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Iyer SH, Yeh MY, Netzel L, Lindsey MG, Wallace M, Simeone KA, Simeone TA. Dietary and Metabolic Approaches for Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders, Affective Disorders and Cognitive Impairment Comorbid with Epilepsy: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence. Nutrients 2024; 16:553. [PMID: 38398876 PMCID: PMC10893388 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy often occurs with other neurological disorders, such as autism, affective disorders, and cognitive impairment. Research indicates that many neurological disorders share a common pathophysiology of dysfunctional energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis. The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in the use of metabolic therapies for these disorders with or without the context of epilepsy. Over one hundred years ago, the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) was formulated as a treatment for epilepsy. For those who cannot tolerate the KD, other diets have been developed to provide similar seizure control, presumably through similar mechanisms. These include, but are not limited to, the medium-chain triglyceride diet, low glycemic index diet, and calorie restriction. In addition, dietary supplementation with ketone bodies, polyunsaturated fatty acids, or triheptanoin may also be beneficial. The proposed mechanisms through which these diets and supplements work to reduce neuronal hyperexcitability involve normalization of aberrant energy metabolism, dampening of inflammation, promotion of endogenous antioxidants, and reduction of gut dysbiosis. This raises the possibility that these dietary and metabolic therapies may not only exert anti-seizure effects, but also reduce comorbid disorders in people with epilepsy. Here, we explore this possibility and review the clinical and preclinical evidence where available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy A. Simeone
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.H.I.); (K.A.S.)
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Frye RE, McCarty PJ, Werner BA, Scheck AC, Collins HL, Adelman SJ, Rossignol DA, Quadros EV. Binding Folate Receptor Alpha Autoantibody Is a Biomarker for Leucovorin Treatment Response in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2024; 14:62. [PMID: 38248763 PMCID: PMC10820361 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects up to 1 in 36 children in the United States. It is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with life-long consequences. Patients with ASD and folate pathway abnormalities have demonstrated improved symptoms after treatment with leucovorin (folinic acid), a reduced form of folate. However, biomarkers for treatment response have not been well investigated and clinical trials are lacking. In this retrospective analysis, a cohort of prospectively collected data from 110 consecutive ASD clinic patients [mean (SD) age: 10.5 (6.2) years; 74% male] was examined. These patients all underwent testing for folate receptor alpha autoantibodies (FRAAs) and soluble folate binding proteins (sFBPs) biomarkers and were treated with leucovorin, if appropriate. Analyses examined whether these biomarkers could predict response to leucovorin treatment as well as the severity of ASD characteristics at baseline. The social responsiveness scale (SRS), a measure of core ASD symptoms, and the aberrant behavior checklist (ABC), a measure of disruptive behavior, were collected at each clinic visit. Those positive for sFBPs had more severe ASD symptoms, and higher binding FRAA titers were associated with greater ABC irritability. Treatment with leucovorin improved most SRS subscales with higher binding FRAA titers associated with greater response. Leucovorin treatment also improved ABC irritability. These results confirm and expand on previous studies, underscore the need for biomarkers to guide treatment of folate pathways in ASD, and suggest that leucovorin may be effective for children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Frye
- Rossignol Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA;
| | | | | | - Adrienne C. Scheck
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Heidi L. Collins
- Vascular Strategies LLC, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA; (H.L.C.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Steven J. Adelman
- Vascular Strategies LLC, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA; (H.L.C.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Daniel A. Rossignol
- Autism Discovery and Treatment Foundation, Phoenix, AZ 85050, USA;
- Rossignol Medical Center, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | - Edward V. Quadros
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York—Downstate, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
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Yuan C, He Y, Xie K, Feng L, Gao S, Cai L. Review of microbiota gut brain axis and innate immunity in inflammatory and infective diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282431. [PMID: 37868345 PMCID: PMC10585369 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota gut brain (MGB) axis has been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of inflammatory and infective diseases. Exploring the structure and communication mode of MGB axis is crucial for understanding its role in diseases, and studying the signaling pathways and regulatory methods of MGB axis regulation in diseases is also of profound significance for future clinical research. This article reviews the composition, communication mechanism of MGB axis and its role in inflammatory and infective diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In addition, our investigation delved into the regulatory functions of the inflammasome, IFN-I, NF-κB, and PARK7/DJ-1 innate immune signaling pathway in the context of inflammatory and infective diseases. Ultimately, we discussed the efficacy of various interventions, including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, in the management of inflammatory and infective diseases. Understanding the role and mechanism of the MGB axis might make positive effects in the treatment of inflammatory and infective diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kunyu Xie
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lianjun Feng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shouyang Gao
- Department of Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lifu Cai
- Department of Obstetrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, Elbeltagi R, Alhawamdeh R. Role of gastrointestinal health in managing children with autism spectrum disorder. World J Clin Pediatr 2023; 12:171-196. [PMID: 37753490 PMCID: PMC10518744 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i4.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or autism are more prone to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders than the general population. These disorders can significantly affect their health, learning, and development due to various factors such as genetics, environment, and behavior. The causes of GI disorders in children with ASD can include gut dysbiosis, immune dysfunction, food sensitivities, digestive enzyme deficiencies, and sensory processing differences. Many studies suggest that numerous children with ASD experience GI problems, and effective management is crucial. Diagnosing autism is typically done through genetic, neurological, functional, and behavioral assessments and observations, while GI tests are not consistently reliable. Some GI tests may increase the risk of developing ASD or exacerbating symptoms. Addressing GI issues in individuals with ASD can improve their overall well-being, leading to better behavior, cognitive function, and educational abilities. Proper management can improve digestion, nutrient absorption, and appetite by relieving physical discomfort and pain. Alleviating GI symptoms can improve sleep patterns, increase energy levels, and contribute to a general sense of well-being, ultimately leading to a better quality of life for the individual and improved family dynamics. The primary goal of GI interventions is to improve nutritional status, reduce symptom severity, promote a balanced mood, and increase patient independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Algharbia, Tanta 31511, Egypt
- Pediatrics, Univeristy Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Manama, Manama 12, Bahrain
- Medical Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Muharraq, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Pulmonology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Algharbia, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Pulmonology Department, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Reem Elbeltagi
- Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Muharraq, Busiateen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Rawan Alhawamdeh
- Pediatrics Research, and Development Department, Genomics Creativity and Play Center, Manama, Manama 0000, Bahrain
- Pediatrics Research, and Development Department, SENSORYME Dubai 999041, United Arab Emirates
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Mondal A, Sharma R, Abiha U, Ahmad F, Karan A, Jayaraj RL, Sundar V. A Spectrum of Solutions: Unveiling Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Manage Autism Spectrum Disorder. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1584. [PMID: 37763703 PMCID: PMC10536417 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes difficulty while socializing and communicating and the performance of stereotyped behavior. ASD is thought to have a variety of causes when accompanied by genetic disorders and environmental variables together, resulting in abnormalities in the brain. A steep rise in ASD has been seen regardless of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical therapeutic techniques. Therefore, using complementary and alternative therapies to treat autism could be very significant. Thus, this review is completely focused on non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions which include different diets, supplements, antioxidants, hormones, vitamins and minerals to manage ASD. Additionally, we also focus on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, herbal remedies, camel milk and cannabiodiol. Additionally, we concentrate on how palatable phytonutrients provide a fresh glimmer of hope in this situation. Moreover, in addition to phytochemicals/nutraceuticals, it also focuses on various microbiomes, i.e., gut, oral, and vaginal. Therefore, the current comprehensive review opens a new avenue for managing autistic patients through non-pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Mondal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda 151401, India
| | - Rashi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Umme Abiha
- IDRP, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342030, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi 110062, India
| | | | - Richard L. Jayaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vaishnavi Sundar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Dietary fish oil improves autistic behaviors and gut homeostasis by altering the gut microbial composition in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:140-151. [PMID: 36858183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited intellectual disability, caused by a lack of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders frequently experience gastrointestinal problems that are primarily linked to gut microbial dysbiosis, inflammation, and increased intestinal permeability. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are non-pharmacological agents that exert potential therapeutic effects against neurological disorders. However, it is unclear whether omega-3 PUFAs improve autistic behaviors in fragile X syndrome (FXS) by altering the gut microbial composition. Here, we describe gastrointestinal problems in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice. FMRP deficiency causes intestinal homeostasis dysfunction in mice. Fish oil (FO) as a source of omega-3 PUFAs reduces intestinal inflammation but increases the mRNA and protein levels of TJP3 in the colon of juvenile Fmr1 KO mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation from FO-fed Fmr1 KO mice increased the gut abundance of Akkermansia and Gordonibacter in recipient Fmr1 KO mice and improved gut homeostasis and autistic behaviors. Our findings demonstrate that omega-3 PUFAs improve autistic behaviors and gut homeostasis in FMRP-deficient mice by suppressing gut microbiota dysbiosis, thereby presenting a novel therapeutic approach for juvenile FXS treatment.
