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Ali FEM, Abdel-Reheim MA, Hassanein EHM, Abd El-Aziz MK, Althagafy HS, Badran KSA. Exploring the potential of drug repurposing for liver diseases: A comprehensive study. Life Sci 2024; 347:122642. [PMID: 38641047 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug repurposing involves the investigation of existing drugs for new indications. It offers a great opportunity to quickly identify a new drug candidate at a lower cost than novel discovery and development. Despite the importance and potential role of drug repurposing, there is no specific definition that healthcare providers and the World Health Organization credit. Unfortunately, many similar and interchangeable concepts are being used in the literature, making it difficult to collect and analyze uniform data on repurposed drugs. This research was conducted based on understanding general criteria for drug repurposing, concentrating on liver diseases. Many drugs have been investigated for their effect on liver diseases even though they were originally approved (or on their way to being approved) for other diseases. Some of the hypotheses for drug repurposing were first captured from the literature and then processed further to test the hypothesis. Recently, with the revolution in bioinformatics techniques, scientists have started to use drug libraries and computer systems that can analyze hundreds of drugs to give a short list of candidates to be analyzed pharmacologically. However, this study revealed that drug repurposing is a potential aid that may help deal with liver diseases. It provides available or under-investigated drugs that could help treat hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, Wilson disease, liver cancer, and fatty liver. However, many further studies are needed to ensure the efficacy of these drugs on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt; Michael Sayegh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa K Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S A Badran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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Dong Y, Hu M, Tan K, Dai R. ZNF143 inhibits hepatocyte mitophagy and promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting increased lncRNA NEAT1 expression to activate ROCK2 pathway. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2239592. [PMID: 37566742 PMCID: PMC10424604 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2239592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorders worldwide. The mitophagy is suggested to be repressed in NAFLD, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated. METHODS NAFLD cell and mouse models were established by treating with free fatty acid (FFA) and feeding a high fat diet (HFD), respectively. QRT-PCR, Western blotting, or IHC measured the expression of ZNF143, lncRNA NEAT1, ROCK2, and lipid formation/mitophagy-related proteins. Cell viability and mitophagy were evaluated by MTT and immunofluorescence. The chloroform-methanol extraction method measured triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. ELISA detected ALT and AST levels. The interactions among ZNF143, lncRNA NEAT1 and SND1 were analysed by ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, pull-down, and RIP. The lipid droplets were determined by Oil-red O and HE staining. RESULTS ZNF143 and lncRNA NEAT1 were upregulated in hepatic cells treated with FFA (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). Knockdown of ZNF143 or lncRNA NEAT1 inhibited lipid droplets formation, while promoting mitophagy (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). ZNF143 promoted lncRNA NEAT1 transcriptional expression through binding to its promoter. LncRNA NEAT1 increased ROCK2 mRNA stability by targeting SND1. LncRNA NEAT1 or ROCK2 overexpression reversed the effect of ZNF143 or lncRNA NEAT1 knockdown on hepatic steatosis and mitophagy (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). ZNF143 or lncRNA NEAT1 knockdown inhibited HFD-induced steatosis and promoted mitophagy in vivo (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The upregulation of lncRNA NEAT1 caused by ZNF143 promoted NAFLD through inhibiting mitophagy via activating ROCK2 pathway by targeting SND1, providing potential targets for NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, China
| | - Minjie Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, China
| | - Kewei Tan
- The No.922 Hospital of the People Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Department of the Laboratory and Blood Transfusion, Hengyang, Hunan421002, China
| | - Rongjuan Dai
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, China
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3
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Chen B, Jin W. A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200061. [PMID: 37351420 PMCID: PMC10282194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Hou HT, Wang ZQ, Wang J, Yang Q, He GW. Antispastic Effect of Fasudil and Cocktail of Fasudil and Nitroglycerin in Internal Thoracic Artery. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 115:1152-1161. [PMID: 35172179 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spasm of arterial grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting is a clinical problem and can occasionally be lethal. Perioperative spasm in the internal thoracic artery (ITA) and coronary arteries occurs in 0.43% of patients. This study aimed to investigate the antispastic effect of a RhoA/Rho-kinase (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase [ROCK]) inhibitor (fasudil) with and without nitroglycerin in combination in the ITA. METHODS Isolated human ITA rings taken from 68 patients who were undergoing coronary bypass were studied in a myograph. Cumulative concentration-relaxation curves for fasudil (-9 to -3.5 log M) were established in the ITA, which was precontracted with potassium chloride or U46619. The inhibitory effect of fasudil (-6.3 or -5.3 log M) or fasudil in combination with nitroglycerin were also tested. The ROCK2 protein was measured by Western blot. RESULTS Fasudil caused similar relaxation in ITA rings contracted by potassium chloride or U46619. Pretreatment with -5.3 log M fasudil significantly depressed contraction induced by potassium chloride (P = .004 vs control; P = .017 vs -6.3 log M) and U46619 (P = .010 vs control; P = .041 vs. -6.3 log M). Fasudil in combination with nitroglycerin had more effect and more rapid and sustained relaxation than either vasodilator alone. Fasudil caused a decrease of ROCK2 protein content (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS Fasudil fully relaxes some vasoconstrictor-induced contraction and decreases ROCK2 protein content in the ITA. The combination of fasudil and nitroglycerin has a superior effect than either vasodilator alone. The new cocktail solution composed of fasudil and nitroglycerin (pH 7.4) has effective antispastic action and may prove to be a new antispastic method for arterial conduits during coronary bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Hou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China; Drug Research and Development Center, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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Sung BJ, Lim SB, Yang WM, Kim JH, Kulkarni RN, Kim YB, Lee MK. ROCK1 regulates insulin secretion from β-cells. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101625. [PMID: 36374631 PMCID: PMC9649378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endocrine pancreatic β-cells play a pivotal role in maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis and its dysregulation is a consistent feature in all forms of diabetes. However, knowledge of intracellular regulators that modulate β-cell function remains incomplete. We investigated the physiological role of ROCK1 in the regulation of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Mice lacking ROCK1 in pancreatic β-cells (RIP-Cre; ROCK1loxP/loxP, β-ROCK1-/-) were studied. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests as well as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were measured. An insulin secretion response to a direct glucose or pyruvate or pyruvate kinase (PK) activator stimulation in isolated islets from β-ROCK1-/- mice or β-cell lines with knockdown of ROCK1 was also evaluated. A proximity ligation assay was performed to determine the physical interactions between PK and ROCK1. RESULTS Mice with a deficiency of ROCK1 in pancreatic β-cells exhibited significantly increased blood glucose levels and reduced serum insulin without changes in body weight. Interestingly, β-ROCK1-/- mice displayed a progressive impairment of glucose tolerance while maintaining insulin sensitivity mostly due to impaired GSIS. Consistently, GSIS markedly decreased in ROCK1-deficient islets and ROCK1 knockdown INS-1 cells. Concurrently, ROCK1 blockade led to a significant decrease in intracellular calcium and ATP levels and oxygen consumption rates in isolated islets and INS-1 cells. Treatment of ROCK1-deficient islets or ROCK1 knockdown β-cells either with pyruvate or a PK activator rescued the impaired GSIS. Mechanistically, we observed that glucose stimulation in β-cells greatly enhanced ROCK1 binding to PK. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that β-cell ROCK1 is essential for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and for glucose homeostasis and that ROCK1 acts as an upstream regulator of glycolytic pyruvate kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jun Sung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sung-Bin Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Won-Mo Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Fujimoto K, Hashimoto D, Kashimada K, Kumegawa S, Ueda Y, Hyuga T, Hirashima T, Inoue N, Suzuki K, Hara I, Asamura S, Yamada G. A visualization system for erectile vascular dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1000342. [PMID: 36313553 PMCID: PMC9615422 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erection is an essential process which requires the male penis for copulation. This copulatory process depends on the vascular dynamic regulation of the penis. The corpus cavernosum (CC) in the upper (dorsal) part of the penis plays a major role in regulating blood flow inside the penis. When the CC is filled with blood, the sinusoids, including micro-vessels, dilate during erection. The CC is an androgen-dependent organ, and various genital abnormalities including erectile dysfunction (ED) are widely known. Previous studies have shown that androgen deprivation by castration results in significantly decreased smooth muscles of the CC. Experimental works in erectile biology have previously measured intracavernosal penile pressure and mechanical tension. Such reports analyze limited features without assessing the dynamic aspects of the erectile process. In the current study, we established a novel explant system enabling direct visual imaging of the sinusoidal lumen to evaluate the dynamic movement of the cavernous space. To analyze the alternation of sinusoidal spaces, micro-dissected CC explants by patent blue dye injection were incubated and examined for their structural alternations during relaxation/contraction. The dynamic process of relaxation/contraction was analyzed with various external factors administered to the CC. The system enabled the imaging of relaxation/contraction of the lumens of the sinusoids and the collagen-containing tissues. Histological analysis on the explant system also showed the relaxation/contraction. Thus, the system mimics the regulatory process of dynamic relaxation/contraction in the erectile response. The current system also enabled evaluating the erectile pathophysiology. In the current study, the lumen of sinusoids relaxed/contracted in castrated mice similarly with normal mice. These results suggested that the dynamic erectile relaxation/contraction process was similarly retained in castrated mice. However, the system also revealed decreased duration time of erection in castrated mice. The current study is expected to promote further understanding of the pathophysiology of ED, which will be useful for new treatments in the future. Hence, the current system provides unique information to investigate the novel regulations of erectile function, which can provide tools for analyzing the pathology of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kumegawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Ueda
- Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Children’s Medical Center Tochigi, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Isao Hara
- Department of Urology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Asamura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Gen Yamada,
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Mechanistic and therapeutic perspectives of baicalin and baicalein on pulmonary hypertension: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113191. [PMID: 35643068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and fatal disease, for which new therapeutic drugs and approaches are needed urgently. Baicalein and baicalin, the active compounds of the traditional Chinese medicine, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. Numerous studies involving in vitro and in vivo models of PH have revealed that the treatment with baicalin and baicalein may be effective. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms driving the beneficial effects of baicalin and baicalein treatment on PH, including anti-inflammatory response, inhibition of pulmonary smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, stabilization of the extracellular matrix, and mitigation of oxidative stress. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds have also been reviewed. The therapeutic potential of baicalin and baicalein warrants their continued study as natural treatments for PH.
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Beqiraj-Zeqiraj Q, Thaçi Q, Sahiti F, Kovač Z, Raffay TM, Sopi RB. Rho-kinase inhibitors protect against neonatal hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity in a rat pup model: Role of prostaglandin F 2α. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1229-1237. [PMID: 35088947 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen therapy in preterm neonates is associated with airway hyperreactivity. The role of Rho/Rho-kinase smooth muscle signaling in hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity remains understudied. We hypothesized that inhibition of Rho-kinase will attenuate airway hyperreactivity induced by neonatal hyperoxia. METHODS Newborn rats were raised in hyperoxia (>95% O2 ) or ambient air (AA) for 7 days. Subgroups were injected with a Rho-kinase inhibitor: Y-27632 (10 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) or fasudil (10 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ), or a FP receptor antagonist - AS604872 (30 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ). After exposures, tracheal cylinders were prepared for in vitro wire myography. Contraction to methacholine or PGF2α was measured in the presence or absence of tissue-bath Y-27632, fasudil, or AS604872. Lung PGF2α levels, Rho-kinase protein level and Rho-kinase 1 activity were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Tracheal smooth muscle contraction was significantly greater in hyperoxic compared to AA groups. Both, Y-27632 and fasudil significantly decreased contractility to MCh or PGF2α in hyperoxic groups versus hyperoxic controls (p < 0.001), but did not alter AA group responses. Inhibition of FP receptors attenuated responses to PGF2α . Hyperoxia significantly increased lung PGF2α compared to AA (p < 0.01), but Rho-kinase inhibition did not influence PGF2α level. Rho-kinase protein level (p < 0.001) and activity (p < 0.01), were increased by hyperoxia, but blockade of FP receptor reduced the Rho-kinase 1 activity (p < 0.05) under hyperoxic condition. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an active role of Rho/Rho-kinase signaling on hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity. These findings suggest that Rho-kinase inhibitors might serve as an effective therapy for hyperoxia-induced airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qendresa Beqiraj-Zeqiraj
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Qëndrim Thaçi
- Department of Premedical Courses, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Floran Sahiti
- Department of Premedical Courses, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.,Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University and University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zdenko Kovač
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ramadan B Sopi
- Department of Premedical Courses, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
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Sousa-Lima I, Kim HJ, Jones J, Kim YB. Rho-Kinase as a Therapeutic Target for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:655-674. [PMID: 34610720 PMCID: PMC8497927 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem and the most common form of chronic liver disease, affecting 25% of the global population. Although NAFLD is closely linked with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, knowledge on its pathogenesis remains incomplete. Emerging data have underscored the importance of Rho-kinase (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase [ROCK]) action in the maintenance of normal hepatic lipid homeostasis. In particular, pharmacological blockade of ROCK in hepatocytes or hepatic stellate cells prevents the progression of liver diseases such as NAFLD and fibrosis. Moreover, mice lacking hepatic ROCK1 are protected against obesity-induced fatty liver diseases by suppressing hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Here we review the roles of ROCK as an indispensable regulator of obesity-induced fatty liver disease and highlight the key cellular pathway governing hepatic lipid accumulation, with focus on de novo lipogenesis and its impact on therapeutic potential. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic milieu linking to liver dysfunction triggered by ROCK activation may help identify new targets for treating fatty liver diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sousa-Lima
- CEDOC-Chronic Disease Research Center, NOVA Medical School/ Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Jones
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Marquis of Pombal Square, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding author: Young-Bum Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-6330 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA E-mail:
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Yang Q, Shi W. Rho/ROCK-MYOCD in regulating airway smooth muscle growth and remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1-L5. [PMID: 33909498 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00034.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal airway remodeling is a common pathological change seen in chronic respiratory diseases. Altered proliferation and differentiation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) are the major components of airway remodeling, and the resultant structural abnormalities are difficult to restore. Understanding of airway smooth muscle regulation is urgently needed to identify potential intervention targets. MYOCD (or myocardin) and myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) are key cotranscription factors in muscle growth, which have not been extensively investigated in airway smooth muscle cells. In addition, the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is known to play an important role in airway remodeling partly through regulating the proliferation and differentiation of ASMCs, which may be connected with MYOCD/MRTF cotranscription factors [Kumawat et al. (Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 311: L529-L537, 2016); Lagna et al. (J Biol Chem 282: 37244-37255, 2007)]. This review focuses on this newly recognized and potentially important RhoA/ROCK-MYOCD/MRTFs pathway in controlling airway smooth muscle growth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Zewdie KA, Ayza MA, Tesfaye BA, Wondafrash DZ, Berhe DF. A Systematic Review on Rho-Kinase as a Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Res Rep Urol 2020; 12:261-272. [PMID: 32766173 PMCID: PMC7373493 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s255743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common clinical condition with limited treatment options. The main aim of the present systematic review was to synthesize information on Rho-kinase as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ED. Methods We performed a systematic literature study in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus. Included studies were original articles studied the role of Rho-kinase in the pathogenesis and/or new treatment approach for ED in animal models and clinical studies, published between 2014 and 2019. Data derived from each study were study design used, interventions applied and main treatment outcomes. The quality of the selected articles was assessed by CAMARADES criteria and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results A total of 1067 original articles were retrieved in the given period and eighteen papers met our inclusion criteria. Five articles explain the role of Rho-kinase in ED pathogenesis using different models such as cavernous nerve crush injury, heart failure-induced ED, vasculogenic and post-radical prostatectomy ED, diabetes-induced ED and age-related ED. Other ten papers explain the role of novel drugs evaluated for ED treatment by targeting Rho-kinase as a new approach for ED therapy. The rest three papers discuss the role of plant extracts used by traditional society for the treatment of ED and assess their potential function in targeting Rho-kinase in animal models. The penile erectile functional index has shown that the ratio of intracavernosal pressure to mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) was decreased due to age and various chronic diseases. Whilst, ROCK I and ROCK II expression were increased. Western blot findings have also shown that ROCK II and MYPT-1 phosphorylation rates increased in cavernous tissue after ED induction. Besides, compounds which can inhibit the action of Rho-kinase activity showed relaxation of the corpus cavernosum, decrease in corporal fibrosis, and alleviate increased apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in an NO-independent manner. Moreover, histological and molecular dysregulation have been improved by inhibition of Rho-kinase. Conclusion Targeting Rho-kinase may be a possible target for the treatment of ED secondary to specific causes, and Rho-kinase inhibitors may be a new drug family for the treatment of ED. However, this requires further studies for in-depth understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleab Alemayehu Zewdie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Altaye Ayza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Amare Tesfaye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Derbew Fikadu Berhe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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12
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Zhang Y, Saradna A, Ratan R, Ke X, Tu W, Do DC, Hu C, Gao P. RhoA/Rho-kinases in asthma: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e01134. [PMID: 32355562 PMCID: PMC7190398 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic and heterogeneous disease characterised by airway inflammation and intermittent airway narrowing. The key obstacle in the prevention and treatment of asthma has been our incomplete understanding of its aetiology and biological mechanisms. The ras homolog family member A (RhoA) of the Rho family GTPases has been considered to be one of the most promising and novel therapeutic targets for asthma. It is well known that RhoA/Rho‐kinases play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma, including airway smooth muscle contraction, airway hyper‐responsiveness, β‐adrenergic desensitisation and airway remodelling. However, recent advances have suggested novel roles for RhoA in regulating allergic airway inflammation. Specifically, RhoA has been shown to regulate allergic airway inflammation through controlling Th2 or Th17 cell differentiation and to regulate airway remodelling through regulating mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. In this review, we evaluate the literature regarding the recent advances in the activation of RhoA/Rho‐kinase, cytokine and epigenetic regulation of RhoA/Rho‐kinase, and the role of RhoA/Rho‐kinase in regulating major features of asthma, such as airway hyper‐responsiveness, remodelling and inflammation. We also discuss the importance of the newly identified role of RhoA/Rho‐kinase signalling in MSC differentiation and bronchial epithelial barrier dysfunction. These findings indicate the functional significance of the RhoA/Rho‐kinase pathway in the pathophysiology of asthma and suggest that RhoA/Rho‐kinase signalling may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Arjun Saradna
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA.,Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Rhea Ratan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Xia Ke
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Wei Tu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA.,Department of Respirology and Allergy Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Danh C Do
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha China
| | - Peisong Gao
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
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13
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Landry T, Shookster D, Huang H. Tissue-Specific Approaches Reveal Diverse Metabolic Functions of Rho-Kinase 1. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:622581. [PMID: 33633690 PMCID: PMC7901932 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.622581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1) has been implicated in diverse metabolic functions throughout the body, with promising evidence identifying ROCK1 as a therapeutic target in diabetes and obesity. Considering these metabolic roles, several pharmacological inhibitors have been developed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying ROCK1 function. Y27632 and fasudil are two common ROCK1 inhibitors; however, they have varying non-specific selectivity to inhibit other AGC kinase subfamily members and whole-body pharmacological approaches lack tissue-specific insight. As a result, interpretation of studies with these inhibitors is difficult, and alternative approaches are needed to elucidate ROCK1's tissue specific metabolic functions. Fortunately, recent technological advances utilizing molecular carriers or genetic manipulation have facilitated discovery of ROCK1's tissue-specific mechanisms of action. In this article, we review the tissue-specific roles of ROCK1 in the regulation of energy balance and substrate utilization. We highlight prominent metabolic roles in liver, adipose, and skeletal muscle, in which ROCK1 regulates energy expenditure, glucose uptake, and lipid metabolism via inhibition of AMPK2α and paradoxical modulation of insulin signaling. Compared to ROCK1's roles in peripheral tissues, we also describe contradictory functions of ROCK1 in the hypothalamus to increase energy expenditure and decrease food intake via leptin signaling. Furthermore, dysregulated ROCK1 activity in either of these tissues results in metabolic disease phenotypes. Overall, tissue-specific approaches have made great strides in deciphering the many critical metabolic functions of ROCK1 and, ultimately, may facilitate the development of novel treatments for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Daniel Shookster
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Human Performance Laboratory, College of Human Performance and Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Hu Huang,
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14
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Liang Y, Li X, Wu Y, Ke Z, Liu Z, Chen S, Wei Y, Zheng Q, Xue X, Xu N. LIMK1 depletion enhances fasudil‐dependent inhibition of urethral fibroblast proliferation and migration. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12977-12988. [PMID: 30861189 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Chun Liang
