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Ahmad I, Binmadi N, Afridi SG, Aljohani S, Shah I, Saidal A, Shahzad M. Salivary Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Smokeless Tobacco (Naswar) Users. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2023; 15:121-132. [PMID: 37465099 PMCID: PMC10350418 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s415827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Naswar, a smokeless tobacco product, commonly consumed in Pakistan, is associated with a 10-fold increase in the risk of oral cancer. However, little is known about Naswar's underlying toxicity mechanisms. Objective The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Naswar use on oral health and salivary parameters. Methods A case-control study was conducted among Naswar users (n=42) and age-matched healthy controls (n=42) in Pakistan in 2019. Participant data were collected using questionnaires. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores were computed during clinical examinations. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected to assess salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary total oxidative stress (TOS)/total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using commercially available kits. Participants' oral health parameters were compared between cases and controls using ANOVA. Results No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, oral health, and hygiene practices and mean DMFT score. Mean salivary pH and the salivary flow rate was significantly (p<0.001) higher in Naswar users (7.7 and 0.71 mL/minute, respectively) than in non-users (6.95 and 0.52 mL/minute, respectively). Although TOS and TAC were not significantly different between the groups, Naswar users generally had a higher TOS (51.6±42 µmol/L) and lower TAC (0.55±0.18 mmol/L) than non-users (TOS 45.5±38.2 µmol/L and TAC 0.57±0.17 mmol/L). Correlational analysis also revealed a significant positive correlation between DMFT score and Naswar use duration (r=0.796, p<0.001) and the number of dips/units consumed each day (r=0.515; p<0.001). Conclusion Habitual Naswar use is associated with increased salivary flow rate, pH, and TOS, and reduced TAC levels in Pakistani adults compared to non-users. The pro-oxidant changes may contribute toward deleterious effects of Naswar use including oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nada Binmadi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahib Gul Afridi
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Suad Aljohani
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inayat Shah
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25110, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Saidal
- Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 24350, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, 25110, Pakistan
- School of Biological Sciences, Health and Life Sciences Building, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AX, UK
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Shetty B, Divakar DD, Jameel AHA, Almalki SA, Gowdar IM, Dewan H. Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunct photodynamic therapy on periodontal and glycemic statuses in prediabetic patients with periodontal disease. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103362. [PMID: 36841278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) helps reduce periodontal inflammation and glycemic levels in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus; however, the role of NSPT with adjunct photodynamic therapy on glycemic status and periodontal parameters in prediabetic patients remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of NSPT with and without adjunct PDT on periodontal and glycemic statuses in prediabetic patients with periodontal disease. METHODS Prediabetic (Group-1) and non-diabetic (Group-2) patients diagnosed with periodontal inflammation were included. In both groups, patients were randomly assigned to test and control-groups. In the test- and control groups, patients underwent NSPT with and without adjunct PDT, respectively. The following parameters were assessed at baseline and at four weeks' follow-up: plaque index (PI); gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Collection of demographic data and assessment of full mouth marginal bone loss was performed at baseline. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS At baseline, there was no difference in PI, GI and PD among patients with and without prediabetes. At 3-weeks' follow up there was no difference in PI, GI and PD among patients without prediabetes. PI (P < 0.01), GI (P < 0.01) and PD (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the control-group compared with the test-group at 3-weeks' follow-up in patients without prediabetes. The HbA1c levels were significantly higher in patients with prediabetes throughout the study duration compared with individuals without prediabetes. CONCLUSION One session of NSPT with or without PDT reduce periodontal inflammation but do not influence glycemic levels in prediabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathraj Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, (ABSMIDS), Department of Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Mangalore, India.
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577204, India; Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU), Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - AlBandary Hassan Al Jameel
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P. O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Abdulrahman Almalki
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, P.O Box 173, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inderjit Murugendrappa Gowdar
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, P.O Box 173, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harisha Dewan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Aldulaijan HA, Al-Zawawi AS, Shaheen MY, Ali D, Divakar DD, Basudan AM. Assessment of salivary alpha amylase and mucin-4 before and after non-surgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis. Int J Implant Dent 2022; 8:30. [PMID: 35834021 PMCID: PMC9283593 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-022-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was based on the null hypothesis that there is no difference in clinicoradiographic parameters and whole salivary alpha amylase (AA) and mucin-4 levels before and after non-surgical mechanical debridement (NSMD) of patients with peri-implant mucositis (PM). The aim was to assess whole salivary AA and mucin-4 levels before and after treatment of PM. METHODS Patients with PM (Group-1) and individuals without peri-implant diseases (Group-2) were included. Demographic data was collected and peri-implant modified plaque and bleeding indices (mPI and mBI, respectively), probing depth (PD) and crestal bone loss were measured at baseline. Levels of AA and mucin-4 were assessed in unstimulated whole saliva samples. All patients underwent full-mouth non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) and NSMD; and clinical parameters and salivary biomarkers were re-assessed after 3 months. Level of significance was set at P < 0.01. RESULTS Twenty-six and 32 individuals were included in groups 1 and 2, respectively. None of the participants had periodontitis. At baseline clinical periodontal parameters (PI [P < 0.001], GI [P < 0.001], clinical AL [P < 0.001] and PD [P < 0.001]) were significantly high in Group-1 than Group-2. At 3-month follow-up, there was a statistically significant reduction in clinical periodontal and peri-implant parameters (PI [P < 0.01], GI [P < 0.01], and PD [P < 0.01]) in Group-1 compared with their baseline values. At baseline, salivary AA levels were significantly high in Group-1 than Group-2 (P < 0.01). At 3-month follow-up, there was no significant difference in whole salivary AA levels among patients in groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS The AA and mucin-4 levels are potential biomarkers for evaluation of peri-implant diseases including PM. Mechanical instrumentation continues to be the most predictable treatment option for the management of peri-implant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer A Aldulaijan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abeer S Al-Zawawi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Y Shaheen
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dena Ali