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de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Gomez-Fernandez A, Flores-Rojas K, Martin-Borreguero P, Mesa MD, Perez-Navero JL, Olivares M, Gil A, Gil-Campos M. Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Intervention Modifies Plasma and Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Profiles But Not the Clinical Course of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Control Trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:790250. [PMID: 35425788 PMCID: PMC9002234 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.790250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under investigation and one of the main alterations relates to the metabolic and inflammatory system dysfunctions. Indeed, based on a possible deficit of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) of patients with ASD and looking for an anti-inflammatory effect, dietary supplements with omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed. We aimed to evaluate differences in plasma and erythrocyte FA profiles and plasma cytokines in patients with infantile ASD after supplementation with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids or placebo and both compared at baseline with a reference healthy group.MethodsA double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months was carried out in 54 children between 2 and 6 years diagnosed with ASD. They were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: 19 children received 800 mg/day of DHA and 25 mg/day of EPA, or placebo. In addition, another reference group of 59 healthy children of the same age was included. Plasma lipids and cytokines, and FA profiles in plasma and erythrocytes were measured at baseline and after 6 months of treatment in ASD children, and at baseline in the reference group.ResultsThere were no differences in demographic, anthropometric characteristics, and omega-3 intake between the healthy reference group and the ASD children at baseline. Children with ASD showed the higher plasma percentages of palmitic acid and total saturated FA and lower total omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) compared with healthy children. An increased level of DHA and reduced EPA level in erythrocytes were detected in the ASD group vs. the reference group. After 6 months of treatment, the ASD group that received DHA enriched product significantly increased the plasma and erythrocyte percentages of DHA, but no differences were observed in the clinical test scores and other parameters as plasma cytokines between the two groups of ASD related to the intervention.ConclusionSpanish children with ASD exhibit an appropriate omega-3 FA status in plasma and erythrocytes. Neither a clinical improvement of ASD children nor a better anti-inflammatory or fatty acid state has been found after an intervention with DHA/EPA for 6 months. So, the prescription of n-3 LC-PUFA and other dietary supplements in ASD should be only indicated after a confirmed alteration of FA metabolism or omega-3 LC-PUFA deficiency evaluated by specific erythrocyte FA.Clinical Trial Registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT03620097].
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose de la Torre-Aguilar
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Fernandez
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Katherine Flores-Rojas
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pilar Martin-Borreguero
- Department of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychiatry and Psychology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Dolores Mesa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Perez-Navero
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBERER (Ciber Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan Luis Perez-Navero, ,
| | | | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II University of Granada, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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van der Wurff I, Oenema A, de Ruijter D, Vingerhoets C, van Amelsvoort T, Rutten B, Mulkens S, Köhler S, Schols A, de Groot R. A Scoping Literature Review of the Relation between Nutrition and ASD Symptoms in Children. Nutrients 2022; 14:1389. [PMID: 35406004 PMCID: PMC9003544 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication skills, and repetitive and restrictive behaviors and interests. Even though there is a biological basis for an effect of specific nutrition factors on ASD symptoms and there is scientific literature available on this relationship, whether nutrition factors could play a role in ASD treatment is unclear. The goal of the current literature review was to summarize the available scientific literature on the relation between nutrition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in childhood, and to formulate practical dietary guidelines. A comprehensive search strategy including terms for ASD, nutrition factors (therapeutic diets, dietary patterns, specific food products, fatty acids and micronutrients) and childhood was developed and executed in six literature databases (Cinahl, Cochrane, Ovid Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science). Data from meta-analyses, systematic reviews and original studies were qualitatively summarized. A total of 5 meta-analyses, 29 systematic reviews and 27 original studies were retrieved that focused on therapeutic diets, specific food products, fatty acids and micronutrients and ASD symptoms during childhood. Results of the available studies were sparse and inconclusive, and hence, no firm conclusions could be drawn. There is currently insufficient evidence for a relation between nutrition and ASD symptoms in childhood, making it impossible to provide practical nutrition guidelines; more methodological sound research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van der Wurff
- Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands;
| | - Anke Oenema
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (D.d.R.)
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dennis de Ruijter
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.O.); (D.d.R.)