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Dong Li
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Yu‐Peng Wu
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Zhi‐Bin Ke
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Zhang‐Qi Liu
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Shao‐Hao Chen
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Yong Wei
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Qing‐Shui Zheng
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Xue‐Yi Xue
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Ning Xu
- Departments of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
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15
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Gao Z, Zhu W, Zhang H, Li Z, Cui T. The influence of fasudil on renal proximal tubular cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by parathormone. Ren Fail 2018; 39:575-581. [PMID: 28741985 PMCID: PMC6446168 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2017.1349677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal fibrosis is a common pathway through which a variety of chronic kidney diseases progress to end-stage renal disease. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal proximal tubular cells is one of the most important factors in renal fibrosis. This study investigates if fasudil could influence EMT of renal proximal tubular cells. METHODS HK-2 cells in passage 3-4 were used for all experiments. The cells were divided into five groups and treated with different concentrations of PTH and then observe cellular morphological changes at 0, 24 and 48 h using an inverted microscope and investigate the expression of the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin and the renal fibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). RESULTS PTH significantly induced EMT, fasudil-inhibited EMT induced by PTH to different degrees, and the inhibitory effect of fasudil was most pronounced at 20 μmol/L. CONCLUSION Monitoring PTH levels, early prevention and control of hyperparathyroidism and reducing the concentration of PTH are important means to improve prognosis and delay the progression of chronic kidney disease. Fasudil can restrain EMT induced by PTH; this conclusion provides experimental data for the application of fasudil in the clinical prevention and treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Gao
- a Department of Ultrasound , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- b Department of Nephrology , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Hua Zhang
- b Department of Nephrology , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Zhonghe Li
- b Department of Nephrology , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - Tongxia Cui
- b Department of Nephrology , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
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16
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Nishijima TF, Kardos J, Chai S, Smith CC, Bortone DS, Selitsky SR, Parker JS, Sanoff HK, Lee MS, Vincent BG. Molecular and Clinical Characterization of a Claudin-Low Subtype of Gastric Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:1-10. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Claudin-low molecular subtypes have been identified in breast and bladder cancers and are characterized by low expression of claudins, enrichment for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor-initiating cell (TIC) features. We evaluated whether the claudin-low subtype also exists in gastric cancer. Materials and Methods Four hundred fifteen tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) gastric cancer mRNA data set were clustered on the claudin, EMT, and TIC gene sets to identify claudin-low tumors. We derived a 24-gene predictor that classifies gastric cancer into claudin-low and non–claudin-low subtypes. This predictor was validated with the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) data set. We characterized molecular and clinical features of claudin-low tumors. Results We identified 46 tumors that had consensus enrichment for claudin-low features in TCGA data set. Claudin-low tumors were most commonly diffuse histologic type (82%) and originally classified as TCGA genomically stable (GS) subtype (78%). Compared with GS subtype, claudin-low subtype had significant activation in Rho family of GTPases signaling, which appears to play a key role in its EMT and TIC properties. In the ACRG data set, 28 of 300 samples were classified as claudin-low tumors by the 24-gene predictor and were phenotypically similar to the initially derived claudin-low tumors. Clinically, claudin-low subtype had the worst overall survival. Of note, the hazard ratios that compared claudin-low versus GS subtype were 2.10 (95% CI, 1.07 to 4.11) in TCGA and 2.32 (95% CI, 1.18 to 4.55) in the ACRG cohorts, with adjustment for age and pathologic stage. Conclusion We identified a gastric claudin-low subtype that carries a poor prognosis likely related to therapeutic resistance as a result of its EMT and TIC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan Kardos
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Shengjie Chai
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Christof C. Smith
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Dante S. Bortone
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sara R. Selitsky
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joel S. Parker
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hanna K. Sanoff
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael S. Lee
- All authors: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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17
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Whatcott CJ, Ng S, Barrett MT, Hostetter G, Von Hoff DD, Han H. Inhibition of ROCK1 kinase modulates both tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183871. [PMID: 28841710 PMCID: PMC5571985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ROCK, or Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase, is a member of the AGC kinase family and has been shown to play a role in cell migration, ECM synthesis, stress-fiber assembly, and cell contraction. Increased ROCK expression has been reported in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer. Here, we report increased expression of ROCK 1 in pancreatic tumor epithelial cells as well as in cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF). In our analysis, 62% of tumor samples exhibited ≥2+ in staining intensity by IHC analysis, versus 40% of adjacent normal tissue samples (P<0.0001). Thus, we hypothesized that ROCKs may play a significant role in pancreatic cancer progression, and may serve as a suitable target for treatment. We report a low frequency (4/34) amplification of the ROCK1 gene locus at chromosome 18q11.1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient tissue samples by aCGH analysis. Inhibition of ROCK kinase activity by a small molecule inhibitor (fasudil) resulted in moderate (IC50s of 6-71 μM) inhibition of PDAC cell proliferation, migration, and activation of co-cultured stellate cells. In the KPC mouse model for pancreatic cancer, fasudil decreased tumor collagen deposition. This translated to an enhanced overall survival of the mice and an increase in gemcitabine uptake. Though fasudil may target both the tumor epithelial cells and the CAFs, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of tumor stroma enhances drug penetration and efficacy in PDAC. Overall, our data suggests that ROCK1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target to enhance current treatment regimens for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford J. Whatcott
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Serina Ng
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Barrett
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Galen Hostetter
- Laboratory of Analytical Pathology, The Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Von Hoff
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Haiyong Han
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abdali NT, Yaseen AH, Said E, Ibrahim TM. Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil mitigates high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and vascular damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:409-422. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
In past decades, growing evidence from basic and clinical researches reveal that small guanosine triphosphate binding protein ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) and its main effector Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) play central and complex roles in cardiovascular systems, and increasing RhoA and ROCK activity is associated with a broad range of cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Favorable outcomes have been observed with ROCK inhibitors treatment. In this review, we briefly summarize the pathophysiological roles of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway on cardiovascular system, displaying the potential benefits in the cardiovascular system with controlling RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
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20
