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Wu J, Ding X, Pang Y, Liu Q, Lei J, Zhang H, Zhang T. Research advance of occupational exposure risks and toxic effects of semiconductor nanomaterials. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38837250 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconductor nanomaterials, as one of the most promising and applied classes of engineered nanomaterials, have been widely used in industries such as photovoltaics, electronic devices, and biomedicine. However, occupational exposure is unavoidable during the production, use, and disposal stages of products containing these materials, thus posing potential health risks to workers. The intricacies of the work environment present challenges in obtaining comprehensive data on such exposure. Consequently, there remains a significant gap in understanding the exposure risks and toxic effects associated with semiconductor nanomaterials. This paper provides an overview of the current classification and applications of typical semiconductor nanomaterials. It also delves into the existing state of occupational exposure, methodologies for exposure assessment, and prevailing occupational exposure limits. Furthermore, relevant epidemiological studies are examined. Subsequently, the review scrutinizes the toxicity of semiconductor nanomaterials concerning target organ toxicity, toxicity mechanisms, and influencing factors. The aim of this review is to lay the groundwork for enhancing the assessment of occupational exposure to semiconductor nanomaterials, optimizing occupational exposure limits, and promoting environmentally sustainable development practices in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Chen Q, Yi S, Yang L, Zhu L. Penetration pathways, influencing factors and predictive models for dermal absorption of exobiotic molecules: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172390. [PMID: 38608904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive summary of the skin penetration pathways of xenobiotics, including metals, organic pollutants, and nanoparticles (NPs), with a particular focus on the methodologies employed to elucidate these penetration routes. The impacts of the physicochemical properties of exogenous substances and the properties of solvent carriers on the penetration efficiencies were discussed. Furthermore, the review outlines the steady-state and transient models for predicting the skin permeability of xenobiotics, emphasizing the models which enable realistic visualization of pharmaco-kinetic phenomena via detailed geometric representations of the skin microstructure, such as stratum corneum (SC) (bricks and mortar) and skin appendages (hair follicles and sebaceous gland units). Limitations of published research, gaps in current knowledge, and recommendations for future research are highlighted, providing insight for a better understanding of the skin penetration behavior of xenobiotics and associated health risks in practical application contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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Huang C, Chiang SYV, Gawkrodger DJ. The contribution of metal allergy to the failure of metal alloy implants, with special reference to titanium: Current knowledge and controversies. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:201-210. [PMID: 38148670 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
After almost three-quarters of a century during which contact dermatologists have often struggled to comprehend the relationship between metal allergy and failure of metal-alloy containing implant, it is possible to say that a relationship does exist, particularly for cobalt and chromium, but also for nickel. There is still debate as to whether allergy develops as a consequent of failure but thenceforth contributes to it, or whether sensitisation starts first and induces failure secondarily-opinion probably favours the first. Metal-on-polypropylene articulations were associated with few metal allergic problems but now are less favoured by orthopaedists due to plastic wear products causing osteolysis and pseudotumour formation through local inflammation. New metal alloys are regularly being introduced such that interested dermatologists need to stay on top of the situation. The jury is still out as to whether the recent favouring of titanium-containing alloys will confirm them to be more inert allergenically. Case reports do show some clinical reactions to titanium-containing implants and patch test series have inferred sometimes quite a high background rate of allergy, but interpretation must be tempered by the awareness that titanium salts on patch testing have a tendency to cause irritant reactions. Blood monitoring of metal ion values is now recommended in certain situations after joint replacement and increasing levels may be an indication that allergy with joint failure can develop, in which case patch testing is indicated, and suggested series are available. Predictive patch testing, whilst generally not recommended in the past, has been introduced into some protocols often by non-dermatologists, such that it is now needed for temporo-mandibular joint and Nuss bar insertion, and it can be anticipated that this may become more commonplace in the future. One of the major current deficits for patch testers is standardised guidance on which preparation or preparations to use for suspected titanium allergy. One suggestion is 0.5% titanium sulphate in petrolatum, though experience in at least one centre suggests the use of a battery of titanium salts might be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Huang
- Calderdale Royal Hospital, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Halifax, UK
| | - Shu Yu Vanessa Chiang
- Calderdale Royal Hospital, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Halifax, UK
| | - David J Gawkrodger
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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AFŞAR O, OLTULU Ç. Evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human embryonic lung cells. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:1648-1657. [PMID: 38813501 PMCID: PMC10760577 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in a variety of products, including sunscreens, paints, and ceramics. However, their increasing use has raised concerns about their potential health risks. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been shown to have the ability to enter the bloodstream and accumulate in various tissues, reaching the fetus via the placenta. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on a human embryonic lung cell line (HEL 299/An1) and the formation of oxidative DNA damage. Materials and methods The cytotoxic effects of brookite-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles (<100 nm) were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for 24 and 48 h. Cell titanium levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Oxidative DNA damage was assessed by measuring the levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a biomarker. Results Titanium dioxide nanoparticles caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HEL 299/An1 cells. The IC50 values were 25.93 μM and 0.054 μM after 24 h and 48 h of exposure, respectively. Cell titanium levels were found to be 25,967 ppb after 24 h and 210,353 ppb after 48 h (p < 0.01). 8-OHdG was detected at 32.96 ng/mL after 24 h of exposure and 17.89 ng/mL after 48 h of exposure. Conclusion In our study, it was shown that titanium nanoparticles caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in human embryonic lung cells. The nanoparticles also accumulated in cells and were taken up in higher amounts after 48 h of exposure. These findings suggest that titanium dioxide nanoparticles may pose a health risk, especially for pregnant women who may not be aware of their pregnancy. Therefore, it is important to take preventive measures to reduce exposure to these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olkan AFŞAR
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne,
Turkiye
| | - Çağatay OLTULU
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, Edirne,
Turkiye
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Saweres-Argüelles C, Ramírez-Novillo I, Vergara-Barberán M, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Lerma-García MJ, Simó-Alfonso EF. Skin absorption of inorganic nanoparticles and their toxicity: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 182:128-140. [PMID: 36549398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of inorganic nanoparticles in our society is increasing every day, from its use in sunscreens to their introduction in analytical laboratories, pharmacy, medicine, agricultural and other uses. Therefore, in order to establish precautions as well as correct handling of this type of material by operators, it is important to determine the ability of these compounds to travel through the different layers of the skin and to study their possible toxicological effects. In this sense, several authors have studied the ability of inorganic nanoparticles to penetrate the skin barrier by diverse methodologies in in vivo and in vitro modes. In the first case, most of the studies have been performed with animal skins that can imitate the human one (porcine, mouse and guinea pigs, among others), although human skin from surgery have been also explored. However, the use of animals is a common model that should be avoided in the following years due to ethical issues. In this sense, the use of in vitro methodologies is also usually selected to study the dermal absorption of nanoparticles through the skin. Nevertheless, most of the studies are performed with authentic animal skins, instead of the use of synthetic skins that imitate the permeability of our skin system, which has been scarcely studied. In addition, most of the literature is focused in achieving high-transdermal uptake to use nanoparticles (not only inorganic) as carriers for drugs, but little efforts have been done in the study of their inherent percutaneous absorption and toxicity. For these reasons, this review covers the current state-of-the-art of dermal absorption of inorganic nanoparticles in skin and their possible toxicity taking into account that people can be in contact with these nanomaterials in daily life, work or other places. In this sense, the observed results showed that the nanoparticles rarely reach the blood circulatory system, and no big toxicological effects were commonly found when in vivo and actual skin was used. In addition, similar results were found when synthetic skins were used, demonstrating the possibility of avoiding animals in these studies. In any case, more studies covering the dermal absorption of nanoparticles should be performed to have a better understanding of how nanoparticles can affect our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Saweres-Argüelles
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Icíar Ramírez-Novillo
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Vergara-Barberán
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Javier Carrasco-Correa
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Lerma-García
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ernesto Francisco Simó-Alfonso
- CLECEM Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Nanoparticles for Topical Application in the Treatment of Skin Dysfunctions-An Overview of Dermo-Cosmetic and Dermatological Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415980. [PMID: 36555619 PMCID: PMC9780930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NM) arouse interest in various fields of science and industry due to their composition-tunable properties and the ease of modification. They appear currently as components of many consumer products such as sunscreen, dressings, sports clothes, surface-cleaning agents, computer devices, paints, as well as pharmaceutical and cosmetics formulations. The use of NPs in products for topical applications improves the permeation/penetration of the bioactive compounds into deeper layers of the skin, providing a depot effect with sustained drug release and specific cellular and subcellular targeting. Nanocarriers provide advances in dermatology and systemic treatments. Examples are a non-invasive method of vaccination, advanced diagnostic techniques, and transdermal drug delivery. The mechanism of action of NPs, efficiency of skin penetration, and potential threat to human health are still open and not fully explained. This review gives a brief outline of the latest nanotechnology achievements in products used in topical applications to prevent and treat skin diseases. We highlighted aspects such as the penetration of NPs through the skin (influence of physical-chemical properties of NPs, the experimental models for skin penetration, methods applied to improve the penetration of NPs through the skin, and methods applied to investigate the skin penetration by NPs). The review summarizes various therapies using NPs to diagnose and treat skin diseases (melanoma, acne, alopecia, vitiligo, psoriasis) and anti-aging and UV-protectant nano-cosmetics.