- Department of General Dental Practice, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shivamogga, 577204, Karnataka, India.,Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU), Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Amani M Basudan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chen Y, Wong WK, Seneviratne JC, Huang S, McGrath C, Hagg U. Associations between salivary cytokines and periodontal and microbiological parameters in orthodontic patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24924. [PMID: 33725852 PMCID: PMC7969212 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment can lead to microbial-induced gingival inflammation and aseptic periodontal inflammations. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between salivary pro-inflammatory cytokines levels with gingival health status and oral microbe loads among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.The present investigation was a cross-sectional study among a sample of 111 consecutive orthodontic patients (mean age 18.4 ± 4.4 years). Clinical examinations were conducted to assess the gingival health status employing the Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, and Plaque Index. Salivary microbiological assessments of total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria count, streptococci count, and lactobacilli count were undertaken. Saliva immunological assessments included Interleukin-1Beta (IL-1β) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) ELISA assays.The mean ± standard deviation of salivary IL-1β was 83.52 ± 85.62 pg/ml and MIF was 4.12 ± 0.96 ng/ml. Moderate positive correlations were found between salivary IL-1β levels and total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria count, streptococci count, and lactobacilli count (r = 0.380-0.446, P < .001), and weak positive correlations between salivary MIF levels and total salivary aerobic and anaerobic bacteria counts (r = 0.249-0.306, P < .01) were observed. A positive correlation was found between salivary IL-1β levels and Bleeding Index (r = 0.216, P < .05).The level of salivary IL-1β positively correlates with oral bacterial load among orthodontic patients; the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and oral microflora deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Wing Kit Wong
- Department of Dentistry & Maxillofacial Surgery, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Shuying Huang
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | | | - Urban Hagg
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Role of PDT as an adjunct to SRP on whole salivary RANKL and OPG ratio in type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic individuals with chronic periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102220. [PMID: 33610736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) of type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS Type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic subjects with CP (Groups 1 and 2, respectively) were divided into test- (SRP + PDT) and control (SRP only) groups. Patient demographics were recorded; and periodontal parameters (marginal bone loss [MBL], probing depth [P.D], plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and clinical attachment loss [CAL]) were assessed at baseline and at 3-months-follow-up. Rate of flow of unstimulated whole saliva and levels of RANKL and osteoprotegerin were measured at both time intervals. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Eighty-four persons with CP (42 with and 42 without type-2 DM) were included. At baseline, clinicoradiographic parameters were comparable in all groups. At 3-months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in the clinicoradiographic parameters in all groups. At 3-months of follow-up, there was no significant reduction in whole salivary RANKL and osteoprotegerin levels among individuals in the test and control groups among CP patients with and without CP. CONCLUSION The whole salivary RANKL/OPG ratio remains high in patients with poorly-controlled type-2 DM after SRP with or without adjunct PDT.
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Kadam S, Vandana M, Patwardhan S, Kaushik KS. Looking beyond the smokescreen: can the oral microbiome be a tool or target in the management of tobacco-associated oral cancer? Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1179. [PMID: 33777172 PMCID: PMC7987485 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of microbes inhabit the oral cavity, and bacterial and fungal communities most often exist as structured communities or biofilms. The use of tobacco alters the structure of the oral microbiome, including that of potentially malignant lesions, and the altered oral microbiome influences key microenvironmental changes such as chronic inflammation, secretion of carcinogenic toxins, cellular and tissue remodelling and suppression of apoptosis. Given this, it is clear that the bacterial and fungal biofilms in potentially malignant states are likely not passive entities, but could play a critical role in shaping potential malignant and carcinogenic conditions. This holds potential towards leveraging the oral microbiome for the management of tobacco-associated potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Here, we explore this line of investigation by reviewing the effects of tobacco in shaping the oral microbiome, and analyse the available evidence in the light of the microbiome of oral potentially malignant and cancerous lesions, and the role of dysbiosis in carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss possible interventions and approaches using which the oral microbiome could be leveraged towards precision-based oral cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Kadam
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Madhusoodhanan Vandana
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sudhanshu Patwardhan
- Centre for Health Research and Education, University of Southampton Science Park, Chilworth, Hampshire SO16 7NP, UK
| | - Karishma S Kaushik
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Abuderman AWA, Muzaheed. Antibacterial effectiveness of scaling and root planing with and without photodynamic therapy against Campylobacter rectus counts in the oral biofilm of patients with periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 33:102170. [PMID: 33401024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that scaling and root planning (SRP) with adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) is more effective in reducing Campylobacter rectus (C. rectus) from the oral biofilm (OB) among patients with periodontitis, than SRP alone. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of SRP with and without adjunct PDT in reducing OB C. rectus counts of patients with periodontitis. METHODS Chronic gastritis patients diagnosed with periodontitis were included. Therapeutically, the patients were divided into 2-groups. Patients in the test- and control-groups underwent SRP with and without adjunct PDT, respectively. In both groups, full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured and subgingival OB counts of C. rectus were measured at baseline and 12-weeks after treatment. Data normality was assessed and group-comparisons were done using the paired t-test and Man-Whitney U tests. A type-1 error rate of 5 % was used. RESULTS Thirty patients with periodontitis were included. All patients had Grade-B/Stage-II periodontitis. All participants were male with no significant difference in age. At baseline PI, BOP, PD and MBL were comparable in both groups. Counts of C. rectus in the subgingival OB samples were similar in both groups at baseline. At 12-weeks of follow-up, PI (P < 0.01), GI (P < 0.01) and PD (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the control- compared with the test-group compared with baseline. The percentages of C. rectus -positive individuals were higher in the control- than the test-group at 12-weeks' (P < 0.01). At 12-weeks' follow-up the percentages of C. rectus -positive patients were comparable with their respective baseline percentages in the control-group. CONCLUSION Compared with SRP alone, adjuvant use of PDT is more efficient in eliminating C. rectus in the OB and reducing clinical parameters in patients with grade-B/Stage-II periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab Ali Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Alqahtani M. Influence of moderate cigarette-smoking on the peri-implant clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 47:473-477. [PMID: 33270836 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the influence of moderate cigarette-smoking on the clinical (bleeding on probing [BoP] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone resorption [CBR]) around cement- and screw-retained dental implants at 5 years' follow-up. A questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, smoking history, duration of implants in function, jaw location of the implant, and daily toothbrushing and flossing. Peri-implant BoP, PD and CBR were measured in all groups. Group comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance and for multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni Post hoc adjustment test was performed. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. Forty-eight patients (25 smokers and 23 non-smokers) had cement-retained dental implants; and 48 (24 smokers and 24 non-smokers) had screw-retained dental implants. Among patients with cement and screw-retained dental implants, PD (P<0.05) and CBR (P<0.05) were significantly higher among smokers than non-smokers. The peri-implant sites that demonstrated BoP were statistically significantly higher among non-smokers (P<0.05) than smokers among patients with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. There was no statistically significant difference in peri-implant PD and CBR among smokers with cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Among non-smokers with cement and screw-retained dental implants, there was no statistically significant difference in BoP, PD and CBR. Cigarette-smoking is associated with an increased PD and CBR around cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Cigarette-smoking increases peri-implant soft tissue inflammation as well as loss of crestal bone and this relationship is independent of the type of implant retention protocol used.The author recommends that cement- and screw-retained dental implants are suitable for prosthesis restoration in non-smokers. Further studies on dual-smokers (individuals smoking cigarettes and other forms of tobacco products) are needed related to the clinicoradiographic inflammatory parameters around cement- and screw-retained dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Alqahtani
