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Ginoudis A, Ioannidou S, Tsakiroglou G, Kazeli K, Vagdatli E, Lymperaki E. Correlation of Albumin, Red Cell Distribution Width and Other Biochemical and Hematological Parameters with Glycated Hemoglobin in Diabetic, Prediabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8037. [PMID: 39125606 PMCID: PMC11311434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that affects more than 10.5% of the world's adult population. Biochemical and hematological parameters, such as albumin (ALB) and red cell distribution width (RDW), have been shown to be altered in diabetic patients. This study aimed to correlate hematological and biochemical parameters with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). A total of 777 adults (372 women and 405 men, aged 19-85 years) were divided into three groups: 218 participants with HbA1c < 5.7% (group A: non-diabetic), 226 with HbA1c ≥ 5.7% and <6.5% (group B: prediabetic) and 333 with HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (group C: diabetic). Biochemical and hematological parameters were compared among the three groups. An analysis of variance was performed to determine the correlations of the parameters among the groups. The ALB and sodium (Na) levels were significantly lower in group C than in groups A (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.1 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001) and B (ALB: 3.8 g/dL vs. 4.0 g/dL, p < 0.0001, Na: 138.4 mmol/L vs. 139.6 mmol/L, p < 0.0001), whereas the RDW-standard deviation (RDW-SD) and urea were increased in group C as compared to group A (RDW: 45.8 vs. 43.9 fL, p < 0.0001, urea: 55.6 mg/dL vs. 38.5 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). The mean platelet volume (MPV) was increased in group C as compared to group A (9.3 fL vs. 9.1 fL, p < 0.05, respectively). Τhe increase in RDW-SD in group A as compared to B and C demonstrates the impact of hyperglycemia on red blood cells. Albumin and RDW might improve risk assessment for the development of diabetes. These results highlight the potential role of these parameters as an indication for prediabetes that would alert for measurement of HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Ginoudis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Ioannidou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.I.); (G.T.); (K.K.); (E.V.)
| | - Georgia Tsakiroglou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.I.); (G.T.); (K.K.); (E.V.)
| | - Konstantina Kazeli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.I.); (G.T.); (K.K.); (E.V.)
| | - Eleni Vagdatli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.I.); (G.T.); (K.K.); (E.V.)
- Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evgenia Lymperaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.I.); (G.T.); (K.K.); (E.V.)
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2
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Calpain-mediated proteolytic production of free amino acids in vascular endothelial cells augments obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101953. [PMID: 35447117 PMCID: PMC9110893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids that accumulate in the plasma of diabetes and obesity patients influence lipid metabolism and protein synthesis in the liver. The stress-inducible intracellular protease calpain proteolyzes various substrates in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), although its contribution to the supply of free amino acids in the liver microenvironment remains enigmatic. In the present study, we showed that calpains are associated with free amino acid production in cultured ECs. Furthermore, conditioned media derived from calpain-activated ECs facilitated the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) and de novo lipogenesis in hepatocytes, which were abolished by the amino acid transporter inhibitor, JPH203, and the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. Meanwhile, calpain-overexpressing capillary-like ECs were observed in the livers of high-fat diet-fed mice. Conditional knockout of EC/hematopoietic Capns1, which encodes a calpain regulatory subunit, diminished levels of branched chain amino acids in the hepatic microenvironment without altering plasma amino acid levels. Concomitantly, conditional knockout of Capns1 mitigated hepatic steatosis without normalizing body weight and the plasma lipoprotein profile in an amino acid transporter-dependent manner. Mice with targeted Capns1 knockout exhibited reduced phosphorylation of S6K and maturation of lipid homeostasis transcription factor SREBP1 in hepatocytes. Finally, we show that bone marrow transplantation negated the contribution of hematopoietic calpain systems; therefore, calpains are likely responsible for the observed phenotypes of ECs. We conclude that overactivation of calpain systems may be responsible for the production of free amino acid in ECs, which may be sufficient to potentiate S6K/SREBP1-induced lipogenesis in surrounding hepatocytes.