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Effect of a Rho Kinase Inhibitor on Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-016-9548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Yoon C, Cho SJ, Aksoy BA, Park DJ, Schultz N, Ryeom SW, Yoon SS. Chemotherapy Resistance in Diffuse-Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma Is Mediated by RhoA Activation in Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:971-83. [PMID: 26482039 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Lauren diffuse type of gastric adenocarcinoma (DGA), as opposed to the intestinal type (IGA), often harbors mutations in RHOA, but little is known about the role of RhoA in DGA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined RhoA activity and RhoA pathway inhibition in DGA cell lines and in two mouse xenograft models. RhoA activity was also assessed in patient tumor samples. RESULTS RhoA activity was higher in DGA compared with IGA cell lines and was further increased when grown as spheroids to enrich for cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) or when sorted using the gastric CSC marker CD44. RhoA shRNA or the RhoA inhibitor Rhosin decreased expression of the stem cell transcription factor, Sox2, and decreased spheroid formation by 78% to 81%. DGA spheroid cells had 3- to 5-fold greater migration and invasion than monolayer cells, and this activity was Rho-dependent. Diffuse GA spheroid cells were resistant in a cytotoxicity assay to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy, and this resistance could be reversed with RhoA pathway inhibition. In two xenograft models, cisplatin inhibited tumor growth by 40% to 50%, RhoA inhibition by 32% to 60%, and the combination by 77% to 83%. In 288 patient tumors, increased RhoA activity correlated with worse overall survival in DGA patients (P = 0.017) but not in IGA patients (P = 0.612). CONCLUSIONS RhoA signaling promotes CSC phenotypes in DGA cells. Increased RhoA activity is correlated with worse overall survival in DGA patients, and RhoA inhibition can reverse chemotherapy resistance in DGA CSC and in tumor xenografts. Thus, the RhoA pathway is a promising new target in DGA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bülent Arman Aksoy
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sandra W Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Jiang R, Ai ZS, Jiang X, Yuan P, Liu D, Zhao QH, He J, Wang L, Gomberg-Maitland M, Jing ZC. Intravenous fasudil improves in-hospital mortality of patients with right heart failure in severe pulmonary hypertension. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:539-44. [PMID: 25787034 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The in-hospital mortality of severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) with right heart failure (RHF) is high despite the use of vasoactive and PH-specific therapies. We conducted a prospective analysis evaluating the safety and outcomes of fasudil hydrochloride (Chuan Wei) therapy in acute RHF. PH patients hospitalized between April 2009 and November 2010 were treated with 30 mg of i.v. fasudil three times daily over 30 min, until they experienced relief of RHF symptoms. Adverse and serious adverse events were recorded. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for both in-hospital mortality and re-hospitalization. Multivariate adjustments were made for age, gender and World Health Organization functional class. There were no significant differences between the fasudil group and the control group in demographics, hemodynamics, and PH-specific and vasoactive therapies. Of the 209 study patients, 3 of the 74 patients (4.1%) in the fasudil arm died, and 19 of the 135 patients (14.1%) in the control arm died (P=0.005). Fasudil decreased both in-hospital mortality (OR=0.258 (0.074-0.903); P=0.034) and 30-day re-hospitalization (OR=0.200 (0.059-0.681); P=0.010). Fasudil was well tolerated; one patient discontinued treatment. Intravenous fasudil may be given safely in patients with PH and acute RHF, and may reduce the rates of both in-hospital mortality and 30-day re-hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Sheng Ai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mardi Gomberg-Maitland
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- 1] Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China [2] State Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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23
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Jiang X, Wang YF, Zhao QH, Jiang R, Wu Y, Peng FH, Xu XQ, Wang L, He J, Jing ZC. Acute hemodynamic response of infused fasudil in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension: a randomized, controlled, crossover study. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:61-5. [PMID: 25499341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rho-kinase pathway has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of PAH. As yet, however, the acute effects of the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil have not been compared with established pulmonary selective vasodilators in patients with PAH. We compared the acute effects of intravenous fasudil with inhaled iloprost in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS Using a crossover design, 50 patients with PAH (idiopathic PAH, PAH associated with repaired left-to-right cardiac shunts, or connective tissue disease) were randomized to iloprost inhalation (5 μg) and intravenous fasudil (30 mg over 30 min). Hemodynamic data were collected at baseline and during acute drug exposure. RESULTS Comparable decreases were observed in mean pulmonary artery pressure (-4.6 ± 4.3 mmHg vs. -4.8 ± 4.2 mmHg) and pulmonary vascular resistance (-3.0 ± 3.0 Wood U vs. -2.2 ± 2.7 Wood U) with fasudil infusion and iloprost inhalation, respectively, during acute challenge. However, fasudil infusion resulted in a more pronounced increase in mean cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation compared with iloprost inhalation (13.7 ± 17.1% vs. 6.9 ± 15.0%; p=0.044 and 4.5 ± 5.3% vs. 2.7 ± 8.2%; p=0.044, respectively). Whereas inhaled iloprost resulted in a non-significant increase in mean systemic arterial oxygen saturation (0.8 ± 3.6%), infused fasudil resulted in a non-significant reduction (-0.6 ± 1.1%). CONCLUSION Infused fasudil improved pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with PAH without significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Thrombosis Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Fu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Thrombosis Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Hua Peng
- Thrombosis Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Qi Xu
- Thrombosis Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Thrombosis Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy Medical Science, Beijing, China.
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Malik M, Britten J, Segars J, Catherino WH. Leiomyoma cells in 3-dimensional cultures demonstrate an attenuated response to fasudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, when compared to 2-dimensional cultures. Reprod Sci 2014; 21:1126-38. [PMID: 25084783 PMCID: PMC4212347 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114545240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomata are common benign tumors in women of reproductive age and demonstrate an attenuated response to mechanical signaling that involves Rho and integrins. To further characterize the impairment in Rho signaling, we studied the effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, on extracellular matrix production, in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) cultures of leiomyoma and myometrial cells. Leiomyoma 2D cultures demonstrated a rapid decrease in gene transcripts and protein for fibronectin, procollagen 1A, and versican. In 3D cultures, fibronectin and procollagen 1A proteins demonstrated increased levels at lower concentrations of fasudil, followed by a concentration-dependent decrease. Versican protein increased up to 3-fold, whereas fibromodulin demonstrated a significant decrease of 1.92-fold. Myometrial 2D or 3D cultures demonstrated a decrease in all proteins after 72 hours of treatment. The 3D leiomyoma cultures demonstrated a significant increase in active RhoA, followed by a concentration-dependent decrease at higher concentrations. A concentration-dependent increase in phospho-extracellular regulated signal kinase and proapoptotic protein Bax was observed in 3D leiomyoma cultures. Fasudil relaxed the contraction of the 3D collagen gels caused by myometrium and leiomyoma cell growth. These findings indicate that the altered state of Rho signaling in leiomyoma was more clearly observed in 3D cultures. The results also suggest that fasudil may have clinical applicability for treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joy Britten
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Segars
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William H Catherino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pedraza CE, Taylor C, Pereira A, Seng M, Tham CS, Izrael M, Webb M. Induction of oligodendrocyte differentiation and in vitro myelination by inhibition of rho-associated kinase. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/4/1759091414538134. [PMID: 25289646 PMCID: PMC4189421 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414538134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), myelin
degradation results in loss of axonal function and eventual axonal degeneration.