- University of Tabouk Medicine Tabouk SAUDI ARABIA Tabouk Tabouk 00000 University of Tabouk
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Effectiveness of single versus multiple sessions of photodynamic therapy as adjunct to scaling and root planing on periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients with periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102035. [PMID: 33011399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Salivary Markers in Relation to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Smokeless Tobacco Users: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Context: Nicotine and carcinogens are present in smokeless tobacco products. Oral, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers have been seen in Smokeless tobacco users. This article aims at reviewing the available literature and summarizing the application of salivary markers in smokeless tobacco users and their association with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Evidence Acquisition: The terms “saliva or salivary”, “markers or biomarkers”, “smokeless tobacco or Chewing tobacco or snuff”, and “oral cancer or oral carcinoma or oral squamous cell carcinoma” were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Google databases. Original and review English-written articles published over the past 20 years were reviewed, and the appropriate papers were chosen and intently studied. A data form designed by the author was used to write the proper results. Results: Our initial search identified 135 articles, 35 of which met the criteria for entering the final study and were contained for review. In summary, these studies described 20 markers found in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users linked to oral cancer. Conclusions: In this review study, some salivary markers such as cytokines, immunoglobulins, antioxidants, etc. were reviewed. In this review, it was shown that similar changes in these markers occur in patients with cancer and smokeless tobacco users. With the development of these diagnostic markers, these may be used as a screening tool for the early detection of cancer in smokeless tobacco users.
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Javed F, Al-Zawawi AS, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Mehmood A, Divakar DD, Al-Kheraif AA. Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and -23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207435. [PMID: 33066031 PMCID: PMC7601049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, prevalence of marijuana-use has doubled in the past 2 decades. The aim was to compare the periodontal conditions and whole-salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels among young adult marijuana-smokers, heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smokers. Self-reported marijuana-smokers, heavy-cigarette-smokers, non-smokers with periodontitis and periodontally-healthy non-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded and full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL) and missing teeth were recorded. Levels of IL-17A and IL-23 levels were measured in the whole saliva. p < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Fifteen-marijuana-smokers, 15 heavy-cigarette-smokers, 16 non-smokers-with-periodontitis and 15 periodontally-healthy-non-smokers) were included. The clinicoradiographic parameters were worse among marijuana-smokers (p < 0.01), cigarette-smokers (p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis (p < 0.01) than periodontally-healthy-non-smokers. Marijuana- and cigarette-smokers had Stage-IV/Grade C and non-smokers with periodontitis had Stage-III/Grade-C. Salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher in marijuana-smokers than cigarette-smokers (p < 0.01) and non-smokers-with-periodontitis (p < 0.01). Whole salivary IL-17A and IL-23 levels were higher among cigarette-smokers than non-smokers with periodontitis (p < 0.01) and periodontally-healthy-individuals (p < 0.01). Marijuana- and heavy cigarette-smokers have comparable clinicoradiographic periodontal statuses. This rejects hypothesis-1. However, whole salivary immunoinflammatory response may be moderately worse in marijuana-smokers compared with heavy cigarette-smokers and non-smoker with periodontitis thereby supporting hypothesis-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Javed
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
| | - Abeer S. Al-Zawawi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 60169, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Abid Mehmood
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi 75500, Pakistan;
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Kheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-5025-1250; Fax: +966-0541-1222
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Alshahrani A, Al Deeb M, Alresayes S, Mokeem SA, Al-Hamoudi N, Alghamdi O, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Comparison of peri-implant soft tissue and crestal bone status of dental implants placed in prediabetic, type 2 diabetic, and non-diabetic individuals: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Implant Dent 2020; 6:56. [PMID: 33015750 PMCID: PMC7533277 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-020-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinicoradiographic status of narrow-diameter implants (NDIs) among patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is scarce. The aim was to address the clinicoradiographic status of NDIs placed prediabetic, type 2 diabetic, and non-diabetic individuals. In this retrospective cohort study, patients having undergone oral rehabilitation with NDI were included. The participants were divided into the following: (a) patients with prediabetes; (b) patients with poorly controlled type 2 DM; (c) patients with well-controlled type 2 DM; and (d) normoglycemic individuals. Demographic data was collected. In all groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and mesiodistal CBL were measured in all groups. Information related to implant dimensions, surface characteristics, insertion torque, implant geometry, duration of NDI in function, and jaw location of NDI was also recorded. Data normality was assessed and group comparisons were performed. A probability value under 0.01 was considered statistically significant. Results Eighty-three patients (20 patients had prediabetes, 22 with poorly controlled type 2 DM, 20 with well-controlled type 2 DM, and 20 self-reported non-diabetic individuals) were included. The mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher among patients with prediabetes (P < 0.01) and poorly controlled type 2 DM (P < 0.01) than patients with well-controlled type 2 DM and non-diabetic controls. Peri-implant PI, GI, PD, and mesiodistal CBL levels were significantly higher among patients with pre-diabetes (P < 0.01) and poorly controlled type 2 DM (P < 0.01) than patients with well-controlled type 2 DM and non-diabetic controls. Peri-implant PI, GI, PD, and mesiodistal CBL levels were significantly higher among patients with poorly controlled type 2 DM (P < 0.01) than patients with prediabetes. Conclusion Chronic hyperglycemia increases the risk of peri-implant diseases around NDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alshahrani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi Al Deeb
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alresayes
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer A Mokeem