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mulkens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- SeysCentra, 6581 TE Malden, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.V.); (T.v.A.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (S.K.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie Schols
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Renate de Groot
- Conditions for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands;
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Mehra A, Arora G, Gaurav, Kaur M, Singh H, Singh B, Kaur S. Gut microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: From pathogenesis to potential therapeutic perspectives. J Tradit Complement Med 2022; 13:135-149. [PMID: 36970459 PMCID: PMC10037072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder which disrupts communication, social and interactive skills followed by appearance of repetitive behavior. The underlying etiology remains incomprehensible but genetic and environmental factors play a key role. Accumulated evidence shows that alteration in level of gut microbes and their metabolites are not only linked to gastrointestinal problems but also to autism. So far the mix of microbes that is present in the gut affects human health in numerous ways through extensive bacterial-mammalian cometabolism and has a marked influence over health via gut-brain-microbial interactions. Healthy microbiota may even ease the symptoms of autism, as microbial balance influences brain development through the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and autonomic nervous systems. In this article, we focused on reviewing the correlation between gut microbiota and their metabolites on symptoms of autism by utilizing prebiotics, probiotics and herbal remedies to target gut microflora hence autism.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are currently no approved medications for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and only limited data on the management of co-occurring mental health and behavioural symptoms. The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent trials on novel treatments in ASD, with a focus on research trends in the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS No new pharmacologic agents received regulatory approval for use in ASD. Several large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had negative or ambiguous results (e.g. fluoxetine, oxytocin). A cross-over RCT of an oral cannabinoid suggested possible benefits for disruptive behaviours. Two large-scale multicentre trials of bumetanide were terminated early for lack of efficacy. Multicenter trials using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are underway. Recent meta-analyses indicate that specific behavioural and psychological interventions can support social communication and treat anxiety. Numerous novel treatment targets informed by biological mechanisms are under investigation. SUMMARY Recent data support the use of behavioural and psychological interventions for social communication and anxiety in ASD; data are more limited regarding pharmacotherapy for core and associated symptoms. Next steps include replication of early findings, trials of new molecular targets, and the identification of novel biomarkers, including genetic predictors, of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Baribeau
- University of Toronto
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- University of Toronto
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- University of Toronto
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Utilizing Genomically Targeted Molecular Data to Improve Patient-Specific Outcomes in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042167. [PMID: 35216282 PMCID: PMC8879068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology combined with genomics can be a powerful tool for developing potential intervention strategies for improving outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Monogenic etiologies rarely cause autism. Instead, ASD is more frequently due to many polygenic contributing factors interacting with each other, combined with the epigenetic effects of diet, lifestyle, and environment. One limitation of genomics has been identifying ways of responding to each identified gene variant to translate the information to something clinically useful. This paper will illustrate how understanding the function of a gene and the effects of a reported variant on a molecular level can be used to develop actionable and targeted potential interventions for a gene variant or combinations of variants. For illustrative purposes, this communication highlights a specific genomic variant, SHANK3. The steps involved in developing molecularly genomically targeted actionable interventions will be demonstrated. Cases will be shared to support the efficacy of this strategy and to show how clinicians utilized these targeted interventions to improve ASD-related symptoms significantly. The presented approach demonstrates the utility of genomics as a part of clinical decision-making.
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Lundbergh B, Enevoldsen AS, Stark KD, Ritz C, Lauritzen L. Fish oil supplementation may improve attention, working memory and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1-11. [PMID: 35144699 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Marine n-3 fatty acids (n-3LCPUFA) have shown neurocognitive benefits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but few trials have examined effects in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We explored, if n-3LCPUFA affect cognitive functions in adults with ASD, and if effects are modified by comorbid ADHD. In a 2 × 4 week crossover study, twenty-six participants were randomised to sequence of supplementation with fish oil (FO, 5·2 g/d n-3PUFA) and safflower oil (SO). At baseline and after each period, we measured primary outcomes: attention (d2-test) and spatial working memory (Corsi test) and secondary outcomes: flexibility (Stroop word-colour test), ADHD symptoms (Conners scales), executive functions (Behavioural Inventory of Executive Function) and social behaviour (Social Responsiveness Scale). The dropout rate was 15 %. Compliance was 94 % and correlated with whole-blood n-3LCPUFA. Corsi scores improved by ∼0·3 × sd (P = 0·032) after FO v. SO, and the odds for d2 errors were 30 % lower (P = 0·016), which was supported by improved Conners scores of attention (P = 0·023). Improvement in Conners ADHD symptom score was limited to participants with ADHD (-3·5(-6·0; -1·0), n 10 v. -0·2(-2·5;2·2), n 11 without ADHD, Pinteraction = 0·096), who also improved their behavioural regulation index by 0·3 × sd after FO (Pinteraction = 0·016). Participants without ADHD gained most in d2 test performance (OR = 0·4(0·2;0·7) v. 0·9(0·6;1·3) in those with ADHD, Pinteraction = 0·002), but their executive function score was exacerbated after FO (5·9(0·0,11·8), Pinteraction = 0·039). Our results did not show any effects on ASD symptoms, but suggest that FO may improve attention and working memory in adults with ASD and ameliorate ADHD symptoms in those with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Lundbergh
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Smith BL, Gutierrez R, Ludlow AK. A comparison of food avoidant behaviours and sensory sensitivity in adults with and without Tourette syndrome. Appetite 2022; 168:105713. [PMID: 34563498 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Food selectivity has been shown to be more persistent and severe in children with Tourette syndrome (TS) compared to their typically developing peers. The current study aimed to examine differences in food selectivity, food neophobia and Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)-associated behaviours, between adults with and without TS. Fifty-three adults diagnosed with TS were compared to 53 neurotypical adults and completed the following measures online: Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ), Nine-Item Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake disorder screen (NIAS), Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) and the Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ). Higher levels of food avoidant behaviours, in terms of food fussiness, food neophobia and ARFID-associated behaviours, were identified in adults with TS compared to adults without TS. While heightened sensory sensitivity failed to predict food fussiness, greater sensitivity to taste was found to be predictive of food neophobia in TS. These are the first findings to suggest that food avoidant behaviours are more prevalent for adults with TS and signal a need to address health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie L Smith
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Roberto Gutierrez
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Amanda K Ludlow
- Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK.
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Plaza-Diaz J, Flores-Rojas K, de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Gomez-Fernández AR, Martín-Borreguero P, Perez-Navero JL, Gil A, Gil-Campos M. Dietary Patterns, Eating Behavior, and Nutrient Intakes of Spanish Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:3551. [PMID: 34684552 PMCID: PMC8541028 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behavior problems are characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with a highly restricted range of food choices, which may pose an associated risk of nutritional problems. Hence, detailed knowledge of the dietary patterns (DPs) and nutrient intakes of ASD patients is necessary to carry out intervention strategies if required. The present study aimed to determine the DPs and macro-and micronutrient intakes in a sample of Spanish preschool children with ASD compared to typically developing control children. Fifty-four children with ASD (two to six years of age) diagnosed with ASD according to the Diagnostic Manual-5 criteria), and a control group of 57 typically developing children of similar ages were recruited. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used, and the intake of energy and nutrients was estimated through three non-consecutive 24-h dietary registrations. DPs were assessed using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. Children with ASD exhibited a DP characterized by high energy and fat intakes and a low intake of vegetables and fruits. Likewise, meat intake of any type, both lean and fatty, was associated with higher consumption of fish and dietary fat. Furthermore, the increased consumption of dairy products was associated with increased consumption of cereals and pasta. In addition, they had frequent consumption of manufactured products with poor nutritional quality, e.g., beverages, sweets, snacks and bakery products. The percentages of children with ASD complying with the adequacy of nutrient intakes were higher for energy, saturated fat, calcium, and vitamin C, and lower for iron, iodine, and vitamins of group B when compared with control children. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need to assess the DPs and nutrient intakes of children with ASD to correct their alterations and discard some potential nutritional diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.P.-D.); (A.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Katherine Flores-Rojas
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain; (K.F.-R.); (A.R.G.-F.); (J.L.P.-N.); (M.G.-C.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José de la Torre-Aguilar
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain; (K.F.-R.); (A.R.G.-F.); (J.L.P.-N.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Antonio Rafael Gomez-Fernández
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain; (K.F.-R.); (A.R.G.-F.); (J.L.P.-N.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Pilar Martín-Borreguero
- Department of Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychiatry and Psychology, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Juan Luis Perez-Navero
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain; (K.F.-R.); (A.R.G.-F.); (J.L.P.-N.); (M.G.-C.)