Differentiation of resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) leading to
remyelination of denuded axons occurs regularly in early stages of MS but halts as
the pathology transitions into progressive MS. Pharmacological potentiation of
endogenous OPC maturation and remyelination is now recognized as a promising
therapeutic approach for MS. In this study, we analyzed the effects of modulating the
Rho-A/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway, by the use of selective
inhibitors of ROCK, on the transformation of OPCs into mature, myelinating
oligodendrocytes. Here we demonstrate, with the use of cellular cultures from rodent
and human origin, that ROCK inhibition in OPCs results in a significant generation of
branches and cell processes in early differentiation stages, followed by accelerated
production of myelin protein as an indication of advanced maturation. Furthermore,
inhibition of ROCK enhanced myelin formation in cocultures of human OPCs and neurons
and remyelination in rat cerebellar tissue explants previously demyelinated with
lysolecithin. Our findings indicate that by direct inhibition of this signaling
molecule, the OPC differentiation program is activated resulting in morphological and
functional cell maturation, myelin formation, and regeneration. Altogether, we show
evidence of modulation of the Rho-A/ROCK signaling pathway as a viable target for the
induction of remyelination in demyelinating pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Pedraza
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Albertina Pereira
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Seng
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Chui-Se Tham
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Webb
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
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Evaluation of Rho-Kinase Activity in Mice Brain Using N-[11C]Methyl-hydroxyfasudil with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 16:395-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Huang H, Lee DH, Zabolotny JM, Kim YB. Metabolic actions of Rho-kinase in periphery and brain. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:506-14. [PMID: 23938132 PMCID: PMC3783562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has increased at an alarming rate in recent years and is now a worldwide public health problem. Elucidating the mechanisms behind the metabolic dysfunctions associated with obesity is of high priority. The metabolic function of Rho-kinase (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinase; ROCK) has been the subject of a great deal of investigation in metabolic-related diseases. It appears that inhibition of ROCK activity is beneficial for the treatment of a wide range of cardiovascular-related diseases. However, recent studies with genetic models of ROCK demonstrate that ROCK plays a positive role in insulin and leptin signaling. Here we discuss the newly identified functions of ROCK in regulating glucose and energy metabolism, with particular emphasis on metabolic actions of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dae-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea 570-749
| | - Janice M Zabolotny
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer & Diabetes Institute, Graduate Schools of Medicine, Gachon University of Medicine & Science, Incheon, Korea 406-799
- Corresponding author: Young-Bum Kim, Ph.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, Phone: (617) 735-3216, Fax: (617) 735-3323,
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Zang-Edou ES, Bisvigou U, Taoufiq Z, Lékoulou F, Lékana-Douki JB, Traoré Y, Mazier D, Touré-Ndouo FS. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates-mediated endothelial cell apoptosis by Fasudil: therapeutic implications for severe malaria. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13221. [PMID: 20949056 PMCID: PMC2951358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection can abruptly progress to severe malaria, a life-threatening complication resulting from sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (PRBC) in the microvasculature of various organs such as the brain and lungs. PRBC adhesion can induce endothelial cell (EC) activation and apoptosis, thereby disrupting the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, hemozoin, the malarial pigment, induces the erythroid precursor apoptosis. Despite the current efficiency of antimalarial drugs in killing parasites, severe malaria still causes up to one million deaths every year. A new strategy targeting both parasite elimination and EC protection is urgently needed in the field. Recently, a rho-kinase inhibitior Fasudil, a drug already in clinical use in humans for cardio- and neuro-vascular diseases, was successfully tested on laboratory strains of P. falciparum to protect and to reverse damages of the endothelium. We therefore assessed herein whether Fasudil would have a similar efficiency on P. falciparum taken directly from malaria patients using contact and non-contact experiments. Seven (23.3%) of 30 PRBC preparations from different patients were apoptogenic, four (13.3%) acting by cytoadherence and three (10%) via soluble factors. None of the apoptogenic PRBC preparations used both mechanisms indicating a possible mutual exclusion of signal transduction ligand. Three PRBC preparations (42.9%) induced EC apoptosis by cytoadherence after 4 h of coculture (“rapid transducers”), and four (57.1%) after a minimum of 24 h (“slow transducers”). The intensity of apoptosis increased with time. Interestingly, Fasudil inhibited EC apoptosis mediated both by cell-cell contact and by soluble factors but did not affect PRBC cytoadherence. Fasudil was found to be able to prevent endothelium apoptosis from all the P. falciparum isolates tested. Our data provide evidence of the strong anti-apoptogenic effect of Fasudil and show that endothelial cell-P. falciparum interactions are more complicated than previously thought. These findings may warrant clinical trials of Fasudil in severe malaria management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle S Zang-Edou
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
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Rho-kinase inhibition: a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:622-9. [PMID: 20601092 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Rho/rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway has an important role in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. The activation of ROCK is involved in the regulation of vascular tone, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and remodeling. The inhibition of ROCK has a beneficial effect in a variety of cardiovascular disorders. Evidence from animal models and from clinical use of ROCK inhibitors, such as Y-27632, fasudil and statins (i.e. pleiotropic effects), supports the hypothesis that ROCK is a potential therapeutic target. This review provides a current understanding of the role of ROCK pathway in the regulation of vascular function and the use of ROCK inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Gratzke C, Angulo J, Chitaley K, Dai YT, Kim NN, Paick JS, Simonsen U, Uckert S, Wespes E, Andersson KE, Lue TF, Stief CG. Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2010; 7:445-75. [PMID: 20092448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Significant scientific advances during the past 3 decades have deepened our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of penile erection. A critical evaluation of the current state of knowledge is essential to provide perspective for future research and development of new therapies. AIM To develop an evidence-based, state-of-the-art consensus report on the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS Consensus process over a period of 16 months, representing the opinions of 12 experts from seven countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Expert opinion was based on the grading of scientific and evidence-based medical literature, internal committee discussion, public presentation, and debate. RESULTS ED occurs from multifaceted, complex mechanisms that can involve disruptions in neural, vascular, and hormonal signaling. Research on central neural regulation of penile erection is progressing rapidly with the identification of key neurotransmitters and the association of neural structures with both spinal and supraspinal pathways that regulate sexual function. In parallel to advances in cardiovascular physiology, the most extensive efforts in the physiology of penile erection have focused on elucidating mechanisms that regulate the functions of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum. Major health concerns such as atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have become well integrated into the investigation of ED. CONCLUSIONS Despite the efficacy of current therapies, they remain insufficient to address growing patient populations, such as those with diabetes and MetS. In addition, increasing awareness of the adverse side effects of commonly prescribed medications on sexual function provides a rationale for developing new treatment strategies that minimize the likelihood of causing sexual dysfunction. Many basic questions with regard to erectile function remain unanswered and further laboratory and clinical studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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Novel Therapeutic Targets for Axonal Degeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:323-34. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181d60ddb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gunay N, Kose B, Demiryurek S, Ceylan NO, Sari I, Demiryurek AT. Protective effects of Y-27632 on acute dichlorvos poisoning in rats. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Puetz S, Lubomirov LT, Pfitzer G. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction by small GTPases. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 24:342-56. [PMID: 19996365 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00023.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next to changes in cytosolic [Ca(2+)], members of the Rho subfamily of small GTPases, in particular Rho and its effector Rho kinase, also known as ROK or ROCK, emerged as key regulators of smooth muscle function in health and disease. In this review, we will focus on the regulation of the contractile machinery by Rho/ROK signaling and its interaction with PKC and cyclic nucleotide signaling. We will briefly discuss the emerging evidence that remodeling of cortical actin is necessary for contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Puetz
