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Summers BS, Thomas Broome S, Pang TWR, Mundell HD, Koh Belic N, Tom NC, Ng ML, Yap M, Sen MK, Sedaghat S, Weible MW, Castorina A, Lim CK, Lovelace MD, Brew BJ. A Review of the Evidence for Tryptophan and the Kynurenine Pathway as a Regulator of Stem Cell Niches in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241248287. [PMID: 38757094 PMCID: PMC11097742 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241248287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are ubiquitously found in various tissues and organs in the body, and underpin the body's ability to repair itself following injury or disease initiation, though repair can sometimes be compromised. Understanding how stem cells are produced, and functional signaling systems between different niches is critical to understanding the potential use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this context, this review considers kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism in multipotent adult progenitor cells, embryonic, haematopoietic, neural, cancer, cardiac and induced pluripotent stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. The KP is the major enzymatic pathway for sequentially catabolising the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP), resulting in key metabolites including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid (QUIN). QUIN metabolism transitions into the adjoining de novo pathway for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) production, a critical cofactor in many fundamental cellular biochemical pathways. How stem cells uptake and utilise TRP varies between different species and stem cell types, because of their expression of transporters and responses to inflammatory cytokines. Several KP metabolites are physiologically active, with either beneficial or detrimental outcomes, and evidence of this is presented relating to several stem cell types, which is important as they may exert a significant impact on surrounding differentiated cells, particularly if they metabolise or secrete metabolites differently. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in mesenchymal stromal cells, for instance, highly upregulates rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), initiating TRP depletion and production of metabolites including kynurenine/kynurenic acid, known agonists of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor. AhR transcriptionally regulates an immunosuppressive phenotype, making them attractive for regenerative therapy. We also draw attention to important gaps in knowledge for future studies, which will underpin future application for stem cell-based cellular therapies or optimising drugs which can modulate the KP in innate stem cell populations, for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sebastian Summers
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hamish D Mundell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi Koh Belic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole C Tom
- Formerly of the Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maylin Yap
- Formerly of the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monokesh K Sen
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Sedaghat
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael W Weible
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Monchaux de Oliveira C, Morael J, Guille A, Amadieu C, Vancassel S, Gaudout D, Capuron L, Pourtau L, Castanon N. Saffron extract interferes with lipopolysaccharide-induced brain activation of the kynurenine pathway and impairment of monoamine neurotransmission in mice. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1267839. [PMID: 37867499 PMCID: PMC10585275 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1267839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although activation of inflammatory processes is essential to fight infections, its prolonged impact on brain function is well known to contribute to the pathophysiology of many medical conditions, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, identifying novel strategies to selectively counter the harmful effects of neuroinflammation appears as a major health concern. In that context, this study aimed to test the relevance of a nutritional intervention with saffron, a spice known for centuries for its beneficial effect on health. Methods For this purpose, the impact of an acute oral administration of a standardized saffron extract, which was previously shown to display neuromodulatory properties and reduce depressive-like behavior, was measured in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 830 μg/kg, ip). Results Pretreatment with saffron extract (6.5 mg/kg, per os) did not reduce LPS-induced sickness behavior, preserving therefore this adaptive behavioral response essential for host defense. However, it interfered with delayed changes of expression of cytokines, chemokines and markers of microglial activation measured 24 h post-LPS treatment in key brain areas for behavior and mood control (frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum). Importantly, this pretreatment also counteracted by that time the impact of LPS on several neurobiological processes contributing to inflammation-induced emotional alterations, in particular the activation of the kynurenine pathway, assessed through the expression of its main enzymes, as well as concomitant impairment of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Conclusion Altogether, this study provides important clues on how saffron extract interferes with brain function in conditions of immune stimulation and supports the relevance of saffron-based nutritional interventions to improve the management of inflammation-related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Monchaux de Oliveira
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
- Activ’Inside, Beychac-et-Caillau, France
| | - Jennifer Morael
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandrine Guille
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Camille Amadieu
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Vancassel
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lucile Capuron
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Nathalie Castanon
- INRAE, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux IPB, Bordeaux, France
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Kynurenine Pathway in Diabetes Mellitus-Novel Pharmacological Target? Cells 2023; 12:cells12030460. [PMID: 36766803 PMCID: PMC9913876 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway (Trp-KYN) is the major route for tryptophan conversion in the brain and in the periphery. Kynurenines display a wide range of biological actions (which are often contrasting) such as cytotoxic/cytoprotective, oxidant/antioxidant or pro-/anti-inflammatory. The net effect depends on their local concentration, cellular environment, as well as a complex positive and negative feedback loops. The imbalance between beneficial and harmful kynurenines was implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric illnesses and metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite available therapies, DM may lead to serious macro- and microvascular complications including cardio- and cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal disease, diabetic retinopathy, autonomic neuropathy or cognitive impairment. It is well established that low-grade inflammation, which often coincides with DM, can affect the function of KP and, conversely, that kynurenines may modulate the immune response. This review provides a detailed summary of findings concerning the status of the Trp-KYN pathway in DM based on available animal, human and microbiome studies. We highlight the importance of the molecular interplay between the deranged (functionally and qualitatively) conversion of Trp to kynurenines in the development of DM and insulin resistance. The Trp-KYN pathway emerges as a novel target in the search for preventive and therapeutic interventions in DM.
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Federica G, Giuseppina F, Veronica L, Gianpaolo Z, Massimo T, Veronica DM, Giuseppe S, Maria TA. An untargeted metabolomic approach to investigate antiviral defence mechanisms in memory leukocytes secreting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:629. [PMID: 36635345 PMCID: PMC9835734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2 experience an altered metabolic state in multiple organs. Metabolic activities are directly involved in modulating immune responses against infectious diseases, yet our understanding of how host metabolism relates to inflammatory responses remains limited. To better elucidate the underlying biochemistry of the leukocyte response, we focused our analysis on possible relationships between SARS-CoV-2 post-infection stages and distinct metabolic pathways. Indeed, we observed a significant altered metabolism of tryptophan and urea cycle pathways in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained 60-90 days after infection and showing in vitro IgG antibody memory for spike-S1 antigen (n = 17). This work, for the first time, identifies metabolic routes in cell metabolism possibly related to later stages of immune defence against SARS-CoV-2 infection, namely, when circulating antibodies may be absent but an antibody memory is present. The results suggest reprogramming of leukocyte metabolism after viral pathogenesis through activation of specific amino acid pathways possibly related to protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gevi Federica
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fanelli Giuseppina
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lelli Veronica
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Zarletti Gianpaolo
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department of Innovative Biology, Agro-Food and Forestry, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tiberi Massimo
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department of Innovative Biology, Agro-Food and Forestry, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - De Molfetta Veronica
- grid.12597.380000 0001 2298 9743Department of Innovative Biology, Agro-Food and Forestry, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Scapigliati Giuseppe
- Department of Innovative Biology, Agro-Food and Forestry, University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Timperio Anna Maria
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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Kim J, Lee SK, Jung M, Jeong SY, You H, Won JY, Han SD, Cho HJ, Park S, Park J, Kim TM, Kim S. Extracellular vesicles from IFN-γ-primed mesenchymal stem cells repress atopic dermatitis in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:526. [PMID: 36496385 PMCID: PMC9741801 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation, pruritus, and abnormal epidermal barrier function. Compared with conventional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mesenchymal stem cell (iMSC) is recognized as a unique source for producing extracellular vesicles (EVs) because it can be obtained in a scalable manner with an enhanced homogeneity. Stimulation of iMSCs with inflammatory cytokines can improve the immune-regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-repairing potential of iMSC-derived EVs. RESULTS Proteome analysis showed that IFN-γ-iMSC-EVs are enriched with protein sets that are involved in regulating interferon responses and inflammatory pathways. In AD mice, expression of interleukin receptors for Th2 cytokines (IL-4Rα/13Rα1/31Rα) and activation of their corresponding intracellular signaling molecules was reduced. IFN-γ-iMSC-EVs decreased itching, which was supported by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and mast cells in AD mouse skin; reduced IgE receptor expression and thymic stromal lymphopoietin and NF-kB activation; and recovered impaired skin barrier, as evidenced by upregulation of key genes of epidermal differentiation and lipid synthesis. CONCLUSIONS IFN-γ-iMSC-EVs inhibit Th2-induced immune responses, suppress inflammation, and facilitate skin barrier restoration, contributing to AD improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Kim
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Seul Ki Lee
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Jeong
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Haedeun You
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Won
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Sang-Deok Han
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Cho
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Somi Park
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
| | - Joonghoon Park