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Alghamdi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College Of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Vohra F, Bukhari IA, Sheikh SA, Albaijan R, Naseem M. Comparison of self-rated oral symptoms and periodontal status among cigarette smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:788-793. [PMID: 31995451 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1709476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to compare the self-rated oral symptoms (OS) and clinical and radiographic periodontal status among cigarette smokers and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users.Participants: Self-reported cigarette smokers and electronic cigarette and JUUL users were included.Methods: Self-rated OS and demographic data were recorded. Clinical attachment loss (AL), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), number of missing teeth, and bleeding on probing (BOP) were determined. p Values<.05 were deemed significant.Results: Bad breath (p<.001) and pain in gums (p<.001) were more often reported by cigarette-smokers than ENDS users. Compared with never-smokers, pain in teeth (p<.001), bad-breath (p<.001), and pain in gums (p<.001) were higher among cigarette smokers. There was no significant difference in pain in teeth, bleeding gums, bad breath, and pain in gums when JUUL users were compared with never-smokers and electronic cigarette users. PI (p<.05) and PD (p<.05) were increased in cigarette smokers than ENDS users and never-smokers.Conclusions: Pain in teeth and gums are more often perceived by cigarette smokers than electronic cigarette and JUUL users and never-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq A Bukhari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refal Albaijan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Naseem
- Department of Research, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Kumar PS. Interventions to prevent periodontal disease in tobacco-, alcohol-, and drug-dependent individuals. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:84-101. [PMID: 32844411 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substance abuse affects more than one sixth of the world's population. More importantly, the nature of the abuse and the type of addictive substances available to individuals is increasing exponentially. All substances with abusive potential impact both the human immuno-inflammatory system and oral microbial communities, and therefore play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Evidence strongly supports the efficacy of professionally delivered cessation counseling. Dentists, dental therapists, and hygienists are ideally placed to deliver this therapy, and to spearhead efforts to provide behavioral and pharmacologic support for cessation. The purpose of this review is to examine the biologic mechanisms underlying their role in disease causation, to understand the pharmacologic and behavioral basis for their habituation, and to investigate the efficacy of population-based and personalized interventions in prevention of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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15
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Al-Rabiah M, Al-Hamoudi N, Al-Aali KA, Slapar L, AlHelal A, Al Deeb M, Mokeem SA, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Efficacy of Scaling and Root Planing with Photobiomodulation for Treating Periodontitis in Gutka Chewers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:545-551. [PMID: 32833578 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2020.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the influence of photobiomodulation (PBMT) as an adjuvant to scaling and root planing (SRP) for treating periodontitis among gutka chewers. Materials and methods: Self-reported smokeless-tobacco (gutka) users were enrolled; and underwent SRP with (test group) and without (control group) PBMT. Full-mouth plaque index (P-I), bleeding upon probing (BUP), probing depth (P-D) clinical attachment loss (CAL), marginal bone loss (MBL) (on mesial and distal surfaces of the teeth), and number of missing teeth were recorded before treatment and at 3 and 6 months. Group comparisons were performed and p < 0.05 was referred significant. Results: In the control group, P-I (p < 0.013), BUP (p < 0.001), and P-D (p < 0.012) were high at baseline compared with 3 months follow-up. P-I, BUP, and P-D were higher in the test group, at baseline in comparison with the 3-month (p < 0.001) and 6-month (p < 0.01) follow-up. At 3 and 6 months, scores of P-I, BUP, and P-D were high in the control compared with the test group. No difference in CAL, and mesial and distal MBL was found among patients of both groups at 3 and 6 months. Conclusions: Among gutka chewers, SRP with PBMT is more efficient than SRP alone in the management of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Rabiah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khulud Abdulrahman Al-Aali
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lonnie Slapar
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Abdulaziz AlHelal
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi Al Deeb
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer A Mokeem
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Aldakheel FM, Alduraywish SA, Jhugroo P, Jhugroo C, Divakar DD. Quantification of pathogenic bacteria in the subgingival oral biofilm samples collected from cigarette-smokers, individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems and non-smokers with and without periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104793. [PMID: 32544646 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to quantify pathogenic bacteria isolated from the subgingival oral-biofilm samples collected from cigarette-smokers and ENDS-users with periodontitis, when compared to non-smokers with and without periodontitis. METHODS Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque [PI] and gingival [GI] indices, clinical attachment loss [CAL], probing depth [PD] and marginal bone loss [MBL]) were measured. Subgingival oral bio-film samples were collected and assessed for periodontopathogenic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [A. actinomycetemcomitans], Prevotella intermedia [P. intermedia], Porphyromonas gingivalis [P. gingivalis], Tannerella forsythia [T. forsythia] and Treponema denticola [T. denticola]). Group-comparisons were performed; and P < 0.01 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS All cigarette-smokers, ENDS-users and non-smokers with periodontitis had Grade-B periodontitis. The CFU/mL of A. actinomycetemcomitans (P < 0.001) and P. gingivalis (P < 0.001) were significantly higher among cigarette-smokers (P < 0.01) and ENDS-users (P < 0.01) than non-smokers with periodontitis. The CFU/mL of T. denticola were significantly higher among cigarette-smokers (P < 0.001), ENDS-users (P < 0.001) and non-smokers with periodontitis (P < 0.001) compared with non-smokers without periodontitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the CFU/mL of P. intermedia and T. denticola among cigarette-smokers, ENDS-users and non-smokers with periodontitis. CONCLUSION Counts of periodontopathogenic bacteria in the subgingival oral-biofilm are comparable among cigarette-smokers and individuals using ENDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shatha A Alduraywish
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Sattam Research Chair for Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Poojdev Jhugroo
- CAP Research Ltd., 2nd Floor, Orbis Court, 132 St. Jean Road, 72218, Quatre Bornes, Mauritius
| | - Chitra Jhugroo
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Al-Hamoudi N, Alsahhaf A, Al Deeb M, Alrabiah M, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Effect of scaling and root planing on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) in the gingival crevicular fluid of electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with moderate chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2020; 50:74-82. [PMID: 32395386 PMCID: PMC7192822 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2020.50.2.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with moderate chronic periodontitis (CP). Methods Electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with CP were included in the study. Full-mouth plaque and gingival indices, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed. The GCF was collected, and its volume and levels of IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 were assessed. These parameters were evaluated at baseline and 3 months after SRP. The sample size was estimated, and comparisons between groups were performed. P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results Thirty-six electronic cigarette users (47.7±5.8 years old) and 35 non-smokers (46.5±3.4 years old) with CP were included. At baseline, there were no differences in plaque index (PI), PD, CAL, MBL, and GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 between electronic cigarette users and non-smokers. At the 3-month follow-up, there were no significant differences in PI, gingival index (GI), PD, CAL, and MBL in electronic cigarette users compared to baseline, while there were significant reductions in PI, GI, and PD among non-smokers. At the 3-month follow-up, GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in both groups (P<0.05) compared to baseline. The increases in GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in non-smokers (P<0.05) than in electronic cigarette users at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusions Levels of GCF IL-4, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13 increased after SRP in electronic cigarette users and non-smokers with CP; however, the anti-inflammatory effect of SRP was more profound in non-smokers than in electronic cigarette users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alsahhaf