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3
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Saadane A, Du Y, Thoreson WB, Miyagi M, Lessieur EM, Kiser J, Wen X, Berkowitz BA, Kern TS. Photoreceptor Cell Calcium Dysregulation and Calpain Activation Promote Pathogenic Photoreceptor Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Prodromal Diabetic Retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1805-1821. [PMID: 34214506 PMCID: PMC8579242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that diabetes promotes a greater than normal cytosolic calcium level in rod cells that activates a Ca2+-sensitive protease, calpain, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation, two pathogenic factors of early diabetic retinopathy. Nondiabetic and 2-month diabetic C57Bl/6J and calpain1 knockout (Capn1-/-) mice were studied; subgroups were treated with a calpain inhibitor (CI). Ca2+ content was measured in photoreceptors using Fura-2. Retinal calpain expression was studied by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Superoxide and expression of inflammatory proteins were measured using published methods. Proteomic analysis was conducted on photoreceptors isolated from untreated diabetic mice or treated daily with CI for 2 months. Cytosolic Ca2+ content was increased twofold in photoreceptors of diabetic mice as compared with nondiabetic mice. Capn1 expression increased fivefold in photoreceptor outer segments of diabetic mice. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of Capn1 significantly suppressed diabetes-induced oxidative stress and expression of proinflammatory proteins in retina. Proteomics identified a protein (WW domain-containing oxidoreductase [WWOX]) whose expression was significantly increased in photoreceptors from mice diabetic for 2 months and was inhibited with CI. Knockdown of Wwox using specific siRNA in vitro inhibited increase in superoxide caused by the high glucose. These results suggest that reducing Ca2+ accumulation, suppressing calpain activation, and/or reducing Wwox up-regulation are novel targets for treating early diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Saadane
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emma M Lessieur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jianying Kiser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Xiangyi Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, California
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Semi-modified okara whey diet increased insulin secretion in diabetic rats fed a basal or high fat diet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 30:107-116. [PMID: 33552622 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle and diet preferences are primarily responsible for developing type 2 diabetes. In this study, okara was manufactured into okara whey crackers (OWC) to investigate its dietary role in controlling diabetes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with and without a high-fat diet. Forty-eight rats were divided into eight groups. G1-G4 were nondiabetic and fed a basal diet, a basal diet with 30% crackers, high fat diet, and a high-fat diet with 30% crackers, respectively. G5-G8 were diabetic groups that received similar diets as previous groups. Blood glucose, liver function, lipid pattern, pancreas and liver histopathology, and insulin immunohistochemistry were performed. OWC improved measured parameters and histopathology of the liver and pancreas in diabetic rats. The area % of positive insulin cells was increased in G6 (5.20%) and G8 rats (2.83%) fed OWC compared to diabetic rats (1.17%). In conclusion, the use of 30% OWC in a semi-modified diet has controlled the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes.
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Su M, Fan S, Ling Z, Fan X, Xia L, Liu Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Tang WH. Restoring the Platelet miR-223 by Calpain Inhibition Alleviates the Neointimal Hyperplasia in Diabetes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:742. [PMID: 32733269 PMCID: PMC7359912 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet hyperactivity is the hallmark of diabetes, and platelet activation plays a crucial role in diabetic vascular complications. Recent studies have shown that upon activation, platelet-derived miRNAs are incorporated into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), regulating the phenotypic switch of VSMC. Under diabetes, miRNA deficiency in platelets fails to regulate the VSMC phenotypic switch. Therefore, manipulation of platelet-derived miRNAs expression may provide therapeutic option for diabetic vascular complications. We seek to investigate the effect of calpeptin (calpain inhibitor) on the expression of miRNAs in diabetic platelets, and elucidate the downstream signaling pathway involved in protecting from neointimal formation in diabetic mice with femoral wire injury model. Using human cell and platelet coculture, we demonstrate that diabetic platelet deficient of miR-223 fails to suppress VSMC proliferation, while overexpression of miR-223 in diabetic platelets suppressed the proliferation of VSMC to protect intimal hyperplasia. Mechanistically, miR-223 directly targets the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which inhibits the phosphorylation of GSK3β and activates the phosphorylation of AMPK, resulting in reduced VSMC dedifferentiation and proliferation. Using a murine model of vascular injury, we show that calpeptin restores the platelet expression of miR-223 in diabetes, and the horizontal transfer of platelet miR-223 into VSMCs inhibits VSMC proliferation in the injured artery by targeting the expression of IGF-1R. Our data present that the platelet-derived miR-223 suppressed VSMC proliferation via the regulation miR-223/IGF-1R/AMPK signaling pathways, and inhibition of calpain alleviates neointimal formation by restoring the expression of miR-223 in diabetic platelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Su
