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Hu J, Wu J, Cao H, Luan N, Lin K, Zhang H, Gao D, Lei Z, Li H, Liu C. Effects of Rotavirus NSP4 on the Immune Response and Protection of Rotavirus-Norovirus Recombinant Subunit Vaccines in Different Immune Pathways. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1025. [PMID: 39340055 PMCID: PMC11436106 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal disease continues to be a major cause of global morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age. To address the current issues associated with oral attenuated rotavirus vaccines, the study of parenteral rotavirus vaccines has promising prospects. In our previous study, we reported that rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) did not increase the IgG antibody titer of co-immune antigen but did have a protective effect against diarrhea via the intramuscular injection method. Here, we explored whether NSP4 can exert adjuvant effects on mucosal immune pathways. In this study, we immunized mice via muscle and nasal routes, gavaged them with the rotavirus Wa strain or the rotavirus SA11 strain, and then tested the protective effects of immune sera against both viruses. The results revealed that the serum-specific VP8* IgG antibody titers of the mice immunized via the nasal route were much lower than those of the mice immunized by intramuscular injection, and the specific IgA antibodies were almost undetectable in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). NSP4 did not increase the titer of specific VP8* antibodies in either immune pathway. Therefore, in the two vaccines (PP-NSP4-VP8* and PP-VP8*+NSP4) used in this study, NSP4 was unable to perform its potential adjuvant role through the mucosal immune pathway. Instead, NSP4 was used as a co-immunized antigen to stimulate the mice to produce specific binding antibodies that play a protective role against diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Kangyang Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Haihao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zhentao Lei
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
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2
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Giri-Rachman EA, Irasonia Tan M, Ramesh A, Fajar PA, Nurul Ilmi A, Retnoningrum DS, Hertadi R, Irawan A, Wojciechowska GEP, Yuan L. Development of Chimeric Hepatitis B (HBV) - Norovirus (NoV) P particle as candidate vaccine against Hepatitis B and norovirus infection. Vaccine X 2023; 14:100354. [PMID: 37519778 PMCID: PMC10372314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B remains a global problem with no effective treatment. Here, a mucosal vaccine candidate was developed with HBsAg and HBcAg, to provide both prophylactic and therapeutic protection against hepatitis B. The antigens were presented using the P particle of human norovirus (HuNov). As a result, the chimeric HBV - HuNoV P particle can act as a dual vaccine for hepatitis B and HuNoV. Methods The vaccine candidate was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. HBV-HuNoV chimeric P particles were successfully expressed and isolated, with sizes of approximately 25.64 nm. Then, the HBV-HuNoV chimeric P particles were evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in mice and gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. After three doses (5 µg/dose in mice and 200 µg/dose in Gn pigs) of intranasal immunization, humoral and cellular immune responses, as well as toxicity, were evaluated. Results The vaccine candidate induced strong HBV-HuNoV specific IFN-γ producing T-cell responses in the ileum, spleen, and blood of Gn pigs. Serum IgG and IgA antibodies against HBV-HuNoV chimeric P particles also increased significantly in Gn pigs. Increased HBsAg- and HuNoV-specific serum IgG responses were observed in mice and Gn pigs, although not statistically significant. The vaccine candidate did not show any toxicity in mice. Conclusions In summary, the chimeric HBV-HuNoV P particle vaccine given intranasally was safe and induced strong cellular and humoral immune responses in Gn pig. Modifications to the vaccine structure and dosage need to be evaluated in future studies to further enhance immunogenicity and induce more balanced humoral and cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marselina Irasonia Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Putri Ayu Fajar
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Nurul Ilmi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Rukman Hertadi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Apriliani Irawan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Gladys Emmanuella Putri Wojciechowska
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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3
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Yu Z, Shao Q, Xu Z, Chen C, Li M, Jiang Y, Cheng D. Immunogenicity and Blocking Efficacy of Norovirus GII.4 Recombinant P Protein Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1053. [PMID: 37376442 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in all ages worldwide. The aim of this study was to produce the recombinant P protein of norovirus and to demonstrate its blocking effect. In this study, the engineered strains were induced to express the P protein of NoVs GII.4, which was identified using SDS-PAGE and ELISA as having the capacity to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Rabbits were immunized to obtain neutralizing antibodies. ELISA and ISC-RT-qPCR were used to determine the blocking efficacy of the neutralizing antibody to human norovirus (HuNoV) and murine norovirus (MNV). The recombinant P protein (35 KD) was obtained, and the neutralizing antibody was successfully prepared. The neutralizing antibody could block the binding of the P protein and HuNoV to HBGAs. Neutralizing antibodies can also block MNV invasion into host cells RAW264.7. The recombinant P protein expressed in E. coli can induce antibodies to block HuNoV and MNV. The recombinant P protein of NoVs GII.4 has the value of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendi Yu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qingyi Shao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhangkai Xu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Chenghao Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Mingfan Li
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dongqing Cheng
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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4
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Kawagishi T, Sánchez-Tacuba L, Feng N, Costantini VP, Tan M, Jiang X, Green KY, Vinjé J, Ding S, Greenberg HB. Mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibodies to norovirus induced in infant mice orally inoculated with recombinant rotaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214421120. [PMID: 36821582 PMCID: PMC9992845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214421120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) preferentially replicate in the small intestine and frequently cause severe diarrheal disease, and the following enteric infection generally induces variable levels of protective systemic and mucosal immune responses in humans and other animals. Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) is a simian RV that was previously used as a human RV vaccine and has been extensively studied in mice. Although RRV replicates poorly in the suckling mouse intestine, infection induces a robust and protective antibody response. The recent availability of plasmid only-based RV reverse genetics systems has enabled the generation of recombinant RVs expressing foreign proteins. However, recombinant RVs have not yet been experimentally tested as potential vaccine vectors to immunize against other gastrointestinal pathogens in vivo. This is a newly available opportunity because several live-attenuated RV vaccines are already widely administered to infants and young children worldwide. To explore the feasibility of using RV as a dual vaccine vector, we rescued replication-competent recombinant RRVs harboring bicistronic gene segment 7 that encodes the native RV nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) protein and a human norovirus (HuNoV) VP1 protein or P domain from the predominant genotype GII.4. The rescued viruses expressed HuNoV VP1 or P protein in infected cells in vitro and elicited systemic and local antibody responses to HuNoV and RRV following oral infection of suckling mice. Serum IgG and fecal IgA from infected suckling mice bound to and neutralized both RRV and HuNoV. These findings have encouraging practical implications for the design of RV-based next-generation multivalent enteric vaccines to target HuNoV and other human enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawagishi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
| | - Veronica P. Costantini
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA30333
| | - Ming Tan
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH45229
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA30333
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA94304
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5
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Nie J, Wang Q, Jin S, Yao X, Xu L, Chang Y, Ding F, Li Z, Sun L, Shi Y, Shan Y. Self-assembled multiepitope nanovaccine based on NoV P particles induces effective and lasting protection against H3N2 influenza virus. NANO RESEARCH 2023; 16:7337-7346. [PMID: 36820263 PMCID: PMC9933037 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Current seasonal influenza vaccines confer only limited coverage of virus strains due to the frequent genetic and antigenic variability of influenza virus (IV). Epitope vaccines that accurately target conserved domains provide a promising approach to increase the breadth of protection; however, poor immunogenicity greatly hinders their application. The protruding (P) domain of the norovirus (NoV), which can self-assemble into a 24-mer particle called the NoV P particle, offers an ideal antigen presentation platform. In this study, a multiepitope nanovaccine displaying influenza epitopes (HMN-PP) was constructed based on the NoV P particle nanoplatform. Large amounts of HMN-PP were easily expressed in Escherichia coli in soluble form. Animal experiments showed that the adjuvanted HMN-PP nanovaccine induced epitope-specific antibodies and haemagglutinin (HA)-specific neutralizing antibodies, and the antibodies could persist for at least three months after the last immunization. Furthermore, HMN-PP induced matrix protein 2 extracellular domain (M2e)-specific antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, and a nucleoprotein (NP)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. These results indicated that the combination of a multiepitope vaccine and self-assembled NoV P particles may be an ideal and effective vaccine strategy for highly variable viruses such as IV and SARS-CoV-2. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-023-5395-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Shenghui Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Lipeng Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Yaotian Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Fan Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Zeyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Lulu Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012 China
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6
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Functional and structural characterization of Norovirus GII.6 in recognizing histo-blood group antigens. Virol Sin 2023; 38:56-65. [PMID: 36216242 PMCID: PMC10006186 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are receptors or attachment factors that affect the prevalence and host susceptibility of NoVs. GII.6 NoV is one of the predominant genotypes in humans, which recognizes the type ABO secretor of HBGAs. However, the structural basis of GII.6 NoV's interaction with HBGAs receptors remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the binding features of the GII.6 strain to HBGAs using saliva- and glycan-ELISA assays and characterized the molecular basis of the GII.6 virus that recognizes H disaccharide. We showed that the GII.6 P domain recognized some A and O secretor's saliva samples, most B secretor's saliva samples, and H disaccharide antigen, but did not bind non-secretors' saliva. Further, we determined the crystal structures of GII.6 and its complex with H disaccharides at 1.7 Å, revealing that the P domain of GII.6 shares the conventional binding interface and mode of GII HBGAs. Single residue mutations at the GII.6-H binding sites could inhibit the binding of GII.6 to HBGAs, demonstrating that the interaction residues were crucial in maintaining NoV-glycan integrity. Finally, structural and sequence analyses showed that the major residues of the GII.6-H interaction were conserved among NoVs in the GII genogroup. Taken together, our study characterized the functional and structural features of GII.6 that allow it to interact with HBGAs, and shed light on NoV evolution, epidemiology, and anti-viral drug development.
