz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Rogério C Jacinto
- Department of Endodontics, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, São Paulo, 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Cassiano K Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Avenida Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
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15
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Liang S, Ren H, Guo H, Xing W, Liu C, Ji Y, Jiang H, Zhang P, Du M. Periodontal infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces preterm birth and lower birth weight in rats. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:312-321. [PMID: 29754448 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB), accompanied by low birth weight (LBW) or not, is a syndrome with tremendous risk factors and long-term health consequences for children. In recent decades, overwhelming studies have shown that periodontitis contributes to prematurity and LBW. This study was conducted to determine the link between maternal periodontitis and the pathogenesis of PTB and/or LBW through a rat infection model induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontopathic bacterium. The murine model was established by surgically ligating the left mandibular first molars and inoculating with P. gingivalis, and then all female rats initiated mating 6 weeks post infection. The gestational day and birth weight were recorded, and blood, amniotic fluid, and placental specimens were collected. Rats with a PTB and LBW newborns were observed in the P. gingivalis-infected group. Additionally, P. gingivalis infection significantly increased the maternal serum levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-1β, whereas no significant difference in the cytokine response was observed in the amniotic fluid. Moreover, with the translocation of P. gingivalis to placentas, remarkable changes in gestational tissues were found, followed by significantly enhanced expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as well as Fas and Fas ligand (FasL). These results support the concept that severe cases of periodontitis caused by P. gingivalis infection may be indicative of rats being more susceptible to PTB/LBW, probably through the activation of the TLR2 and Fas/FasL pathways within the placental tissues. This study gave us new insight into how maternal periodontopathogens might be linked to placental damage and premature pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Ren
- Xiangyang Hospital of Stomatology, Xiangyang, China
| | - H Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - W Xing
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - C Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - H Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Zhang
- School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Huang B, Dai Q, Huang SG. Expression of Toll‑like receptor 4 on mast cells in gingival tissues of human chronic periodontitis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6731-6735. [PMID: 29488617 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) on mast cells in gingival tissues of human chronic periodontitis. A total of 68 donors, including 23 with mild chronic periodontitis, 25 with advanced chronic periodontitis and 20 healthy controls, were included in the present study. Gingival specimens from the donors were fixed in 4% neutral formalin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic observation, stained for immunohistochemical identification of TLR4 in gingival tissues, and stained with double immunofluorescence for the identification of TLR4 on mast cells in gingival tissues. The results revealed that the expression of TLR4 in the gingival tissues and on mast cells in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis were significantly higher, compared with those of the normal control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of TLR4 in the gingival tissues and on mast cells in patients with advanced chronic periodontitis were significantly higher, compared with those in patients with mild chronic periodontitis (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of TLR4 in gingival tissues and on mast cells increased with the severity of chronic periodontitis, suggesting that TLR4, particularly mast cell TLR4, may be important in the disease process of human chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Science and Technology Park, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qian Dai
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Guang Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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17
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Narayan I, Gowda TM, Mehta DS, Kumar BT. Estimation of Toll-like receptor 9 in gingival tissues of patients with chronic periodontitis with or without hyperlipidemia and its association with the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 22:298-303. [PMID: 30131620 PMCID: PMC6077972 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_124_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent evidence suggests the interactions between bacterial DNA and nucleic acid receptors to play a role in inflammatory tissue destruction. The current study aims to evaluate the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in periodontal disease associated with or without hyperlipidemia and to associate it with the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and Methods: Thirty participants in the age range of 25–50 years were randomly recruited and divided into three groups, i.e., healthy (Group I), chronic periodontitis without hyperlipidemia (Group II), and chronic periodontitis with hyperlipidemia (Group III). The gingival tissue samples were analyzed for TLR9 using immunohistochemistry, and plaque samples were analyzed for P. gingivalis using polymerase chain reaction. Results: The TLR9-positive cell ratio in gingival connective tissue for Group II and Group III was 0.95 ± 0.03 and 0.94 ± 0.03, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of Group I, with P < 0.001 (0.88 ± 0.04). These groups also demonstrated significantly higher presence of P. gingivalis as compared to Group I with P < 0.001. There was a positive association between TLR9 in gingival connective tissue and presence of P. gingivalis. Conclusion: The results of this study reveal a potential role of TLR9 in chronic periodontitis, in association with P. gingivalis. Furthermore, these variables do not show an appreciable change in hyperlipidemics suggesting a weak relation between TLR9 and lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipshita Narayan