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354 South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354 South Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354 South Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354 South Korea
| | - Soo Kim
- Brexogen Research Center, Brexogen Inc., Songpa-Gu, Seoul, 05855 South Korea
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Jusof FF, Lim CK, Aziz FN, Soe HJ, Raju CS, Sekaran SD, Guillemin GJ. The Cytokines CXCL10 and CCL2 and the Kynurenine Metabolite Anthranilic Acid Accurately Predict Patients at Risk of Developing Dengue With Warning Signs. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1964-1973. [PMID: 35767283 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resolution or aggravation of dengue infection depends on the patient's immune response during the critical phase. Cytokines released by immune cells increase with the worsening severity of dengue infections. Cytokines activate the kynurenine pathway (KP) and the extent of KP activation then influences disease severity. METHODS KP metabolites and cytokines in plasma samples of patients with dengue infection (dengue without warning signs [DWS-], dengue with warning signs [DWS+], or severe dengue) were analyzed. Cytokines (interferon gamma [IFN-ɣ], tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 6, CXCL10/interferon-inducile protein 10 [IP-10], interleukin 18 [IL-18], CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and CCL4/macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta [MIP-1β] were assessed by a Human Luminex Screening Assay, while KP metabolites (tryptophan, kynurenine, anthranilic acid [AA], picolinic acid, and quinolinic acid) were assessed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry [GCMS] assays. RESULTS Patients with DWS+ had increased activation of the KP where kynurenine-tryptophan ratio, anthranilic acid, and picolinic acid were elevated. These patients also had higher levels of the cytokines IFN-ɣ, CXCL10, CCL4, and IL-18 than those with DWS-. Further receiver operating characteristic analysis identified 3 prognostic biomarker candidates, CXCL10, CCL2, and AA, which predicted patients with higher risks of developing DWS+ with an accuracy of 97%. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest a unique biochemical signature in patients with DWS+. CXCL10 and CCL2 together with AA are potential prognostic biomarkers that discern patients with higher risk of developing DWS+ at earlier stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Fedelis Jusof
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fazidatul Nadhirah Aziz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Jen Soe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Devi Sekaran
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, UCSI University Springhill Campus, Bandar Springhill, Port Dickson, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Motor Neurone Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yesildag B, Mir-Coll J, Neelakandhan A, Gibson CB, Perdue NR, Rufer C, Karsai M, Biernath A, Forschler F, Jin PW, Misun PM, Title A, Hierlemann A, Kreiner FF, Wesley JD, von Herrath MG. Liraglutide protects β-cells in novel human islet spheroid models of type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2022; 244:109118. [PMID: 36084852 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To enable accurate, high-throughput and longer-term studies of the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), we established three in-vitro islet-immune injury models by culturing spheroids derived from primary human islets with proinflammatory cytokines, activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells or HLA-A2-restricted preproinsulin-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In all models, β-cell function declined as manifested by increased basal and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin release (GSIS), and decreased intracellular insulin content. Additional hallmarks of T1D progression such as loss of the first-phase insulin response (FFIR), increased proinsulin-to-insulin ratios, HLA-class I expression, and inflammatory cytokine release were also observed. Using these models, we show that liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, prevented loss of GSIS under T1D-relevant stress, by preserving the FFIR and decreasing immune cell infiltration and cytokine secretion. Our results corroborate that liraglutide mediates an anti-inflammatory effect that aids in protecting β-cells from the immune-mediated attack that leads to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire B Gibson
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Nikole R Perdue
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Wu Jin
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | | | - Johnna D Wesley
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Matthias G von Herrath
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Global Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg DK-2860, Denmark; La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Garige M, Ghosh S, Norris A, Li G, Poncet S, Chou CK, Wu WW, Shen RF, Sourbier C. PD-L1 Mediates IFNγ-Regulation of Glucose but Not of Tryptophan Metabolism in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:858379. [PMID: 35656514 PMCID: PMC9152103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.858379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells and is key for maintaining an immunosuppressive microenvironment through its interaction with the programmed death 1 (PD-1). Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a highly immunogenic cancer characterized by an aberrant aerobic glycolytic metabolism and is known to overexpress PD-L1. Multiple immunotherapies have been approved for the treatment of ccRCC, including cytokines and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Recently the intrinsic role of PD-L1 and interferon gamma (IFNγ) signaling have been studied in several types of tumor cells, yet it remains unclear how they affect the metabolism and signaling pathways of ccRCC. Using metabolomics, metabolic assays and RNAseq, we showed that IFNγ enhanced aerobic glycolysis and tryptophan metabolism in ccRCC cells in vitro and induced the transcriptional expression of signaling pathways related to inflammation, cell proliferation and cellular energetics. These metabolic and transcriptional effects were partially reversed following transient PD-L1 silencing. Aerobic glycolysis, as well as signaling pathways related to inflammation, were not induced by IFNγ when PD-L1 was silenced, however, tryptophan metabolism and activation of Jak2 and STAT1 were maintained. Our data demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is required to mediate some of IFNγ's effect in ccRCC cells and highlight the importance of PD-L1 signaling in regulating the metabolism of ccRCC cells in response to inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Garige
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Susmita Ghosh
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Alexis Norris
- Division of Animal Bioengineering and Cellular Therapies, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Poncet
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Chao-Kai Chou
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologicals Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologicals Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rong-Fong Shen
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologicals Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Carole Sourbier
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research 1, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Gupta A, Galinski MR, Voit EO. Dynamic Control Balancing Cell Proliferation and Inflammation is Crucial for an Effective Immune Response to Malaria. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:800721. [PMID: 35242812 PMCID: PMC8886244 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.800721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has a complex pathology with varying manifestations and symptoms, effects on host tissues, and different degrees of severity and ultimate outcome, depending on the causative Plasmodium pathogen and host species. Previously, we compared the peripheral blood transcriptomes of two macaque species (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) in response to acute primary infection by Plasmodium knowlesi. Although these two species are very closely related, the infection in M. mulatta is fatal, unless aggressively treated, whereas M. fascicularis develops a chronic, but tolerable infection in the blood. As a reason for this stark difference, our analysis suggests delayed pathogen detection in M. mulatta followed by extended inflammation that eventually overwhelms this monkey’s immune response. By contrast, the natural host M. fascicularis detects the pathogen earlier and controls the inflammation. Additionally, M. fascicularis limits cell proliferation pathways during the log phase of infection, presumably in an attempt to control inflammation. Subsequent cell proliferation suggests a cell-mediated adaptive immune response. Here, we focus on molecular mechanisms underlying the key differences in the host and parasite responses and their coordination. SICAvar Type 1 surface antigens are highly correlated with pattern recognition receptor signaling and important inflammatory genes for both hosts. Analysis of pathogen detection pathways reveals a similar signaling mechanism, but with important differences in the glutamate G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway. Furthermore, differences in inflammasome assembly processes suggests an important role of S100 proteins in balancing inflammation and cell proliferation. Both differences point to the importance of Ca2+ homeostasis in inflammation. Additionally, the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, a known inflammatory biomarker, emphasizes higher inflammation in M. mulatta during log phase. Transcriptomics-aided metabolic modeling provides a functional method for evaluating these changes and understanding downstream changes in NAD metabolism and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, with enhanced NAD metabolism in M. fascicularis and stronger AhR signaling in M. mulatta. AhR signaling controls important immune genes like IL6, IFNγ and IDO1. However, direct changes due to AhR signaling could not be established due to complicated regulatory feedback mechanisms associated with the AhR repressor (AhRR). A complete understanding of the exact dynamics of the immune response is difficult to achieve. Nonetheless, our comparative analysis provides clear suggestions of processes that underlie an effective immune response. Thus, our study identifies multiple points of intervention that are apparently responsible for a balanced and effective immune response and thereby paves the way toward future immune strategies for treating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Gupta
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary R. Galinski
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eberhard O. Voit,
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Abstract
Kidney diseases have become one of the most common health care problems. Due to a growing number of advanced aged patients with concomitant disorders the prevalence of these diseases will increase over the coming decades. Despite available laboratory tests, accurate and rapid diagnosis of renal dysfunction has yet to be realized, and prognosis is uncertain. Moreover, data on diagnostic and prognostic markers in kidney diseases are lacking. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is one of the routes of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, with biologically active substances presenting ambiguous properties. The KYN pathway is known to be highly dependent on immunological system activity. As the kidneys are one of the main organs involved in the formation, degradation and excretion of Trp end products, pathologies involving the kidneys result in KYN pathway activity disturbances. This review aims to summarize changes in the KYN pathway observed in the most common kidney disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a special focus on diabetic kidney disease, acute kidney injury (AKI), glomerulonephritis and kidney graft function monitoring. Additionally, the importance of KYN pathway activity in kidney cancer pathogenesis is discussed, as are available pharmacological agents affecting KYN pathway activity in the kidney. Despite limited clinical data, the KYN pathway appears to be a promising target in the diagnosis and prognosis of kidney diseases. Modulation of KYN pathway activity by pharmacological agents should be considered in the treatment of kidney diseases.