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7
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Soiza RL, Scicluna C, Bilal S. Virus Infections in Older People. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:149-183. [PMID: 37120468 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Older people are more prone to viral infections, and often have worse outcomes. This was well demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic, where a disproportionate number of deaths occurred in the oldest and frailest people. The assessment of the older person with a viral infection is complicated by the high prevalence of multiple comorbidities and sensory or cognitive impairment. They often present with common geriatric syndromes such as falls or delirium, rather than the more typical features of a viral illness in younger people. Comprehensive geriatric assessment by a specialist multidisciplinary team is the gold standard of management, as viral illness is unlikely to present in isolation of other healthcare needs. We discuss the presentation, diagnosis, prevention, and management of common viral infections-respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, norovirus, influenza, hepatitis, herpes, and dengue viruses-with special consideration of infections in the older patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy L Soiza
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Chiara Scicluna
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sana Bilal
- Ageing Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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8
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Panasiuk M, Chraniuk M, Zimmer K, Hovhannisyan L, Krapchev V, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Narajczyk M, Węsławski J, Konopacka A, Gromadzka B. Characterization of surface-exposed structural loops as insertion sites for foreign antigen delivery in calicivirus-derived VLP platform. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1111947. [PMID: 36922971 PMCID: PMC10010390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1111947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric virus-like particles (cVLPs) show great potential in improving public health as they are safe and effective vaccine candidates. The capsid protein of caliciviruses has been described previously as a self-assembling, highly immunogenic delivery platform. The ability to significantly induce cellular and humoral immunity can be used to boost the immune response to low immunogenic foreign antigens displayed on the surface of VLPs. Capsid proteins of caliciviruses despite sequence differences share similar architecture with structural loops that can be genetically modified to present foreign epitopes on the surface of cVLPs. Here, based on the VP1 protein of norovirus (NoV), we investigated the impact of the localization of the epitope in different structural loops of the P domain on the immunogenicity of the presented epitope. In this study, three distinct loops of NoV VP1 protein were genetically modified to present a multivalent influenza virus epitope consisting of a tandem repeat of M2/NP epitopes. cVLPs presenting influenza virus-conserved epitopes in different localizations were produced in the insect cells and used to immunize BALB/c mice. Specific reaction to influenza epitopes was compared in sera from vaccinated mice to determine whether the localization of the foreign epitope has an impact on the immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiuk
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Milena Chraniuk
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vasil Krapchev
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Central Animal Laboratory Research and Service Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Węsławski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gromadzka
- Department of In Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp z.o.o, Gdańsk, Poland.,Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Schneider CG, Fey J, Zou X, Gerbasi V, Savransky T, Batt C, Bergmann-Leitner E, Angov E. Norovirus-VLPs expressing pre-erythrocytic malaria antigens induce functional immunity against sporozoite infection. Vaccine 2022; 40:4270-4280. [PMID: 35697572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the development of prophylactic anti-malarial drugs and practices to prevent infection, malaria remains a health concern. Preclinical testing of novel malaria vaccine strategies achieved through rational antigen selection and novel particle-based delivery platforms is yielding encouraging results. One such platform, self-assembling virus-like particles (VLP) is safer than attenuated live viruses, and has been approved as a vaccination tool by the FDA. We explore the use of Norovirus sub-viral particles lacking the natural shell (S) domain forming the interior shell but that retain the protruding (P) structures of the native virus as a vaccine vector. Epitope selection and their surface display has the potential to focus antigen specific immune responses to crucial epitopes. Recombinant P-particles displaying epitopes from two malaria antigens, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) CelTOS and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) CSP, were evaluated for immunogenicity and their ability to confer protection in a murine challenge model. Immune responses induced in mice resulted either in sterile protection (displaying PfCelTOS epitopes) or in antibodies with functional activity against sporozoites (displaying PfCSP epitopes) in an in vitro liver-stage development assay (ILSDA). These results are encouraging and support further evaluation of this platform as a vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosette G Schneider
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Julien Fey
- Agave BioSystems, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Vince Gerbasi
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Tatyana Savransky
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA.
| | - Carl Batt
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Evelina Angov
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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10
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Tsybalova LM, Stepanova LA, Ramsay ES, Vasin AV. Influenza B: Prospects for the Development of Cross-Protective Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:1323. [PMID: 35746794 PMCID: PMC9228933 DOI: 10.3390/v14061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the epidemiological and ecological features of influenza B, one of the most common and severe respiratory infections. The review presents various strategies for cross-protective influenza B vaccine development, including recombinant viruses, virus-like particles, and recombinant proteins. We provide an overview of viral proteins as cross-protective vaccine targets, along with other updated broadly protective vaccine strategies. The importance of developing such vaccines lies not only in influenza B prevention, but also in the very attractive prospect of eradicating the influenza B virus in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila M. Tsybalova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Liudmila A. Stepanova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Edward S. Ramsay
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Andrey V. Vasin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
- Research Institute of Influenza named after A.A. Smorodintsev, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Cao H, Wu J, Luan N, Wang Y, Lin K, Liu C. Evaluation of a bivalent recombinant vaccine candidate targeting norovirus and rotavirus: Antibodies to rotavirus NSP4 exert antidiarrheal effects without virus neutralization. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3847-3856. [PMID: 35474320 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that when tandemly expressed with SR69A -VP8*, nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) of the rotavirus Wa strain exerts a minor effect on elevating the antibody responses targeting the rotavirus antigen VP8* of the 60-valent nanoparticle SR69A -VP8* but could fully protect mice from diarrhea induced by the rotavirus strain Wa. In this study, we chose comparably less immunogenic norovirus 24-valent P particles with homogenous (i.e., VP8* from rotavirus) and heterogeneous (i.e., protruding domain of norovirus) antigens and in more challenging rotavirus SA11 strain-induced diarrhea mouse models to evaluate its main role in recombinant gastroenteritis virus-specific vaccines. The results showed that although as an adjuvant NSP4 exerted limited effects on the elevation of norovirus-specific or VP8*-specific neutralizing antibody production, as an antigen it could confer potent protection, particularly when synergized with VP8*, in rotavirus SA11 strain-induced diarrhea mouse models, possibly blocking the invasion of the intestinal wall by enterotoxin. NSP4 may be unnecessary for other recombinant vaccines as adjuvants, and its display mode should be evaluated specifically to avoid blocking coexpressed antigens in the norovirus P particles. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kangyang Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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12
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Development and characterization of recombinant ASFV CD2v protein nanoparticle-induced monoclonal antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:533-541. [PMID: 35358580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) is becoming a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. CD2v is a key pathogenic factor of ASFV and the protective antigen with low immunogenicity, whereas viral protein-based nanoparticles have advantages of precise assembly and high immunogenicity. In this study, the CD2v protein fused with Norovirus (NoV) P particle assembled into nanoparticle for improved immunogenicity. Then, CD2v protein nanoparticle and monomer CD2v protein were expressed in HEK293F cells. The former induced higher levels of antibodies, and thus highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated and characterized. The highest antibody titration of mAb 10A3 reached 1:2048000, and mAb 2E9 had the highest inhibition percent of 84% when competed with ASFV positive serum. Meanwhile, all mAbs reacted specifically with the denatured CD2v protein, and the linear epitope with the location of amino acids 28th to 51st of CD2v extracellular domain sequence was identified. In summary, this study produced a highly immunogenic CD2v protein and generated high-titer mAbs, the precise location of linear epitope on the CD2v was further determined. These findings may provide a powerful help for etiology and serological detection of ASFV.