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Li J, Dong J, Huang Y, Su J, Xie Y, Wu Y, Tang W, Li Y, Huang W, Chen C. Aggregation Kinetics of TiO 2 Nanoparticles in Human and Artificial Sweat Solutions: Effects of Particle Properties and Sweat Constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17153-17165. [PMID: 36242560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dermal penetration potentials of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) may be affected by aggregation upon contact with sweat. This study investigated the aggregation kinetics of three TiO2 NPs in thirty human sweat samples and four artificial sweat standards. Effects of particle concentration, sweat type, and inorganic (sodium chloride, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate) and organic (l-histidine, lactic acid, and urea) constituents were examined. Three TiO2 NPs remained colloidally stable in >20/30 human sweat samples and showed significant negative correlations (P < 0.01) between aggregation rates and |zeta potentials|. They aggregated rapidly over 20 min to >750 nm in three artificial sweat standards, while remained more stable in the International-Standard-Organization-pH-5.5 standard. Aggregation behaviors of three TiO2 NPs mostly followed the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, allowing for determining their critical coagulation concentrations in inorganic constituents (15-491 mM) and Hamaker constants (3.3-7.9 × 10-21 J). Higher concentrations of particles, inorganic constituents, and l-histidine destabilized three TiO2 NPs, whereas urea inhibited aggregation. Three TiO2 NPs adsorbed organic sweat constituents via complexation with amino or carboxyl groups, with isotherms following the Langmuir model. Correlation analyses further suggested that the adsorbed organic constituents may stabilize three TiO2 NPs against aggregation in sweat by steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiawei Dong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yanshan Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jiana Su
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yundang Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wei Tang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Chengyu Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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Environmental Fate and Toxicity of Sunscreen-Derived Inorganic Ultraviolet Filters in Aquatic Environments: A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040699. [PMID: 35215026 PMCID: PMC8876643 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of inorganic ultraviolet filters (UVFs), such as nanosized zinc oxide (nZnO) and titanium dioxide (nTiO2), are formulated in sunscreens because of their broad UV spectrum sunlight protection and because they limit skin damage. However, sunscreen-derived inorganic UVFs are considered to be emerging contaminants; in particular, nZnO and nTiO2 UVFs have been shown to undergo absorption and bioaccumulation, release metal ions, and generate reactive oxygen species, which cause negative effects on aquatic organisms. We comprehensively reviewed the current study status of the environmental sources, occurrences, behaviors, and impacts of sunscreen-derived inorganic UVFs in aquatic environments. We find that the associated primary nanoparticle characteristics and coating materials significantly affect the environmental behavior and fate of inorganic UVFs. The consequential ecotoxicological risks and underlying mechanisms are discussed at the individual and trophic transfer levels. Due to their persistence and bioaccumulation, more attention and efforts should be redirected to investigating the sources, fate, and trophic transfer of inorganic UVFs in ecosystems.
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Peito S, Peixoto D, Ferreira-Faria I, Margarida Martins A, Margarida Ribeiro H, Veiga F, Marto J, Cláudia Santos A. Nano- and microparticle-stabilized Pickering emulsions designed for topical therapeutics and cosmetic applications. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121455. [PMID: 35031412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions are systems composed of two immiscible fluids, which are stabilized by solid organic or inorganic particles. These solid particles include a broad range of particles that can be used to stabilize Pickering emulsions. An improved resistance against coalescence and lower toxicity, against conventional emulsions stabilized by surfactants, make Pickering emulsions suitable candidates for numerous applications, such as catalysis, food, oil recovery, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this article, we give an overview of Pickering emulsions focusing on topical applications. First, we reference the parameters that influence the stabilization of Pickering emulsions. Second, we discuss some of the already investigated topical applications of nano- and microparticles used to stabilize Pickering emulsions. Afterwards, we consider some of the most promising stabilizers of Pickering emulsions for topical applications. Ultimately, we carried out a brief analysis of toxicity and advances in future perspectives, highlighting the promising use of these emulsions in cosmetics and dermopharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Peito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Ferreira-Faria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Martins
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Margarida Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicine (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Kim SH, Park MK, Seol JK, Im JM, Park HS, Seo HS, Park HJ, Nah SS. Evaluation of potential eye or skin irritation/corrosion in rabbit exposed to TiO2 photocatalyst (GST). Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2021; 36:e2021022-0. [PMID: 34583464 PMCID: PMC8598404 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2021022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TiO2 NPs photocatalyst is widely used in a variety of applications and products in the environmental and energy fields, including self-cleaning surfaces, air and water purification systems, sterilization, hydrogen evolution, and photoelectrochemical conversion. The possible biological and safety effects of TiO2 dermal exposure and absorption have not been well studied and more investigations on the potential health hazards of the TiO2 are needed. This study aimed to investigate potential effect of local lesions (eye and skin irritation/corrosion) for new TiO2 material powder, GST produced through sludge recycling of the sewage treatment plant in according to the OECD test guideline (TG 404, 405) and imaging evaluation (micro-computed tomography analysis), histopathology examination. Also, P-25, commercial photocatalyst was used to compare with GST. For the eye or skin irritation/corrosion test, the test substances (GST, P-25) showed no irritation/corrosion for local lesions and the GHS category was identified as a "No hazard class". The imaging analysis indicated that GST did not penetrate or distribute in the local lesions (eye, skin) and the treatment-related effect was not observed in histopathology. Therefore, the present study revealed that new TiO2 powder, GST was considered to be no potential effects (irritation/corrosion), penetration or distribution in the local lesions (eye, skin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Kim
- Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 12-63, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong kyu Park
- Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 12-63, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Kyung Seol
- Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 12-63, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Im
- Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 12-63, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Sung Park
- Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 12-63, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Sik Seo
- Healthcare Research Institute, Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR), 12-63, Sandan-gil, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Park
- Research Laboratory, Bentech Frontier Co. Ltd., Nanosandan-ro, Nam-myeon, Jangseong, Jeollanam-do, 57248,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soon Nah
- Division of Environment & Health, Korea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyukwon-ro, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13810,
Republic of Korea
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11
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Sunscreens and their usefulness: have we made any progress in the last two decades? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:189-244. [PMID: 33721254 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens have now been around for decades to mitigate the Sun's damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation which, although essential for the existence of life, is a recognized prime carcinogen. Accordingly, have suncreams achieved their intended purposes towards protection against sunburns, skin photo-ageing and the like? Most importantly, however, have they provided the expected protection against skin cancers that current sunscreen products claim to do? In the last two decades, there have been tens, if not hundreds of studies on sunscreens with respect to skin protection against UVB (280‒320 nm)-traditionally sunscreens with rather low sun protection factors (SPF) were intended to protect against this type of radiation-and UVA (320‒400 nm) radiation; a distinction between SPF and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) is made. Many of the studies of the last two decades have focused on protection against the more skin-penetrating UVA radiation. This non-exhaustive article reviews some of the important facets of what is currently known about sunscreens with regard (i) to the physical UV filters titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) and the mostly photo-unstable chemical UVB/UVA filters (e.g., octinoxate (OMC) and avobenzone (AVO), among others), (ii) to novel chemical sunscreen agents, (iii) to means that minimize the breakdown of chemical filters and improve their stability when exposed to UV sunlight, (iv) to SPF factors, and (v) to a short discussion on non-melanoma skin cancers and melanoma. Importantly, throughout the article we allude to the safety aspects of sunscreens and at the end ask the question: do active ingredients in sunscreen products pose a risk to human health, and what else can be done to enhance protection? Significant loss of skin protection from two well-known commercial suncreams when exposed to simulated UV sunlight. Cream I: titanium dioxide, ethylhexyl triazone, avobenzone, and octinoxate; Cream II: octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, avobenzone, and octinoxate.