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11
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Wee HN, Liu JJ, Ching J, Kovalik JP, Lim SC. The Kynurenine Pathway in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:771-787. [PMID: 34753140 PMCID: PMC8743908 DOI: 10.1159/000519811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major catabolic pathway for tryptophan degradation. The KP plays an important role as the sole de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthetic pathway in normal human physiology and functions as a counter-regulatory mechanism to mitigate immune responses during inflammation. Although the KP has been implicated in a variety of disorders including Huntington's disease, seizures, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis, its role in renal diseases is seldom discussed. SUMMARY This review summarizes the roles of the KP and its metabolites in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) based on current literature evidence. Metabolomics studies demonstrated that the KP metabolites were significantly altered in patients and animal models with AKI or CKD. The diagnostic and prognostic values of the KP metabolites in AKI and CKD were highlighted in cross-sectional and longitudinal human observational studies. The biological impact of the KP on the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD has been studied in experimental models of different etiologies. In particular, the activation of the KP was found to confer protection in animal models of glomerulonephritis, and its immunomodulatory mechanism may involve the regulation of T cell subsets such as Th17 and regulatory T cells. Manipulation of the KP to increase NAD+ production or diversion toward specific KP metabolites was also found to be beneficial in animal models of AKI. Key Messages: KP metabolites are reported to be dysregulated in human observational and animal experimental studies of AKI and CKD. In AKI, the magnitude and direction of changes in the KP depend on the etiology of the damage. In CKD, KP metabolites are altered with the onset and progression of CKD all the way to advanced stages of the disease, including uremia and its related vascular complications. The activation of the KP and diversion to specific sub-branches are currently being explored as therapeutic strategies in these diseases, especially with regards to the immunomodulatory effects of certain KP metabolites. Further elucidation of the KP may hold promise for the development of biomarkers and targeted therapies for these kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Jun Liu
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Su Chi Lim
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Sullivan KD, Galbraith MD, Kinning KT, Bartsch KW, Levinsky NC, Araya P, Smith KP, Granrath RE, Shaw JR, Baxter RM, Jordan KR, Russell SA, Dzieciatkowska ME, Reisz JA, Gamboni F, Cendali FI, Ghosh T, Monte AA, Bennett TD, Miller MG, Hsieh EWY, D'Alessandro A, Hansen KC, Espinosa JM. The COVIDome Explorer researcher portal. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109527. [PMID: 34348131 PMCID: PMC8316015 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pathology involves dysregulation of diverse molecular, cellular, and physiological processes. To expedite integrated and collaborative COVID-19 research, we completed multi-omics analysis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, including matched analysis of the whole-blood transcriptome, plasma proteomics with two complementary platforms, cytokine profiling, plasma and red blood cell metabolomics, deep immune cell phenotyping by mass cytometry, and clinical data annotation. We refer to this multidimensional dataset as the COVIDome. We then created the COVIDome Explorer, an online researcher portal where the data can be analyzed and visualized in real time. We illustrate herein the use of the COVIDome dataset through a multi-omics analysis of biosignatures associated with C-reactive protein (CRP), an established marker of poor prognosis in COVID-19, revealing associations between CRP levels and damage-associated molecular patterns, depletion of protective serpins, and mitochondrial metabolism dysregulation. We expect that the COVIDome Explorer will rapidly accelerate data sharing, hypothesis testing, and discoveries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Daniel Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew Dominic Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kohl Thomas Kinning
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kyle William Bartsch
- Information Services, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nik Caldwell Levinsky
- Information Services, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Keith Patrick Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ross Erich Granrath
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Rose Shaw
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan Michael Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimberly Rae Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Seth Aaron Russell
- Data Science to Patient Value, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Monika Ewa Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Julie Ann Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Francesca Isabelle Cendali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Albert Monte
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tellen Demeke Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Informatics and Data Science and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael George Miller
- Information Services, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Elena Wen-Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kirk Charles Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin Maximiliano Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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13
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Hoang QTM, Nguyen VK, Oberacher H, Fuchs D, Hernandez-Vargas EA, Borucki K, Waldburg N, Wippermann J, Schreiber J, Bruder D, Veluswamy P. Serum Concentration of the Phytohormone Abscisic Acid Is Associated With Immune-Regulatory Mediators and Is a Potential Biomarker of Disease Severity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:676058. [PMID: 34169084 PMCID: PMC8217626 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.676058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD and asthma are two distinct but sometimes overlapping diseases exhibiting varying degrees and types of inflammation on different stages of the disease. Although several biomarkers are defined to estimate the inflammatory endotype and stages in these diseases, there is still a need for new markers and potential therapeutic targets. We investigated the levels of a phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA) and its receptor, LANCL2, in COPD patients and asthmatics. In addition, PPAR-γ that is activated by ABA in a ligand-binding domain-independent manner was also included in the study. In this study, we correlated ABA with COPD-propagating factors to define the possible role of ABA, in terms of immune regulation, inflammation, and disease stages. We collected blood from 101 COPD patients, 52 asthmatics, and 57 controls. Bronchoscopy was performed on five COPD patients and 29 controls. We employed (i) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and HPLC to determine the ABA and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase levels, respectively; (ii) real-time PCR to quantify the gene expression of LANCL2 and PPAR-γ; (iii) Flow cytometry to quantify adipocytokines; and (iv) immunoturbidimetry and ELISA to measure CRP and cytokines, respectively. Finally, a multinomial regression model was used to predict the probability of using ABA as a biomarker. Blood ABA levels were significantly reduced in COPD patients and asthmatics compared to age- and gender-matched normal controls. However, PPAR-γ was elevated in COPD patients. Intriguingly, ABA was positively correlated with immune-regulatory factors and was negatively correlated with inflammatory markers, in COPD. Of note, ABA was increased in advanced COPD stages. We thereby conclude that ABA might be involved in regulation of COPD pathogenesis and might be regarded as a potential biomarker for COPD stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Trang Mi Hoang
- Department of Pneumonology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Van Kinh Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esteban A Hernandez-Vargas
- Systems Medicine for Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany.,Instituto de Matematicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Wippermann
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Department of Pneumonology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Priya Veluswamy
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Kiluk M, Lewkowicz J, Pawlak D, Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A. Crosstalk between Tryptophan Metabolism via Kynurenine Pathway and Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Context of Cardio-Metabolic Risk-Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112484. [PMID: 34199713 PMCID: PMC8199979 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific interest in tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) has increased in the last decades. Describing its metabolites helped to increase their roles in many diseases and disturbances, many of a pro-inflammatory nature. It has become increasingly evident that KP can be considered an important part of emerging mediators of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS), mostly stemming from chronic systemic low-grade inflammation resulting in the aggravation of cardiovascular complications. An electronic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to March 2021 was performed for papers reporting the effects of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA), anthranilic acid (AA), and quinolinic acid (QA), focusing on their roles in carbohydrate metabolism and the cardiovascular system. In this review, we discussed the progress in tryptophan metabolism via KP research, focusing particular attention on the roles in carbohydrate metabolism and its complications in the cardiovascular system. We examined the association between KP and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D), diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We concluded that tryptophan metabolism via KP serves as a potential diagnostic tool in assessing cardiometabolic risk for patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kiluk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (M.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Janina Lewkowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (M.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Tankiewicz-Kwedlo
- Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-56-01
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15
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The kynurenine pathway in major depression: What we know and where to next. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:917-927. [PMID: 34029552 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a serious psychiatric disorder, occurring in up to 20 % of the population. Despite its devastating burden, the neurobiological changes associated with depression are not fully understood. A growing body of evidence suggests the kynurenine pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, we bring together the literature examining elements of the kynurenine pathway in depression and explore the implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of depression, while highlighting the gaps in the current knowledge. Current research indicates an increased potential for neurotoxic activity of the kynurenine pathway in peripheral blood samples but an increased activation of the putative neuroprotective arm in some brain regions in depression. The disconnect between these findings requires further investigation, with a greater research effort on elucidating the central effects of the kynurenine pathway in driving depression symptomology. Research investigating the benefits of targeting the kynurenine pathway centred on human brain findings and the heterogenous subtypes of depression will help guide the identification of effective drug targets in depression.