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dhoom Singh Mehta
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Baron Tarun Kumar
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India.,Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Implant Center, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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18
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Lee JH, Chiang MH, Chen PH, Ho ML, Lee HE, Wang YH. Anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy on human periodontal ligament cells: in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:469-477. [PMID: 29116611 PMCID: PMC5862948 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that is commonly treated with surgical and nonsurgical techniques. However, both approaches have limitations. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been widely applied in reducing inflammatory reactions, and research indicates that LLLT induces an anti-inflammatory effect that may enhance periodontal disease therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of LLLT on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in an inflammatory environment and aimed to determine the possible mechanism of action. Cells were cultured and treated with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphryromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli, followed by irradiation with a gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (660 nm) at an energy density of 8 J/cm2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions were used to assess the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to examine nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to monitor the concentration of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Both LPS treatments significantly induced the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, LLLT inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and elevated intracellular levels of cAMP. The LLLT inhibitory effect may function by downregulating NF-κB transcriptional activity and by increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP. LLLT might inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in hPDLCs through cAMP/NF-κB regulation. These results should be further studied to improve periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsuan Chiang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ho Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Ho
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Er Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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19
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Palm E, Demirel I, Bengtsson T, Khalaf H. The role of toll-like and protease-activated receptors and associated intracellular signaling in Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected gingival fibroblasts. APMIS 2017; 125:157-169. [PMID: 28120492 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is considered a keystone agent in periodontitis, has evolved elaborate mechanisms to grow and survive in a hostile milieu. The gingival fibroblast is the major cell type in the gingiva and is considered to be important in the periodontitis-associated inflammation. As a part of the innate immune response, they produce cytokines such as CXCL8 and interleukin (IL)-6 which are believed to contribute to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. This study investigates how the expression of protease-activated receptors (PAR1, PAR2) and toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4) changes with P. gingivalis exposure and how silencing of one receptor affects the expression of the other receptors. The importance of protein kinase C (PKC) and p38 in the regulation of CXCL8 and IL-6 was also examined. Receptors were knockdown with small-interfering RNA. PKC or p38 was blocked prior to stimulation with P. gingivalis. Fibroblasts were able to compensate for PAR1 knockdown with increased expression of PAR2. PKC and p38 were involved in the regulation of P. gingivalis-induced CXCL8 and IL-6. Our results indicate that PAR1 and PAR2 could be implicated in periodontitis and that PKC and P38 play a role in the inflammatory response in P. gingivalis-infected gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonor Palm
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Bengtsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Hazem Khalaf
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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20
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Abstract