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Modhi Al Deeb
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alrabiah
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Al‐Aali KA, AlHelal A, Alhamoudi N, Alhenaki AM, Javed F, Abduljabbar T. Assessment of advanced glycation end products in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid among moderate cigarette‐smokers and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2020; 22:380-386. [DOI: 10.1111/cid.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khulud A. Al‐Aali
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Ruyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz AlHelal
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science College of Dentistry, King Saud University; Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alhamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Aasem M. Alhenaki
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science College of Dentistry, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of Periodontology, Laboratory for Periodontal‐, Implant‐, Phototherapy (LA‐PIP) School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York United States
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Rochester New York United States
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science College of Dentistry, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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19
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Malik NKA, Alkadhi OH. Effectiveness of mechanical debridement with and without antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral yeasts in children with gingivitis undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101768. [PMID: 32305653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effectiveness of mechanical debridement (MD) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against oral yeasts in children with gingivitis undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy (FOT). METHODS Individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment were included. Patients were randomly divided into 2-groups. In the test-group, patients underwent MD with adjuvant aPDT; and in the control-group, patients underwent MD alone. Demographic information was recorded using a questionnaire. An ultrasonic scaler was used to perform MD and aPDT was done using methylene blue and visible light. In both groups, gingival index, unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and oral yeasts counts were measured at baseline and compared at 6-months' follow-up. Group comparisons were performed and P < 0.05 was selected as an indicator of statistical significance. RESULTS Eighteen (10 males and 8 females) and 18 individuals (9 males and 9 females) were included in the test- and control groups. The mean age of individuals in the test and control groups were 16.6 ± 0.5 and 16.8 ± 0.4 years, respectively. At 6-months' follow-up, the GI was comparable among patients in the test- and control-group. In the test-group, the CFU/ml of oral yeasts were significantly higher at baseline compared with 6-months' follow-up (P < 0.05). In the control-group, there was no statistically significant difference in the CFU/ml of oral yeasts at baseline and 6-months' follow-up. CONCLUSION aPDT is a useful adjuvant to MD in reducing whole salivary oral yeasts counts among adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment. In the sort-term, MD with and without aPDT is useful in reducing GI in adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Khalid Al Malik
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Division of Orthodontics, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omar Hamad Alkadhi
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, Division of Orthodontics, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Alghamdi O, Alrabiah M, Al-Hamoudi N, AlKindi M, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Peri-implant soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around immediately-loaded narrow-diameter implants placed in cigarette-smokers: 6-year follow-up results. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2020; 22:220-225. [PMID: 32157803 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that in the long-term, soft tissue inflammation (reflected by increased scores of peri-implant probing-depth [PD]) and crestal bone loss (CBL) is higher in cigarette-smoker than nonsmokers with narrow diameter implants (NDIs). PURPOSE The aim of the present 6-years' follow-up clinical observational study was to compare the peri-implant soft tissue inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and PD) and CBL around immediately-loaded NDIs placed in cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all groups, peri-implant GI, PI and PD were measured on six sites (distolingual/palatal, mesiolingual/palatal mesiobuccal, distobuccal, midlingual/palatal, and midbuccal) per implant. The CBL was gauged on digital bitewing x-rays, which were standardized using the long cone paralleling technique. CBL was demarcated as the vertical distance from 2 mm below the implant-abutment connection to the most crestally-positioned alveolar bone. RESULTS All study-participants were male. Twenty-six cigarette smokers and twenty-five nonsmokers were included. The mean age of cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers was 45.5 ± 10.3 and 47.4 ± 9.4 years, respectively. Cigarette-smokers had a smoking history of 10.6 ± 0.4 pack years. Family history of tobacco usage was more often reported by cigarette-smokers (57.7%) than nonsmokers (20%). All cigarette-smokers and nonsmokers were aware that smoking is a risk-factor of loss of implant. Three (11.5%) of cigarette-smokers reported that they have attempted to quit smoking and 76.9% of cigarette-smokers (n = 20) reported that they had no intention to quit smoking in the future. The peri-implant P-I (P < .01), PD (P < .01) and mesial (P < .01), and distal (P < .01) CBL were significantly high in cigarette-smokers compared with nonsmokers. There was no statistically significant difference in GI among the groups. CONCLUSION Cigarette-smoking enhances peri-implant soft tissue inflammation and increases CBL around immediately-loaded NDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Alghamdi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alrabiah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlKindi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Research Chair for Biological Research in Dental Health, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Vohra F, Bukhari IA, Sheikh SA, Albaijan R, Naseem M, Hussain M. Effectiveness of scaling and root planing with and without adjunct probiotic therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among
shamma
users and non‐users: A randomized controlled trial. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1177-1185. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science College of Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq A. Bukhari
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A. Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Refal Albaijan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science College of Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Naseem
- Department of Community And Preventive Dental sciences Dow International Dental College (DIDC) Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Hussain
- Department of Community Dentistry Karachi Medical and Dental College Karachi Pakistan
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22