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12
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Gimeno-Benito I, Giusti A, Dekkers S, Haase A, Janer G. A review to support the derivation of a worst-case dermal penetration value for nanoparticles. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 119:104836. [PMID: 33249100 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data on dermal penetration of nanoparticles (NPs) was reviewed with the goal to establish a worst-case dermal penetration value for NPs. To this aim, the main focus was on studies providing quantitative dermal penetration data (29 studies). In vivo dermal penetration studies and ex vivo studies based on skin explants were included. These studies used NPs with different compositions, dimensions, and shapes. The overall results showed that skin is an efficient barrier for NPs, indistinctly of their properties. However, some studies reported that a small percentage of the applied NP dose penetrated the skin surface and reached deeper skin layers. The integrity of the skin layer and the product formulation were more critical determinants of dermal penetration than the NP properties. Most quantitative studies were based on elemental analysis such that it cannot be concluded if detected levels are attributable to a dissolved fraction or to the penetration of particles as such. Results of qualitative imaging studies suggest that at least a fraction of the levels reported in quantitative studies could be due to particle penetration. Altogether, based on the data compiled, we propose that 1% could be used as a worst-case dermal penetration value for nanoparticles within the boundaries of the properties of those included in our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Giusti
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max- Dohrn- Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max- Dohrn- Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gemma Janer
- Leitat Technological Center, Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa, Spain.
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13
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Bansal J, Swami SK, Tabassum R, Sharma SN, Hafiz AK. Encapsulation of Cu-doped TiO2 nanocomposites with the understanding of weak photocatalytic properties for sunscreen applications. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2020.1841653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bansal
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rana Tabassum
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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14
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Vilas-Boas V, Vinken M. Hepatotoxicity induced by nanomaterials: mechanisms and in vitro models. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:27-52. [PMID: 33155068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unique physicochemical properties of materials at nanoscale have opened a plethora of opportunities for applications in the pharmaceutical and medical field, but also in consumer products from food and cosmetics industries. As a consequence, daily human exposure to nanomaterials through distinct routes is considerable and, therefore, may raise health concerns. Many nanomaterials have been described to accumulate and induce adversity in the liver. Among these, silica and some types of metallic nanoparticles are the most broadly used in consumer products and, therefore, the most studied and reported. The reviewed literature was collected from PubMed.gov during the month of March 2020 using the search words "nanomaterials induced hepatotoxicity", which yielded 181 papers. This present paper reviews the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials described in in vitro and in vivo studies, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. The induction of oxidative stress and inflammation are the manifestations of toxicity most frequently reported following exposure of cells or animal models to different nanomaterials. Furthermore, the available in vitro models for the evaluation of the hepatotoxic effects of nanomaterials are discussed, highlighting the continuous interest in the development of more advanced and reliable in vitro models for nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Markowska-Szczupak A, Endo-Kimura M, Paszkiewicz O, Kowalska E. Are Titania Photocatalysts and Titanium Implants Safe? Review on the Toxicity of Titanium Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102065. [PMID: 33086609 PMCID: PMC7603142 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its compounds are broadly used in both industrial and domestic products, including jet engines, missiles, prostheses, implants, pigments, cosmetics, food, and photocatalysts for environmental purification and solar energy conversion. Although titanium/titania-containing materials are usually safe for human, animals and environment, increasing concerns on their negative impacts have been postulated. Accordingly, this review covers current knowledge on the toxicity of titania and titanium, in which the behaviour, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and environmental impacts have been discussed in detail, considering both light and dark conditions. Consequently, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i) titania photocatalysts rarely cause health and environmental problems; (ii) despite the lack of proof, the possible carcinogenicity of titania powders to humans is considered by some authorities; (iii) titanium alloys, commonly applied as implant materials, possess a relatively low health risk; (iv) titania microparticles are less toxic than nanoparticles, independent of the means of exposure; (v) excessive accumulation of titanium in the environment cannot be ignored; (vi) titanium/titania-containing products should be clearly marked with health warning labels, especially for pregnant women and young children; (vi) a key knowledge gap is the lack of comprehensive data about the environmental content and the influence of titania/titanium on biodiversity and the ecological functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Markowska-Szczupak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
| | - Maya Endo-Kimura
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
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16
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Klein AL, Lubda M, Skov PS, Vogt A, Keck CM, Lademann J, Beckers I, von Hagen J, Patzelt A. Investigation of transfollicular caffeine penetration using microdialysis on ex vivo porcine ear skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 157:1-8. [PMID: 33022388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an ex vivo method that allows to quantify the transfollicular penetration of topically applied substances by combining microdialysis and selective follicular closure with varnish. An experimental setup with three skin areas on ex vivo intact porcine ear skin was designed (varnish on hair follicle, varnish next to hair follicle, no varnish). On each area, 10 µl/cm2 caffeine-hydroxyethyl-cellulose-gel was applied. Samples were collected for 22 h by microdialysis. After sampling, the skin layers were separated, homogenized and caffeine was quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in all samples. Potential impact of the varnish placed next to the follicle by tension on the follicle during the drying process was monitored by a microscopic setup and could be excluded. The microdialysis and homogenization study showed a significantly reduced penetration of caffeine when the hair follicles were closed. In areas with open hair follicles caffeine was detected already in the first ten minutes after application. The reported novel combination of two methods is suitable to investigate ex vivo transfollicular penetration. Possible impact of the closure material in the control area can be ruled out by adjusting the design of the control area in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Per Stahl Skov
- RefLab ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Annika Vogt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexa Patzelt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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17
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Hussain Z, Thu HE, Haider M, Khan S, Sohail M, Hussain F, Khan FM, Farooq MA, Shuid AN. A review of imperative concerns against clinical translation of nanomaterials: Unwanted biological interactions of nanomaterials cause serious nanotoxicity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Manigrasso M, Protano C, Vitali M, Avino P. Where Do Ultrafine Particles and Nano-Sized Particles Come From? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1371-1390. [PMID: 31006689 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the literature studies on the sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs), nanomaterials (NMs), and nanoparticles (NPs) occurring in indoor (occupational and residential) and outdoor environments. Information on the relevant emission factors, particle concentrations, size, and compositions is provided, and health relevance of UFPs and NPs is discussed. Particular attention is focused on the fraction of particles that upon inhalation deposit on the olfactory bulb, because these particles can possibly translocate to brain and their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases is an important issue emerging in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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19
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AKÇAN R, AYDOGAN HC, YILDIRIM MŞ, TAŞTEKİN B, SAĞLAM N. Nanotoxicity: a challenge for future medicine. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1180-1196. [PMID: 32283898 PMCID: PMC7379444 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1912-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Due to nanomaterials’ potential benefits for diagnosis and treatment, they are widely used in medical applications and personal care products. Interaction of nanomaterials, which are very small in size, with tissue, cell and microenvironment, can reveal harmful effects that cannot be created with chemically identical and larger counterparts in biological organisms. In this review, a challenge for future medicine, nanotoxicity of nanomaterials is discussed. Materials and methods A detailed review of related literature was performed and evaluated as per medical applications of nanomaterials their toxicity. Results and conclusion Most authors state “the only valid technology will be nanotechnology in the next era”; however, there is no consensus on the impact of this technology on humankind, environment and ecological balance. Studies dealing with the toxic effect of nanomaterials on human health have also varied with developing technology. Nanotoxicology studies such as in vivo-like on 3D human organs, cells, advanced genetic studies, and -omic approaches begin to replace conventional methods. Nanotoxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials in exposed producers, industry workers, and patients make nanomaterials a double-edged sword for future medicine. In order to control and tackle related risks, regulation and legislations should be implemented, and researchers have to conduct joint multidisciplinary studies in various fields of medical sciences, nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan AKÇAN