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16
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Lawler NG, Gray N, Kimhofer T, Boughton B, Gay M, Yang R, Morillon AC, Chin ST, Ryan M, Begum S, Bong SH, Coudert JD, Edgar D, Raby E, Pettersson S, Richards T, Holmes E, Whiley L, Nicholson JK. Systemic Perturbations in Amine and Kynurenine Metabolism Associated with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2796-2811. [PMID: 33724837 PMCID: PMC7986977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed quantitative metabolic phenotyping of blood plasma in parallel with cytokine/chemokine analysis from participants who were either SARS-CoV-2 (+) (n = 10) or SARS-CoV-2 (-) (n = 49). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was associated with a unique metabolic phenotype and demonstrated a complex systemic response to infection, including severe perturbations in amino acid and kynurenine metabolic pathways. Nine metabolites were elevated in plasma and strongly associated with infection (quinolinic acid, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, aspartic acid, neopterin, kynurenine, phenylalanine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and taurine; p < 0.05), while four metabolites were lower in infection (tryptophan, histidine, indole-3-acetic acid, and citrulline; p < 0.05). This signature supports a systemic metabolic phenoconversion following infection, indicating possible neurotoxicity and neurological disruption (elevations of 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid) and liver dysfunction (reduction in Fischer's ratio and elevation of taurine). Finally, we report correlations between the key metabolite changes observed in the disease with concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines showing strong immunometabolic disorder in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G. Lawler
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Torben Kimhofer
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Berin Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Melvin Gay
- Bruker Pty Ltd., Preston,
VIC 3072, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Aude-Claire Morillon
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Monique Ryan
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sofina Begum
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sze How Bong
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative
Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150,
Australia
| | - Dale Edgar
- State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley
Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Node, The University of
Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation,
Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest
Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona
Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Singapore National Neuro Science
Centre, Singapore Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232,
Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,
Nanyang Technological University, Mandalay Road, Singapore
308232, Singapore
- Department of Life Science Centre,
Sunway University, 55100 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
| | - Toby Richards
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and
Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation,
Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building South
Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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17
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor suppresses immunity to oral squamous cell carcinoma through immune checkpoint regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012692118. [PMID: 33941684 PMCID: PMC8126867 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012692118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent some of the most important cancer treatments developed in the last 20 y. However, existing immunotherapy approaches benefit only a minority of patients. Here, we provide evidence that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a central player in the regulation of multiple immune checkpoints in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Orthotopic transplant of mouse OSCC cells from which the AhR has been deleted (MOC1AhR-KO) results, within 1 wk, in the growth of small tumors that are then completely rejected within 2 wk, concomitant with an increase in activated T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs) and T cell signaling within the tumor. By 2 wk, AhR+ control cells (MOC1Cas9), but not MOC1AhR-KO cells up-regulate exhaustion pathways in the tumor-infiltrating T cells and expression of checkpoint molecules on CD4+ T cells (PD-1, CTLA4, Lag3, and CD39) and macrophages, dendritic cells, and Ly6G+ myeloid cells (PD-L1 and CD39) in tdLNs. Notably, MOC1AhR-KO cell transplant renders mice 100% immune to later challenge with wild-type tumors. Analysis of altered signaling pathways within MOC1AhR-KO cells shows that the AhR controls baseline and IFNγ-induced Ido and PD-L1 expression, the latter of which occurs through direct transcriptional control. These observations 1) confirm the importance of malignant cell AhR in suppression of tumor immunity, 2) demonstrate the involvement of the AhR in IFNγ control of PD-L1 and IDO expression in the cancer context, and 3) suggest that the AhR is a viable target for modulation of multiple immune checkpoints.
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18
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van Crevel R. Improving host-directed therapy for tuberculous meningitis by linking clinical and multi-omics data. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2021; 128:102085. [PMID: 34022506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear need to improve host-directed therapy for tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe and deadly manifestation of tuberculosis. Corticosteroids represent the only host-directed therapy of proven benefit in TBM, yet their effect is modest, the mechanism by which they reduce mortality is unknown, and there is evidence for heterogeneity in their effect. Novel therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed. Cellular metabolism is critical for the function of immune cells; through unbiased metabolomics we recently found that high concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tryptophan are associated with increased mortality in Indonesian TBM patients, and that CSF tryptophan concentrations are under strong genetic regulation. Many questions remain. How exactly is tryptophan metabolism altered during TBM? How does it correlate with inflammation, immunopathology, and response to corticosteroids? How is tryptophan metabolism genetically regulated? What is the effect of HIV co-infection on tryptophan metabolism before and during TBM treatment? The ULTIMATE project addresses these questions by integrating data and specimens from large patient studies and clinical trials evaluating the effects of corticosteroids in Vietnam and Indonesia. Through its powerful and unbiased approach, ULTIMATE aims to identify which TBM patients benefit from corticosteroids and if novel therapeutic targets, such as the tryptophan pathway, could be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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19
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IDO-1 inhibition protects against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in 6-OHDA induced murine model of Parkinson's disease. Neurotoxicology 2021; 84:184-197. [PMID: 33774066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a common neurodegenerative motor disorder characterized by striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and localized neuroinflammation in the midbrain region. Activation of microglia is associated with various inflammatory mediators and Kynurenine pathway (KP) being one of the major regulator of immune response, is involved in the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic cascade in PD. In the current study, 1-Methyltryptophan (1-MT), an Indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) inhibitor was tested at different doses (2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) for its effect on behavioral parameters, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotransmitter levels, biochemical and behavioral alterations in unilateral 6-OHDA (3 μg/μL) murine model of PD. The results showed improved locomotion in open field test and motor coordination in rota-rod, reduced oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6), mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis (caspase-3). Also, restoration of neurotransmitter levels (dopamine and homovanillic acid) in the striatum and increased striatal BDNF levels were observed. Overall findings suggest that 1-MT could be a potential candidate for further studies to explore its possibility as an alternative in the pharmacotherapy of PD.
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20
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Roep BO, Thomaidou S, van Tienhoven R, Zaldumbide A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the β-cell (do not blame the immune system?). Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:150-161. [PMID: 33293704 PMCID: PMC7722981 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is believed to result from destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets that is mediated by autoimmune mechanisms. The classic view is that autoreactive T cells mistakenly destroy healthy ('innocent') β-cells. We propose an alternative view in which the β-cell is the key contributor to the disease. By their nature and function, β-cells are prone to biosynthetic stress with limited measures for self-defence. β-Cell stress provokes an immune attack that has considerable negative effects on the source of a vital hormone. This view would explain why immunotherapy at best delays progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus and points to opportunities to use therapies that revitalize β-cells, in combination with immune intervention strategies, to reverse the disease. We present the case that dysfunction occurs in both the immune system and β-cells, which provokes further dysfunction, and present the evidence leading to the consensus that islet autoimmunity is an essential component in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Next, we build the case for the β-cell as the trigger of an autoimmune response, supported by analogies in cancer and antitumour immunity. Finally, we synthesize a model ('connecting the dots') in which both β-cell stress and islet autoimmunity can be harnessed as targets for intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Thomaidou
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - René van Tienhoven
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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21
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Jorgovanovic D, Song M, Wang L, Zhang Y. Roles of IFN-γ in tumor progression and regression: a review. Biomark Res 2020; 8:49. [PMID: 33005420 PMCID: PMC7526126 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activation of cellular immunity and subsequently, stimulation of antitumor immune-response. Based on its cytostatic, pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative functions, IFN-γ is considered potentially useful for adjuvant immunotherapy for different types of cancer. Moreover, it IFN-γ may inhibit angiogenesis in tumor tissue, induce regulatory T-cell apoptosis, and/or stimulate the activity of M1 proinflammatory macrophages to overcome tumor progression. However, the current understanding of the roles of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may be misleading in terms of its clinical application. MAIN BODY Some researchers believe it has anti-tumorigenic properties, while others suggest that it contributes to tumor growth and progression. In our recent work, we have shown that concentration of IFN-γ in the TME determines its function. Further, it was reported that tumors treated with low-dose IFN-γ acquired metastatic properties while those infused with high dose led to tumor regression. Pro-tumorigenic role may be described through IFN-γ signaling insensitivity, downregulation of major histocompatibility complexes, upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed cell death ligand 1. CONCLUSION Significant research efforts are required to decipher IFN-γ-dependent pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects. This review discusses the current knowledge concerning the roles of IFN-γ in the TME as a part of the complex immune response to cancer and highlights the importance of identifying IFN-γ responsive patients to improve their sensitivity to immuno-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Jorgovanovic