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13
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Huo Y, Ma J, Zheng L, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang C, Zhao Q. Expression of chimeric proteins based on a backbone of the GII.4 norovirus VP1 and their application in the study of a GII.6 norovirus-specific blockade epitope. Arch Virol 2022; 167:819-827. [PMID: 35112202 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The surface-exposed loop regions of the protruding domain of the norovirus (NoV) major capsid protein VP1 can tolerate the insertion of foreign antigens without affecting its assembly into subviral particles. In this study, we investigated the tolerance of the surface-exposed loop region of the GII.4 NoV VP1 by replacing it with homologous or heterologous sequences. We designed a panel of constructs in which the amino acid sequence from position 298-305 of the GII.4 NoV VP1 was replaced by sequences derived from the same region of GI.3, GII.3, GII.6, and GII.17 NoVs as well as neutralizing epitopes of enterovirus type 71 and varicella-zoster virus. The constructs were synthesized and expressed using a recombinant baculovirus expression system. The expression of target proteins was measured by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) was confirmed by electron microscopy. Our results showed that all of the constructs expressed high levels of target chimeric proteins, and all of the chimeric proteins successfully assembled into VLPs or subviral particles. An in vitro VLP-histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding assay revealed that chimeric-protein-containing VLPs did not bind or showed reduced binding to salivary HBGAs, a ligand for NoV particles. The results of an in vitro VLP-HBGA binding blockade assay indicated that the predicted surface-exposed loop region of the GII.6 NoV VP1 may comprise a blockade epitope. In summary, the surface-exposed loop region of the GII.4 NoV VP1 can be replaced by foreign sequences of a certain length. Using this strategy, we found that the predicted surface-exposed loop region of GII.6 NoV VP1 might contain a blockade epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
| | - Jie Ma
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jinjin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhaojie Yang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qingxia Zhao
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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14
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Song JM. Parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccine: recent history and future perspective. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:203-210. [PMID: 34703802 PMCID: PMC8511589 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the widespread introduction of oral and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines around the world in 2009, the impacts of disease burden and the effects of disease reduction in developing countries have been proven. However, in low and middle-income countries, the vaccine efficacy is somewhat lower than in developed countries due to differences in nutritional conditions, microbial environments of individuals, and other factors. In addition, as oral, live vaccines have been found to be associated with rare but serious side effects, the development of a next-generation vaccine with safety, improved effectiveness, and ease of storage is currently underway. New vaccine strain developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States are undergoing preclinical testing of efficacy, antigen dose, and administration route in the form of a heat-treated inactive vaccine, and a recombinant protein-based trivalent subunit vaccine developed by the Program for Appropriate Technology in Health is undergoing clinical trial in phase III. Several research groups are also developing non-replicating protein-based rotavirus vaccines using virus-like particles and nanoparticles. This review provides a brief overview of the development status and technology of parenteral, non-live rotavirus vaccines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Panasiuk M, Zimmer K, Czarnota A, Grzyb K, Narajczyk M, Peszyńska-Sularz G, Żołędowska S, Nidzworski D, Hovhannisyan L, Gromadzka B. Immunization with Leishmania tarentolae-derived norovirus virus-like particles elicits high humoral response and stimulates the production of neutralizing antibodies. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:186. [PMID: 34560881 PMCID: PMC8464126 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Unfortunately, the development of an effective norovirus vaccine has proven difficult and no prophylactic vaccine is currently available. Further research on norovirus vaccine development should be considered an absolute priority and novel vaccine candidates are needed. One of the recent approaches in safe vaccine development is the use of virus-like particles (VLPs). VLP-based vaccines show great immunogenic potential as they mimic the morphology and structure of viral particles without the presence of the virus genome. RESULTS This study is the first report showing successful production of norovirus VLPs in the protozoan Leishmania tarentolae (L. tarentolae) expression system. Protozoan derived vaccine candidate is highly immunogenic and able to not only induce a strong immune response (antibody titer reached 104) but also stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies confirmed by receptor blocking assay. Antibody titers able to reduce VLP binding to the receptor by > 50% (BT50) were observed for 1:5-1:320 serum dilutions. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus VLPs produced in L. tarentolae could be relevant for the development of the norovirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Panasiuk
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.,Nano Expo Sp. z o. o., Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Czarnota
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grzyb
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Peszyńska-Sularz
- Tri-City Central Animal Laboratory Research and Service Center, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sabina Żołędowska
- Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.,Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Nidzworski
- Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.,Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lilit Hovhannisyan
- Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Gromadzka
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Nano Expo Sp. z o. o., Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland. .,Department of in Vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Kampinoska 25, 80-180, Gdańsk, Poland.
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16
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Abstract
Histo-blood group antigen contains oligosaccharides that serve as receptors for norovirus (NoV) and rotavirus (RV). The receptors are only present on the surface of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of secretors; therefore, secretors are susceptible to NoV and RV diarrhea and nonsecretors are resistant. The prevalence of secretors in different countries varies between 50% and 90%. Secretor rates evolved in response to environmental pressures such as infectious diseases.
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17
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Xu M, Lu F, Lyu C, Wu Q, Zhang J, Tian P, Xue L, Xu T, Wang D. Broad-range and effective detection of human noroviruses by colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay based on the shell domain of the major capsid protein. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:22. [PMID: 33430771 PMCID: PMC7798207 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. HuNoVs can be detected in vitro using molecular assays such as RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. However, these molecular-based techniques require special equipment, unique reagents, experienced personnel, and extended time to obtain results. Besides, the diversity of viral genotypes is high. Therefore, methods that are rapid, broad-range and effective in the detection of HuNoVs are desiderated for screening the feces or vomit of infected people during outbreaks. RESULTS In this study, a colloidal-gold-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) was developed for effective detection of HuNoVs in clinical samples. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the shell (S) domain in the major capsid protein of HuNoVs were used in the ICA. The limitations of detection for HuNoVs in clinical samples were 1.2 × 106 genomic copies per gram of stool sample (gc/g) and 4.4 × 105 gc/g for genogroup I and II (GI and GII) HuNoVs, respectively. A total of 122 clinical samples were tested for HuNoVs by ICA and compared against RT-qPCR. The relative sensitivity, specificity and agreement of ICA was 84.2% (95% CI: 83.6-84.8%), 100.0% (95% CI: 98.5-100.0%) and 87.7% (95% CI: 85.6-89.8%), respectively. No cross-reaction with other common enteric viruses or bacteria was observed. The ICA detected a broad range of genotypes, including GI.1, GI.3, GI.4, GI.6, GI.14, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.13, and GII.17 HuNoVs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ICA targeting the S domain of VP1 is a promising candidate for effectively identifying the different genotypes of HuNoVs in clinical samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Feifeng Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chenang Lyu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Albany, CA, 94706, USA.
| | - Liang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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18
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N-terminal VP1 Truncations Favor T = 1 Norovirus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:vaccines9010008. [PMID: 33374273 PMCID: PMC7824077 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses cause immense sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Emerging genotypes, which are divided based on the sequence of the major capsid protein VP1, further enhance this public threat. Self-assembling properties of the human norovirus major capsid protein VP1 are crucial for using virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccine development. However, there is no vaccine available yet. Here, VLPs from different variants produced in insect cells were characterized in detail using a set of biophysical and structural tools. We used native mass spectrometry, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, and proteomics to get clear insights into particle size, structure, and composition, as well as stability. Generally, noroviruses have been known to form mainly T = 3 particles. Importantly, we identified a major truncation in the capsid proteins as a likely cause for the formation of T = 1 particles. For vaccine development, particle production needs to be a reproducible, reliable process. Understanding the underlying processes in capsid size variation will help to produce particles of a defined capsid size presenting antigens consistent with intact virions. Next to vaccine production itself, this would be immensely beneficial for bio-/nano-technological approaches using viral particles as carriers or triggers for immunological reactions.
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19
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Chen YL, Huang CT. Establishment of a two-step purification scheme for tag-free recombinant Taiwan native norovirus P and VP1 proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122357. [PMID: 32920339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protruding (P) domain of the major capsid protein VP1 of norovirus (NoV) is the crucial element for immune recognition and host receptor binding. The heterologous P protein expressed by Pichia pastoris self-assembles into P particles. However, tag-free NoV protein purification schemes have rarely been reported due to the low isoelectric point of NoV proteins, which leads to highly competitive binding between the target protein and yeast host cell proteins at alkaline pH. In this study, a two-step purification scheme based on surface histidines and the charge on the NoV GII.4 strain P protein was developed. Using HisTrap and ion exchange chromatography, the P protein was directly purified, with a recovery of 28.1% and purity of 82.1%. Similarly, the NoV capsid protein VP1 was also purified using HisTrap and gel filtration chromatography based on native surface histidines and self-assembly ability, with 20% recovery and over 90% purity. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the purified NoV P revealed that most of these small P particles were triangle-, square- and ring-shaped, with a diameter of approximately 14 nm, and that the purified NoV VP1 self-assembles into particles with a diameter of approximately 47 nm. Both the purified NoV P and VP1 particles retained human histo-blood group antigen-binding ability, as evidenced by a saliva-binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tsan Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan.