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Halit Canberk AYDOGAN
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Mahmut Şerif YILDIRIM
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, AfyonkarahisarTurkey
| | - Burak TAŞTEKİN
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Necdet SAĞLAM
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
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20
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Sanches PL, Geaquinto LRDO, Cruz R, Schuck DC, Lorencini M, Granjeiro JM, Ribeiro ARL. Toxicity Evaluation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles on the 3D Skin Model: A Systematic Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:575. [PMID: 32587852 PMCID: PMC7298140 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are regularly used in sunscreens because of their photoprotective capacity. The advantage of using TiO2 on the nanometer scale is due to its transparency and better UV blocking efficiency. Due to the greater surface area/volume ratio, NPs become more (bio)-reactive giving rise to concerns about their potential toxicity. To evaluate the irritation and corrosion of cosmetics, 3D skin models have been used as an alternative method to animal experimentation. However, it is not known if this model is appropriate to study skin irritation, corrosion and phototoxicity of nanomaterials such as TiO2 NPs. This systematic review (SR) proposed the following question: Can the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles be evaluated in a 3D skin model? This SR was conducted according to the Preliminary Report on Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The protocol was registered in CAMARADES and the ToxRTool evaluation was performed in order to increase the quality and transparency of this search. In this SR, 7 articles were selected, and it was concluded that the 3D skin model has shown to be promising to evaluate the toxicity of TiO2 NPs. However, most studies have used biological assays that have already been described as interfering with these NPs, demonstrating that misinterpretations can be obtained. This review will focus in the possible efforts that should be done in order to avoid interference of NPs with biological assays applied in 3D in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Laviola Sanches
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Luths Raquel de Oliveira Geaquinto
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Cruz
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Directory of Metrology Applied to Life Sciences, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Lopes Ribeiro
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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21
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Musial J, Krakowiak R, Mlynarczyk DT, Goslinski T, Stanisz BJ. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products-What Do We Know about Their Safety? NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1110. [PMID: 32512703 PMCID: PMC7353154 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a material of diverse applications commonly used as a food additive or cosmetic ingredient. Its prevalence in products of everyday use, especially in nanosize, raises concerns about safety. Current findings on the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) used as a food additive or a sunscreen compound are reviewed and systematized in this publication. Although some studies state that TiO2 NPs are not harmful to humans through ingestion or via dermal exposure, there is a considerable number of data that demonstrated their toxic effects in animal models. The final agreement on the safety of this nanomaterial has not yet been reached among researchers. There is also a lack of official, standardized guidelines for thorough characterization of TiO2 NPs in food and cosmetic products, provided by international authorities. Recent advances in the application of 'green-synthesized' TiO2 NPs, as well as comparative studies of the properties of 'biogenic' and 'traditional' nanoparticles, are presented. To conclude, perspectives and directions for further studies on the toxicity of TiO2 NPs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Musial
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Rafal Krakowiak
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Dariusz T. Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Beata J. Stanisz
- Chair and Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (T.G.)
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22
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Braakhuis HM, Gosens I, Heringa MB, Oomen AG, Vandebriel RJ, Groenewold M, Cassee FR. Mechanism of Action of TiO 2: Recommendations to Reduce Uncertainties Related to Carcinogenic Potential. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:203-223. [PMID: 32284010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-101419-100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Risk Assessment Committee of the European Chemicals Agency issued an opinion on classifying titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a suspected human carcinogen upon inhalation. Recent animal studies indicate that TiO2 may be carcinogenic through the oral route. There is considerable uncertainty on the carcinogenicity of TiO2, which may be decreased if its mechanism of action becomes clearer. Here we consider adverse outcome pathways and present the available information on each of the key events (KEs). Inhalation exposure to TiO2 can induce lung tumors in rats via a mechanism that is also applicable to other poorly soluble, low-toxicity particles. To reduce uncertainties regarding human relevance, we recommend gathering information on earlier KEs such as oxidative stress in humans. For oral exposure, insufficient information is available to conclude whether TiO2 can induce intestinal tumors. An oral carcinogenicity study with well-characterized (food-grade) TiO2 is needed, including an assessment of toxicokinetics and early KEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Minne B Heringa
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; .,Current affiliation: Reckitt Benckiser, 1118 BH Schiphol, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Monique Groenewold
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; .,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Robinson G, McMichael A, Wang SQ, Lim HW. Sunscreen and frontal fibrosing alopecia: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:723-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Touloumes GJ, Ardoña HAM, Casalino EK, Zimmerman JF, Chantre CO, Bitounis D, Demokritou P, Parker KK. Mapping 2D- and 3D-distributions of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles within cleared human ex vivo skin tissues. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:100208. [PMID: 33251378 PMCID: PMC7687853 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of commercial skincare products are being manufactured with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), prompting a need to fully understand how ENMs interact with the dermal barrier as a major biodistribution entry route. Although animal studies show that certain nanomaterials can cross the skin barrier, physiological differences between human and animal skin, such as the lack of sweat glands, limit the translational validity of these results. Current optical microscopy methods have limited capabilities to visualize ENMs within human skin tissues due to the high amount of background light scattering caused by the dense, ubiquitous extracellular matrix (ECM) of the skin. Here, we hypothesized that organic solvent-based tissue clearing ("immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs", or "iDISCO") would reduce background light scattering from the extracellular matrix of the skin to sufficiently improve imaging contrast for both 2D mapping of unlabeled metal oxide ENMs and 3D mapping of fluorescent nanoparticles. We successfully mapped the 2D distribution of label-free TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in cleared skin sections using correlated signals from darkfield, brightfield, and confocal microscopy, as well as micro-spectroscopy. Specifically, hyperspectral microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity of label-free ENMs which we mapped within human skin sections. We also measured the 3D distribution of fluorescently labeled Ag nanoparticles in cleared skin biopsies with wounded epidermal layers using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Overall, this study explores a novel strategy for quantitatively mapping ENM distributions in cleared ex vivo human skin tissue models using multiple imaging modalities. By improving the imaging contrast, we present label-free 2D ENM tracking and 3D ENM mapping as promising capabilities for nanotoxicology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Touloumes
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Evan K. Casalino
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - John F. Zimmerman
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Christophe O. Chantre
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
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25
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Roach KA, Stefaniak AB, Roberts JR. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:87-124. [PMID: 31195861 PMCID: PMC6649684 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1605553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in incorporation of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials into consumer products and their corresponding use in occupational settings have raised concerns over the potential for metals to induce size-specific adverse toxicological effects. Although nano-metals have been shown to induce greater lung injury and inflammation than their larger metal counterparts, their size-related effects on the immune system and allergic disease remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly concerning since metals are historically recognized as common inducers of allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and allergic adjuvancy. The investigation into the potential for adverse immune effects following exposure to metal nanomaterials is becoming an area of scientific interest since these characteristically lightweight materials are easily aerosolized and inhaled, and their small size may allow for penetration of the skin, which may promote unique size-specific immune effects with implications for allergic disease. Additionally, alterations in physicochemical properties of metals in the nano-scale greatly influence their interactions with components of biological systems, potentially leading to implications for inducing or exacerbating allergic disease. Although some research has been directed toward addressing these concerns, many aspects of metal nanomaterial-induced immune effects remain unclear. Overall, more scientific knowledge exists in regards to the potential for metal nanomaterials to exacerbate allergic disease than to their potential to induce allergic disease. Furthermore, effects of metal nanomaterial exposure on respiratory allergy have been more thoroughly-characterized than their potential influence on dermal allergy. Current knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials and their potential to induce/exacerbate dermal and respiratory allergy are summarized in this review. In addition, an examination of several remaining knowledge gaps and considerations for future studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