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Mengjia Song
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Liping Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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22
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Ketelhuth DFJ. The immunometabolic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: immune homeostatic mechanisms in the artery wall. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1408-1415. [PMID: 30847484 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease and stroke, the two most common cardiovascular diseases worldwide, are triggered by complications of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaques are initiated by a maladaptive immune response triggered by accumulation of lipids in the artery wall. Hence, disease is influenced by several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) degradation, is modulated by inflammation and regarded as a key molecule driving immunotolerance and immunosuppressive mechanisms. A large body of evidence indicates that IDO-mediated Trp metabolism is involved directly or indirectly in atherogenesis. This review summarizes evidence from basic and clinical research showing that IDO is a major regulatory enzyme involved in the maintenance of immunohomeostasis in the vascular wall, as well as current knowledge about promising targets for the development of new anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Univ. of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 21(3), Odense C, Denmark
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23
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24
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van Thiel IAM, Botschuijver S, de Jonge WJ, Seppen J. Painful interactions: Microbial compounds and visceral pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165534. [PMID: 31634534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain, characterized by abdominal discomfort, originates from organs in the abdominal cavity and is a characteristic symptom in patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, vulvodynia or interstitial cystitis. Most organs in which visceral pain originates are in contact with the external milieu and continuously exposed to microbes. In order to maintain homeostasis and prevent infections, the immune- and nervous system in these organs cooperate to sense and eliminate (harmful) microbes. Recognition of microbial components or products by receptors expressed on cells from the immune and nervous system can activate immune responses but may also cause pain. We review the microbial compounds and their receptors that could be involved in visceral pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A M van Thiel
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Botschuijver
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Meibergdreef 69, 1105 BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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25
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Lactobacillus fermentum PS150 showed psychotropic properties by altering serotonergic pathway during stress. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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26
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Hemmati S, Sadeghi MA, Mohammad Jafari R, Yousefi-Manesh H, Dehpour AR. The antidepressant effects of GM-CSF are mediated by the reduction of TLR4/NF-ĸB-induced IDO expression. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:117. [PMID: 31153376 PMCID: PMC6545198 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) is responsible for the progression of the kynurenine pathway. This pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced depression in which conventional antidepressants are not effective. It has been reported that granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could interfere with the induction of IDO in septic patients. We hypothesized that GM-CSF could exert antidepressant effects through IDO downregulation in a model for acute inflammation-induced depression. METHODS To produce the model, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.83 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to mice. It has been well documented that LPS mediates IDO overexpression through TLR4/NF-ĸB signaling. In the treatment group, mice received GM-CSF (30 μg/kg, i.p.) thirty minutes prior to LPS injection. A validated selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (30 mg/kg i.p.), was also administered to an experimental group 30 min prior to LPS. Depressive-like behaviors were evaluated based on the duration of immobility in the forced swim test. To confirm that GM-CSF interferes with IDO induction in LPS treated mice, real-time PCR was used to quantify IDO mRNA expression. Furthermore, in order to study whether GM-CSF inhibits the TLR4/NF-ĸB signaling pathway, we measured levels ofpNF-ĸB and TLR4 by western blotting. RESULTS GM-CSF demonstrated significant antidepressant activity in the presence of LPS on immobility (p < .001) and latency (p = .010) times in the forced swim test. In contrast, fluoxetine did not show any antidepressant activity on either immobility (p = .918) or latency (p = .566) times. Furthermore, GM-CSF inhibited the increase in IDO mRNA (p = .032) and protein (p = .016) expression as a result of LPS administration. A similar trend was observed for TLR4 (p = .042) and pNF-ĸB (p = .026) expression as both proteins showed reduced expression levels in the GM-CSF-pretreated group compared to the untreated (LPS) group. CONCLUSION Our results propose a promising antidepressant effect for GM-CSF possibly through the downregulation of IDO expression. This remedying effect of GM-CSF could be attributed to decreased amounts of TLR4 and active NF-ĸB in the treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hemmati
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Sadeghi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Yousefi-Manesh
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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de Castro LL, Lopes-Pacheco M, Weiss DJ, Cruz FF, Rocco PRM. Current understanding of the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:605-618. [PMID: 30903229 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, placenta, and other sources. Nevertheless, MSCs may also induce immunosuppression when administered systemically or directly to injured environments, as shown in different preclinical disease models. MSCs express certain receptors, including toll-like receptors and the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor, that are activated by the surrounding environment, thus leading to modulation of their immunosuppressive activity. Once MSCs are activated, they can affect a wide range of immune cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T and B lymphocytes), a phenomenon that has been correlated to secretion of several mediators (e.g., indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase, galectins, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, and damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and stimulation of certain signaling pathways (e.g., protein kinase R, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1, nuclear factor-κB). Additionally, MSC manipulation and culture conditions, as well as the number of passages, duration of cryopreservation, and O2 content available, can significantly affect the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs. This review sheds light on current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects both in vitro and in vivo, focusing on the receptors expressed by MSCs, the correlation between soluble factors secreted by MSCs and their immunosuppressive effects, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Lins de Castro
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Jay Weiss
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macêdo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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28
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Majumdar T, Sharma S, Kumar M, Hussain MA, Chauhan N, Kalia I, Sahu AK, Rana VS, Bharti R, Haldar AK, Singh AP, Mazumder S. Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway attenuates β-catenin-dependent pro-parasitic role of STING-TICAM2-IRF3-IDO1 signalosome in Toxoplasma gondii infection. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:161. [PMID: 30770800 PMCID: PMC6377608 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented the diverse role of host immunity in infection by the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. However, the contribution of the β-catenin pathway in this process has not been explored. Here, we show that AKT-mediated phosphorylated β-catenin supports T. gondii multiplication which is arrested in the deficiency of its phosphorylation domain at S552 position. The β-catenin-TCF4 protein complex binds to the promoter region of IRF3 gene and initiates its transcription, which was also abrogated in β-catenin knockout cells. TBK-independent phosphorylation of STING(S366) and its adaptor molecule TICAM2 by phospho-AKT(T308S473) augmented downstream IRF3-dependent IDO1 transcription, which was also dependent on β-catenin. But, proteasomal degradation of IDO1 by its tyrosine phosphorylation (at Y115 and Y253) favoured parasite replication. In absence of IDO1, tryptophan was catabolized into melatonin, which supressed cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and boosted parasite growth. Conversely, when tyrosine phosphorylation was abolished by phosphosite mutations, IDO1 escaped its ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation system (UPS) and the stable IDO1 prevented parasite replication by kynurenine synthesis. We propose that T. gondii selectively utilizes tryptophan to produce the antioxidant, melatonin, thus prolonging the survival of infected cells through functional AKT and β-catenin activity for better parasite replication. Stable IDO1 in the presence of IFN-γ catabolized tryptophan into kynurenine, promoting cell death by suppressing phospho-AKT and phospho-β-catenin levels, and circumvented parasite replication. Treatment of infected cells with kynurenine or its analogue, teriflunomide suppressed kinase activity of AKT, and phosphorylation of β-catenin triggering caspase-3 dependent apoptosis of infected cells to inhibit parasite growth. Our results demonstrate that β-catenin regulate phosphorylated STING-TICAM2-IRF3-IDO1 signalosome for a cell-intrinsic pro-parasitic role. We propose that the downstream IRF3-IDO1-reliant tryptophan catabolites and their analogues can act as effective immunotherapeutic molecules to control T. gondii replication by impairing the AKT and β-catenin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Majumdar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Shagun Sharma
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Manmohan Kumar
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Namita Chauhan
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Inderjeet Kalia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vipin Singh Rana
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ruchi Bharti
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Kumar Haldar
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Ext., Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Agam P Singh