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20
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Bhavanam S, Freedman SB, Lee BE, Zhuo R, Qiu Y, Chui L, Xie J, Ali S, Vanderkooi OG, Pang XL. Differences in Illness Severity among Circulating Norovirus Genotypes in a Large Pediatric Cohort with Acute Gastroenteritis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1873. [PMID: 33256234 PMCID: PMC7760397 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major pathogen identified in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE), little is known about the strain's diversity and their clinical severity. Stool and/or rectal swabs were collected from children ≤18 years of age recruited at emergency departments (ED), and a provincial nursing advice phone line due to AGE symptoms in the province of Alberta, Canada between December 2014 and August 2018. Specimens were tested using a reverse transcription real time PCR and genotyped by Sanger sequencing. The Modified Vesikari Scale score (MVS) was used to evaluate the disease severity. The objectives are to identify the Genogroup and Genotype distribution and to compare illness severity between the GI and GII genogroups and to complete further analyses comparing the GII genotypes identified. GII.4 was the genotype most commonly identified. Children with GII.4 had higher MVS scores (12.0 (10.0, 14.0; p = 0.002)) and more prolonged diarrheal (5 days (3.0, 7.8)) and vomiting (3.2 days (1.7, 5.3; p < 0.001)) durations compared to other non GII.4 strains. The predominant strain varied by year with GII.4 Sydney[P31] predominant in 2014/15, GII.4 Sydney[P16] in 2015/16 and 2017/18, and GII.3[P12] in 2016/17. Genogroup II norovirus strains predominated in children with AGE with variance between years; clinical severity associated with different strains varied with episodes being most severe among GII.4 infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Bhavanam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (S.B.); (R.Z.); (Y.Q.); (L.C.)
| | - Stephen B. Freedman
- Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
| | - Bonita E. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (B.E.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Ran Zhuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (S.B.); (R.Z.); (Y.Q.); (L.C.)
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (S.B.); (R.Z.); (Y.Q.); (L.C.)
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (S.B.); (R.Z.); (Y.Q.); (L.C.)
- Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Jianling Xie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
| | - Samina Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (B.E.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Otto G. Vanderkooi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada;
| | - Xiaoli L. Pang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (S.B.); (R.Z.); (Y.Q.); (L.C.)
- Public Health Laboratories (ProvLab), Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
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21
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Tan M, Jiang X. Norovirus Capsid Protein-Derived Nanoparticles and Polymers as Versatile Platforms for Antigen Presentation and Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090472. [PMID: 31547456 PMCID: PMC6781506 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major viral structural proteins interact homotypically and/or heterotypically, self-assembling into polyvalent viral capsids that usually elicit strong host immune responses. By taking advantage of such intrinsic features of norovirus capsids, two subviral nanoparticles, 60-valent S60 and 24-valent P24 nanoparticles, as well as various polymers, have been generated through bioengineering norovirus capsid shell (S) and protruding (P) domains, respectively. These nanoparticles and polymers are easily produced, highly stable, and extremely immunogenic, making them ideal vaccine candidates against noroviruses. In addition, they serve as multifunctional platforms to display foreign antigens, self-assembling into chimeric nanoparticles or polymers as vaccines against different pathogens and illnesses. Several chimeric S60 and P24 nanoparticles, as well as P domain-derived polymers, carrying different foreign antigens, have been created and demonstrated to be promising vaccine candidates against corresponding pathogens in preclinical animal studies, warranting their further development into useful vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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22
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Elaish M, Xia M, Ngunjiri JM, Ghorbani A, Jang H, Kc M, Abundo MC, Dhakal S, Gourapura R, Jiang X, Lee CW. Protective immunity against influenza virus challenge by norovirus P particle-M2e and HA2-AtCYN vaccines in chickens. Vaccine 2019; 37:6454-6462. [PMID: 31506195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of a broadly reactive influenza vaccine that can provide protection against emerging type A influenza viruses is a big challenge. We previously demonstrated that a vaccine displaying the extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) on the surface loops of norovirus P-particle (M2eP) can partially protect chickens against several subtypes of avian influenza viruses. In the current study, a chimeric vaccine containing a conserved peptide from the subunit 2 of hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein (HA2) and Arabidopsis thaliana cyanase protein (AtCYN) (HA2-AtCYN vaccine) was evaluated in 2-weeks-old chickens. Depending on the route of administration, the HA2-AtCYN vaccine was shown to induce various levels of HA2-specific IgA in tears as well as serum IgG, which were associated with partial protection of chickens against tracheal shedding of a low pathogenicity H5N2 challenge virus. Furthermore, intranasal administration with a combination of HA2-AtCYN and M2eP vaccines resulted in enhanced protection compared to each vaccine alone. Simultaneous intranasal administration of the vaccines did not interfere with secretory IgA induction by each vaccine. Additionally, significantly higher M2eP-specific proliferative responses were observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all M2eP-vaccinated groups when compared with the mock-vaccinated group. Although tripling the number of M2e copies did not enhance the protective efficacy of the chimeric vaccine, it significantly reduced immunodominance of P-particle epitopes without affecting the robustness of M2e-specific immune responses. Taken together, our data suggests that mucosal immunization of chickens with combinations of mechanistically different cross-subtype-conserved vaccines has the potential to enhance the protective efficacy against influenza virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John M Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Amir Ghorbani
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mahesh Kc
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C Abundo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Renukaradhya Gourapura
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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23
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Kugler F, Drexler I, Protzer U, Hoffmann D, Moeini H. Generation of recombinant MVA-norovirus: a comparison study of bacterial artificial chromosome- and marker-based systems. Virol J 2019; 16:100. [PMID: 31399106 PMCID: PMC6688233 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara has been employed as a safe and potent viral vector vaccine against infectious diseases and cancer. We generated recMVAs encoding norovirus GII.4 genotype capsid protein by using a marker-based approach and a BAC-based system. In the marker-based approach, the capsid gene together with a reporter gene was introduced into the MVA genome in DF-1 cells. Several rounds of plaque purification were carried out to get rid of the WT-MVA. In the BAC-based approach, recMVA-BAC was produced by en passant recombineering in E. coli. Subsequently, the recMVAs were rescued in DF-1 cells using a helper rabbit fibroma virus. The BAC backbone and the helper virus were eliminated by passaging in DF-1 cells. Biochemical characteristics of the recMVAs were studied. RESULTS We found the purification of the rare spontaneous recombinants time-consuming in the marker-based system. In contrast, the BAC-based system rapidly inserted the gene of interest in E. coli by en passant recombineering before virion production in DF-1 cells. The elimination of the reporter gene was found to be faster and more efficient in the BAC-based approach. With Western blotting and electron microscopy, we could prove successful capsid protein expression and proper virus-assembly, respectively. The MVA-BAC produced higher recombinant virus titers and infected DF-1 cells more efficiently. CONCLUSIONS Comparing both methods, we conclude that, in contrast to the tedious and time-consuming traditional method, the MVA-BAC system allows us to quickly generate high titer recMVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kugler
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Universitätklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hassan Moeini
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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24
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Haynes J, Perry V, Benson E, Meeks A, Watts G, Watkins H, Braun R. In Depth Breadth Analyses of Human Blockade Responses to Norovirus and Response to Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050392. [PMID: 31035476 PMCID: PMC6563306 DOI: 10.3390/v11050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate and understand the efficacy of vaccine candidates, supportive immunological measures are needed. Critical attributes for a norovirus vaccine are the strength and breadth of antibody responses against the many different genotypes. In the absence of suitable neutralization assays to test samples from vaccine clinical trials, blockade assays offer a method that can measure functional antibodies specific for many of the different norovirus strains. This paper describes development and optimization of blockade assays for an extended panel of 20 different norovirus strains that can provide robust and reliable data needed for vaccine assessment. The blockade assays were used to test a panel of human clinical samples taken before and after vaccination with the Takeda TAK-214 norovirus vaccine. Great variability was evident in the repertoire of blocking antibody responses prevaccination and postvaccination among individuals. Following vaccination with TAK-214, blocking antibody levels were enhanced across a wide spectrum of different genotypes. The results indicate that adults may have multiple exposures to norovirus and that the magnitude and breadth of the complex preexisting antibody response can be boosted and expanded by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Haynes
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Virginia Perry
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Evelyn Benson
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Alisa Meeks
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Gayle Watts
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Heather Watkins
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ralph Braun
- Vaccines Discovery Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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25
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Yang P, Guo Y, Sun Y, Yu B, Zhang H, Wu J, Yu X, Wu H, Kong W. Active immunization with norovirus P particle-based amyloid-β chimeric protein vaccine induces high titers of anti-Aβ antibodies in mice. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:9. [PMID: 30755174 PMCID: PMC6373079 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active immunotherapy targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) is a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated that a safe and effective AD vaccine should induce high titers of anti-Aβ antibodies while avoiding the activation of T cells specific to Aβ. RESULTS An untagged Aβ1-6 chimeric protein vaccine against AD based on norovirus (NoV) P particle was expressed in Escherichia coli and obtained by sequential chromatography. Analysis of protein characteristics showed that the untagged Aβ1-6 chimeric protein expressed in soluble form exhibited the highest particle homogeneity, with highest purity and minimal host cell protein (HCP) and residual DNA content. Importantly, the untagged Aβ1-6 chimeric soluble protein could induce the strongest Aβ-specific humoral immune responses without activation of harmful Aβ-specific T cells in mice. CONCLUSIONS The untagged Aβ1-6 chimeric protein vaccine is safe and highly immunogenic. Further research will determine the efficacy in cognitive improvement and disease progression delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yongqing Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China. .,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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26