- b School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division (RHD) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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26
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Biosynthesis of size-controlled gold nanoparticles using M. lucida leaf extract and their penetration studies on human skin for plastic surgery applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111591. [PMID: 31514102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, majority of the studies were focusing on the nanoparticles (NPs) and their abilities of penetrating Stratum Corneum (SC), as they can be prominently utilized in the plastic surgeries. In the current work, we demonstrated the penetrating abilities of gold NPs (AuNPs) through anthropological skin with diameters of 10 and 15 nm, varying in sizes, with the help of Multiphoton Microscopy. In addition, we also demonstrated a rapid facile environment friendly process of synthesizing AuNPs of adjustable sizes with the help of aqueous M. lucida leaf extract. Surface plasmon resonance was performed to confirm the synthesis of AuNPs at 530 nm with the help of UV-vis spectrophotometer. By differentiating the quantities of M. lucida leaf aqueous extracts, we studied the reduction time, morphological differences and size of the AuNPs. By performing Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), we characterized the fabricated AuNPs. The further aggregation and growth of AuNPs was protected by the polyphenols in the oxidised form by having a coordination with the surface of AuNPs. Moreover, the experiments of skin penetration showed an effort to deeply examine the factors leading to the penetration of particles into the human skin. These responses indicate that NPs at the determined size ranges penetrate the SC in the same pattern of the drug molecules, mostly by the intercellular paths. These responses attained were essential for developing a unique transdermal transporter as well as for understanding the basic interaction of skin-NPs for the application of plastic surgeries.
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27
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28
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Schneider SL, Lim HW. A review of inorganic
UV
filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 35:442-446. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of DermatologyHenry Ford Hospital Detroit Michigan
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29
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Niska K, Zielinska E, Radomski MW, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Metal nanoparticles in dermatology and cosmetology: Interactions with human skin cells. Chem Biol Interact 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Zeman T, Loh EW, Čierný D, Šerý O. Penetration, distribution and brain toxicity of titanium nanoparticles in rodents' body: a review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:695-700. [PMID: 30104440 PMCID: PMC8676074 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been vastly used commercially, especially as white pigment in paints, colorants, plastics, coatings, cosmetics. Certain industrial uses TiO2 in diameter <100 nm. There are three common exposure routes for TiO2: (i) inhalation exposure, (ii) exposure via gastrointestinal tract, (iii) dermal exposure. Inhalation and gastrointestinal exposure appear to be the most probable ways of exposure, although nanoparticle (NP) penetration is limited. However, the penetration rate may increase substantially when the tissue is impaired. When TiO2 NPs migrate into the circulatory system, they can be distributed into all tissues including brain. In brain, TiO2 lead to oxidative stress mediated by the microglia phagocytic cells which respond to TiO2 NPs by the production and release of superoxide radicals that convert to multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS production may also cause the damage of blood-brain barrier which then becomes more permeable for NPs. Moreover, several studies have showed neuron degradation and the impairment of spatial recognition memory and learning abilities in laboratory rodent exposed to TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zeman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - El-Wui Loh
- Center for Evidence - based Health Care, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, No. 291, Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Čierný
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Kollárova 2, 03659 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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31
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Wang M, Lai X, Shao L, Li L. Evaluation of immunoresponses and cytotoxicity from skin exposure to metallic nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4445-4459. [PMID: 30122919 PMCID: PMC6078075 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s170745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary science that has developed rapidly in recent years. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly utilized in dermatology and cosmetology, because of their unique properties. However, skin exposure to NPs raises concerns regarding their transdermal toxicity. The tight junctions of epithelial cells form the skin barrier, which protects the host against external substances. Recent studies have found that NPs can pass through the skin barrier into deeper layers, indicating that skin exposure is a means for NPs to enter the body. The distribution and interaction of NPs with skin cells may cause toxic side effects. In this review, possible penetration pathways and related toxicity mechanisms are discussed. The limitations of current experimental methods on the penetration and toxic effects of metallic NPs are also described. This review contributes to a better understanding of the risks of topically applied metallic NPs and provides a foundation for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,
| | - Xuan Lai
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China,
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32
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Winkler HC, Notter T, Meyer U, Naegeli H. Critical review of the safety assessment of titanium dioxide additives in food. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:51. [PMID: 29859103 PMCID: PMC5984422 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterial engineering provides an important technological advance that offers substantial benefits for applications not only in the production and processing, but also in the packaging and storage of food. An expanding commercialization of nanomaterials as part of the modern diet will substantially increase their oral intake worldwide. While the risk of particle inhalation received much attention, gaps of knowledge exist regarding possible adverse health effects due to gastrointestinal exposure. This problem is highlighted by pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2), which confers a white color and increased opacity with an optimal particle diameter of 200-300 nm. However, size distribution analyses showed that batches of food-grade TiO2 always comprise a nano-sized fraction as inevitable byproduct of the manufacturing processes. Submicron-sized TiO2 particles, in Europe listed as E 171, are widely used as a food additive although the relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily completed. For example, it is not possible to derive a safe daily intake of TiO2 from the available long-term feeding studies in rodents. Also, the use of TiO2 particles in the food sector leads to highest exposures in children, but only few studies address the vulnerability of this particular age group. Extrapolation of animal studies to humans is also problematic due to knowledge gaps as to local gastrointestinal effects of TiO2 particles, primarily on the mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid system. Tissue distributions after oral administration of TiO2 differ from other exposure routes, thus limiting the relevance of data obtained from inhalation or parenteral injections. Such difficulties and uncertainties emerging in the retrospective assessment of TiO2 particles exemplify the need for a fit-to-purpose data requirement for the future evaluation of novel nano-sized or submicron-sized particles added deliberately to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Christian Winkler
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Notter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Runa S, Hussey M, Payne CK. Nanoparticle-Cell Interactions: Relevance for Public Health. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1009-1016. [PMID: 29111728 PMCID: PMC5789389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, especially metal oxide nanoparticles, are used in a wide range of commercial and industrial applications that result in direct human contact, such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles in paints, food colorings, and cosmetics, or indirectly through release of nanoparticle-containing materials into the environment. Workers who process nanoparticles for downstream applications are exposed to especially high concentrations of nanoparticles. For physical chemists, nanoparticles present an interesting area of study as the small size of nanoparticles changes the properties from that of the bulk material, leading to novel properties and reactivity. For the public health community, this reduction in particle size means that exposure limits and outcomes that were determined from bulk material properties are not necessarily valid. Informed determination of exposure limits requires a fundamental understanding of how nanoparticles interact with cells. This Feature Article highlights the areas of intersection between physical chemistry and public health in understanding nanoparticle-cell interactions, with a focus on titanium dioxide nanoparticles. It provides an overview of recent research examining the interaction of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with cells in the absence of UV light and provides recommendations for additional nanoparticle-cell research in which physical chemistry expertise could help to inform the public health community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Runa