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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Albini E, Coletti A, Greco F, Pallotta M, Mondanelli G, Gargaro M, Belladonna M, Volpi C, Bianchi R, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A, Orabona C. Identification of a 2-propanol analogue modulating the non-enzymatic function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:286-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Dolivo DM, Larson SA, Dominko T. Tryptophan metabolites kynurenine and serotonin regulate fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3663-3681. [PMID: 30027295 PMCID: PMC11105268 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological form of aberrant tissue repair, the complications of which account for nearly half of all deaths in the industrialized world. All tissues are susceptible to fibrosis under particular pathological sets of conditions. Though each type of fibrosis has characteristics and hallmarks specific to that particular condition, there appear to be common factors underlying fibrotic diseases. One of these ubiquitous factors is the paradigm of the activated myofibroblast in the promotion of fibrotic phenotypes. Recent research has implicated metabolic byproducts of the amino acid tryptophan, namely serotonin and kynurenines, in the pathology or potential pharmacologic therapy of fibrosis, in part through their effects on development of myofibroblast phenotypes. Here, we review literature underlying what is known mechanistically about the effects of these compounds and their respective pathways on fibrosis. Pharmacologic administration of kynurenine improves scarring outcomes in vivo likely not only through its well-characterized immunosuppressive properties but also via its demonstrated antagonism of fibroblast activation and of collagen deposition. In contrast, serotonin directly promotes activation of fibroblasts via activation of canonical TGF-β signaling, and overstimulation with serotonin leads to fibrotic outcomes in vivo. Recently discovered feedback inhibition between serotonin and kynurenine pathways also reveals more information about the cellular physiology of tryptophan metabolism and may also underlie possible paradigms for anti-fibrotic therapy. Together, understanding of the effects of tryptophan metabolism on modulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of new therapeutic avenues for treatment through exploitation of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Dolivo
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Sara A Larson
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Tanja Dominko
- Biology and Biotechnology Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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31
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Anquetil F, Mondanelli G, Gonzalez N, Rodriguez Calvo T, Zapardiel Gonzalo J, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Van den Eynde B, Orabona C, Grohmann U, von Herrath MG. Loss of IDO1 Expression From Human Pancreatic β-Cells Precedes Their Destruction During the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:1858-1866. [PMID: 29945890 PMCID: PMC6110313 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is a powerful immunoregulatory enzyme that is deficient in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we present the first systematic evaluation of IDO1 expression and localization in human pancreatic tissue. Although IDO1 was constitutively expressed in β-cells from donors without diabetes, less IDO1 was expressed in insulin-containing islets from double autoantibody-positive donors and patients with recent-onset T1D, although it was virtually absent in insulin-deficient islets from donors with T1D. Scatter plot analysis suggested that IDO1 decay occurred in individuals with multiple autoantibodies, prior to β-cell demise. IDO1 impairment might therefore contribute to β-cell demise and could potentially emerge as a promising therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Autoantibodies/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology
- Autoimmunity
- Cadaver
- Cohort Studies
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/enzymology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prediabetic State/immunology
- Prediabetic State/metabolism
- Prediabetic State/pathology
- Prediabetic State/physiopathology
- Protein Transport
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benoit Van den Eynde
- de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Matthias G von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research & Development Center, Seattle, WA
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32
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Castro F, Cardoso AP, Gonçalves RM, Serre K, Oliveira MJ. Interferon-Gamma at the Crossroads of Tumor Immune Surveillance or Evasion. Front Immunol 2018; 9:847. [PMID: 29780381 PMCID: PMC5945880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a pleiotropic molecule with associated antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic and antitumor mechanisms. This effector cytokine, often considered as a major effector of immunity, has been used in the treatment of several diseases, despite its adverse effects. Although broad evidence implicating IFN-γ in tumor immune surveillance, IFN-γ-based therapies undergoing clinical trials have been of limited success. In fact, recent reports suggested that it may also play a protumorigenic role, namely, through IFN-γ signaling insensitivity, downregulation of major histocompatibility complexes, and upregulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and of checkpoint inhibitors, as programmed cell-death ligand 1. However, the IFN-γ-mediated responses are still positively associated with patient's survival in several cancers. Consequently, major research efforts are required to understand the immune contexture in which IFN-γ induces its intricate and highly regulated effects in the tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the current knowledge on the pro- and antitumorigenic effects of IFN-γ as part of the complex immune response to cancer, highlighting the relevance to identify IFN-γ responsive patients for the improvement of therapies that exploit associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Castro
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Cardoso
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Madeira Gonçalves
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karine Serre
- IMM – Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Androulidaki A, Wachsmuth L, Polykratis A, Pasparakis M. Differential role of MyD88 and TRIF signaling in myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29522531 PMCID: PMC5844544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. While the role of adaptive immunity has been extensively studied, the role of innate immune responses and particularly of Toll- like Receptor (TLR) signaling in T1D remains poorly understood. Here we show that myeloid cell-specific MyD88 deficiency considerably protected mice from the development of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. The protective effect of MyD88 deficiency correlated with increased expression of the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in pancreatic lymph nodes from STZ-treated mice and in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) stimulated with apoptotic cells. Mice with myeloid cell specific TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) knockout showed a trend towards accelerated onset of STZ-induced diabetes, while TRIF deficiency resulted in reduced IDO expression in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, myeloid cell specific MyD88 deficiency delayed the onset of diabetes in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice, whereas TRIF deficiency had no effect. Taken together, these results identify MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells as a critical pathogenic factor in autoimmune diabetes, which is antagonized by TRIF-dependent responses. This differential function of MyD88 and TRIF depends at least in part on their opposite effects in regulating IDO expression in phagocytes exposed to apoptotic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Dendritic Cells/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/deficiency
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/physiology
- Phagocytosis
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Streptozocin
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Androulidaki
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laurens Wachsmuth
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Apostolos Polykratis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Polyzos KA, Ketelhuth DFJ. The role of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in cardiovascular disease. Hamostaseologie 2017; 35:128-36. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-10-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryCoronary heart disease and stroke, the deadliest forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), are mainly caused by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall driven by maladaptive immune responses in the vessel wall. Various risk factors for CVD influence this pathogenic process, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and obesity. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation, is strongly induced by inflammation in several tissues, including the artery wall. An increasing body of evidence indicates that IDO promotes immune tolerance, decreases inflammation, and functions as a homeostatic mechanism against excessive immune reactions.This review provides an overview of the emerging field of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation in CVD, emphasizing the role of IDO-mediated tryptophan metabolism and its metabolites in the modulation of ‘classical’ cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, lipid metabolism, diabetes mellitus, and in the development of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Rotavirus Degrades Multiple Interferon (IFN) Type Receptors To Inhibit IFN Signaling and Protects against Mortality from Endotoxin in Suckling Mice. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01394-17. [PMID: 29070687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01394-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT1 phosphorylation in response to exogenous interferon (IFN) administration can be inhibited by rotaviral replication both in vitro and in vivo In addition many rotavirus strains are resistant to the actions of different IFN types. The regulation by rotaviruses (RVs) of antiviral pathways mediated by multiple IFN types is not well understood. In this study, we find that during infection in vitro and in vivo, RVs significantly deplete IFN type I, II, and III receptors (IFNRs). Regulation of IFNRs occurred exclusively within RV-infected cells and could be abrogated by inhibiting the lysosomal-endosomal degradation pathway. In vitro, IFNR degradation was conserved across multiple RV strains that differ in their modes of regulating IFN induction. In suckling mice, exogenously administered type I, II, or III IFN induced phosphorylation of STAT1-Y701 within intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of suckling mice. Murine EW strain RV infection transiently activated intestinal STAT1 at 1 day postinfection (dpi) but not subsequently at 2 to 3 dpi. In response to injection of purified IFN-α/β or -λ, IECs in EW-infected mice exhibited impaired STAT1-Y701 phosphorylation, correlating with depletion of different intestinal IFNRs and impaired IFN-mediated transcription. The ability of EW murine RV to inhibit multiple IFN types led us to test protection of suckling mice from endotoxin-mediated shock, an outcome that is dependent on the host IFN response. Compared to mortality in controls, mice infected with EW murine RV were substantially protected against mortality following parenteral endotoxin administration. These studies identify a novel mechanism of IFN subversion by RV and reveal an unexpected protective effect of RV infection on endotoxin-mediated shock in suckling mice.IMPORTANCE Antiviral functions of types I, II, and III IFNs are mediated by receptor-dependent activation of STAT1. Here, we find that RV degrades the types I, II, and III IFN receptors (IFNRs) in vitro In a suckling mouse model, RV effectively blocked STAT1 activation and transcription following injection of different purified IFNs. This correlated with significantly decreased protein expression of intestinal types I and II IFNRs. Recent studies demonstrate that in mice lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lethality is prevented by genetic ablation of IFN signaling genes such as IFNAR1 and STAT1. When suckling mice were infected with RV, they were substantially protected from lethal exposure to endotoxin. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying rotavirus regulation of different interferons and are likely to stimulate new research into both rotavirus pathogenesis and endotoxemia.