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (J.P.-D.); (A.G.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento, s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Av. Menéndez Pidal, s/n, 14010 Córdoba, Spain; (K.F.-R.); (A.R.G.-F.); (J.L.P.-N.); (M.G.-C.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105840. [PMID: 34450312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape neural development, modulate neurotransmission and affect behavior, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of many neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological conditions. This review summarizes recent data on the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and epilepsy. Also, the involvement of microbiota in gut disorders co-existing with neuropsychiatric conditions is highlighted. We discuss data from both in vivo preclinical experiments and clinical reports including: (1) studies in germ-free animals, (2) studies exploring the gut microbiota composition in animal models of diseases or in humans, (3) studies evaluating the effects of probiotic, prebiotic or antibiotic treatment as well as (4) the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Controversies involving the use of SSRIs during pregnancy and the increased risk of having a child with autism spectrum disorders – a case report and literature review. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cpp-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: There is an ongoing debate as to whether the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by pregnant women increases the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the offspring.
Aim: The aim of the study was to
1) present, based on a case report, the potential factors that may affect the development of ASD in a child,
2) review the literature on the risk of ASD in the case of using SSRIs by a pregnant woman.
Case report: The case report concerns a child of a 33-year-old patient, previously treated for an episode of depression at the age of 23. At the beginning of the 15th week of planned pregnancy, when she was 28 years old, sleep disturbances were observed. Over the next few weeks, she gradually developed a full-blown depressive syndrome which required the use of sertraline. The child was born through a natural delivery, a healthy boy, who was diagnosed with ASD at the age of 2.5 years, which was the trigger for the development of the third episode of depression in the patient.
Conclusions: The results of the research indicate that SSRIs can penetrate the placental barrier, influencing the processes of serotoninergic transmission in the fetus, disrupting neurodevelopmental processes. On the other hand, a higher risk of ASD development in children of depressed mothers who do not use pharmacotherapy was confirmed, compared to the general population and in the case of the occurrence of depressive episodes in mother in the past and in relation to the male fetuses. The greater risk of ASD in children of mothers who take SSRIs may not only be associated with the medication itself but also with the presence of depression and the probable common genetic basis for both disorders. In each case, other risk factors for the development of ASD should also be taken into consideration, e.g. vitamin D3 deficiencies, unsaturated fatty acids, oxytocin levels, the presence of intestinal dysbiosis.
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Novel treatments for autism spectrum disorder based on genomics and systems biology. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107939. [PMID: 34174273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex underlying genetic architecture. There are currently no known pharmacologic treatments for the core ASD symptoms of social deficits and restricted/ repetitive behavior. However, there are dozens of clinical trials currently underway that are testing the impact of novel and existing agents on core and associated symptoms in ASD. METHODS We present a narrative synthesis of the historical and contemporary challenges to drug discovery in ASD. We then provide an overview of novel treatments currently under investigation from a genomics and systems biology perspective. RESULTS Data driven network and cluster analyses suggest alterations in transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodelling, synaptic transmission, neuropeptide signalling, and/or immunological mechanisms may contribute to or underlie the development of ASD. Agents and upcoming trials targeting each of the above listed systems are reviewed. CONCLUSION Identifying effective pharmacologic treatments for the core and associated symptom domains in ASD will require further collaboration and innovation in the areas of outcome measurement, biomarker research, and genomics, as well as systematic efforts to identify and treat subgroups of individuals with ASD who may be differentially responsive to specific treatments.
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de Andrade Wobido K, de Sá Barreto da Cunha M, Miranda SS, da Mota Santana J, da Silva DCG, Pereira M. Non-specific effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on autistic spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1995-2007. [PMID: 33871323 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1913950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
METHODS We searched seven databases and found 13 eligible controlled trials that use omega-3 supplementation in children and adolescents with ASD.Data extraction: We collected details on study design, intervention time, supplement dosage, and the autism assessment scale. Meta-analyses and subgroup analysis were conducted according to the autism symptoms. RESULTS Omega-3 and omega-6 supplementation improved ASD symptoms according to the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (standard mean difference - SMD = -0.13; CI 95% = -0.34, -0.02). However, using subgroup analysis, we observed no efficacy in terms of improvements in hyperactivity (SMD = -0.03; CI 95%: -0.43, 0.36), irritability (SMD = -0.18; CI 95%: -0.51, 0.15), stereotypy (SMD = -0.03; CI 95%: -0.43, 0.36), inappropriate speech (SMD = -0.68; CI 95%: -1.49, 0.14), lethargy (SMD = -0.22; CI 95%: -0.58, 0.14), and social function (SMD = -0.71; IC 95%: -1.56, 0.14). W-3 and w-6 supplementation also showed no efficacy according to the Social Responsiveness Scale (SMD = 0.08; CI 95%: -0.23, 0.39). The adverse effects were classified as mild and equally distributed between the placebo and intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite w-3 and w-6 supplementation showing minimal beneficial effects in the treatment of autism, the subgroup analyses indicated that there is a lack of evidence on the beneficial role of w-3 and w-6 in treating ASD.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO number CRD42020146116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelma de Andrade Wobido
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jerusa da Mota Santana
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia
| | | | - Marcos Pereira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia
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19
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Abstract
Research relating gut microbiome composition to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has produced inconsistent results, indicative of the disorder’s complexity and the need for more sophisticated experimental designs. We address this need by (i) comparing gut microbiome composition between individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls in Arizona and Colorado using standardized DNA extraction and sequencing methods at both locations and (ii) longitudinally evaluating the gut microbiome’s relationship to autism behavioral severity, diet, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut microbiome composition differed between individuals in Arizona and individuals in Colorado, and gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher in ASD individuals than in neurotypical individuals in Arizona but not in Colorado. Gut microbiome composition was significantly associated with ASD while controlling for study-site location but not when controlling for gastrointestinal symptoms. This suggests that non-ASD-related study site differences in gut microbiome composition and different degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms involvement with ASD between sites may contribute to inconsistent results in the literature regarding the association between gut microbiome composition and ASD. In the longitudinal analysis, we found that difference in levels of lethargy/social withdrawal measured in individuals at different time points correlated with the degree of change in gut microbiome composition and that a worsening of inappropriate speech between time points was associated with decreased gut microbiome diversity. This relationship between changes in the gut microbiome composition within individuals and ASD behavioral severity metrics indicates that longitudinal study designs may be useful for exploring microbial drivers of ASD severity when substantial variability exists in baseline microbiome compositions across individuals and geographical regions. IMPORTANCE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a brain developmental disorder with varying behavioral symptom severity both across individuals and within individuals over time. There have been promising but also inconsistent literature results regarding how the gut microbiota (microbiome) may be involved. We found that the gut microbiome in individuals with ASD is affected by study-site location as well as gastrointestinal symptom severity. When we sampled some individuals with ASD at several different time points, we found that some behaviors, such as lethargy/social withdrawal and inappropriate speech, changed along with changes in the gut microbiota composition. This is the first study to relate severity of behavior symptoms to gut microbiome composition within individuals over time and suggests a dynamic relationship between ASD-associated symptoms and gut microbes. Longitudinal study designs as well as collaborative efforts across multiple centers are needed to fully characterize the relationship between ASD and gut microbes.