Initial studies of periodontal disease suggested that T cell-mediated immunity against oral Gram-negative microorganisms is a key player in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease. Recent investigations, however, revealed that B cells are also engaged. Given their chief role in innate-like and adaptive immune responses, B cells could exert protective functions in periodontitis. However, the periodontal bacteria-specific antibody response is generally unable to halt disease progression in affected subjects, suggesting that the antibodies produced could exhibit low anti-bacterial blocking functions or opsonophagocytic potential, and/or unfavorable effects. Moreover, although microbial antigens are involved in the induction of the inflammatory responses in human adult periodontitis, endogenous antigens also may contribute to the chronicity of this common disease. Not only antibodies to self-antigens, such as collagen, are locally produced, but the autoreactivities observed in aggressive periodontitis are more severe and diverse than those observed in chronic periodontitis, suggesting that autoimmune reactivity could play a role in the tissue destruction of periodontal disease. Further support for a pathological role of B cells in periodontitis comes from the finding that B cell-deficient mice are protected from bacterial infection-induced alveolar bone loss. Studies in patients indicate that B cells and plasma cells, together with osteoclastogenic factors (RANKL and osteoprotegerin) and specific cytokines involved in their growth and differentiation (BAFF and APRIL) participate in the induction of the pathological bone loss in periodontitis. This novel insight suggests that selective targeting of B cells could represent a future therapeutic avenue for severe periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moncef Zouali
- a Inserm, U1132 , Paris , France and.,b Université Paris 7 , Paris , France
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21
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Mehlotra RK, Hall NB, Willie B, Stein CM, Weinberg A, Zimmerman PA, Vernon LT. Associations of Toll-Like Receptor and β-Defensin Polymorphisms with Measures of Periodontal Disease (PD) in HIV+ North American Adults: An Exploratory Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164075. [PMID: 27727278 PMCID: PMC5058471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor (TLR) and β-defensin (DEFB) genes have been recognized as potential genetic factors that can influence susceptibility to and severity of periodontal diseases (PD). However, data regarding associations between these polymorphisms and PD are still scarce in North American populations, and are not available in HIV+ North American populations. In this exploratory study, we analyzed samples from HIV+ adults (n = 115), who received primary HIV care at 3 local outpatient HIV clinics and were monitored for PD status. We genotyped a total of 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 TLR genes and copy number variation (CNV) in DEFB4/103A. We performed regression analyses for levels of 3 periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques (Porphyromonas gingivalis [Pg], Treponema denticola [Td], and Tannerella forsythia [Tf]) and 3 clinical measures of PD (periodontal probing depth [PPD], gingival recession [REC], and bleeding on probing [BOP]). In all subjects combined, 2 SNPs in TLR1 were significantly associated with Td, and one SNP in TLR2 was significantly associated with BOP. One of the 2 SNPs in TLR1 was significantly associated with Td in Caucasians. In addition, another SNP in TLR1 and a SNP in TLR6 were also significantly associated with Td and Pg, respectively, in Caucasians. All 3 periodontopathogen levels were significantly associated with PPD and BOP, but none was associated with REC. Instrumental variable analysis showed that 8 SNPs in 6 TLR genes were significantly associated with the 3 periodontopathogen levels. However, associations between the 3 periodontopathogen levels and PPD or BOP were not driven by associations with these identified SNPs. No association was found between DEFB4/103A CNV and any periodontopathogen level or clinical measure in all samples, Caucasians, or African Americans. Our exploratory study suggests a role of TLR polymorphisms, particularly TLR1 and TLR6 polymorphisms, in PD in HIV+ North Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKM); (LTV)
| | - Noemi B. Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Barne Willie
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lance T. Vernon
- Department of Pediatric and Community Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKM); (LTV)
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22
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Nakayama Y, Ogata Y, Hiromatsu Y, Imamura K, Suzuki E, Saito A, Shirakawa S, Nagano T, Gomi K, Morozumi T, Watanabe K, Akiishi K, Yoshie H. Clinical Usefulness of Novel Immunochromatographic Detection Device forPorphyromonas gingivalisin Evaluating Effects of Scaling and Root Planing and Local Antimicrobial Therapy. J Periodontol 2016; 87:1238-47. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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A Periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis deteriorates Isoproterenol-Induced myocardial remodeling in mice. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:35-40. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Ilango P, Mahalingam A, Parthasarathy H, Katamreddy V, Subbareddy V. Evaluation of TLR2 and 4 in Chronic Periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC86-9. [PMID: 27504418 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/18353.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease is the major cause of adult tooth loss and is commonly characterized by a chronic inflammation caused by infection due to oral bacteria. Members of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) family recognize conserved microbial structures, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides and activate signalling pathways that result in immune responses against microbial infections. AIM The aim of the present study was to assess the mRNA expression of Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 in tissues with or without chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival tissue samples were collected from controls (30 subjects with healthy periodontal tissues) and experimental group (30 subjects with chronic periodontitis). Total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was done for evaluation of TLR-2 and TLR-4. Mann Whitney U-test, Pearson Chi-square Test was used for statistics. RESULTS The results showed that there is a significant (p-value= 0.004) association between TLR-4 and the experimental group comprising of chronic periodontitis patients in comparison to the insignificant (p-value= 0.085) TLR-2 expression. CONCLUSION This study concludes that TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressed in the gingival tissues recognize different bacterial cell wall components thus helping us to associate its potential in diagnosing periodontal disease. Hence, in the future, these scientific findings can pave the way in using TLR as a diagnostic biomarker for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paavai Ilango