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Smriti K, Ray M, Chatterjee T, Shenoy RP, Gadicherla S, Pentapati KC, Rustaqi N. Salivary MMP-9 as a Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:233-238. [PMID: 31983189 PMCID: PMC7294014 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.1.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the salivary MMP - 9 concentration among subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), tobacco users, and control groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 88 subjects were enrolled and divided into four study groups viz., OSCC (n=24), OPMD (n=20), tobacco habits (n=22), and healthy controls (n=22). All subjects gave unstimulated saliva samples for the evaluation MMP - 9 by ELISA kit. Demographic information like age, gender, type of tobacco, and duration of the habit were recorded. RESULTS Subjects with OSCC and OPMD had significantly higher mean MMP-9 levels than subjects with tobacco habits and control groups (P<0.001). Also, poorly differentiated OSCC group had significantly higher mean saliva MMP-9 than moderate and well-differentiated OSCC. The optimal cut-off point was 214.37 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 59% for OSCC versus the control group. The optimal cut-off point was as 205.87 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 54% for OPMD versus the control group. CONCLUSION The data obtained from this study indicated that OSCC and OPMD had an increased level of salivary MMP-9. Salivary MMP-9 could be a useful, non-invasive adjunct technique in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of OSCC and OPMD. <br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Smriti
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tilottama Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Revathi-Panduranga Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Gadicherla
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalyana-Chakravarthy Pentapati
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nasrullah Rustaqi
- Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Dentistry faculty of Kabul Medical University, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Mehmood A, Abduljabbar T, Al-Hamoudi N, Gholamiazizi E, Kellesarian SV, Vohra F, Javed F. Self-perceived oral symptoms and periodontal status among young intravenous heroin addicts: A cross-sectional case-control study. J Periodontol 2019. [PMID: 29520791 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is hypothesized that (a) self-perceived oral symptoms (OSs) are worse in intravenous heroin addicts (IHA) than controls; and (b) clinical periodontal inflammatory parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], PD and clinical attachment loss [AL]), number of missing teeth (MT), and radiographic marginal bone loss (MBL) are higher in IHA compared with controls. The aim was to compare the self-perceived OSs and periodontal parameters among young IHA and controls. METHODS Sociodemographic data, self-perceived OSs and duration and daily frequency of intravenous heroin use was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Full-mouth PI, BOP, PD, and clinical AL were measured, and number of MT were recorded. Mesial and distal MBL on all teeth was measured on digital radiographs. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for self-perceived OSs and periodontal parameters were assessed using the Mann Whitney U-test and logistic regression analysis. Sample-size was estimated, and level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS OR (95% CI) for self-perceived loose teeth (P < 0.001), pain in teeth (P < 0.001), dry mouth (P < 0.001), burning sensation in mouth (P < 0.001), bleeding gums (P < 0.001) and pain during chewing (P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the test than control group. Number of MT (P < 0.05), PI (P < 0.05), clinical AL (P < 0.05), and mesial (P < 0.05) and distal (P < 0.05) MBL were statistically significantly higher among individuals in the test group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Self-perceived OSs and periodontal inflammatory parameters were worse in IHA than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mehmood
- Department of Dentistry, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Eng. Abdullah Bugshan research chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Eng. Abdullah Bugshan research chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY
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Abstract
The oral cavities of tobacco smokers and users of smokeless tobacco products are exposed to high concentrations of nicotine. A limited number of animal studies have assessed the effect of nicotine on osseointegration. Results from experimental studies have reported a statistically significant decrease, at 4 weeks of follow-up, in bone-to-implant contact among rats exposed to nicotine compared with unexposed rats. Nicotine increases the production of inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) by osteoblasts. Waterpipe, pipe, and cigarette smokers are at increased risk of developing oral cancer, periodontal disease, and alveolar bone loss. One explanation for this is that smokers (regardless of the type of tobacco product) are exposed to similar chemicals, such as nicotine, tar, oxidants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. Moreover, raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been identified in the gingival crevicular fluid of cigarette smokers with peri-implant diseases. Therefore, it is hypothesized that nicotine and chemicals in tobacco smoke induce a state of oxidative stress in peri-implant tissues (gingiva and alveolar bone), thereby increasing the likelihood of peri-implant disease development via an inflammatory response, which if left uncontrolled, will result in implant failure/loss. In this regard, tobacco smoking (including cigarettes, waterpipe, and pipe) is a significant risk factor for peri-implant diseases. The impact of vaping electronic cigarettes using nicotine-containing e-juices remains unknown. Habitual use of smokeless tobacco products is associated with oral inflammatory conditions, such as oral precancer, cancer, and periodontal disease. However, the effect of habitual use of smokeless tobacco products on the success and survival of dental implants remains undocumented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Javed
- Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Dental School, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Abbasi ZA, Hadi NI, Zubairi AM, Hosein M. Salivary Interleukin 1-beta levels and clinical periodontal parameters in habitual naswar users and non-users. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:674-679. [PMID: 31258574 PMCID: PMC6572978 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.3.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Aim of our study was to assess the expression of salivary Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and clinical periodontal parameters in naswar users and non-users (controls). Methods: Eighty four individuals (forty-two naswar users and forty-two controls) were included in the study which was conducted between August 2017 and May 2018. Salivary IL-1β levels, plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was assessed in all the participants. Results: PD of 4mm (p<0.05), PD of 5-6mm (p<0.05), CAL (p<0.001) and levels of salivary IL-1β (p<0.05) were significantly higher among naswar users as compared to controls while PI, BOP and number of missing teeth showed no significant difference among the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Periodontal inflammatory conditions were worse and salivary IL-1β levels were elevated in naswar users as compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaeem Arif Abbasi
- Dr. Zaeem Arif Abbasi, BDS., Ziauddin University, 4/B, Sharah-e-Ghalib, Block 6, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naila Irum Hadi
- Prof. Dr. Naila Irum Hadi, Ph.D., M.Phil, MBBS. Islamabad Medical & Dental College, Murree Road, Satra Mile, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Mustafa Zubairi
- Dr. Adnan Mustafa Zubairi, FCPS (Chem Path), DCP, MBBS., Ziauddin University, 4/B, Sharah-e-Ghalib, Block 6, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mervyn Hosein
- Prof. Dr. Mervyn Hosein, FFDRCSI, FDSRCSE, FDSRCS, BDS., Ziauddin University, 4/B, Sharah-e-Ghalib, Block 6, Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan
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BinShabaib MS, Mehmood A, Akram Z, ALHarthi SS. Peri-implant clinical and radiographic status and whole salivary cotinine levels among cigarette and waterpipe smokers and never-smokers. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:247-252. [PMID: 29925709 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare the peri-implant clinical and radiographic inflammatory parameters and whole salivary cotinine levels among cigarette smokers (CS), waterpipe smokers (WS) and never-smokers (NS). Thirty-four CS (Group 1), 33 WS (Group 2), and 31 NS (Group 3) were included. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding-on-probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were measured, and crestal bone loss (CBL) was assessed on standardized digital radiographs. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected and whole salivary cotinine levels were measured. Peri-implant PI and PD were higher in Groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05) than in Group 3. Peri-implant BOP was significantly higher in Group 3 than in Groups 1 (P < 0.01) and 2 (P < 0.01). Peri-implant MBL was significantly higher in Groups 1 (P < 0.05) and 2 (P < 0.05) than in Group 3. There were significant differences in PI, BOP, PD, and CBL between Groups 1 and 2. There was no significant difference in the whole salivary cotinine levels in Groups 1 and 2. Peri-implant sites with plaque accumulation, PD, CBL, and whole salivary cotinine levels were higher in CS and WS than in NS, but did not differ between CS and WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munerah S BinShabaib