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20
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Martinat M, Rossitto M, Di Miceli M, Layé S. Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:1185. [PMID: 33918517 PMCID: PMC8065891 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that are provided by dietary intake. Growing evidence suggests that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are paramount for brain functions. They constitute crucial elements of cellular membranes, especially in the brain. They are the precursors of several metabolites with different effects on inflammation and neuron outgrowth. Overall, long-chain PUFAs accumulate in the offspring brain during the embryonic and post-natal periods. In this review, we discuss how they accumulate in the developing brain, considering the maternal dietary supply, the polymorphisms of genes involved in their metabolism, and the differences linked to gender. We also report the mechanisms linking their bioavailability in the developing brain, their transfer from the mother to the embryo through the placenta, and their role in brain development. In addition, data on the potential role of altered bioavailability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the etiologies of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, are reviewed.
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21
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Zhou MS, Nasir M, Farhat LC, Kook M, Artukoglu BB, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:35-45. [PMID: 32387445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy of pharmacological treatments for restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB) in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). METHOD We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL to identify all double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials that examined the efficacy of pharmacological agents in the treatment of ASD and measured RRB as an outcome. Our primary outcome was the standardized mean difference in rating scales of RRB. RESULTS We identified 64 randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving 3,499 participants with ASD. Antipsychotics significantly improved RRB outcomes compared to placebo (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.28, 95% CIs = 0.08-0.49), z = 2.77, p = .01) demonstrating a small effect size. Larger significant positive effects on RRB in ASD were seen in individual studies with fluvoxamine, buspirone, bumetanide, divalproex, guanfacine, and folinic acid that have not been replicated. Other frequently studied pharmacological treatments in ASD including oxytocin, omega-3 fatty acids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and methylphenidate did not demonstrate significant benefit in reducing RRB compared to placebo (oxytocin: SMD = 0.23, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.47, z = 1.85, p = .06; omega-3 fatty acids: SMD = 0.19, 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.43, z = 1.54, p = .12; SSRI: SMD = 0.09, 95% CI = -0.21 to 0.39, z = 0.60, p = .56; methylphenidate: SMD = 0.18, 95% CI = -0.11 to 0.46, z = 1.23, p = .22). CONCLUSION The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that currently available pharmacological agents have at best only a modest benefit for the treatment of RRB in ASD, with the most evidence supporting antipsychotic medications. Additional randomized controlled trials with standardized study designs and consistent and specific assessment tools for RRB are needed to further understand how we can best help ameliorate these behaviors in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Zhou
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Madeeha Nasir
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Luis C Farhat
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Minjee Kook
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bekir B Artukoglu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael H Bloch
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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22
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Chang JPC, Su KP. Nutritional Neuroscience as Mainstream of Psychiatry: The Evidence- Based Treatment Guidelines for Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a New Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:469-483. [PMID: 33124582 PMCID: PMC7609218 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (or omega-3 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients throughout the life span. Recent studies have shown the importance of n-3 PUFAs supplementation during prenatal and perinatal period as a potential protective factor of neurodevelopmental disorders. N-3 PUFAs have been reported to be lower in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). N-3 PUFAs supplementation has shown potential effects in the improvement of clinical symptoms in youth with ADHD, ASD, and MDD, especially those with high inflammation or a low baseline n-3 index. Moreover, it has been suggested that n-3 PUFAs had positive effects on lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms in ASD. For clinical application, the following dosage and duration are recommended in youth according to available randomized controlled trials and systemic literature review: (1) ADHD: a combination of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ≥ 750 mg/d, and a higher dose of EPA (1,200 mg/d) for those with inflammation or allergic diseases for duration of 16−24 weeks; (2) MDD: a combination of a EPA + DHA of 1,000−2,000 mg/d, with EPA:DHA ratio of 2 to 1, for 12−16 weeks; (3) ASD: a combination of EPA + DHA of 1,300−1,500 mg/d for 16−24 weeks as add-on therapy to target lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms. The current review also suggested that n-3 index and inflammation may be potential treatment response markers for youth, especially in ADHD and MDD, receiving n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) and Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab) and Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Management of Behavioral Disturbances Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Paediatr Drugs 2020; 22:473-483. [PMID: 32686015 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric condition affecting an estimated one in 36 children. Youth with ASD may have severe behavioral disturbances including irritability, aggression, and hyperactivity. Currently, there are only two medications (risperidone and aripiprazole) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of irritability associated with ASD. Pharmacologic treatments are commonly used to target ASD-associated symptoms including irritability, mood lability, anxiety, and hyperactivity. However, evidence for the efficacy of many commonly used treatments is limited by the lack of large placebo-controlled trials of these medications in this population. Research into the pathophysiology of ASD has led to new targets for pharmacologic therapy including the neuroimmune system, the endocannabinoid system, and the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence base for commonly used treatments, as well as emerging treatment options for common behavioral disturbances seen in youth with ASD.
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Yan CH, Rathor A, Krook K, Ma Y, Rotella MR, Dodd RL, Hwang PH, Nayak JV, Oyesiku NM, DelGaudio JM, Levy JM, Wise J, Wise SK, Patel ZM. Effect of Omega-3 Supplementation in Patients With Smell Dysfunction Following Endoscopic Sellar and Parasellar Tumor Resection: A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:E91-E98. [PMID: 31950156 PMCID: PMC7360874 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic endonasal approaches pose the potential risk of olfactory loss. Loss of olfaction and potentially taste can be permanent and greatly affect patients' quality of life. Treatments for olfactory loss have had limited success. Omega-3 supplementation may be a therapeutic option with its effect on wound healing and nerve regeneration. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact on olfaction in patients treated with omega-3 supplementation following endoscopic skull base tumor resection. METHODS In this multi-institutional, prospective, randomized controlled trial, 110 patients with sellar or parasellar tumors undergoing endoscopic resection were randomized to nasal saline irrigations or nasal saline irrigations plus omega-3 supplementation. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered preoperatively and at 6 wk, 3 mo, and 6 mo postoperatively. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients completed all 6 mo of follow-up (41 control arm, 46 omega-3 arm). At 6 wk postoperatively, 25% of patients in both groups experienced a clinically significant loss in olfaction. At 3 and 6 mo, patients receiving omega-3 demonstrated significantly less persistent olfactory loss compared to patients without supplementation (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). After controlling for multiple confounding variables, omega-3 supplementation was found to be protective against olfactory loss (odds ratio [OR] 0.05, 95% CI 0.003-0.81, P = .03). Tumor functionality was a significant independent predictor for olfactory loss (OR 32.7, 95% CI 1.15-929.5, P = .04). CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation appears to be protective for the olfactory system during the healing period in patients who undergo endoscopic resection of sellar and parasellar masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Aakanksha Rathor
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kaelyn Krook
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yifei Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Melissa R Rotella
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert L Dodd
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Peter H Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jayakar V Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nelson M Oyesiku
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John M DelGaudio
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Justin Wise
- Department of Psychology, Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah K Wise
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zara M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Pacheva I, Ivanov I. Targeted Biomedical Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4430-4453. [PMID: 31801452 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191205091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) represents presentations with impairment in communication and behaviour that vary considerably in their clinical manifestations and etiology as well as in their likely pathophysiology. A growing body of data indicates that the deleterious effect of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation, as well as their interconnections are important aspects of the pathophysiology of ASD. Glutathione deficiency decreases the mitochondrial protection against oxidants and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; immune dysregulation and inflammation inhibit mitochondrial function through TNF-α; autoantibodies against the folate receptors underpin cerebral folate deficiency, resulting in disturbed methylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Such pathophysiological processes can arise from environmental and epigenetic factors as well as their combined interactions, such as environmental toxicant exposures in individuals with (epi)genetically impaired detoxification. The emerging evidence on biochemical alterations in ASD is forming the basis for treatments aimed to target its biological underpinnings, which is of some importance, given the uncertain and slow effects of the various educational interventions most commonly used. METHODS Literature-based review of the biomedical treatment options for ASD that are derived from established pathophysiological processes. RESULTS Most proposed biomedical treatments show significant clinical utility only in ASD subgroups, with specified pre-treatment biomarkers that are ameliorated by the specified treatment. For example, folinic acid supplementation has positive effects in ASD patients with identified folate receptor autoantibodies, whilst the clinical utility of methylcobalamine is apparent in ASD patients with impaired methylation capacity. Mitochondrial modulating cofactors should be considered when mitochondrial dysfunction is evident, although further research is required to identify the most appropriate single or combined treatment. Multivitamins/multiminerals formulas, as well as biotin, seem appropriate following the identification of metabolic abnormalities, with doses tapered to individual requirements. A promising area, requiring further investigations, is the utilization of antipurinergic therapies, such as low dose suramin. CONCLUSION The assessment and identification of relevant physiological alterations and targeted intervention are more likely to produce positive treatment outcomes. As such, current evidence indicates the utility of an approach based on personalized and evidence-based medicine, rather than treatment targeted to all that may not always be beneficial (primum non nocere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyana Pacheva