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital , Pandur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arulpari Mahalingam
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Harinath Parthasarathy
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, SRM Dental College and Hospital , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vineela Katamreddy
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences , Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkat Subbareddy
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, CKS Teja Dental College and Hospital , Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Song B, Zhang YL, Chen LJ, Zhou T, Huang WK, Zhou X, Shao LQ. The role of Toll-like receptors in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2016; 23:168-180. [PMID: 26923115 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common infectious disease. Recent studies have indicated that the progression of periodontitis may be regulated by interactions between host immunity and periodontopathic bacteria. Although periodontopathic bacteria can destroy periodontal tissue, a dysfunctional host immune response triggered by the bacteria can lead to more severe and persistent destruction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognizes pathogens, have been implicated in host innate immune responses to periodontopathic bacteria and in the activation of adaptive immunity. TLR-targeted drugs may hold promise to treat periodontal disease. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of TLRs in periodontitis and discusses areas needing further research. We believe TLRs may be an effective biomarker for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontitis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - W K Huang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - X Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - L Q Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Díaz-Zúñiga J, Monasterio G, Alvarez C, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Benítez A, Ciuchi P, García M, Arias J, Sanz M, Vernal R. Variability of the dendritic cell response triggered by different serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Porphyromonas gingivalis is toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4 dependent. J Periodontol 2016; 86:108-19. [PMID: 25224175 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been shown to induce differential dendritic cell (DC) responses. This study investigates whether cytokine and CC-chemokine receptor (CCR) production by DCs stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis is Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and/or TLR4 dependent. METHODS DCs were obtained from healthy individuals and primed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10(2) with different A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis serotypes in the presence or absence of anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies. TLR2 and TLR4 expression, CCR5 and CCR6 expression, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 expression and secretion were quantified by flow cytometry, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS When DCs were stimulated with serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans or serotype K1 of P. gingivalis, higher levels of TLR2 or TLR4, respectively, were detected compared to DCs stimulated with the other serotypes. Similarly, higher levels of cytokines and CCRs were detected in serotype b- or serotype K1-primed DCs compared to the others, and these increased levels positively correlated with levels of TLR2 or TLR4. When TLR2 signaling was blocked using a specific anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody, serotype b-induced cytokine and CCR expression was inhibited; when TLR4 signaling was blocked, serotype K1-induced response was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the variability of secretion of cytokines and expression of CCRs detected in DCs stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis is TLR2 or TLR4 dependent, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
New insights into the biological mechanisms involved in modulating periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss are paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies for periodontitis. The neutrophil adhesion cascade for transmigration in response to infection or inflammation is a key paradigm in immunity. Developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del-1) is one of several newly identified endogenous inhibitors of the leukocyte adhesion cascade. Del-1 competes with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells for binding to the LFA-1 integrin on neutrophils, thereby regulating neutrophil recruitment and local inflammation. In animal periodontitis models, Del-1 deficiency resulted in severe inflammation and alveolar bone loss, but local treatment with recombinant Del-1 prevented neutrophil infiltration and bone loss. The expression of Del-1 is inhibited by the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17. Nucleic-acid-receptor-mediated inflammatory responses may be important in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Bacterial nucleic acids released during inflammation are detected by host microbial DNA sensors, e.g., Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9), leading to the activation of pro- and/or anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. DNA from periodontitis-associated bacteria induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human macrophage-like cells through the TLR-9 and NF-κB signaling pathways, but had less effect on