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Xia M, Huang P, Sun C, Han L, Vago FS, Li K, Zhong W, Jiang W, Klassen JS, Jiang X, Tan M. Bioengineered Norovirus S 60 Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Vaccine Platform. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10665-10682. [PMID: 30234973 PMCID: PMC6261714 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Homotypic interactions of viral capsid proteins are common, driving viral capsid self-formation. By taking advantage of such interactions of the norovirus shell (S) domain that naturally builds the interior shells of norovirus capsids, we have developed a technology to produce 60-valent, icosahedral S60 nanoparticles through the E. coli system. This has been achieved by several modifications to the S domain, including an R69A mutation to destruct an exposed proteinase cleavage site and triple cysteine mutations (V57C/Q58C/S136C) to establish inter-S domain disulfide bonds for enhanced inter-S domain interactions. The polyvalent S60 nanoparticle with 60 exposed S domain C-termini offers an ideal platform for antigen presentation, leading to enhanced immunogenicity to the surface-displayed antigens for vaccine development. This was proven by constructing a chimeric S60 nanoparticle displaying 60 rotavirus (RV) VP8* proteins, the major RV-neutralizing antigen. These S60-VP8* particles are easily produced and elicited high IgG response in mice toward the displayed VP8* antigens. The mouse antisera after immunization with the S60-VP8* particles exhibited high blockades against RV VP8* binding to its glycan ligands and high neutralizing activities against RV infection in culture cells. The three-dimensional structures of the S60 and S60-VP8* particles were studied. Furthermore, the S60 nanoparticle can display other antigens, supporting the notion that the S60 nanoparticle is a multifunctional vaccine platform. Finally, the intermolecular disulfide bond approach may be used to stabilize other viral-like particles to display foreign antigens for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Frank S. Vago
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
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27
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Donaldson B, Lateef Z, Walker GF, Young SL, Ward VK. Virus-like particle vaccines: immunology and formulation for clinical translation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:833-849. [PMID: 30173619 PMCID: PMC7103734 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1516552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines face significant challenges in their translation from laboratory models, to routine clinical administration. While some VLP vaccines thrive and are readily adopted into the vaccination schedule, others are restrained by regulatory obstacles, proprietary limitations, or finding their niche amongst the crowded vaccine market. Often the necessity to supplant an existing vaccination regimen possesses an immediate obstacle for the development of a VLP vaccine, despite any preclinical advantages identified over the competition. Novelty, adaptability and formulation compatibility may prove invaluable in helping place VLP vaccines at the forefront of vaccination technology. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to outline the diversity of VLP vaccines, VLP-specific immune responses, and to explore how modern formulation and delivery techniques can enhance the clinical relevance and overall success of VLP vaccines. EXPERT COMMENTARY The role of formation science, with an emphasis on the diversity of immune responses induced by VLP, is underrepresented amongst clinical trials for VLP vaccines. Harnessing such diversity, particularly through the use of combinations of select excipients and adjuvants, will be paramount in the development of VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Donaldson
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Zabeen Lateef
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Greg F Walker
- d School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- b Department of Pathology , Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology , School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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28
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Chen YL, Chang PJ, Huang CT. Small P particles formed by the Taiwan-native norovirus P domain overexpressed in Komagataella pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9707-9718. [PMID: 30187100 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The protrusion (P) domain of the major structural protein VP1 of norovirus (NoV) is critical for the host's immune response and receptor binding. Most heterologous P domains expressed in Escherichia coli or Komagataella pastoris (formally known as Pichia pastoris) form P particles consisting of 24 P monomers formed through intermolecular contact in the P regions and an end-linked cysteine tag. The small P particle is only found in P domains with terminal modifications. In this study, the NoV P domain of the most predominant NoV strain GII.4 isolated from Taiwan was expressed in K. pastoris. A high yield of NoV P was obtained using the high-cell density fermentation process in K. pastoris. A large amount of the small P particles and the trimer and dimer complexes formed by 12, 6, and 2 P monomers were observed in both the expression of the NoV P-His and P containing cysteine tag at the N-terminus. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the purified NoV P-His and P revealed that most of these small P particles are triangle-, square-, and ring-shaped with a diameter of 14-15 nm. The binding ability of purified NoV P-His and P to human histo-blood group antigen was confirmed by a saliva-binding assay. Without terminal modification, small P particles were formed in our study. The amino acid sequence analysis showed only four different amino acids (residue 84, 119, 136, and 313) between the P domain in this study and other investigated GII.4 strains suggesting that these amino acids might play an important role in the P particle formation. The small P particles formed by the Taiwan-native norovirus P domain overexpressed in K. pastoris may provide further information for morphogenesis studies and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pey-Jium Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, No. 259,Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 6 West Sec., Chia-Pu Road, Puzi City, Chiayi, 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Tsan Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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29
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Mattison CP, Cardemil CV, Hall AJ. Progress on norovirus vaccine research: public health considerations and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:773-784. [PMID: 30092671 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1510327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide, account for approximately one-fifth of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases globally, and cause a substantial economic burden. Candidate norovirus vaccines are in development, but there is currently no licensed vaccine. AREAS COVERED Noroviruses cause approximately 684 million cases and 212,000 deaths per year across all age groups, though burden estimates vary by study and region. Challenges to vaccine research include substantial and rapidly evolving genetic diversity, short-term and homotypic immunity to infection, and the absence of a single, well-established correlate of protection. Nonetheless, several norovirus vaccine candidates are currently in development, utilizing virus-like particles (VLPs), P particles, and recombinant adenoviruses. Of these, a bivalent GI.1/GII.4 VLP-based intramuscular vaccine (Phase IIb) and GI.1 oral vaccine (Phase I) are in clinical trials. EXPERT COMMENTARY A norovirus vaccine should target high-risk populations, including the young and the elderly, and protect them against the most common circulating norovirus strains. A norovirus vaccine would be a powerful tool in the prevention and control of norovirus while lessening the burden of AGE worldwide. However, more robust burden and cost estimates are needed to justify investments in and guide norovirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire P Mattison
- a Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge , TN , USA.,b Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Cristina V Cardemil
- b Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- b Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
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30
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Xu Q, Ni P, Liu D, Yin Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Wu Q, Tian P, Shi X, Wang D. A Bacterial Surface Display System Expressing Cleavable Capsid Proteins of Human Norovirus: A Novel System to Discover Candidate Receptors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2405. [PMID: 29270155 PMCID: PMC5723664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the dominant cause of food-borne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. However, fundamental researches on HuNoVs, such as identification of viral receptors have been limited by the currently immature system to culture HuNoVs and the lack of efficient small animal models. Previously, we demonstrated that the recombinant protruding domain (P domain) of HuNoVs capsid proteins were successfully anchored on the surface of Escherichia coli BL21 cells after the bacteria were transformed with a plasmid expressing HuNoVs P protein fused with bacterial transmembrane anchor protein. The cell-surface-displayed P proteins could specifically recognize and bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs, receptors of HuNoVs). In this study, an upgraded bacterial surface displayed system was developed as a new platform to discover candidate receptors of HuNoVs. A thrombin-susceptible “linker” sequence was added between the sequences of bacterial transmembrane anchor protein and P domain of HuNoV (GII.4) capsid protein in a plasmid that displays the functional P proteins on the surface of bacteria. In this new system, the surface-displayed HuNoV P proteins could be released by thrombin treatment. The released P proteins self-assembled into small particles, which were visualized by electron microscopy. The bacteria with the surface-displayed P proteins were incubated with pig stomach mucin which contained HBGAs. The bacteria-HuNoV P proteins-HBGAs complex could be collected by low speed centrifugation. The HuNoV P proteins-HBGAs complex was then separated from the recombinant bacterial surface by thrombin treatment. The released viral receptor was confirmed by using the monoclonal antibody against type A HBGA. It demonstrated that the new system was able to capture and easily isolate receptors of HuNoVs. This new strategy provides an alternative, easier approach for isolating unknown receptors/ligands of HuNoVs from different samples including mammalian cell lines, oysters, and fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei'en Ni
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danlei Liu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Yin
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jvmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service - United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Abstract