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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26
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Zhukova M, Talantseva O, Logvinenko T, Titova O, Grigorenko E. Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review for Parents and Clinicians. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ И СПЕЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ 2020. [DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2020090310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative therapy (CAT) methods for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are widespread in European countries and the Russian Federation; however, their efficacy and safety is not routinely considered by parents and clinicians when recommended or used. The current narrative review presents the most widely known CAT interventions for children with ASD synthesizing data from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials obtained from the PubMed database based on the safety-efficacy model. We have found that, of the reviewed CATs, only the melatonin intervention can be considered safe and effective for children with ASD with comorbid sleep problems. The methods that were classified as safe but had inconclusive efficacy are recommended to be implemented only when they do not interfere with front line treatment for ASD, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Methods with the lack of current evidence for the efficacy such as auditory integration therapies, bioacoustic correction, sensory integration therapy, micropolarization, animal assisted therapy, and dietary interventions should not be recommended as alternative treatments and can only be used as complimentary to ABA-based interventions. We advise against the use of chelation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and holding therapy due their documented harmful psychological and physical effects. When considering CAT for ASD we recommend parents and clinicians use the criteria suggested by Lofthouse and colleagues [59]: only the therapies that are safe, easy, cheap, and sensible can be recommended and used, as opposed to therapies that are risky, unrealistic, difficult, or expensive that should not be recommended or utilized.
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27
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Chidambaram SB, Bhat A, Mahalakshmi AM, Ray B, Tuladhar S, Sushmitha BS, Saravanan B, Thamilarasan M, Thenmozhi AJ, Essa MM, Guillemin GJ, Qoronfleh MW. Protein Nutrition in Autism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:573-586. [PMID: 32006374 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior. Although autism can be diagnosed at any age, it is said to be a "developmental disorder" because symptoms generally appear in the first 2 years of life. The primary cause of autism is still not clear and therapy is currently restricted to controlling behavioral abnormalities. However, emerging studies have shown a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and autism. Dietary supplements that promote mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibit the production of oxidative stress have been used to treat autism patients. Dietary adjustments in treating autism is a novel approach to suppress autistic symptoms. Supplementation with antioxidants has been found to not only inhibit cognitive decline but also improve behavioral symptoms in autism. Dietary supplements fortified with vitamins should only be given under the supervision of a physician. A wide range of nutraceuticals are under clinical trials to understand whether they physiologically target mitochondrial pathways and improve the quality of life in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India. .,Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.,Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.,Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.,Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - B S Sushmitha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - B Saravanan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Manivasagam Thamilarasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Department, World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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28
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Hartman RE, Patel D. Dietary Approaches to the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:547-571. [PMID: 32006373 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature surrounding autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their relation to gastrointestinal (GI), behavioral, neurological, and immunological functioning. Individuals with ASD often have poor GI health, including bowel motility issues, autoimmune and/or other adverse responses to certain foods, and lack of necessary nutrient absorption. These issues may be caused or exacerbated by restrictive behavioral patterns (e.g., preference for sweet and salty foods and/or refusal of healthy foods). Those individuals with GI issues tend to demonstrate more behavioral deficits (e.g., irritability, agitation, hyperactivity) and also tend to have an imbalance in overall gut microbiome composition, thus corroborating several studies that have implicated brain-gut pathways as potential mediators of behavioral dysfunction.We examine the literature regarding dietary approaches to managing ASDs, including elimination diets for gluten, casein, or complex carbohydrates, a ketogenic diet, and a low oxalate diet. We also explore the research examining dietary supplements such as fatty acids, pro- and prebiotics, vitamins, minerals, glutathione, phytochemicals, and hormones. The research on dietary approaches to managing ASDs is limited and the results are mixed. However, a few approaches, such as the gluten-free/casein-free diet, fatty acid supplementation, and pre/probiotics have generally demonstrated improved GI and associated behavioral symptoms. Given that GI issues seem to be overrepresented in ASD populations, and that GI issues have been associated with a number behavioral and neurological deficits, dietary manipulation may offer a cheap and easily implemented approach to improve the lives of those with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Hartman
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Dhira Patel
- Department of Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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29
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Karhu E, Zukerman R, Eshraghi RS, Mittal J, Deth RC, Castejon AM, Trivedi M, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Nutritional interventions for autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Rev 2019; 78:515-531. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder with considerable clinical heterogeneity. With no cure for the disorder, treatments commonly center around speech and behavioral therapies to improve the characteristic social, behavioral, and communicative symptoms of ASD. Gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly encountered comorbidities that are thought to be not only another symptom of ASD but to also play an active role in modulating the expression of social and behavioral symptoms. Therefore, nutritional interventions are used by a majority of those with ASD both with and without clinical supervision to alleviate gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms. Despite a considerable interest in dietary interventions, no consensus exists regarding optimal nutritional therapy. Thus, patients and physicians are left to choose from a myriad of dietary protocols. This review, summarizes the state of the current clinical and experimental literature on nutritional interventions for ASD, including gluten-free and casein-free, ketogenic, and specific carbohydrate diets, as well as probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary supplements (vitamins A, C, B6, and B12; magnesium and folate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Karhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ryan Zukerman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rebecca S Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard C Deth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Ana M Castejon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Malav Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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30
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Nasir M, Bloch MH. Trim the fat: the role of omega-3 fatty acids in psychopharmacology. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125319869791. [PMID: 31489174 PMCID: PMC6713969 DOI: 10.1177/2045125319869791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) currently recommends the use of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depressive disorders, impulse-control disorders, and psychotic disorders in treatment guidelines. This review examines the evidence for efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychosis. Meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids for depression are inconclusive, with strong evidence of publication bias, sizable heterogeneity between included studies, and substantial methodological shortcomings in included trials. The large amount of heterogeneity in findings of RCTs of omega-3 fatty acids for unipolar depression is likely attributable to highly heterogeneous sample populations that are given different omega-3 supplements [which differ widely in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, ratio, and dosage] as either adjunctive or monotherapy of other existing treatments, and then measure several different outcomes of depression symptomatology with likely incomplete blinding. Evidence of efficacy of omega-3 supplementation in treating psychosis, PTSD, anxiety, and bipolar mania is minimal. The current guidelines recommending the use of omega-3 fatty acids in adulthood psychiatric conditions should be revisited, especially given several recent negative studies examining the effects of omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular disease. Recommending likely ineffective treatment to patients, no matter how benign the side-effect profile, has opportunity cost (e.g. other more effective medications or therapies not being utilized) and likely affects patient compliance with other evidence-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeeha Nasir
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 S. Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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A Randomised-Controlled Trial of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:1778-1794. [PMID: 30607782 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of vitamin D (VID), omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA, OM), or both (VIDOM) on core symptoms of ASD. New Zealand children with ASD (n = 73; aged 2.5-8.0 years) received daily 2000 IU vitamin D3, 722 mg docosahexaenoic acid, both, or placebo. Outcome measures were Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Sensory Processing Measure (SPM). Of 42 outcome measures comparisons (interventions vs. placebo), two showed greater improvements (P = 0.03, OM and VIDOM for SRS-social awareness) and four showed trends for greater improvements (P < 0.1, VIDOM for SRS-social communicative functioning, OM for SRS-total, VIDOM for SPM-taste/smell and OM for SPM-balance/motion). Omega-3 LCPUFA with and without vitamin D may improve some core symptoms of ASD but no definitive conclusions can be made.