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
| | - Abid Mehmood
- Department of Dentistry, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre
| | - Zohaib Akram
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ziauddin University
| | - Shatha S ALHarthi
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
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Al-Hamoudi N, Abduljabbar T, Mirza S, Al-Sowygh ZH, Vohra F, Javed F, Akram Z. Non-surgical periodontal therapy reduces salivary adipocytokines in chronic periodontitis patients with and without obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:e12314. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nawwaf Al-Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences; College of Dentistry; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Mirza
- Department of Oral Pathology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ziauddin University; Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zeyad H. Al-Sowygh
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences; College of Dentistry; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences; College of Dentistry; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry; Eastman Institute for Oral Health; University of Rochester; New York NY USA
| | - Zohaib Akram
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ziauddin University; Karachi Pakistan
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Daood U, Abduljabbar T, Al‐Hamoudi N, Akram Z. Clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters and release of collagen degradation biomarkers in
naswar
dippers. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:123-130. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Daood
- Clinical Division School of Dentistry International Medical University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - T. Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences College of Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - N. Al‐Hamoudi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Z. Akram
- Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry Ziauddin University Karachi Pakistan
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Javed F, Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Malmstrom H, Rahman I, Romanos GE. Comparison of Periodontal Parameters and Self-Perceived Oral Symptoms Among Cigarette Smokers, Individuals Vaping Electronic Cigarettes, and Never-Smokers. J Periodontol 2017. [PMID: 28644108 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there are no studies that have compared periodontal parameters and self-perceived oral symptoms (OSs) among cigarette smokers (CSs) (group 1), individuals exclusively vaping electronic cigarettes (group 2), and never-smokers (NSs) (group 3). The aim of this study is to assess periodontal parameters and self-perceived OSs among vaping individuals, CSs, and NSs. METHODS Ninety-four male participants (groups 1, 2, and 3: 33, 31, and 30 individuals, respectively) were included. Demographic data, self-perceived OSs, and duration and daily frequency of vaping and smoking were gathered using a questionnaire. Full-mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm, and clinical attachment loss (AL) were measured; marginal bone loss (MBL) around all teeth was measured on digital radiographs. Numbers of missing teeth (MT) were also recorded. Odds ratios were calculated for OSs, and periodontal parameters were assessed using analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS PI (P <0.01) and PD ≥4 mm (P <0.01) were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3. BOP was significantly higher in group 3 than in groups 1 (P <0.01) and 2 (P <0.01). There was no difference in number of MT, clinical AL, and MBL among all groups. Gingival pain was more often reported by individuals in group 1 than by individuals in groups 2 (P <0.01) and 3 (P <0.01). CONCLUSION Periodontal inflammation and self-perceived OSs were poorer among CSs than among vaping individuals and NSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Dental School, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Role of mechanical curettage with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis in cigarette smokers: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:331-334. [PMID: 28457847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present 12-weeks follow-up randomized clinical trial was to investigate the outcome of mechanical curettage (MC) with or without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis in cigarette smokers. METHODS Therapeutically, subjects with peri-implant mucositis were divided into 2 groups: (a) Group-A: MC+aPDT; and (b) Group-B: MC alone (control group). In both groups, peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were gauged at baseline and after 12-weeks follow-up. Group comparisons were performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Fifty-four male patients (28 in Group-A and 26 in Group-B) were included. The mean age of individuals in groups A and B were 50.6±0.8 and 52.2±0.5years, respectively. In groups A and B the participants were smoking 16.5±2.7 and 14.2±1.7 cigarettes daily since 25.2±6.5 and 24.6±4.3years, respectively. Periimplant PI, BOP and PPD were comparable among individuals in both groups at baseline. At 12-weeks follow-up, there was a significant reduction in PI (P<0.001) and PPD (P<0.001) among patients in groups A and B compared with their respective baseline values. At 12-weeks follow-up, PI (P<0.001) and PPD (P<0.001) were significantly higher among patients in Group-B compared with Group-A (P<0.001). BOP was comparable in both groups at baseline and at 12-weeks follow-up. CONCLUSION In cigarette smokers, MC with adjunct aPDT is more effective in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis compared with MC alone.
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Al-Sowygh ZH. Efficacy of periimplant mechanical curettage with and without adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in smokeless-tobacco product users. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:260-263. [PMID: 28347865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjuvant to mechanical curettage (MC) in the treatment of periimplant mucositis in smokeless tobacco (ST) product users. METHODS Forty-eight ST product users with periimplant mucositis were randomly divided into 2 groups. In the test-group, participants underwent periimplant MC with adjunct aPDT; and in the control-group, the patients underwent MC alone. Periimplant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were measured at baseline and after 3-months of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Level of significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS At baseline, periimplant PI, BOP and PD were comparable among individuals in the test- and control groups. At 3-months follow-up, scores of periimplant PI (P<0.05), BOP (P<0.05) and PD (P<0.05) were statistically significantly higher among patients in the control-group compared with the test-group. At 3-months follow-up, the percentages of sites of PI, BOP and PD were statistically significantly higher in the control-sites as compared to the test-sites. CONCLUSION Among patients with periimplant mucositis, MC with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing periimplant inflammation in ST product users as compared to MC alone; however, the present result should be interpreted with caution as they were based on a short-term follow-up. Further long-term studies are needed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad H Al-Sowygh
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Alshehri M, Alshehri FA, Alshail F. Effect of scaling and root planing with and without adjunct use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash on whole salivary interleukin-1β levels in patients with periodontal disease: A short-term follow-up study. Interv Med Appl Sci 2017; 8:3-6. [PMID: 28250974 DOI: 10.1556/1646.7.2015.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present short-term follow-up study was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunct use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash (EOBM) on whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1beta (β) levels in patients with periodontal disease. METHODS Ninety individuals with periodontal disease were divided into two groups. Patients in group 1 underwent SRP and were instructed to rinse with 10 mL of an EOBM twice daily for 30 days. Patients in group 2 underwent SRP and were instructed to rinse with 10 mL of water twice daily for 30 days. Whole saliva samples were collected, and IL-1β levels were measured at baseline and after 60 days of treatment. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS At baseline, whole salivary IL-1β levels were comparable among patients in groups 1 (135.6 ± 13.5 μg/mL) and 2 (141.2 ± 5.4 μg/mL). After 60 days of follow-up, there is a significant decrease in whole salivary IL-1β levels among patients in group 1 (10.2 ± 6.4 μg/mL) as compared to those in group 2 (56.6 ± 10.2 μg/mL) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION SRP, when performed with adjunct use of an EOBM, is more effective in reducing whole salivary IL-1β levels as compared to when SRP is performed without the use of an EOBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alshehri