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
| | - Michael Hussey
- Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Christine K. Payne
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United
States
- Parker
H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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34
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Zou Y, Celli A, Zhu H, Elmahdy A, Cao Y, Hui X, Maibach H. Confocal laser scanning microscopy to estimate nanoparticles' human skin penetration in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8035-8041. [PMID: 29184403 PMCID: PMC5673047 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective With rapid development of nanotechnology, there is increasing interest in nanoparticle (NP) application and its safety and efficacy on human skin. In this study, we utilized confocal laser scanning microscopy to estimate NP skin penetration. Methods Three different-sized polystyrene NPs marked with red fluorescence were applied to human skin, and Calcium Green 5N was used as a counterstain. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol were used as alternative vehicles for NPs. Tape stripping was utilized as a barrier-damaged skin model. Skin biopsies dosed with NPs were incubated at 4°C or 37°C for 24 hours and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results NPs were localized in the stratum corneum (SC) and hair follicles without penetrating the epidermis/dermis. Barrier alteration with tape stripping and change in incubation temperature did not induce deeper penetration. DMSO enhanced NP SC penetration but ethanol did not. Conclusion Except with DMSO vehicle, these hydrolyzed polystyrene NPs did not penetrate intact or barrier-damaged human “viable” epidermis. For further clinical relevance, in vivo human skin studies and more sensitive analytic chemical methodology are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Skin & Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,San Francisco Veterans Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hanjiang Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Akram Elmahdy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yachao Cao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Hui
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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35
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Pinkas A, Ferrer B, Peres TV, Tsatsakis A, Aschner M. Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:245-259. [PMID: 28959646 PMCID: PMC5615097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen application is the main strategy used to prevent the maladies inflicted by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the continuously increasing frequency of sunscreen use worldwide, the prevalence of certain sun exposure-related pathologies, mainly malignant melanoma, is also on the rise. In the past century, a variety of protective agents against UV exposure have been developed. Physical filters scatter and reflect UV rays and chemical filters absorb those rays. Alongside the evidence for increasing levels of these agents in the environment, which leads to indirect exposure of wildlife and humans, recent studies suggest a toxicological nature for some of these agents. Reviews on the role of these agents in developmental and endocrine impairments (both pathology and related mechanisms) are based on both animal and human studies, yet information regarding the potential neurotoxicity of these agents is scant. In this review, data regarding the neurotoxicity of several organic filters: octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3 and −4, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 3-benzylidene camphor and octocrylene, and two allowed inorganic filters: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, is presented and discussed. Taken together, this review advocates revisiting the current safety and regulation of specific sunscreens and investing in alternative UV protection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Adi Pinkas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Beatriz Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tanara V Peres
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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36
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Schön P, Ctistis G, Bakker W, Luthe G. Nanoparticular surface-bound PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs-a novel class of potentially higher toxic POPs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12758-12766. [PMID: 26939687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, Env Sci Poll Res:1-7, 2015 showed that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo furanes (PCDFs) are found in commercially available (nano) particular titanium dioxide as a result of the fabrication. Here, we give a brief perspective and reason the toxicity of these new classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by reviewing also their nanoparticular properties, such as surface-to-volume ratio, photocatalytic activity, polarity shifts, and stealth effect. These insights point towards a new class of POPs and toxicologic effects, which are related to the size but not a result of nanotechnology itself. We pave the way to the understanding of until now unresolved very complex phenomena, such as the indoor exposure, formation, and transformation of POP and sick-building syndrome. This is a fundamental message for nanotoxicology and kinetics and should be taken into account when determining the toxicity of nanomaterials and POPs separately and as a combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schön
- NanoBioInterface Research Group, School of Life Science, Engineering, and Design, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, P.O. Box 70.000, 7500 KB, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Ctistis
- NanoBioInterface Research Group, School of Life Science, Engineering, and Design, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, P.O. Box 70.000, 7500 KB, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Complex Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- NanoBioInterface Research Group, School of Life Science, Engineering, and Design, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, P.O. Box 70.000, 7500 KB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor Luthe
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, 100 Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Luthe Pharma, Fabrikstrasse 2, 48599, Gronau, Germany.
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37
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Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Garcia-Peterson LM, Ahmad N. Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:975-989. [PMID: 28295364 DOI: 10.1111/php.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost-effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long-term safety for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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38
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Wright C, Iyer AKV, Wang L, Wu N, Yakisich JS, Rojanasakul Y, Azad N. Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human keratinocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 40:90-100. [PMID: 27310834 PMCID: PMC5161738 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1185111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a ubiquitous whitening compound widely used in topical products such as sunscreens, lotions and facial creams. The damaging health effects of TiO2 inhalation has been widely studied in rats, mice and humans showing oxidative stress increase, DNA damage, cell death and inflammatory gene upregulation in lung and throat cells; however, the effects on skin cells from long-term topical use of various products remain largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of specific TiO2 nanoparticles (H2TiO7) on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). We performed a comparative analysis using three TiO2 particles varying in size (Fine, Ultrafine and H2TiO7) and analyzed their effects on HaCaTs. There is a clear dose-dependent increase in superoxide production, caspase 8 and 9 activity, and apoptosis in HaCaTs after treatment with all three forms of TiO2; however, there is no consistent effect on cell viability and proliferation with either of these TiO2 particles. While there is data suggesting UV exposure can enhance the carcinogenic effects of TiO2, we did not observe any significant effect of UV-C exposure combined with TiO2 treatment on HaCaTs. Furthermore, TiO2-treated cells showed minimal effects on VEGF upregulation and Wnt signaling pathway thereby showing no potential effect on angiogenesis and malignant transformation. Overall, we report here an increase in apoptosis, which may be caspase 8/Fas-dependent, and that the H2TiO7 nanoparticles, despite their smaller particle size, had no significant enhanced effect on HaCaT cells as compared to Fine and Ultrafine forms of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Liying Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
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39
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Morsella M, d’Alessandro N, Lanterna AE, Scaiano JC. Improving the Sunscreen Properties of TiO 2 through an Understanding of Its Catalytic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:464-469. [PMID: 30023483 PMCID: PMC6044627 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of particulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an active sunscreen ingredient has raised concerns about potential risks from TiO2-mediated free radical formation. To date, remediation attempts have concentrated on reducing the yield of free radical generation by TiO2 upon sunlight exposure. The problem with this approach is that given the band gap in TiO2, production of radical and the ensuing reactive oxygen species (ROS) is completely normal. Our strategy is based on a nontoxic, biocompatible shell that neutralizes the free radicals by scavenging them with natural antioxidants before they exit the particle. The new lignin@TiO2 composites preserve the scattering and absorption properties of TiO2 because the particles retain their nanoscale dimensions as preferred by the cosmetic industry. Although the target properties for photocatalysis and sun-protection applications are opposite, we argue that exactly the same knowledge is required to optimize either one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Morsella
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department
of Engineering and Geology, University G.