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Baumgartner R, Forteza MJ, Ketelhuth DFJ. The interplay between cytokines and the Kynurenine pathway in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cytokine 2017; 122:154148. [PMID: 28899580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic route of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the enzyme responsible for the first and rate-limiting step in the pathway, as well as other enzymes in the pathway, have been shown to be highly regulated by cytokines. Hence, the KP has been implicated in several pathologic conditions, including infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, malignancies, and autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Additionally, recent studies have linked the KP with atherosclerosis, suggesting that Trp metabolism could play an essential role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the vascular wall. This review summarizes experimental and clinical evidence of the interplay between cytokines and the KP and the potential role of the KP in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baumgartner
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria J Forteza
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Rebnord EW, Strand E, Midttun Ø, Svingen GFT, Christensen MHE, Ueland PM, Mellgren G, Njølstad PR, Tell GS, Nygård OK, Pedersen ER. The kynurenine:tryptophan ratio as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with coronary artery disease. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1712-1721. [PMID: 28612106 PMCID: PMC5552838 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The tryptophan metabolite kynurenine has potent immune modulatory and vasoactive properties. Experimental data implicate kynurenine in obesity-related morbidities. Epidemiological studies are, however, sparse. We evaluated associations of the plasma and urine kynurenine:tryptophan ratio (KTR) to incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS We followed 2519 individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD; 73.1% men) without diabetes at baseline for a median of 7.6 years, during which 173 (6.9%) new incidences of type 2 diabetes were identified. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to investigate the prospective relationships of plasma and urine KTR with new onset type 2 diabetes. RESULTS At inclusion, mean (SD) age was 61.3 (10.4) years, BMI was 25.9 (3.71) kg/m2 and median (interquartile range) HbA1c was 5.6% (5.0%-6.0%) (38 [31-42] mmol/mol). Plasma KTR was not significantly related to type 2 diabetes risk. By contrast, urine KTR showed a strong positive association. Comparing quartile 4 with quartile 1, the HRs (95% CIs) were 2.59 (1.56, 4.30) and 2.35 (1.39, 3.96) in the age- and sex-adjusted and multivariate models, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Urine KTR is a strong predictor of incident type 2 diabetes in individuals with CAD. Potential clinical implications and possible pathogenic roles of renal kynurenine excretion in type 2 diabetes development should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik W Rebnord
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gard F T Svingen
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Monika H E Christensen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva R Pedersen
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021, Bergen, Norway
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38
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Abram DM, Fernandes LGR, Ramos Filho ACS, Simioni PU. The modulation of enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase from dendritic cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2171-2178. [PMID: 28769554 PMCID: PMC5533566 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s135367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) is an autoimmune disease in which β-cells of the pancreas islet are destroyed by T lymphocytes. Specific T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells, mainly dendritic cells (DCs). It is already known that the regulation of tryptophan pathway in DC can be a mechanism of immunomodulation. The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is present in many cells, including DC, and participates in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. Recent studies suggest the involvement of IDO in the modulation of immune response, which became more evident after the in vitro demonstration of IDO production by DC and of the ability of these cells to inhibit lymphocyte function through the control of tryptophan metabolism. Current studies on immunotherapies describe the use of DC and IDO to control the progression of the immune response that triggers DM1. The initial results obtained are promising and indicate the possibility of developing therapies for the treatment or prevention of the DM1. Clinical trials using these cells in DM1 patients represent an interesting alternative treatment. However, clinical trials are still in the initial phase and a robust group of assays is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Moitinho Abram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo Romani Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Americana, Americana, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Ucelli Simioni
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Americana, Americana, SP, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Garcia-Contreras M, Tamayo-Garcia A, Pappan KL, Michelotti GA, Stabler CL, Ricordi C, Buchwald P. Metabolomics Study of the Effects of Inflammation, Hypoxia, and High Glucose on Isolated Human Pancreatic Islets. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2294-2306. [PMID: 28452488 PMCID: PMC5557342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transplantation of human pancreatic islets is a therapeutic possibility for a subset of type 1 diabetic patients who experience severe hypoglycemia. Pre- and post-transplantation loss in islet viability and function, however, is a major efficacy-limiting impediment. To investigate the effects of inflammation and hypoxia, the main obstacles hampering the survival and function of isolated, cultured, and transplanted islets, we conducted a comprehensive metabolomics evaluation of human islets in parallel with dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin release (GSIR) perifusion studies for functional evaluation. Metabolomics profiling of media and cell samples identified a total of 241 and 361 biochemicals, respectively. Metabolites that were altered in highly significant manner in both included, for example, kynurenine, kynurenate, citrulline, and mannitol/sorbitol under inflammation (all elevated) plus lactate (elevated) and N-formylmethionine (depressed) for hypoxia. Dynamic GSIR experiments, which capture both first- and second-phase insulin release, found severely depressed insulin-secretion under hypoxia, whereas elevated baseline and stimulated insulin-secretion was measured for islet exposed to the inflammatory cytokine cocktail (IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α). Because of the uniquely large changes observed in kynurenine and kynurenate, they might serve as potential biomarkers of islet inflammation, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase on the corresponding pathway could be a worthwhile therapeutic target to dampen inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Contreras
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Ri.Med, Palermo, Italy
- Catholyc University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Cherie L. Stabler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Ri.Med, Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Giglio BC, Fei H, Wang M, Wang H, He L, Feng H, Wu Z, Lu H, Li Z. Synthesis of 5-[ 18F]Fluoro-α-methyl Tryptophan: New Trp Based PET Agents. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1524-1530. [PMID: 28529635 PMCID: PMC5436511 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) plays a special role in the biology of various cancer types, because it breaks down the essential amino acid tryptophan for immune cell activation. Upregulation of IDO1 significantly correlates with the number of various T cell types in tumor tissues in melanoma and other cancers, suggesting that IDO expression is linked with effective and ineffective ('exhausted') immune response in cancer. Based on the reported IDO inhibitors (α-Methylated and indole-N-methylated tryptophan (Trp)), here we report the synthesis of potential IDO1 imaging agents through direct introduction of 18F into the tryptophan aromatic ring. Overall, the resulting PET agents could be obtained in high radiochemical purity (>97%) with labeling yield ranges from 4.2-14.9% decay corrected yield. Using Trp as the model compound, our results also demonstrate that 18F could be directly introduced to the Trp backbone at the 4, 5, 6, and 7 position. Moreover, our initial imaging study suggests that 5-[18F]F-L-α-methyl tryptophan (5-[18F]F-AMT) holds great potential for cancer imaging. The success of this approach will provide researchers easy access to a library of Trp/Trp-derivative based PET agents for biomedical research, including potential IDO1 targeted imaging.
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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 323:74-80. [PMID: 28336214 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plays a key role in the immune system by regulating tryptophan levels and T cell differentiation. Several tumor types overexpress IDO1 to avoid immune surveillance making IDO1 of interest as a target for therapeutic intervention. As a result, several IDO1 inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment as well as several other diseases. Many of the IDO1 inhibitors in clinical trials naturally bear structural similarities to the IDO1 substrate tryptophan, as such, they fulfill many of the structural and functional criteria as potential AHR ligands. Using mouse and human cell-based luciferase gene reporter assays, qPCR confirmation experiments, and CYP1A1 enzyme activity assays, we report that some of the promising clinical IDO1 inhibitors also act as agonists for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), best known for its roles in xenobiotic metabolism and as another key regulator of the immune response. The dual role as IDO antagonist and AHR agonist for many of these IDO target drugs should be considered for full interrogation of their biological mechanisms and clinical outcomes.
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Almaça J, Molina J, Menegaz D, Pronin AN, Tamayo A, Slepak V, Berggren PO, Caicedo A. Human Beta Cells Produce and Release Serotonin to Inhibit Glucagon Secretion from Alpha Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 17:3281-3291. [PMID: 28009296 PMCID: PMC5217294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pancreatic islet, serotonin is an autocrine signal increasing beta cell mass during metabolic challenges such as those associated with pregnancy or high-fat diet. It is still unclear whether serotonin is relevant for regular islet physiology and hormone secretion. Here, we show that human beta cells produce and secrete serotonin when stimulated with increases in glucose concentration. Serotonin secretion from beta cells decreases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in neighboring alpha cells via 5-HT1F receptors and inhibits glucagon secretion. Without serotonergic input, alpha cells lose their ability to regulate glucagon secretion in response to changes in glucose concentration, suggesting that diminished serotonergic control of alpha cells can cause glucose blindness and the uncontrolled glucagon secretion associated with diabetes. Supporting this model, pharmacological activation of 5-HT1F receptors reduces glucagon secretion and has hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice. Thus, modulation of serotonin signaling in the islet represents a drug intervention opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Judith Molina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Danusa Menegaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alexey N Pronin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alejandro Tamayo
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vladlen Slepak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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El Jamal SM, Taylor EB, Abd Elmageed ZY, Alamodi AA, Selimovic D, Alkhateeb A, Hannig M, Hassan SY, Santourlidis S, Friedlander PL, Haikel Y, Vijaykumar S, Kandil E, Hassan M. Interferon gamma-induced apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is connected to indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase via mitochondrial and ER stress-associated pathways. Cell Div 2016; 11:11. [PMID: 27486476 PMCID: PMC4969639 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor response to immunotherapy is the consequence of a concerted crosstalk between cytokines and effector cells. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is one of the common cytokines coordinating tumor immune response and the associated biological consequences. Although the role of IFNγ in the modulation of tumor immunity has been widely documented, the mechanisms regulating IFNγ-induced cell death, during the course of immune therapy, is not described in detail. Results IFNγ triggered apoptosis of CLS-354 and RPMI 2650 cells, enhanced the protein expression and activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and suppressed the basal expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1). Interestingly, IFNγ induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The cytokine also induced the activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), p38, c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways and the transcription factors STAT1, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), AP-1, ATF-2, NF-κB and p53, and expression of Noxa protein. Furthermore, IFNγ was found to trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as evidenced by the cleavage of caspase-4 and activation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and inositol-requiring-1α (IRE1α) pathways. Using specific inhibitors, we identified a potential role for IDO as apoptotic mediator in the regulation of IFNγ-induced apoptosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells via Noxa-mediated mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress. Conclusion In addition to the elucidation of the role of IDO in the modulation of apoptosis, our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of IFNγ-induced apoptosis of HNSCC cells during the course of immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj M El Jamal
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
| | - Erin B Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
| | | | - Abdulhadi A Alamodi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany ; Division of Oral Health Science, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Abdulaziz Alkhateeb
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Puwelstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany ; College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Alhofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sofie Y Hassan
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Puwelstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Mooren Str.5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul L Friedlander
- Departments of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France ; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Srinivasan Vijaykumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA ; Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
| | - Emad Kandil
- Departments of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA ; Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France ; Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216 USA
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Chan IH, Wu V, Bilardello M, Jorgenson B, Bal H, McCauley S, Van Vlasselaer P, Mumm JB. PEG-rIL-10 treatment decreases FoxP3(+) Tregs despite upregulation of intratumoral IDO. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1197458. [PMID: 27622052 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1197458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 has been classically defined as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressant and is thought to facilitate the development of regulatory CD4(+) T cells. IL-10 is believed to represent one of the major suppressive factors secreted by IDO(+)FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Tregs. Contrary to this view, we have previously reported that PEGylated recombinant IL-10 (PEG-rIL-10) treatment of mice induces potent IFNγ and CD8(+) T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. This hypothesis is currently being tested in clinical trials and we have reported that treatment of cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 results in inhibition and regression of tumor growth as well as increased serum IFNγ. We have continued to assess PEG-rIL-10's pleiotropic effects and report that treatment of tumor-bearing mice and humans with PEG-rIL-10 increases intratumoral indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in an IFNγ-dependent manner. This should result in an increase in Tregs, but paradoxically our data illustrate that PEG-rIL-10 treatment of mice reduces intratumoral FoxP3(+)CD4(+) T cells in an IDO-independent manner. Additional investigation indicates that PEG-rIL-10 inhibits TGFβ/IL-2-dependent in vitro polarization of FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Tregs and potentiates IFNγ(+)T-bet(+)CD4(+) T cells. These data suggest that rather than acting as an immunosuppressant, PEG-rIL-10 may counteract the FoxP3(+)CD4(+) Treg suppressive milieu in tumor-bearing mice and humans, thereby further facilitating PEG-rIL-10's potent antitumor immunity.