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie, Universitaet Koeln, Koeln, Germany,
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35
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Valdivia AC, Mason S, Collins J, Buckley KR, Coletta P, Beanlands RS, Dasilva JN. Radiosynthesis of N-[(11)C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil as a new potential PET radiotracer for rho-kinases (ROCKs). Appl Radiat Isot 2009; 68:325-8. [PMID: 19939685 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-[(11)C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil was synthesized as a new potential radiotracer for rho-kinases (ROCKs) via a two-step one-pot radiosynthesis. The first step was the methylation of the precursor N-Boc-hydroxyfasudil-sodium salt/benzo-15-crown-5 complex with [(11)C]methyl iodide. The second step involved deprotection of the tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting group. The radiochemical and chemical purities of N-[(11)C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil were >95% and specific radioactivity was 1565-2565mCi/mumol at the end of the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Valdivia
- National Cardiac PET Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1Y 4W7
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Löhn M, Plettenburg O, Ivashchenko Y, Kannt A, Hofmeister A, Kadereit D, Schaefer M, Linz W, Kohlmann M, Herbert JM, Janiak P, O'Connor SE, Ruetten H. Pharmacological characterization of SAR407899, a novel rho-kinase inhibitor. Hypertension 2009; 54:676-83. [PMID: 19597037 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.134353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in basic and clinical research have identified Rho kinase as an important target potentially implicated in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Rho kinase is a downstream mediator of RhoA that leads to stress fiber formation, membrane ruffling, smooth muscle contraction, and cell motility. Increased Rho-kinase activity is associated with vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure. We identified a novel inhibitor of Rho kinase (SAR407899) and characterized its effects in biochemical, cellular, tissue-based, and in vivo assays. SAR407899 is an ATP-competitive Rho-kinase inhibitor, equipotent against human and rat-derived Rho-kinase 2 with inhibition constant values of 36 nM and 41 nM, respectively. It is highly selective in panel of 117 receptor and enzyme targets. SAR407899 is approximately 8-fold more active than fasudil. In vitro, SAR407899 demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of Rho-kinase-mediated phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase, thrombin-induced stress fiber formation, platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1-stimulated chemotaxis. SAR407899 potently (mean IC(50) values: 122 to 280 nM) and species-independently relaxed precontracted isolated arteries of different species and different vascular beds. In vivo, over the dose range 3 to 30 mg/kg PO, SAR407899 lowered blood pressure in a variety of rodent models of arterial hypertension. The antihypertensive effect of SAR407899 was superior to that of fasudil and Y-27632. In conclusion, SAR407899 is a novel and potent selective Rho-kinase inhibitor with promising antihypertensive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Löhn
- TD CV Pharmacology, Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Zhang XZ, Li XJ, Ji HF, Zhang HY. Impact of drug discovery on stem cell biology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:275-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Huentelman MJ, Stephan DA, Talboom J, Corneveaux JJ, Reiman DM, Gerber JD, Barnes CA, Alexander GE, Reiman EM, Bimonte-Nelson HA. Peripheral delivery of a ROCK inhibitor improves learning and working memory. Behav Neurosci 2009; 123:218-23. [PMID: 19170447 DOI: 10.1037/a0014260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously, utilizing a series of genome-wide association, brain imaging, and gene expression studies we implicated the KIBRA gene and the RhoA/ROCK pathway in hippocampal-mediated human memory. Here we show that peripheral administration of the ROCK inhibitor hydroxyfasudil improves spatial learning and working memory in the rodent model. This study supports the action of ROCK on learning and memory, suggests the potential value of ROCK inhibition for the promotion of cognition in humans, and highlights the powerful potential of unbiased genome-wide association studies to inform potential novel uses for existing pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA.
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40
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Novel approaches to the pharmacotherapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 11/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sehon CA, Wang GZ, Viet AQ, Goodman KB, Dowdell SE, Elkins PA, Semus SF, Evans C, Jolivette LJ, Kirkpatrick RB, Dul E, Khandekar SS, Yi T, Wright LL, Smith GK, Behm DJ, Bentley R, Doe CP, Hu E, Lee D. Potent, selective and orally bioavailable dihydropyrimidine inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK1) as potential therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6631-4. [PMID: 18842034 DOI: 10.1021/jm8005096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies using known Rho-associated kinase isoform 1 (ROCK1) inhibitors along with cellular and molecular biology data have revealed a pivotal role of this enzyme in many aspects of cardiovascular function. Here we report a series of ROCK1 inhibitors which were originally derived from a dihydropyrimidinone core 1. Our efforts focused on the optimization of dihydropyrimidine 2, which resulted in the identification of a series of dihydropyrimidines with improved pharmacokinetics and P450 properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark A Sehon
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Investigative Biology, Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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Gunay N, Kose B, Demiryurek S, Ocak AR, Erel O, Demiryurek AT. Effects of a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 on oxidative stress parameters in acute dichlorvos poisoning in rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:747-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
We have previously shown that Rho small GTPase is required for modulating both cell migration and proliferation through cytoskeleton reorganization and focal adhesion formation in response to wounding. In the present study, we investigated the role of Rho kinases (ROCKs), major effectors of Rho GTPase, in mediating corneal epithelial wound healing. Both ROCK 1 and 2 were expressed and activated in THCE cells, an SV40-immortalized human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) line, in response to wounding, lysophosphatidic acid, and heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) stimulations. The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 efficiently antagonized ROCK activities without affecting Rho activation in wounded HCECs. Y-27632 promoted basal and HB-EGF-enhanced scratch wound healing and enhanced cell migration and adhesion to matrices, while retarded HB-EGF induced cell proliferation. E-cadherin- and beta-catenin-mediated cell-cell junction and actin cytoskeleton organization were disrupted by Y-27632. Y-27632 impaired the formation and maintenance of tight junction barriers indicated by decreased trans-epithelial resistance and disrupted occludin staining. We conclude that ROCK activities enhance cell proliferation, promote epithelial differentiation, but negatively modulate cell migration and cell adhesion and therefore play a role in regulating corneal epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State Univ. School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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Schaafsma D, Gosens R, Zaagsma J, Halayko AJ, Meurs H. Rho kinase inhibitors: A novel therapeutical intervention in asthma? Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:398-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Taoufiq Z, Gay F, Balvanyos J, Ciceron L, Tefit M, Lechat P, Mazier D. Rho Kinase Inhibition in Severe Malaria: Thwarting Parasite‐Induced Collateral Damage to Endothelia. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1062-73. [DOI: 10.1086/528988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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46