human osteoblasts. Inhibition of TLR-9 signaling in human macrophages reduced cytokine production in response to P. gingivalis DNA. Differential expression of a polymorphic site in the TLR-9 gene promoter region and increased TLR-9 gene and protein expression were reported in chronic periodontitis. Further research to confirm that periodontal bacterial DNA contributes to destructive inflammation in vivo could provide alternative therapeutic targets to control periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Dental School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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The role of toll-like and protease-activated receptors in the expression of cytokines by gingival fibroblasts stimulated with the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cytokine 2015; 76:424-432. [PMID: 26318255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontitis-associated pathogen and interactions between the bacterium and gingival fibroblasts play an important role in development and progression of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease leading to degeneration of tooth-supporting structures. Gingival fibroblasts, which expresses protease activated receptors (PARs) as well as toll-like receptors (TLRs), produces inflammatory mediators upon bacterial challenges. In this study, we elucidated the importance of PAR1, PAR2, TLR2 and TLR4 for the expression and secretion of CXCL8, interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and secretory leukocyte inhibitor (SLPI). Human gingival fibroblasts were transfected with small-interfering RNA against the target genes, and then stimulated with P. gingivalis wild-type W50 and W50-derived double rgp mutant E8 and kgp mutant K1A. TLR2-silencing reduced P. gingivalis-induced CXCL8 and IL-6. IL-6 was also reduced after PAR1-silencing. No effects were observed for TGF-β1. SLPI was suppressed by P. gingivalis and silencing of PAR1 as well as TLR2, gave additional suppression at the mRNA level. TLR4 was not involved in the regulation of the investigated mediators. CXCL8 and IL-6 are important for progression and development of periodontitis, leading to a chronic inflammation that may contribute to the tissue destruction that follows an exacerbated host response. Therefore, regulating the expression of TLR2 and subsequent release of CXCL8 and IL-6 in periodontitis could attenuate the tissue destruction seen in periodontitis.
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Derradjia A, Alanazi H, Park HJ, Djeribi R, Semlali A, Rouabhia M. α-tocopherol decreases interleukin-1β and -6 and increases human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis
lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Derradjia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale; Faculté de Médecine Dentaire; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Biofilms et la Biocontamination des Matériaux; Faculté des Sciences; Université d'Annaba; Annaba Algeria
| | - H. Alanazi
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale; Faculté de Médecine Dentaire; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - H. J. Park
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale; Faculté de Médecine Dentaire; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
| | - R. Djeribi
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Biofilms et la Biocontamination des Matériaux; Faculté des Sciences; Université d'Annaba; Annaba Algeria
| | - A. Semlali
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Rouabhia
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale; Faculté de Médecine Dentaire; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
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Toll-Like Receptor 9-Mediated Inflammation Triggers Alveolar Bone Loss in Experimental Murine Periodontitis. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2992-3002. [PMID: 25964477 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00424-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is a local inflammatory disease induced by a dysbiotic microbiota and leading to destruction of the tooth-supporting structures. Microbial nucleic acids are abundantly present in the periodontium, derived through release after phagocytic uptake of microbes and/or from biofilm-associated extracellular DNA. Binding of microbial DNA to its cognate receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), can trigger inflammation. In this study, we utilized TLR9 knockout (TLR9(-/-)) mice and wild-type (WT) controls in a murine model of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis and report the first in vivo evidence that TLR9 signaling mediates the induction of periodontal bone loss. P. gingivalis-infected WT mice exhibited significantly increased bone loss compared to that in sham-infected WT mice or P. gingivalis-infected TLR9(-/-) mice, which were resistant to bone loss. Consistent with this, the expression levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and receptor-activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) were significantly elevated in the gingival tissues of the infected WT mice but not in infected TLR9(-/-) mice compared to their levels in controls. Ex vivo studies using splenocytes and bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed significantly diminished cytokine production in TLR9(-/-) cells relative to the cytokine production in WT cells in response to P. gingivalis, thereby implicating TLR9 in inflammatory responses to this organism. Intriguingly, compared to the cytokine production in WT cells, TLR9(-/-) cells exhibited significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokine production upon challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4 agonist) or Pam3Cys (TLR2 agonist), suggesting possible cross talk between TLR9, TLR4, and TLR2. Collectively, our results provide the first proof-of-concept evidence implicating TLR9-triggered inflammation in periodontal disease pathogenesis, thereby identifying a new potential therapeutic target to control periodontal inflammation.