Viral structural proteins share a common nature of homotypic interactions that drive viral capsid formation. This natural process has been mimicked in vitro through recombinant technology to generate various virus-like particles (VLPs) and small subviral particles that exhibit similar structural and antigenic properties of their authentic viruses. Therefore, such self-assembled, polyvalent, and highly immunogenic VLPs and small subviral particles are excellent subunit vaccines against individual viruses, such as the VLP vaccines against the hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, and hepatitis E virus, which have already been in the markets. In addition, various antigens and epitopes can be fused with VLPs, small subviral particles, or protein polymers, forming chimeric mono-, bi-, or trivalent vaccines. Owing to their easy-production, un-infectiousness, and polyvalence, the recombinant, chimeric vaccines offer a new approach for development of safe, low-cost, and high efficient subunit vaccines against a single or more pathogens or diseases. While the first VLP-based combination vaccine against malaria has been approved for human use, many others are under development with promising future, which are summarized in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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32
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Singh L, Kruger HG, Maguire GE, Govender T, Parboosing R. The role of nanotechnology in the treatment of viral infections. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2017; 4:105-131. [PMID: 28748089 PMCID: PMC5507392 DOI: 10.1177/2049936117713593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid development of drug resistance to currently available therapies and adverse side effects due to prolonged use is a serious public health concern. The development of novel treatment strategies is therefore required. The interaction of nanostructures with microorganisms is fast-revolutionizing the biomedical field by offering advantages in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles offer unique physical properties that have associated benefits for drug delivery. These are predominantly due to the particle size (which affects bioavailability and circulation time), large surface area to volume ratio (enhanced solubility compared to larger particles), tunable surface charge of the particle with the possibility of encapsulation, and large drug payloads that can be accommodated. These properties, which are unlike bulk materials of the same compositions, make nanoparticulate drug delivery systems ideal candidates to explore in order to achieve and/or improve therapeutic effects. This review presents a broad overview of the application of nanosized materials for the treatment of common viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Singh
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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33
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Tan M. Histo-blood group antigens as receptors for rotavirus, new understanding on rotavirus epidemiology and vaccine strategy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e22. [PMID: 28400594 PMCID: PMC5457676 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of the two rotavirus (RV) vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) in many countries endorses a live attenuated vaccine approach against RVs. However, the lower efficacies of both vaccines in many low- and middle-income countries indicate a need to improve the current RV vaccines. The recent discovery that RVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as potential receptors has significantly advanced our understanding of RV diversity, evolution and epidemiology, providing important new insights into the performances of current RV vaccines in different populations and emphasizing a P-type-based vaccine approach. New understanding of RV diversity and evolution also raises a fundamental question about the ‘Jennerian' approach, which needs to be addressed for future development of live attenuated RV vaccines. Alternative approaches to develop safer and more cost-effective subunit vaccines against RVs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Elaish M, Ngunjiri JM, Ali A, Xia M, Ibrahim M, Jang H, Hiremath J, Dhakal S, Helmy YA, Jiang X, Renukaradhya GJ, Lee CW. Supplementation of inactivated influenza vaccine with norovirus P particle-M2e chimeric vaccine enhances protection against heterologous virus challenge in chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171174. [PMID: 28151964 PMCID: PMC5289506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current inactivated influenza vaccines provide satisfactory protection against homologous viruses but limited cross-protection against antigenically divergent strains. Consequently, there is a need to develop more broadly protective vaccines. The highly conserved extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) has shown promising results as one of the components of a universal influenza vaccine in different animal models. As an approach to overcome the limited, strain specific, protective efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), a combination of recombinant M2e expressed on the surface of norovirus P particle (M2eP) and IIV was tested in chickens. Co-immunization of birds with both vaccines did not affect the production of M2e-specific IgG antibodies compared to the group vaccinated with M2eP alone. However, the co-immunized birds developed significantly higher pre-challenge hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the homologous IIV antigen and heterologous challenge virus. These combined vaccine groups also had cross reactive antibody responses against different viruses (H5, H6, and H7 subtypes) compared to the IIV alone vaccinated group. Upon intranasal challenge with homologous and heterologous viruses, the combined vaccine groups showed greater reduction in viral shedding in tracheal swabs compared to those groups receiving IIV alone. Moreover, M2eP antisera from vaccinated birds were able to bind to the native M2 expressed on the surface of whole virus particles and infected cells, and inhibit virus replication in vitro. Our results support the potential benefit of supplementing IIV with M2eP, to expand the vaccine cross protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Fu L, Li Y, Hu Y, Zheng Y, Yu B, Zhang H, Wu J, Wu H, Yu X, Kong W. Norovirus P particle-based active Aβ immunotherapy elicits sufficient immunogenicity and improves cognitive capacity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41041. [PMID: 28106117 PMCID: PMC5247735 DOI: 10.1038/srep41041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-modifying immunotherapies focusing on reducing amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition are the main treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, none of the Aβ immunotherapies has produced clinically meaningful results to date. The main reason for this lack of efficacy is that the vaccine induces insufficiently high antibody titers, as it contains small B-cell epitope of Aβ to avoid Aβ42-specific T-cell activation. With the aim of generating a potent AD vaccine, we designed the protein PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123, comprising three copies of Aβ1-6 inserted into three loops of a novel vaccine platform, the norovirus P particle, which could present Aβ at its surface and remarkably enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine. We demonstrated that PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 was able to elicit high antibody titers against Aβ42, without causing T-cell activation, in AD mice regardless of their age. Importantly, PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 treatment successfully reduced amyloid deposition, rescued memory loss, and repaired hippocampus damage in AD mice. The Aβ antibodies induced by this active immunotherapy reacted with and disrupted aggregated Aβ, reducing its cellular toxicity. In addition, our results suggested PP-3copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 immunization could restore Aβ42 homeostasis in both the serum and brain. Thus, the P particle-based Aβ epitope vaccine is a sufficiently immunogenic and safe immunotherapeutic intervention for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingnan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yayuan Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Fu L, Jin H, Yu Y, Yu B, Zhang H, Wu J, Yin Y, Yu X, Wu H, Kong W. Characterization of NoV P particle-based chimeric protein vaccines developed from two different expression systems. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 130:28-34. [PMID: 27693623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Norovirus (NoV) P domain, with three surface loops for foreign antigen insertion, has been demonstrated as an excellent platform for antigen presentation and novel vaccine development. The P domain alone can self-assemble into a P dimer, 12-mer small particle or 24-mer P particle, and vaccines based on those particles may elicit different levels of immunogenicity. Currently, P particles are generally produced in soluble expression systems in Escherichia coli, mainly in the 24-mer form. However, the low yield of the soluble protein has hindered further clinical applications of P particle-based protein vaccines. In this study, we inserted the Alzheimer's disease (AD) immunogen Aβ1-6 into the three loops of the P particle to generate an AD protein vaccine. To increase the yield of this chimeric protein, we tested the generation of proteins in a soluble expression system and an inclusion body expression system separately in E. coli. The result showed that the inclusion body expression system could greatly enhance the product yield of the chimeric protein compared with the soluble expression system. The refolded protein from the inclusion bodies was mainly in the 12-mer form, while the protein generated from the soluble supernatant was mainly in the 24-mer form. Moreover, the immunogenicity of soluble proteins was significantly stronger than that of the refolded proteins. Thus, comparisons between the two expression methods suggested that the soluble expression system generated chimeric P particles with better immunogenicity, while inclusion body expression system yielded more P particle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongjiao Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Complicated norovirus infection and assessment of severity by a modified Vesikari disease score system in hospitalized children. BMC Pediatr 2016; 16:162. [PMID: 27716222 PMCID: PMC5053206 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Norovirus (NoV) GII.4 is the most common genotype for norovirus gastroenteritis worldwide. New variants or subgenotypes are continuously emerging, thus posing a serious threat to child health. Methods We compared retrospectively the clinical manifestations and complications of norovirus gastroenteritis in children from April, 2004 through December, 2012. NoV variants were analyzed to investigate the association of circulating viral strains with the complications. A modified disease severity score system based on Vesikari score system was devised and to evaluate disease severity. Results Compared to the outbreak in 2004/2005 winter, significant higher incidence of complications in the later periods are: convulsive disorder (p < 0.001) in 2006/2007 winter gastrointestinal hemorrhage (p = 0.047) and severe abdominal pain or irritability (p = 0.033) in 2008/09/10 winter; gastrointestinal hemorrhage (p = 0.030), severe abdominal pain or irritability (p = 0.014), and prominent hyperthermia (fever >39 °C, p = 0.001) in 2011/2012 winter. GII.4 Den_Haag_2006b, GII.4 2010, GII.4 Sydney 2012, and GII.4 2012b were the predominant strains in the outbreaks after 2006. By the modified severity score system, severe norovirus disease occurred in 28.5 %, 32 %, 33.3 %, and 30.2 % of the patients in the four periods. A longer duration of hospitalization (p = 0.02) were found in those with high score irrespective of the year of admission. Conclusions Our study demonstrated NoV outbreaks in northern Taiwan caused by different GII.4 variants that were associated with specific complications and uncommon clinical presentations. A modified severity score system first proposed in this study was able to identify severe cases with a longer hospital stay in NoV-infected children.