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32
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Castillo MA, Urdaneta KE, Semprún-Hernández N, Brigida AL, Antonucci N, Schultz S, Siniscalco D. Speech-Stimulating Substances in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:E60. [PMID: 31212856 PMCID: PMC6616660 DOI: 10.3390/bs9060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by the core domains of persistent deficits in social communication and restricted-repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. A heterogeneous and complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions are grouped in the spectrum. Pro-inflammatory events and immune system dysfunctions are cellular and molecular events associated with ASD. Several conditions co-occur with ASD: seizures, gastro-intestinal problems, attention deficit, anxiety and depression, and sleep problems. However, language and speech issues are key components of ASD symptoms current therapies find difficult to face. Several speech-stimulating substances have been shown to be effective in increasing speech ability in ASD subjects. The need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kendy Eduardo Urdaneta
- Research Division, Autism Immunology Unit of Maracaibo, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela.
| | - Neomar Semprún-Hernández
- Research Division, Autism Immunology Unit of Maracaibo, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela.
- Catedra libre de Autismo, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela.
| | | | - Nicola Antonucci
- Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Stephen Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Dario Siniscalco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
- Centre for Autism-La Forza del Silenzio, 81036 Caserta, Italy.
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33
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Liu YW, Liong MT, Chung YCE, Huang HY, Peng WS, Cheng YF, Lin YS, Wu YY, Tsai YC. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:E820. [PMID: 30979038 PMCID: PMC6521002 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This four-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128) on boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 7-15 in Taiwan. All subjects fulfilled the criteria for ASD diagnosis of DSM-V and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Questionnaires used for the primary outcome measure include the Autism Behavior Checklist-Taiwan version (ABC-T), the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV-Taiwan version (SNAP-IV) and the Clinical Global Impression-improvement (CGI-I) were used for the secondary outcome measure. The results showed that PS128 ameliorated opposition/defiance behaviors, and that the total score of SNAP-IV for younger children (aged 712) improved significantly compared with the placebo group. Additionally, several elements were also notably improved in the PS128 group after 28-day consumption of PS128. Further studies are needed to better clarify the effects of PS128 for younger children with ASD on broader symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Wenn Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Min Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Yu-Chu Ella Chung
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yi Huang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10090, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Shun Peng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Siou Lin
- Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- YuNing Clinic, Taipei 10664, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z. Prevention or Amelioration of Autism-Like Symptoms in Animal Models: Will it Bring Us Closer to Treating Human ASD? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051074. [PMID: 30832249 PMCID: PMC6429371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first animal model of valproic acid (VPA) induced autistic-like behavior, many genetic and non-genetic experimental animal models for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been described. The more common non-genetic animal models induce ASD in rats and mice by infection/inflammation or the prenatal or early postnatal administration of VPA. Through the establishment of these models, attempts have been made to ameliorate or even prevent ASD-like symptoms. Some of the genetic models have been successfully treated by genetic manipulations or the manipulation of neurotransmission. Different antioxidants have been used (i.e., astaxanthin, green tea, piperine) to reduce brain oxidative stress in VPA-induced ASD models. Agents affecting brain neurotransmitters (donepezil, agmatine, agomelatine, memantine, oxytocin) also successfully reduced ASD-like symptoms. However, complete prevention of the development of symptoms was achieved only rarely. In our recent study, we treated mouse offspring exposed on postnatal day four to VPA with S-adenosine methionine (SAM) for three days, and prevented ASD-like behavior, brain oxidative stress, and the changes in gene expression induced by VPA. In this review, we describe, in addition to our data, the existing literature on the prevention/amelioration of ASD-like symptoms. We also discuss the possible mechanisms underlying some of these phenomena. Finally, we describe some of the clinical trials in children with ASD that were carried out as a result of data from animal studies, especially those with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Liza Weinstein-Fudim
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
| | - Zivanit Ergaz
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
- Neonatology Department, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel.