- Dental Department, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Ali Alshehri
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, King Saud University Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alshail
- Department of Dentistry, Prince Faisal Bin Fahad Bin Abdulaziz-Sports Medicine Hospital , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Abduljabbar T. Effect of mechanical debridement with adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of peri-implant diseases in type-2 diabetic smokers and non-smokers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:111-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Serum and salivary levels of chemerin and MMP-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:937-947. [PMID: 27161218 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate serum and salivary levels of chemerin and MMP-9 as early diagnostic biomarkers for patients with oral premalignant lesions (OPMLs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS This study included 45 individuals; 15 healthy control, 15 patients with OPMLs, and 15 patients with early stage OSCC. Chemerin and MMP-9 were determined in serum and saliva samples utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Serum and salivary levels of chemerin and MMP-9 in patients with OSCC were significantly higher than OPMLs and control group. Patients with OPMLs showed also elevated profiles for serum and salivary chemerin and MMP-9 compared to control group. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed that all tested biomarkers have 100 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity with area under the curve (AUC) of 1.00 in detecting early stage OSCC and OPMLs. In distinguishing OSCC from OPMLs, salivary MMP-9, serum chemerin, and salivary chemerin showed AUC of 0.99, 0.92, and 0.88, respectively, showing higher sensitivity and specificity compared with serum MMP-9 (AUC; 0.6) which failed to differentiate between the two conditions. CONCLUSION Chemerin and MMP-9 might be considered as salivary diagnostic biomarkers for OPMLs and early detection of OSCC and also for detecting early cancerization of OPMLs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This research implied that salivary chemerin was a novel diagnostic factor for patients with OPML and early stage OSCC patients, and chemerin could be a new therapeutic target for regulating cancer angiogenesis and blocking malignization of OPMLs.
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Al Amri MD, Kellesarian SV, Al-Kheraif AA, Malmstrom H, Javed F, Romanos GE. Effect of oral hygiene maintenance on HbA1c levels and peri-implant parameters around immediately-loaded dental implants placed in type-2 diabetic patients: 2 years follow-up. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 27:1439-1443. [PMID: 26756309 DOI: 10.1111/clr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present 2-year follow-up study was to assess the effect of oral hygiene maintenance on hemoglobin Alc (HbA1c) levels and peri-implant parameters around immediately-loaded dental implants placed in type-2 diabetic patients with varying glycemic levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-one individuals were divided into three groups. In group 1, 30 systemically healthy individuals were included (HbA1c < 6%). Patients in group 2 and 3, comprised of 30 patients with T2DM (HbA1c 6.1-8%); and 31 patients with T2DM (HbA1c 8.1-10%) respectively. In all groups, patients received immediately loaded bone level implants. All participants were enrolled in a 6 monthly periodontal/peri-implant maintenance program. Peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and marginal bone loss (MBL) were measured at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS Mean preoperative HbA1c levels in patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 4.5%, 6.8%, and 8.7% respectively. In group-1, there was no significant difference in HbA1c levels at all follow-up durations. Among patients in groups 2 and 3, there was a significant decrease in HbA1c levels at 24-months follow-up than 6-months follow-up. At 6 months follow-up, BOP, PD, and MBL were significantly higher among patients in group-3 than group-1. At 12 and 24 months follow-up, there was no significant difference in BOP, PD, and MBL in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Oral hygiene maintenance reduces hyperglycemia and peri-implant inflammatory parameters around immediately loaded dental implants placed in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad D Al Amri
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergio Varela Kellesarian
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Abdulaziz A Al-Kheraif
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans Malmstrom
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Georgios E Romanos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, Dental School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Alshehri M, Alshail F, Alqahtani SH, Aloriny TS, Alsharif A, Kujan O. Short-term effects of scaling and root planing with or without adjunctive use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers. Interv Med Appl Sci 2015; 7:114-7. [PMID: 26524971 DOI: 10.1556/1646.7.2015.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present short-term follow-up study was to assess the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) with or without adjunctive use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers. METHODS In total, 120 individuals were divided into 2 groups. In Group-1, 60 smokers with periodontal inflammation received SRP alone; and in Group-2, 60 smokers with periodontal inflammation received adjunct essential-oil mouthwash therapy. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding-on-probing [BOP], and probing pocket depth [PD] ≥ 4 mm) were assessed at baseline and after 90 days of treatment. RESULTS There was no significant difference in periodontal parameters (PI, BOP, and PD ≥ 4 mm) among participants in Group-1 and -2. Participants in both groups showed significant reductions in PI (P < 0.01), BOP (P < 0.01), and PD ≥ 4 mm (P < 0.01) at follow-up compared to baseline. At 90 days of follow-up, PI (P < 0.05), BOP (P < 0.05), and PD ≥ 4 mm (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in Group-1 compared to Group-2. CONCLUSIONS SRP with adjunct essential-oil mouthwash therapy is more effective in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in smokers as compared to when SRP is performed alone.
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Alshehri M, Alshail F, Aldosary KM, Alamri AA. Comparison of an essential-oil-based oral rinse and chlorhexidine as adjuncts to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontal inflammation. Interv Med Appl Sci 2015; 7:78-84. [PMID: 26120480 DOI: 10.1556/1646.7.2015.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present short-term follow-up study was to compare the effects of an essential oil (EO)-based oral rinse and chlorhexidine as adjuncts to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontal inflammation. METHODS In Group-1, SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse with EO-based oral rinse; in Group-2, SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse with chlorhexidine; and in Group-3, SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse with water. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding-on-probing [BOP], and probing pocket depth [PPD] ≥ 4 mm) were assessed at baseline and after 7 and 30 days. RESULTS In all groups, periodontal parameters (PI, BOP, and PPD ≥ 4 mm) were comparable at baseline. In Groups-1 and -2, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < 0.01), BOP (P < 0.01), and PD ≥ 4 mm after 7 days and 30 days of follow-up than baseline. In Group-3, there was a significant reduction in PI (P < 0.01) and BOP (P < 0.01) after 7 days of follow-up compared to baseline. There was no difference in periodontal parameters after 7 days and 30 days of follow-up in Groups-1 and -2. CONCLUSION EO-based oral rinses and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) are acceptable adjuncts to SRP in the treatment of periodontal inflammation.
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