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Christ GJ, Andersson KE. Rho-kinase and effects of Rho-kinase inhibition on the lower urinary tract. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 26:948-54. [PMID: 17696159 DOI: 10.1002/nau.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Altered smooth muscle cell contractility/tone contributes, at least in part, to the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) seen in men with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Accordingly, many of the therapies to date have focused largely on blockade of individual membrane receptors to diminish smooth muscle contractility and provide symptomatic relief. This pharmacologic approach has been associated with variable results, limited efficacy, and untoward side effects. Such limited clinical success is not surprising given the plethora of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones that are now known to modulate LUT smooth muscle cell tone. In the pursuit of improved treatment options, more recent investigations have focused attention on intracellular signal transduction events that represent convergence points for membrane receptor activation. In particular, calcium sensitization and the role of the Rho-kinase pathway has received much attention. In this report, we review the literature on the role of the Rho-kinase pathway in the modulation of LUT smooth muscle cell tone. In short, the available data support an important role for Rho-kinase in the physiologic and pathophysiologic regulation of LUT smooth muscle cell tone. Rho-kinase inhibitors thus appear to represent a potentially attractive therapeutic possibility for the treatment of LUTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Letellier MA, Guillard J, Caignard DH, Ferry G, Boutin JA, Viaud-Massuard MC. Synthesis of potential Rho-kinase inhibitors based on the chemistry of an original heterocycle: 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1730-6. [PMID: 18164518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new series of substituted 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one have been prepared via condensation of 3,3-dimethylacryloyl chloride with aniline. Details of synthetic procedures are shown. Our aim was to investigate the potency of our original heterocycle in the inhibition of the Rho-kinase enzyme, known to be of major importance in the cascade reactions leading to arterial hypertension. Biological activity for the seven compounds has been investigated and is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Letellier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, EA 3857, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
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Ito T, Ohtori S, Hata K, Inoue G, Moriya H, Takahashi K, Yamashita T. Rho kinase inhibitor improves motor dysfunction and hypoalgesia in a rat model of lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007; 32:2070-5. [PMID: 17762807 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e318145a502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemical and behavioral study using a rat cauda equina compression model. OBJECTIVE To investigate, after cauda equina compression by spinal canal stenosis (SCS), Rho activation in the spinal cord and cauda equina, and the effect of intrathecal administration of a Rho kinase inhibitor on hypoalgesia and motor dysfunction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Compression of the cauda equina caused by SCS is a common clinical disorder associated with sensory disturbance and intermittent claudication. Cauda equina compression is thought to reduce blood flow and result in nerve degeneration caused by various cytokines. Rho, a member of the small GTPases, is a signal transmitter. It promotes Wallerian degeneration, decreases blood flow in the spinal cord and brain, and increases expression of several cytokines. Currently, Rho kinase inhibitor is used clinically to treat progressive nerve damage due to cerebrovascular disorders. However, its effect for SCS has not been evaluated. METHODS Forty-two 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were used. For the SCS model (n = 27), a small piece of silicon was placed under the lamina of the fourth lumbar vertebra. In the sham-operated group, laminectomies were performed at L5 only (n = 15). We examined mechanical sensitivity and motor function using von Frey hairs and a treadmill, and immunohistochemically localized Rho in the spinal ventral neurons, axons, and Schwann cells in the cauda equina. We also examined the effects of intrathecally administered Rho kinase inhibitor for hypoalgesia or motor dysfunction caused by SCS. RESULTS We observed motor dysfunction and hypoalgesia and activated Rho-immunoreactive cells in spinal ventral neuroreported to induce neurite and axonal outgrowth in the spinal cord and brain after nervous system injury. In addition, 1 report showed that Rho kinase was involved in Wallerian degeneration that was rescued by Rho kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, it is thought that Rho is involved in TNF-alpha and interleukin (IL) production in the central nervous system, and the production was inhibited by administering Rho kinase inhibitor in the central nervous system. Regardns, axons, and Schwann cells in the cauda equina. Intrathecal administration of Rho kinase inhibitor improved mechanical hypoalgesia and motor dysfunction caused by SCS. CONCLUSION Activated Rho may play an important role in nerve damage in the cauda equina in SCS. Rho kinase inhibitor may be a useful tool in determining the pathomechanism of cauda equina syndrome caused by SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK1 and ROCK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that serves as an important downstream effector of Rho GTPase, and plays a critical role in regulating the contractile tone of smooth muscle tissues in a calcium-independent manner. Several lines of experimental evidence indicate that modulating ROCK activity within the aqueous humor outflow pathway using selective inhibitors could achieve very significant benefits for the treatment of increased intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. The rationale for such an approach stems from experimental data suggesting that both ROCK and Rho GTPase inhibitors can increase aqueous humor drainage through the trabecular meshwork, leading to a decrease in intraocular pressure. In addition to their ocular hypotensive properties, inhibitors of both ROCK and Rho GTPase have been shown to enhance ocular blood flow, retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration. These properties of the ROCK and Rho GTPase inhibitors indicate that targeting the Rho GTPase/ROCK pathway with selective inhibitors represents a novel therapeutic approach aimed at lowering increased intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantha P Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Sandoval RJ, Injeti ER, Gerthoffer WT, Pearce WJ. Postnatal maturation modulates relationships among cytosolic Ca2+, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and contractile tone in ovine cerebral arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2183-92. [PMID: 17660392 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00647.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study tests the hypothesis that age-related changes in patterns of agonist-induced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization involve corresponding differences in the relative contributions of thick- and thin-filament regulation to overall myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity. Posterior communicating cerebral arteries from term fetal and nonpregnant adult sheep were used in measurements of cytosolic Ca(2+), myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, and contractile tensions induced by varying concentrations of K(+) or serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. The results were used to assess the relative contributions of the relationships between cytosolic Ca(2+) and MLC phosphorylation (thick-filament reactivity), along with the relationships between MLC phosphorylation and contractile tension (thin-filament reactivity), to overall myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity. For K(+)-induced contractions, both fetal and adult arteries exhibited similar basal myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity. Despite this similarity, thick-filament reactivity was greater in fetal arteries, whereas thin-filament reactivity was greater in adult arteries. In contrast, 5-HT-induced contractions exhibited increased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity compared with K(+)-induced contractions for both fetal and adult cerebral arteries, and the magnitude of this effect was greater in fetal compared with adult arteries. When interpreted together with our previous studies of 5-HT-induced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization, we attributed the present effects to agonist enhancement of thick-filament reactivity in fetal arteries mediated by G protein receptor activation of a PKC-independent but RhoA-dependent pathway. In adult arteries, agonist stimulation enhanced thin-filament reactivity was also probably mediated through G protein-coupled activation of RhoA-dependent and PKC-independent mechanisms. Overall, the present data demonstrate that agonist-enhanced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity can be partitioned into separate thick- and thin-filament effects, the magnitudes of which are different between fetal and adult cerebral arteries.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/drug effects
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/drug effects
- Cerebral Arteries/enzymology
- Cerebral Arteries/growth & development
- Cerebral Arteries/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fetus/blood supply
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/growth & development
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myosin Light Chains/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Potassium/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Sheep
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/metabolism
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan J Sandoval
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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