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Sahingur SE, Yeudall WA. Chemokine function in periodontal disease and oral cavity cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:214. [PMID: 25999952 PMCID: PMC4419853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotactic cytokines, or chemokines, comprise a superfamily of polypeptides with a wide range of activities that include recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation, as well as stimulation of cell proliferation. As such, they function as antimicrobial molecules and play a central role in host defenses against pathogen challenge. However, their ability to recruit leukocytes and potentiate or prolong the inflammatory response may have profound implications for the progression of oral diseases such as chronic periodontitis, where tissue destruction may be widespread. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that chronic inflammation is a key component of tumor progression. Interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment is mediated in large part by secreted factors such as chemokines, and serves to enhance the malignant phenotype in oral and other cancers. In this article, we will outline the biological and biochemical mechanisms of chemokine action in host–microbiome interactions in periodontal disease and in oral cancer, and how these may overlap and contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Esra Sahingur
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - W Andrew Yeudall
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA ; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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Endotoxin tolerance induction in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts stimulated with different bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:463-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yang X, Zhang J, Ni J, Ouyang B, Wang D, Luo S, Xie B, Xuan D. Toll-Like Receptor 4–Mediated Hyper-Responsiveness of Gingival Epithelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide in High-Glucose Environments. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Contreras-Sánchez A, Ventura-Arroyo JA. Anti-inflammatory activity of fisetin in human gingival fibroblasts treated with lipopolysaccharide. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:1009-1017. [PMID: 25263652 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.932351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fisetin is an anti-inflammatory flavonoid; however, its anti-inflammatory mechanism is not yet understood. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of fisetin and its association with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-beta pathways in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis. The cell signaling, cell viability, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression of HGFs treated with various concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 μM) of fisetin were measured by cell viability assay (MTT), Western blotting, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis on COX-2. We found that fisetin significantly reduced the synthesis and expression of prostaglandin E2 in HGFs treated with LPS. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK was suppressed consistently by fisetin in HGFs treated with LPS. The data indicate that fisetin inhibits MAPK activation and COX-2 expression without affecting cell viability. These findings may be valuable for understanding the mechanism of the effect of fisetin on periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Gutiérrez-Venegas
- a Laboratorio de Bioquímica de la División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México Distrito Federal , Mexico
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Savitri IJ, Ouhara K, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Miyagawa T, Kittaka M, Yamakawa M, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Irsogladine maleate inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated expression of toll-like receptor 2 and interleukin-8 in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:486-93. [PMID: 25244303 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an interaction between the host and periodontopathogenic bacteria. Regulating the immune response in human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) may contribute to the prevention of periodontitis. Irsogladine maleate (IM) has previously been shown to regulate inflammation and the cell-cell junctional barrier in HGEC. In addition to these functions, control of bacterial recognition is important for preventing inflammation in periodontal tissue. Innate immunity in gingival epithelium is the first line of defense and plays a crucial role against bacterial challenge. Therefore, the effect of IM on regulating toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which is part of the innate immunity, was determined in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS OBA-9, an immortalized human gingival epithelial cell line, and primary cultured HGEC were used in this study. Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed in OBA-9 or HGEC stimulated with whole cells of Porphyromonas gingivalis or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from P. gingivalis (PgLPS) in the presence or absence of IM to determine expression of TLR2 mRNA and production of TLR2 protein. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TLR2 was transfected into OBA-9 to clarify the association between the induction of TLR2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. RESULTS The addition of IM into P. gingivalis or PgLPS-induced OBA-9 suppressed IL-8 production (p < 0.01). The addition of IM also abolished the induction of TLR2 by P. gingivalis or PgLPS in OBA-9 and primary cultured HGEC (p < 0.01). The suppressive effect of IM on the induction of TLR2 was also confirmed by immunohistostaining. Stimulation with peptidoglycan, a specific ligand for TLR2, suppressed the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA in the presence of IM (p < 0.01). However, LPS derived from Escherichia coli, a ligand for TLR4, did not induce the expression of TLR2 mRNA. The PgLPS-induced expression of TLR4 mRNA was abolished by IM. Knockdown of TLR2 by siRNA transfection resulted in a weaker response of induction of IL8 mRNA in P. gingivalis or PgLPS-stimulated OBA-9. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IM suppresses the induction of IL-8 production by regulating increased levels of TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Savitri
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Miyagawa
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Kittaka
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Yamakawa
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Andrukhov O, Ertlschweiger S, Moritz A, Bantleon HP, Rausch-Fan X. Different effects of P. gingivalis LPS and E. coli LPS on the expression of interleukin-6 in human gingival fibroblasts. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:337-45. [PMID: 24255960 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.834535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is thought to be mediated by activation of toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and TLR4. The present study investigated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, TLR2, and TLR4 in GFs of seven different donors upon stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS. The effects of P. gingivalis LPS were compared with those of TLR4 agonist Escherichia coli LPS and TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. MATERIALS AND METHODS GFs were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS, E. coli LPS or Pam3CSK4 and the expression of IL-6, TLR2 and TLR4 was measured by qPCR. The surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS In GFs from three donors, P. gingivalis LPS and Pam3CSK4 induced a markedly lower increase in IL-6 expression than E. coli LPS. This was accompanied by significant down-regulation of the TLR2 and TLR4 expression. In GFs from another four donors, an increase in IL-6 expression upon stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS and Pam3CSK4 was similar or even higher than that induced by E. coli LPS. In GFs of these donors, all stimuli induced an up-regulation of both mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and did not influence that of TLR4. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that P. gingivalis LPS and E. coli LPS differently regulate cytokine production in human gingival fibroblasts. Regulation of the expression level of TLR2 and TLR4 by periodontal pathogens might be an important factor controlling the inflammatory response in GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Andrukhov
- Central Research Unit, Bernhard Gottlieb University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna
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Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Huang N, Weinberg EO, Shen SS, Genco CA, Gibson FC. Aging and contribution of MyD88 and TRIF to expression of TLR pathway-associated genes following stimulation with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:89-102. [PMID: 24862405 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal disease is a highly complex chronic inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. Multiple factors influence periodontal disease, including socio-economic status, genetics and age; however, inflammation elicited by the presence of specific bacteria in the subgingival space is thought to drive the majority of soft- and hard-tissue destruction. Porphyromonas gingivalis is closely associated with periodontal disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their intracellular signaling pathways play roles in the host response to P. gingivalis. The focus of the current study was to use microarray analysis to define the contributions of the TLR adaptor molecules myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF), and aging, on the expression of TLR pathway-associated mRNAs in response to P. gingivalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMØ) from wild-type (Wt), MyD88 knockout (MyD88-KO) and Trif(Lps2) [i.e. containing a point mutation in the lipopolysaccharide 2 (Lps2) gene rendering the Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) protein nonfunctional] mice, at 2-and 12-mo of age, were cultured with P. gingivalis. Expression of genes in BMØ cultured with P. gingivalis was determined in comparison with expression