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38
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Malm M, Tamminen K, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Type-specific and cross-reactive antibodies and T cell responses in norovirus VLP immunized mice are targeted both to conserved and variable domains of capsid VP1 protein. Mol Immunol 2016; 78:27-37. [PMID: 27573255 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV)-specific antibodies, which block binding of the virus-like particles (VLPs) to the cell receptors are conformation dependent and directed towards the most exposed domain of the NoV capsid VP1 protein, the P2 domain. Limited data are available on the antibodies directed to other domains of the VP1, and even less on the NoV VP1-specific T cell epitopes. In here, BALB/c mice were immunized with six VLPs derived from NoV GII.4-1999, GII.4-2009 (New Orleans), GII.4-2012 (Sydney), GII.12, GI.1, and G1.3. Serum immunoglobulin G binding antibodies, histo-blood group antigen blocking antibodies and T cell responses using type-specific and heterologous NoV VLPs, P-dimers and 76 overlapping synthetic peptides, spanning the entire 539 amino acid sequence of GII.4 VP1, were determined. The results showed that at least half of the total antibody content is directed towards conserved S domain of the VP1. Only a small fraction (<1%) of the VP1 binding antibodies were blocking/neutralizing. With the use of matrix peptide pools and individual peptides, seven CD4+ and CD8+ T cell restricted epitopes were mapped, two located in S domain, four in P2 domain and one in P1 domain of NoV VP1. The epitopes were GII.4 strain-specific but also common GII.4 genotype-specific T cell epitopes were identified. More importantly, the results suggest a 9-amino acids long sequence (318PAPLGTPDF326) in P2 domain of VP1 as a universal NoV genogroup II-specific CD8+ T cell epitope. Distribution of the T cell epitopes alongside the capsid VP1 indicates the need of the complete protein for high immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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39
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Zhang X, Wang K, Lin Q, Zheng M, Li Q, Li T, Hong Q, Zheng Q, Yu H, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. A shared N-terminal hydrophobic tail for the formation of nanoparticulates. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2289-303. [PMID: 27499052 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Nanoparticulate design is important for the production of nanotechnological materials and passive immunogens. Using lessons from our hepatitis E vaccine, we herein design protein-based nanoparticles through incorporation of an N-terminal hydrophobic tail (NHT, located on HEV ORF2 aa368-460). MATERIALS & METHODS Flu HA1, HIV gp41/gp120/p24, HBsAg and HPV16 L2 were fused with NHT, expressed in Escherichia coli and subjected to self-assembly in vitro. Nanosized particles were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography and negative electron microscopy. Immunogenicity was assessed in mice. RESULTS All the NHT-fused proteins spontaneously formed nanoparticulates and presented with immunogenicity approximately 2-log over their nonassembling forms. CONCLUSION Protein self-assembly provides an attractive means to create nanosized particles that bear specific antigens. Our strategy outlines a novel and shared method for the design of immunogenic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics & Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kaihang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingshan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiyang Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- National Institute of Diagnostics & Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai Yu
- National Institute of Diagnostics & Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics & Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics & Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology & Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics & Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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40
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Gong X, Yin H, Shi Y, He X, Yu Y, Guan S, Kuai Z, Haji NM, Haji NM, Kong W, Shan Y. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective effects of a trivalent chimeric norovirus P particle immunogen displaying influenza HA2 from subtypes H1, H3 and B. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e51. [PMID: 27222326 PMCID: PMC4893548 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ectodomain of the influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) stem is highly conserved across strains and has shown promise as a universal influenza vaccine in a mouse model. In this study, potential B-cell epitopes were found through sequence alignment and epitope prediction in a stem fragment, HA2:90-105, which is highly conserved among virus subtypes H1, H3 and B. A norovirus (NoV) P particle platform was used to express the HA2:90-105 sequences from subtypes H1, H3 and B in loops 1, 2 and 3 of the protrusion (P) domain, respectively. Through mouse immunization and microneutralization assays, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the chimeric NoV P particle (trivalent HA2-PP) were tested against infection with three subtypes (H1N1, H3N2 and B) of IAV in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. The protective efficacy of the trivalent HA2-PP was also evaluated preliminarily in vivo by virus challenge in the mouse model. The trivalent HA2-PP immunogen induced significant IgG antibody responses, which could be enhanced by a virus booster vaccination. Moreover, the trivalent HA2-PP immunogen also demonstrated in vitro neutralization of the H3 and B viruses, and in vivo protection against the H3 virus. Our results support the notion that a broadly protective vaccine approach using an HA2-based NoV P particle platform can provide cross-protection against challenge viruses of different IAV subtypes. The efficacy of the immunogen should be further enhanced for practicality, and a better understanding of the protective immune mechanism will be critical for the development of HA2-based multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - He Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoqiu He
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yongjiao Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shanshan Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ziyu Kuai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nasteha M Haji
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Nafisa M Haji
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
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Vaccines against norovirus: state of the art trials in children and adults. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22 Suppl 5:S136-S139. [PMID: 27130672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), a group of nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Caliciviridae family, are the leading cause worldwide of acute infectious gastroenteritis. Serious and eventual fatal outcomes may be observed in at-risk populations such as the very young or older adults, especially in those with underlying diseases. NoVs are highly infectious, with a low number of virus particles causing infection, and they are highly resistant to environmental conditions. NoVs have multiple routes of transmission including faecal-oral, aerosolized vomitus, person to person and via contaminated surfaces or food and water. NoVs can cause frequent and dramatic outbreaks where people congregate in close quarters such as hospitals, long-term care facilities, cruise liners and military barracks and ships. Of the seven NoV genogroups, human disease is most frequently caused by genogroups I and II, although genogroup IV has also been associated with illness. The absence of reliable, high-yield cell culture systems or animal models has steered the development of vaccines towards nonreplicating recombinant capsid proteins including viruslike particles and the sub-virus-sized P particles. Takeda Vaccines is developing a candidate NoV vaccine formulation based on adjuvanted viruslike particles from the GI.1 genotype and a consensus GII.4 sequence derived from three natural GII.4 variants. Early clinical trial results show good tolerability and robust immune responses to both components. This approach is designed to induce broad protective immune responses in adults and children.