d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Nicola d’Alessandro
- Department
of Engineering and Geology, University G.
d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Viale Pindaro, 42, 65127 Pescara, Italy
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- E-mail: (A.E.L.)
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research
and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- E-mail: (J.C.S.)
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Shakeel M, Jabeen F, Shabbir S, Asghar MS, Khan MS, Chaudhry AS. Toxicity of Nano-Titanium Dioxide (TiO2-NP) Through Various Routes of Exposure: a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:1-36. [PMID: 26554951 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most commonly used materials being synthesized for use as one of the top five nanoparticles. Due to the extensive application of TiO2 nanoparticles and their inclusion in many commercial products, the increased exposure of human beings to nanoparticles is possible. This exposure could be routed via dermal penetration, inhalation and oral ingestion or intravenous injection. Therefore, regular evaluation of their potential toxicity and distribution in the bodies of exposed individuals is essential. Keeping in view the potential health hazards of TiO2 nanoparticles for humans, we reviewed the research articles about studies performed on rats or other mammals as animal models. Most of these studies utilized the dermal or skin and the pulmonary exposures as the primary routes of toxicity. It was interesting that only very few studies revealed that the TiO2 nanoparticles could penetrate through the skin and translocate to other tissues, while many other studies demonstrated that no penetration or translocation could happen through the skin. Conversely, the TiO2 nanoparticles that entered through the pulmonary route were translocated to the brain or the systemic circulation from where these reached other organs like the kidney, liver, etc. In most studies, TiO2 nanoparticles appeared to have caused oxidative stress, histopathological alterations, carcinogenesis, genotoxicity and immune disruption. Therefore, the use of such materials in humans must be either avoided or strictly managed to minimise risks for human health in various situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Samina Shabbir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Saleem Khan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Shakoor Chaudhry
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Chemical ultraviolet absorbers topically applied in a skin barrier mimetic formulation remain in the outer stratum corneum of porcine skin. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:250-4. [PMID: 27321112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fate of three chemical sunscreens, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate (IPMC), diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), and bis-ethylhexylphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), topically applied to mammalian skin from a skin barrier mimetic oil-in-water formulation. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for the analysis of each molecule and validated. Franz cell permeation studies were conducted following application of finite doses of the formulations to excised porcine skin. A vehicle formulation containing no sunscreens was evaluated as a control. Permeation studies were conducted for 12h after which full mass balance studies were carried out. Analysis of individual UV sunscreens was achieved with HPLC following application of the formulation to the skin with no interference from the vehicle components. No skin permeation of any of the chemical sunscreens was evident after 12h. While sunscreens were detected in up to 12 tape strips taken from the SC, 87% or more of the applied doses recovered in the first 5 tape strips. When corrected for the amount of protein removed per tape strip this corresponded to a penetration depth in porcine stratum corneum of ∼1.7μm. Mass balance studies indicated total recovery values were within accepted guidelines for cosmetic formulations. Overall, only superficial penetration into the SC was observed for each compound. These findings are consistent with the physicochemical properties of the selected UV absorbing molecules and their formulation into an ordered biomimetic barrier formulation thus support their intended use in topical consumer formulations designed to protect from UV exposure. To our knowledge this is the first report of depth profiling of chemical sunscreens in the SC that combines tape stripping and protein determination following in vitro Franz cell studies.
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Fakhravar Z, Ebrahimnejad P, Daraee H, Akbarzadeh A. Nanoliposomes: Synthesis methods and applications in cosmetics. J COSMET LASER THER 2016; 18:174-81. [DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2015.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fage SW, Muris J, Jakobsen SS, Thyssen JP. Titanium: a review on exposure, release, penetration, allergy, epidemiology, and clinical reactivity. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:323-45. [PMID: 27027398 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to titanium (Ti) from implants and from personal care products as nanoparticles (NPs) is common. This article reviews exposure sources, ion release, skin penetration, allergenic effects, and diagnostic possibilities. We conclude that human exposure to Ti mainly derives from dental and medical implants, personal care products, and foods. Despite being considered to be highly biocompatible relative to other metals, Ti is released in the presence of biological fluids and tissue, especially under certain circumstances, which seem to be more likely with regard to dental implants. Although most of the studies reviewed have important limitations, Ti seems not to penetrate a competent skin barrier, either as pure Ti, alloy, or as Ti oxide NPs. However, there are some indications of Ti penetration through the oral mucosa. We conclude that patch testing with the available Ti preparations for detection of type IV hypersensitivity is currently inadequate for Ti. Although several other methods for contact allergy detection have been suggested, including lymphocyte stimulation tests, none has yet been generally accepted, and the diagnosis of Ti allergy is therefore still based primarily on clinical evaluation. Reports on clinical allergy and adverse events have rarely been published. Whether this is because of unawareness of possible adverse reactions to this specific metal, difficulties in detection methods, or the metal actually being relatively safe to use, is still unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Fage
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joris Muris
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stig S Jakobsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermato-Allergology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev-Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
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Lopes VR, Loitto V, Audinot JN, Bayat N, Gutleb AC, Cristobal S. Dose-dependent autophagic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human HaCaT cells at non-cytotoxic levels. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:22. [PMID: 27001369 PMCID: PMC4802894 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between nanoparticles and cells are now the focus of a fast-growing area of research. Though many nanoparticles interact with cells without any acute toxic responses, metal oxide nanoparticles including those composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2-NPs) may disrupt the intracellular process of macroautophagy. Autophagy plays a key role in human health and disease, particularly in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We herein investigated the in vitro biological effects of TiO2-NPs (18 nm) on autophagy in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells at non-cytotoxic levels. RESULTS TiO2-NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering techniques. Cellular uptake, as evaluated by TEM and NanoSIMS revealed that NPs internalization led to the formation of autophagosomes. TiO2-NPs treatment did not reduce cell viability of HaCaT cells nor increased oxidative stress. Cellular autophagy was additionally evaluated by confocal microscopy using eGFP-LC3 keratinocytes, western blotting of autophagy marker LC3I/II, immunodetection of p62 and NBR1 proteins, and gene expression of LC3II, p62, NBR1, beclin1 and ATG5 by RT-qPCR. We also confirmed the formation and accumulation of autophagosomes in NPs treated cells with LC3-II upregulation. Based on the lack of degradation of p62 and NBR1 proteins, autophagosomes accumulation at a high dose (25.0 μg/ml) is due to blockage while a low dose (0.16 μg/ml) promoted autophagy. Cellular viability was not affected in either case. CONCLUSIONS The uptake of TiO2-NPs led to a dose-dependent increase in autophagic effect under non-cytotoxic conditions. Our results suggest dose-dependent autophagic effect over time as a cellular response to TiO2-NPs. Most importantly, these findings suggest that simple toxicity data are not enough to understand the full impact of TiO2-NPs and their effects on cellular pathways or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana R Lopes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vesa Loitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Material Research & Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Narges Bayat