of genes in BMØ cultured in medium only. RESULTS Using, as criteria, a twofold increase or decrease in mRNA expression, differential expression of 32 genes was observed when Wt BMØ from 2-mo-old mice were cultured with P. gingivalis compared with the medium-only control. When compared with 2-mo-old Wt mice, 21 and 12 genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.05) as a result of the mutations in MyD88 or TRIF, respectively. The expression of five genes was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in Wt BMØ from 12-mo-old mice compared with those from 2-mo-old mice following culture with P. gingivalis. Age also influenced the expression of genes in MyD88-KO and Trif(Lps2) mice challenged with P. gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that P. gingivalis induces differential expression of TLR pathway-associated genes, and both MyD88 and TRIF play roles in the expression of these genes. Age also played a role in the expression of TLR-associated genes following stimulation of BMØ with P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Kataoka H, Taniguchi M, Fukamachi H, Arimoto T, Morisaki H, Kuwata H. Rothia dentocariosa induces TNF-alpha production in a TLR2-dependent manner. Pathog Dis 2013; 71:65-8. [PMID: 24265267 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work suggested that Rothia dentocariosa is associated with periodontal inflammatory disease. However, little is known about the pathogenicity of this bacterium. To characterize host response to this bacterium, we measured (via ELISA) the amount of TNF-α in the culture supernatant following the stimulation of THP-1 cells (a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) with R. dentocariosa cells (ATCC14189 and ATCC14190). Exposure to bacterial cells induced the production of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. The bacterial induction of TNF-α in THP-1 cells was mediated by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), as demonstrated by gene-specific knockdown via siRNA, which successfully suppressed TLR2 expression and significantly inhibited the production of TNF-α in the culture supernatant. To confirm the role of TLR2, we examined TLR2-dependent NF-κB activation by R. dentocariosa cells in a distinct cell line. Specifically, HEK293 cells were transiently cotransfected with the human TLR2 gene and an NF-κB-dependent luciferase-encoding reporter gene. The bacterial cells induced NF-κB activation in the transfected HEK293 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, bacterial cells failed to induce NF-κB activation in cells transfected with pEF6 control vector. Taken together, these results suggest that R. dentocariosa induces host TNF-α production by a TLR2-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kataoka
- Departments of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Sun Y, Li H, Sun MJ, Zheng YY, Gong DJ, Xu Y. Endotoxin Tolerance Induced by Lipopolysaccharides Derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli: Alternations in Toll-Like Receptor 2 and 4 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2013; 37:268-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sahingur SE, Xia XJ, Voth SC, Yeudall WA, Gunsolley JC. Increased nucleic Acid receptor expression in chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 84:e48-57. [PMID: 23646855 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid sensing has emerged as one of the important components of the immune system triggering inflammation. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of bacterial DNA sensors, including Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9), DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factors (DAI), and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) in chronic periodontitis (CP versus healthy) (H) tissues. METHODS Thirty-five CP and 27 H gingival biopsies were included. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine mRNA levels of AIM2, DAI, and TLRs (TLR-1 through TLR-9). The difference in gene expression for each sensor between CP and H tissues was calculated using analysis of covariance. The Spearman test was used to determine correlations among innate receptors. The expression of TLR-9, AIM2, and DAI in gingival tissues was further confirmed using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The present results reveal statistically significant upregulation of TLR-9 (P <0.006), DAI (P <0.001), and TLR-8 (P <0.01) in CP tissues compared to H sites. Although mRNA expression was not changed significantly between groups for other receptors, the present results reveal significant correlations between receptors (P <0.05), suggesting that cooperation between multiple components of the host immune system may influence the overall response. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed expression of TLR-9, AIM2, and DAI in gingival tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a possible role for nucleic acid receptors in periodontal inflammation. Future investigations will determine whether cytoplasmic receptors and their ligands can be targeted to improve clinical outcomes in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esra Sahingur
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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