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42
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Xia M, Wei C, Wang L, Cao D, Meng XJ, Jiang X, Tan M. A trivalent vaccine candidate against hepatitis E virus, norovirus, and astrovirus. Vaccine 2016; 34:905-13. [PMID: 26778421 PMCID: PMC4732564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), norovirus (NoV), and astrovirus (AstV) are enterically-transmitted viral pathogens causing epidemic or endemic hepatitis (HEV) and gastroenteritis (NoV and AstV) respectively in humans, leading to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While a recombinant subunit vaccine against HEVs is available in China, there is no commercial vaccine or antiviral against NoV or AstV. We report here our development of a trivalent vaccine against the three viral pathogens through our new polymer vaccine technology. All HEV, NoV, and AstV are non-enveloped RNA viruses covered by a protein capsid, featuring surface protruding (P) proteins that are responsible for virus-host interaction. These dimeric P proteins elicit neutralizing antibody and are good targets for subunit vaccine development. The trivalent subunit vaccine was developed by fusion of the dimeric P domains of the three viruses together that formed tetramers. This trivalent vaccine elicited significantly higher antibody responses in mice against all three P domains than those induced by a mixture of the three free P domains (mixed vaccine). Furthermore, the post-immune antisera of the trivalent vaccine showed significantly higher neutralizing titers against HEV infection in cell culture and higher blocking activity against NoV binding to HBGA ligands than those of the post-immune sera of the mixed vaccine. Thus, the trivalent vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate against HEV, NoV, and AstV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Chao Wei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Leyi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Dianjun Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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Li Y, Fu L, Hu Y, Jin H, Zheng Y, Yin Y, Wu H, Yu X, Kong W. Establishment of a novel method without sequence modification for developing NoV P particle-based chimeric vaccines. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 121:73-80. [PMID: 26773744 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Norovirus (NoV) P particle (PP) is a subviral particle formed by 24 copies of the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein. Each P domain has three surface loops that can be used for foreign antigen presentation. Hence, PPs have been demonstrated to be an excellent platform for vaccine development against many pathogens. However, current processes for preparing those chimeric PP vaccines vary and would change the original sequence of the PP. A detailed strategy also has not been reported for inserting a foreign antigen into all three loops. In order to develop a novel method for preparing distinct types of PP-based protein vaccines, we created two restriction enzyme sites (EagI and KpnI) in the P domain by site-directed mutagenesis without changing its original sequence. A synthesized gene with three copies of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) immunogen Aβ1-6 was then incorporated in loop2 of the P domain. Additionally, a synthesized gene with one copy of Aβ1-6 was inserted into each loop of the P domain. Furthermore, two recombinant proteins PP-3 copy-Aβ1-6-loop2 and PP-1 copy-Aβ1-6-loop123 were successfully purified without affecting PP formation. Particle size analysis and TEM observations demonstrated that the two chimeric P particles were still able to form 24-mer nanoparticles. Moreover, the two chimeric PP-based AD vaccines could both efficiently elicit strong immune responses in the mouse model. In conclusion, we have successfully established a novel method for preparing vaccines based on the NoV PP which would not affect PP sequence and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hao Jin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yayuan Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Jiang L, Fan R, Sun S, Fan P, Su W, Zhou Y, Gao F, Xu F, Kong W, Jiang C. A new EV71 VP3 epitope in norovirus P particle vector displays neutralizing activity and protection in vivo in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:6596-603. [PMID: 26529072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), as the main agents causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), have become a serious public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, various neutralizing B cell epitopes of EV71 were identified as targets for promising vaccine candidates. Structural studies of Picornaviridae indicated that potent immunodominant epitopes typically lie in the hypervariable loop of capsid surfaces. However, cross-neutralizing antibodies and cross-protection between EV71 and CVA16 have not been observed. Therefore, we speculated that divergent sequences of the two viruses are key epitopes for inducing protective neutralizing responses. In this study, we selected 10 divergent epitope candidates based on alignment of the EV71 and CVA16 P1 amino acid sequences using the Multalin interface page, and these epitopes are conserved among all subgenotypes of EV71. Simultaneously, by utilizing the norovirus P particle as a novel vaccine delivery carrier, we identified the 71-6 epitope (amino acid 176-190 of VP3) as a conformational neutralizing epitope against EV71 in an in vitro micro-neutralization assay as well as an in vivo protection assay in mice. Altogether, these results indicated that the incorporation of the 71-6 epitope into the norovirus P domain can provide a promising candidate for an effective synthetic peptide-based vaccine against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rongjun Fan
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, PR China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Peihu Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Weiheng Su
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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Yu Y, Fu L, Shi Y, Guan S, Yang L, Gong X, Yin H, He X, Liu D, Kuai Z, Shan Y, Wang S, Kong W. Elicitation of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by presentation of 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes on Norovirus P particles. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:271-8. [PMID: 26455781 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eliciting efficient broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) is a major goal in vaccine development against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Conserved epitopes in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 are a significant target. In this study, Norovirus P particles (NoV PPs) were used as carriers to display conformational 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes in different patterns with an appropriate linker. Immune responses to the recombinant NoV PPs were characterized in guinea pigs and Balb/c mice and could induce high levels of MPER-binding antibodies. Modest neutralizing activities could be detected in sera of guinea pigs but not of Balb/c mice. The 4E10 or 10E8 epitopes dispersed on three loops on the outermost surface of NoV PPs (4E10-loop123 PP or 10E8-loop123 PP) elicited higher neutralizing activities than the equivalent number of epitopes presented on loop 2 only (4E10-3loop2 PP or 10E8-3loop2 PP). The epitopes on different loops of the PP were well-exposed and likely formed an appropriate conformation to induce neutralizing antibodies. Although sera of immunized guinea pigs could neutralize several HIV envelope-pseudoviruses, a vaccine candidate for efficiently inducing HIV-1 BnAbs remains to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiao Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - He Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoqiu He
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dongni Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyu Kuai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Elaish M, Kang KI, Xia M, Ali A, Shany SAS, Wang L, Jiang X, Lee CW. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the norovirus P particle-M2e chimeric vaccine in chickens. Vaccine 2015; 33:4901-9. [PMID: 26232342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ectodomain of the influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e) is highly conserved across strains and has been shown to be a promising candidate for universal influenza vaccine in the mouse model. In this study, we tested immune response and protective efficacy of a chimeric norovirus P particle containing the avian M2e protein against challenges with three avian influenza (AI) viruses (H5N2, H6N2, H7N2) in chickens. Two-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated 3 times with an M2e-P particle (M2e-PP) vaccine via the subcutaneous (SQ) route with oil adjuvant, and transmucosal routes (intranasal, IN; eye drop, ED; microspray, MS) without adjuvant. M2e-PP vaccination via the SQ route induced significant IgG antibody responses which were increased by each booster vaccination. In groups vaccinated via IN, ED or MS, neither IgG nor IgA responses were detected from sera or nasal washes of immunized birds. The M2e-PP vaccination via the SQ route significantly reduced the virus shedding in the trachea and the cloaca for all three challenge viruses. Despite the absence of detectable IgG and IgA responses in birds vaccinated with the M2e-PP via intranasal routes, a similar level of reduction in virus shedding was observed in the IN group compared to the SQ group. Our results supports that the universal vaccine approach using M2e-based vaccine can provide cross-protection against challenge viruses among different HA subtypes although the efficacy of the vaccine should be enhanced further to be practical. Better understanding of the protective immune mechanism will be critical for the development of an M2e-based vaccine in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - K I Kang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - M Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - A Ali
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - S A S Shany
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States; Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - L Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - X Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - C W Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Fu L, Li Y, Hu Y, Yu B, Zhang H, Wu J, Wu H, Yu X, Kong W. Norovirus P particle: an excellent vaccine platform for antibody production against Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:22-30. [PMID: 26349054 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Active vaccination against amyloid β (Aβ42) is considered a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, immunization with synthetic human Aβ1-42 has resulted in meningoencephalitis in 6% of patients and generated only low-titer anti-Aβ42 antibodies. In order to develop a safe and effective vaccine against Alzheimer's disease, the Aβ1-6 peptide was used as the novel immunogen and Norovirus P particles as the vaccine platform in this study. By inserting and presenting Aβ1-6 on the outermost surface of the P particle, we showed that the chimeric P particle-based AD protein vaccine could elicit a strong immune response, inducing highly specific antibody titers against Aβ42 without causing T-cell activation. Furthermore, antibodies induced by the AD protein vaccines were demonstrated to be effective at the cellular level. In addition, we also compared the immunogenicity of the chimeric P particles with different insertional loci in the loop structure domain and demonstrated that insertion of the antigen into all three loops of the P particle at the same time could significantly improve immune responses to the vaccine. In conclusion, the Norovirus P particle is an excellent vaccine platform for stimulating Aβ42 antibody production, and chimeric P particles may be developed as an effective therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingnan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Kocher J, Yuan L. Norovirus vaccines and potential antinorovirus drugs: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Virol 2015; 10:899-913. [PMID: 26568768 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute, nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a cell culture system and smaller animal model has delayed the development and commercial availability of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Current vaccines rely on recombinant capsid proteins, such as P particles and virus-like particles (VLPs), which have been promising in clinical trials. Anti-HuNoV drug development is another area of extensive research, including currently available antiviral drugs for other viral pathogens. This review will provide an overview of recent advances in vaccine and antiviral development. The implication of recent advances in HuNoV cell culture for improving vaccine and antiviral development is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
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Abstract
Norovirus is an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks globally and the most prevalent cause of sporadic gastroenteritis in many regions. Rapid and accurate identification of causative viral agents is critical for outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, and management. Because norovirus is not cultivable and has a highly diversified and variable genome, it is difficult to develop diagnostic assays. Detection methods have evolved from electron microscopy to conventional end-point reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoassay, real-time RT-PCR, other molecular technologies, and nanotechnology array-based assays. The status and features of various testing methods are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta Hospital, 8440 - 112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 11405, 87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
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Kambhampati A, Koopmans M, Lopman BA. Burden of norovirus in healthcare facilities and strategies for outbreak control. J Hosp Infect 2015; 89:296-301. [PMID: 25726433 PMCID: PMC4668703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is the most frequently occurring cause of community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages. It is also one of the most frequent causes of outbreaks in healthcare settings, affecting both long-term care facilities and acute care hospitals. Whereas norovirus gastroenteritis is typically mild and resolves without medical attention, healthcare-associated infections often affect vulnerable populations, resulting in severe infections and disruption of healthcare services. Globally, most norovirus outbreaks in hospitals and residential care institutions are associated with genogroup II type 4 (GII.4) strains. Recent data demonstrate that excess mortality occurs during outbreak periods in healthcare facilities. Nosocomial outbreaks can result in large economic and societal costs. Current control measures for norovirus are largely based on general infection control principles, and treatment is mainly supportive and non-specific. While neither vaccines nor antiviral agents are currently available, both are being developed with encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kambhampati
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Koopmans
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B A Lopman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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