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department 41, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. .,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Influence of phosphate source on preparation of zinc phosphate white pigments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40090-015-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Potential Hazards of Skin Exposure to Nanoparticles. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55732-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Penetration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles through slightly damaged skin in vitro and in vivo. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:e356-61. [PMID: 26616753 DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have been widely developed for versatile use, but the potential risk form their skin exposure is still unclear. To evaluate this risk, the skin penetration of TiO2-NPs is necessary to be understood first. The aims of this study are to investigated the penetration of TiO2-NPs through slightly damaged skin and intact skin in vitro and in vivo. METHODS TiO2-NPs with a diameter of 20 nm was labeled with 125I.The skin of rat was treated with 2% SLS solution and obtained as slightly damaged skin. The 125I labeled TiO2-NPs (125I-TiO2-NPs)solution and 0.9% PS solution were added into the donor chamber and receptor chamber of static diffusion cells which clamped the skin at the middle of two half-cells, respectively. During 24 hours, samples were extracted from the receptor chamber and counted for 1 min using γ-counter to detect the radioactivity. The skin penetration of TiO2-NPs in vitro was expressed as the percentage of radioactivity of receptor chamber solution compared with total radioactivity in the donor chamber. Thereafter, the 125I-TiO2-NPs was exposed to the rats. After 1 day and 3 days, the blood and tissues of rats were harvested, weighed and counted for 1 min using γ-counter to detect the tissue radioactivity. The skin penetration of TiO2-NPs in vivo was expressed as the percentage dose per gram tissue (% dose/g). RESULTS In the skin penetration experiment in vitro, the radioactivity of receptor chamber solution through damaged skin was higher than that of through intact skin and was about 2% radioactivity of donor chamber on 24 h. In the skin penetration experiment in vivo, the radioactivity of blood and tissues of rats after exposing to 125I-TiO2-NPs solution though damaged skin or intact skin were less than 0.05% dose/g on 1 d and quickly declined on 3 d. The skin penetration rates of TiO2-NPs through slightly damaged skin and intact skin in vitro and vivo were lower than the rate of free 125I in the TiO2-NPs solution. CONCLUSIONS The TiO2-NPs could not penetrate through the damaged skin or intact skin both in vitro and in vivo. It suggested that the TiO2-NPs should be safe when it was applied and contacted with skin.
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Shetty PK, Venuvanka V, Jagani HV, Chethan GH, Ligade VS, Musmade PB, Nayak UY, Reddy MS, Kalthur G, Udupa N, Rao CM, Mutalik S. Development and evaluation of sunscreen creams containing morin-encapsulated nanoparticles for enhanced UV radiation protection and antioxidant activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6477-91. [PMID: 26508854 PMCID: PMC4610788 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s90964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of present work was to develop novel sunscreen creams containing polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) of morin. Polymeric NPs containing morin were prepared and optimized. The creams containing morin NPs were also prepared and evaluated. Optimized NPs exhibited particle size of 90.6 nm and zeta potential of −31 mV. The entrapment efficiency of morin, within the polymeric NPs, was found to be low (12.27%). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed no interaction between morin and excipients. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that the NPs were spherical in shape with approximately 100 nm diameter. Optimized NPs showed excellent in vitro free radical scavenging activity. Skin permeation and deposition of morin from its NPs was higher than its plain form. Different sunscreen creams (SC1–SC8) were formulated by incorporating morin NPs along with nano zinc oxide and nano titanium dioxide. SC5 and SC8 creams showed excellent sun protection factor values (≈40). In vitro and in vivo skin permeation studies of sunscreen creams containing morin NPs indicated excellent deposition of morin within the skin. Morin NPs and optimized cream formulations (SC5 and SC8) did not exhibit cytotoxicity in Vero and HaCaT cells. Optimized sunscreen creams showed excellent dermal safety. SC5 and SC8 creams demonstrated exceptional in vivo antioxidant effect (estimation of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione) in UV radiation-exposed rats. The optimized sunscreen creams confirmed outstanding UV radiation protection as well as antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Krishna Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh Venuvanka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Hitesh Vitthal Jagani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Gejjalagere Honnappa Chethan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Virendra S Ligade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant B Musmade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Meka Sreenivasa Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nayanabhirama Udupa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Choe C, Lademann J, Darvin ME. Analysis of Human and Porcine Skin in vivo/ex vivo for Penetration of Selected Oils by Confocal Raman Microscopy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:318-30. [PMID: 26418603 DOI: 10.1159/000439407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subject of oil penetration into the skin is controversially discussed in the scientific literature. METHODS Confocal Raman microscopy was used for analyzing oil penetration into the skin. The following methods were applied in the study: methods based on tracking specific peaks (method 1), the nonrestricted multiple least square fit (method 2), analyzing the lipid-to-keratin peak ratio using the perpendicular drop-down cutoff procedure (method 3), and the Gaussian function-based deconvolution procedure (method 4). RESULTS The results obtained using methods 1, 2 and 4 show that the investigated oils do not penetrate deeper than 11 µm into human and porcine skin. Petrolatum has a prominent swelling effect on the stratum corneum (32% in vivo, 28% ex vivo), while the other oils exhibit no significant swelling effect. By using method 3, the penetration profile of oils, and especially of petrolatum, into the skin was interpreted incorrectly for various reasons that are addressed herein below. CONCLUSION Predominantly remaining in the uppermost corneocyte layers of the stratum corneum, topically applied oils do not reach the viable cells of the stratum spinosum. To exclude any possible mistakes when using the lipid-keratin Raman peak (2,820-3,030 cm-1), the penetration analysis should be performed using the Gaussian function-based deconvolution procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunSik Choe
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charitx00E9; - Universitx00E4;tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Penetration into the Skin and Effects on HaCaT Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9282-97. [PMID: 26262634 PMCID: PMC4555280 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) suspensions (concentration 1.0 g/L) in synthetic sweat solution were applied on Franz cells for 24 h using intact and needle-abraded human skin. Titanium content into skin and receiving phases was determined. Cytotoxicity (MTT, AlamarBlue® and propidium iodide, PI, uptake assays) was evaluated on HaCat keratinocytes after 24 h, 48 h, and seven days of exposure. After 24 h of exposure, no titanium was detectable in receiving solutions for both intact and damaged skin. Titanium was found in the epidermal layer after 24 h of exposure (0.47 ± 0.33 μg/cm2) while in the dermal layer, the concentration was below the limit of detection. Damaged skin, in its whole, has shown a similar concentration (0.53 ± 0.26 μg/cm2). Cytotoxicity studies on HaCaT cells demonstrated that TiO2NPs induced cytotoxic effects only at very high concentrations, reducing cell viability after seven days of exposure with EC50s of 8.8 × 10−4 M (MTT assay), 3.8 × 10−5 M (AlamarBlue® assay), and 7.6 × 10−4 M (PI uptake, index of a necrotic cell death). Our study demonstrated that TiO2NPs cannot permeate intact and damaged skin and can be found only in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Moreover, the low cytotoxic effect observed on human HaCaT keratinocytes suggests that these nano-compounds have a potential toxic effect at the skin level only after long-term exposure.
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