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Morris G, Berk M, Carvalho A, Caso JR, Sanz Y, Walder K, Maes M. The Role of the Microbial Metabolites Including Tryptophan Catabolites and Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Pathophysiology of Immune-Inflammatory and Neuroimmune Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4432-4451. [PMID: 27349436 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that gut commensal metabolites play a major role in host physiology and indeed the pathophysiology of several illnesses. The composition of the microbiota largely determines the levels of tryptophan in the systemic circulation and hence, indirectly, the levels of serotonin in the brain. Some microbiota synthesize neurotransmitters directly, e.g., gamma-amino butyric acid, while modulating the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). The composition of the microbiota determines the levels and nature of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) which in turn has profound effects on aryl hydrocarbon receptors, thereby influencing epithelial barrier integrity and the presence of an inflammatory or tolerogenic environment in the intestine and beyond. The composition of the microbiota also determines the levels and ratios of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and propionate. Butyrate is a key energy source for colonocytes. Dysbiosis leading to reduced levels of SCFAs, notably butyrate, therefore may have adverse effects on epithelial barrier integrity, energy homeostasis, and the T helper 17/regulatory/T cell balance. Moreover, dysbiosis leading to reduced butyrate levels may increase bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation. As examples, we describe the role of microbial metabolites in the pathophysiology of diabetes type 2 and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-040, Brazil
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia. .,Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil.
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Kobayashi A, Tanizaki Y, Kimura A, Ishida Y, Nosaka M, Toujima S, Kuninaka Y, Minami S, Ino K, Kondo T. AG490, a Jak2 inhibitor, suppressed the progression of murine ovarian cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 766:63-75. [PMID: 26410360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the major cause of cancer death among female genital malignancies, and requires developing novel therapeutic measures. Immune escape and acquisition of tolerance by tumor cells are essential for cancer growth and progression. An immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overexpression in tumors is essential for host immune tolerance. Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is involved in various kinds of tumor biology. Thus, we examined the effects of STAT1 inhibition by AG490 (a JAK2 inhibitor) on ovarian cancer progression in mice. In vitro study, IFN-γ treatment up-regulated Ido mRNA expression with STAT1 activation in OV2944-HM-1 cells, whereas AG490 treatment significantly inhibited this effect with the suppression of STAT1 phosphorylation. In vivo model, OV2944-HM-1 cells were intraperitoneally/subcutaneously transplanted into syngeneic immunocompetent female mice. AG490 treatment significantly suppressed subcutaneous tumor growth, compared with control. Consistently, in mice intraperitoneally inoculated HM-1 cells, the same treatment significantly improved survival rate with the reduced number of intraperitoneal tumors. Actually, intratumoral IDO expression was significantly suppressed with the reduction of STAT1 activation in AG490-treated mice. Moreover, in tumor microenvironment of mice treated with AG490, the accumulation of anti-tumor leukocytes such as CD8(+) T-cells, M1 macrophages, and NK cells was apparently exaggerated with the reciprocal reduction of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, intratumoral expression of anti-tumor cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-12 expression was significantly enhanced in mice treated with AG490. Collectively, JAK/STAT signal pathways may be good molecular target for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Tanizaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishida
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nosaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Saori Toujima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yumi Kuninaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Sawako Minami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kondo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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Kynurenines as predictors of acute coronary events in the Hordaland Health Study. Int J Cardiol 2015; 189:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu JJ, Raynal S, Bailbé D, Gausseres B, Carbonne C, Autier V, Movassat J, Kergoat M, Portha B. Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzymes in the pancreatic islet cells. Activation by cytokines and glucolipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:980-91. [PMID: 25675848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tryptophan/kynurenine pathway (TKP) is the main route of tryptophan degradation and generates several neuroactive and immunomodulatory metabolites. Experimental and clinical data have clearly established that besides fat, muscle and liver, pancreatic islet tissue itself is a site of inflammation during obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore it is conceivable that pancreatic islet exposure to increased levels of cytokines may induce upregulation of islet kynurenine metabolism in a way resembling that seen in the brain in many neurodegenerative disorders. Using normal rat islets and the INS-1 β-cell line, we have demonstrated for the first time that: 1/only some TKP genes are constitutively expressed, both in β-cells as well as non β-cells; 2/ the regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is not constitutively expressed; 3/ IDO1 and kynurenine 3-monoxygenase (KMO) expression are potently activated by proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β) and glucolipotoxicity respectively, rather in β-cells than in non β-cells; 4/ Islet kynurenine/kynurenic acid production ratio is enhanced following IFN-γ and glucolipotoxicity; 5/ acute exposure to KYN potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion by normal islets; and 6/ oxidative stress or glucocorticoid modulates TKP genes only marginally. Pancreatic islets may represent a new target tissue for inflammation and glucolipotoxicity to activate the TKP. Since inflammation is now recognized as a crucial mechanism in the development of the metabolic syndrome and more specifically at the islet level, it is needed to evaluate the potential induction of the TKP in the endocrine pancreas during obesity and/or diabetes and its relationship to the islet cell functional alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Liu
- UnivParisDiderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France; MetaBrain Research, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - S Raynal
- MetaBrain Research, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - D Bailbé
- UnivParisDiderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - B Gausseres
- UnivParisDiderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - C Carbonne
- MetaBrain Research, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - V Autier
- MetaBrain Research, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - J Movassat
- UnivParisDiderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Kergoat
- MetaBrain Research, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - B Portha
- UnivParisDiderot, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Laboratoire B2PE (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine), Unité BFA (Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive), CNRS UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France.
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Inhibition of stress-induced hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase exhibits antidepressant activity in an animal model of depressive behaviour. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:917-28. [PMID: 24472498 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of hepatic tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO) was assessed in the provocation of stress-induced depression-related behaviour in the rat. TDO drives tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP) and leads to the production of neuroactive metabolites including kynurenine. A single 2 h period of restraint stress in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats provoked an increase in circulating concentrations of the glucocorticoid corticosterone and induction of hepatic TDO expression and activity. Repeated exposure to stress (10 d of 2 h restraint each day) provoked an increase in immobility in the forced swimming test (FST) indicative of depression-related behaviour. Immobility was accompanied by an increase in the circulating corticosterone concentrations, expression and activity of hepatic TDO and increase in the expression of TDO in the cerebral cortex. Increased TDO activity was associated with raised circulating kynurenine concentrations and a reduction in circulating tryptophan concentrations indicative of KP activation. Co-treatment with the TDO inhibitor allopurinol (20 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated the chronic stress-related increase in immobility in the FST and the accompanying increase in circulating kynurenine concentrations. These findings indicate that stress-induced corticosterone and consequent activation of hepatic TDO, tryptophan metabolism and production of kynurenine provoke a depression-related behavioural phenotype. Inhibition of stress-related hepatic TDO activity promotes antidepressant activity. TDO may therefore represent a promising target for the treatment of depression associated with stress-related disorders in which there is evidence for KP activation.
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