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Deng FL, Pan JX, Zheng P, Xia JJ, Yin BM, Liang WW, Li YF, Wu J, Xu F, Wu QY, Qu CH, Li W, Wang HY, Xie P. Metabonomics reveals peripheral and central short-chain fatty acid and amino acid dysfunction in a naturally occurring depressive model of macaques. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1077-1088. [PMID: 31118641 PMCID: PMC6501704 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s186071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder. Various depressive rodent models are usually constructed based on different pathogenesis hypotheses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Herein, using our previously established naturally occurring depressive (NOD) model in a non-human primate (cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascularis), we performed metabolomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from NOD female macaques (N=10) and age-and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs) (N=12). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed metabolites between the two groups. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and MetaboAnalyst were applied for predicted pathways and biological functions analysis. RESULTS Totally, 37 metabolites responsible for discriminating the two groups were identified. The NOD macaques were mainly characterized by perturbations of fatty acid biosynthesis, ABC transport system, and amino acid metabolism (eg, aspartate, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism). Interestingly, we found that eight altered CSF metabolites belonging to short-chain fatty acids and amino acids were also observed in the serum of NOD macaques (N=13 per group). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that peripheral and central short-chain fatty acids and amino acids are implicated in the onset of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Li Deng
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Xi Pan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Xia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Bang-Min Yin
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wei-Wei Liang
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Fan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qing-Yuan Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Neurology, Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Hua Qu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402460, People's Republic of China, .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China, .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China,
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Reimers A, Ljung H. The emerging role of omega-3 fatty acids as a therapeutic option in neuropsychiatric disorders. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2019; 9:2045125319858901. [PMID: 31258889 PMCID: PMC6591664 DOI: 10.1177/2045125319858901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurologic and psychiatric diseases has been increasing for decades and, given the moderate therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of existing pharmacological treatments, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Nutrition has recently been recognized as an important factor for the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play critical roles in neuronal cell function and neurotransmission as well as inflammatory and immune reactions that are involved in neuropsychiatric disease states. A large number of experimental and epidemiological studies provide a strong basis for interventional clinical trials that assessed the clinical efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most of these trials found beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with EPA and DHA, and no serious safety concerns have emerged. This review gives an introduction to recent findings on the clinical efficacy of n-3 PUFAs in various neuropsychiatric disorders and the underlying biochemical mechanisms. In addition, the reader will be enabled to identify common methodological weaknesses of clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs, and suggestions for the design of future studies are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Reimers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Klinikgatan 17, Lund, 22185, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ljung
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Hafizi S, Tabatabaei D, Lai MC. Review of Clinical Studies Targeting Inflammatory Pathways for Individuals With Autism. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:849. [PMID: 31824351 PMCID: PMC6886479 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction and abnormal immune response may be associated with certain mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The early evidence for this link was based on the increased incidence of ASD in children with a history of maternal infection during pregnancy. Observational studies show increased prevalence of immune-related disorders-ranging from atopy, food allergy, viral infections, asthma, primary immunodeficiency, to autoimmune disorders-in individuals with ASD and their families. Evidence of neuroglial activation and focal brain inflammation in individuals with ASD implies that the central nervous system immunity may also be atypical in some individuals with ASD. Also, both peripheral and central inflammatory responses are suggested to be associated with ASD-related behavioral symptoms. Atypical immune responses may be evident in specific ASD subgroups, such as those with significant gastrointestinal symptoms. The present review aimed to evaluate current literature of potential interventions that target inflammatory pathways for individuals with ASD and to summarize whether these interventions were associated with improvement in autism symptoms and adaptation. We found that the current literature on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in ASD is still limited and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to provide robust evidence. We concluded that the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the emergence of ASD or related challenges may be specific to subsets of individuals (e.g. those with concurrent immunological disorders, developmental regression, or high irritability). These subsets of individuals of ASD might be more likely to benefit from interventions that target immune-mediated mechanisms and with whom next-stage immune-mediated clinical trials could be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Hafizi
- Department of Psychiatry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dina Tabatabaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Persico AM, Ricciardello A, Cucinotta F. The psychopharmacology of autism spectrum disorder and Rett syndrome. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 165:391-414. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Infante M, Sears B, Rizzo AM, Mariani Cerati D, Caprio M, Ricordi C, Fabbri A. Omega-3 PUFAs and vitamin D co-supplementation as a safe-effective therapeutic approach for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: case report and literature review. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:779-790. [PMID: 30545280 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1557385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by abnormal development of cognitive, social, and communicative skills. Although ASD aetiology and pathophysiology are still unclear, various nutritional factors have been investigated as potential risk factors for ASD development, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and vitamin D deficiency. In fact, both omega-3 PUFAs and vitamin D are important for brain development and function. Case report: Herein, we report the case of a 23-year-old young adult male with autism who was referred to our Unit due to a 12-month history of cyclic episodes of restlessness, agitation, irritability, oppositional and self-injurious behaviours. Laboratory tests documented a markedly altered omega-6/omega-3 balance, along with a vitamin D deficiency, as assessed by serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation was therefore started, with remarkable improvements in ASD symptoms throughout a 24-month follow-up period. A brief review of the literature for interventional studies evaluating the efficacy of omega-3 or vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of ASD-related symptoms is also provided. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting remarkable beneficial effects on ASD symptoms deriving from omega-3 and vitamin D combination therapy. This case report suggests omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation as a potential safe-effective therapeutic strategy to treat core symptoms of ASD. However, larger studies are needed to evaluate the real efficacy of such therapeutic approach in a broader sample of ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Barry Sears
- Inflammation Research Foundation, Peabody, MA, USA
| | - Angela Maria Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Applied Nutrition, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Mariani Cerati
- ANGSA (Associazione Nazionale Genitori Soggetti Autistici), Scientific Committee, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplant Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Diabetes Research Institute Federation, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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40
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Esteban-Figuerola P, Canals J, Fernández-Cao JC, Arija Val V. Differences in food consumption and nutritional intake between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children: A meta-analysis. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2018; 23:1079-1095. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361318794179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Esteban-Figuerola
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM)., Rovira i Virgili University (URV)., Tarragona, Spain
- Research Centre for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, URV., Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), URV., Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josefa Canals
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM)., Rovira i Virgili University (URV)., Tarragona, Spain
- Research Centre for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Department of Psychology, URV., Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), URV., Tarragona, Spain
| | - José Cándido Fernández-Cao
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM)., Rovira i Virgili University (URV)., Tarragona, Spain
- Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Victoria Arija Val
- Nutrition and Mental Health Research Group (NUTRISAM)., Rovira i Virgili University (URV)., Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili (IISPV), URV., Tarragona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació en Atenció Primària IDIAP Jordi Gol., Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Lamy M, Erickson CA. Pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2018; 48:250-264. [PMID: 30262163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric condition that, based on recent CDC estimates affects an estimated 1 in 59 American children. Behavioral treatments remain the mainstay of treatment for the core symptoms of ASD including communication deficits, social interaction deficits and repetitive behavior. However, youth with ASD may also have severe behavioral challenges including irritability, aggression, and hyperactivity. Currently there are only two medications (risperidone and aripiprazole) approved by the FDA for the treatment of irritability associated with ASD in children. Psychiatric comorbidities are common in youth with ASD, affecting up to 70% of affected children and adolescents. Given the burden of co-occurring disorders, medications are often employed to target symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, and hyperactivity. Other common co-occurring conditions including gastrointestinal disorders and sleep disorders may be improved with pharmacologic management. Evidence for the efficacy of many commonly used psychotropic medications in ASD is limited by the lack of large placebo-controlled trials in youth with ASD. This paper reviews the current literature regarding use of medications to address co-occurring conditions in children and adolescents with ASD as well as areas of emerging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Lamy
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Craig A Erickson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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42
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Howsmon DP, Adams JB, Kruger U, Geis E, Gehn E, Hahn J. Erythrocyte fatty acid profiles in children are not predictive of autism spectrum disorder status: a case control study. Biomark Res 2018; 6:12. [PMID: 29568526 PMCID: PMC5853097 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-018-0125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers promise biomolecular explanations as well as reliable diagnostics, stratification, and treatment strategies that have the potential to help mitigate the effects of disorders. While no reliable biomarker has yet been found for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), fatty acids have been investigated as potential biomarkers because of their association with brain development and neural functions. However, the ability of fatty acids to classify individuals with ASD from age/gender-matched neurotypical (NEU) peers has largely been ignored in favor of investigating population-level differences. Contrary to existing work, this classification task between ASD and NEU cohorts is the main focus of this work. The data presented herein suggest that fatty acids do not allow for classification at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Howsmon
- 1Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, 12180 NY USA.,2Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, 12180 NY USA.,5Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712 TX USA
| | - James B Adams
- 3School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box: 876106, Tempe, 85281 AZ USA
| | - Uwe Kruger
- 4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, 12180 NY USA
| | - Elizabeth Geis
- 3School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box: 876106, Tempe, 85281 AZ USA
| | - Eva Gehn
- 3School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, PO Box: 876106, Tempe, 85281 AZ USA
| | - Juergen Hahn
- 1Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, 12180 NY USA.,2Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, 12180 NY USA.,4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, 12180 NY USA
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