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunyang Fan
- Heart Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Ling
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Fan
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoxing Xia
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoying Li
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Joint Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Vanags I, Stepanovs J, Ozolina A, Mukans M, Bjertnaes LJ, Mamaja B. Thromboelastometry for Assessing Risks of Free Flap Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Microvascular Surgery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:289. [PMID: 32656219 PMCID: PMC7324680 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coagulation assessment is often missing in microvascular surgery. We aimed at evaluating the predictive value of thromboelastometry for free flap thrombosis in microvascular surgery patients. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 103 adult patients with traumatic injuries scheduled for microvascular free flap surgery into a prospective observational study. Thirty-six patients with recent trauma underwent surgery within 30 days (ES group), and were compared with 67 trauma patients who underwent surgery later than 30 days (late surgery, LS group) after the injury. Rotational thromboelastometry (RTE) was performed before surgery. Functional fibrinogen to platelet ratio (FPR) ≥ 42 was selected as the main hypercoagulability index. Free flap thrombosis was set as primary outcome. Thrombotic risk factors and duration of surgery related to free flap thrombosis were secondary outcomes. Statistical significance p < 0.05; not significant NS. Results: Six patients (16.7%) in the ES group and 10 (14.9%) in the LS group had free flap thrombosis (NS). In the entire cohort, free flap thrombosis rate increased in the presence of thrombogenic comorbidities (OR 4.059, CI 1.33-12.37; p = 0.014) and prolonged surgery times (OR 1.007, CI 1 - 1.012; p = 0.05). Although hypercoagulability occurred more frequently in the ES group (44.4%) than in the LS group (11.9%; p < 0.001), it was not associated with higher free flap thrombosis rate. In ES group patients with surgery times > 240 min, the risk of free flap thrombosis increased (OR 3.5, CI 1.16-10.6; p = 0.026) with 93.3% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity (AUC 0.85; p = 0.007). In contrast, in LS patients hypercoagulability increased the odds of free flap thrombosis (OR 8.83, CI 1.74-44.76; p = 0.009). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between FPR ≥ 42 and free flap thrombosis rate (r = 0.362; p = 0.003). In the LS group, the presence of thrombogenic comorbidities correlated with free flap thrombosis rate (OR 7, CI 1.591-30.8; p = 0.01). Conclusions: In LS patients with thrombogenic comorbidities, thromboelastometry supports the detection of hypercoagulability and predicts free flap thrombosis risk. In ES patients, postoperative hypercoagulability did not predict free flap thrombosis. Prolonged surgery time should be considered as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulis Vanags
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jevgenijs Stepanovs
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnese Ozolina
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Mukans
- Statistical Unit, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lars J Bjertnaes
- Anesthesia and Critical Care Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Biruta Mamaja
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, Riga Stradinš University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Calpain proteolytic systems counteract endothelial cell adaptation to inflammatory environments. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:5. [PMID: 32266045 PMCID: PMC7114782 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) make up the innermost surface of arteries, veins, and capillaries, separating the remaining layers of the vessel wall from circulating blood. Under non-inflammatory conditions, ECs are quiescent and form a robust barrier structure; however, exposure to inflammatory stimuli induces changes in the expression of EC proteins that control transcellular permeability and facilitate angiogenic tube formation. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunction in intracellular proteolytic systems disturbs EC adaptation to the inflammatory environment, leading to vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis and pathological angiogenesis. Recent work has highlighted the contribution of the calpain–calpastatin stress-responsive intracellular proteolytic system to adaptation failure in ECs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of calpain–calpastatin-mediated physiologic and pathogenic regulation in ECs and discuss the molecular basis by which disruption of this system perturbs EC adaptation to the inflammatory environment.
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8
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Teng X, Ji C, Zhong H, Zheng D, Ni R, Hill DJ, Xiong S, Fan GC, Greer PA, Shen Z, Peng T. Selective deletion of endothelial cell calpain in mice reduces diabetic cardiomyopathy by improving angiogenesis. Diabetologia 2019; 62:860-872. [PMID: 30778623 PMCID: PMC6702672 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The role of non-cardiomyocytes in diabetic cardiomyopathy has not been fully addressed. This study investigated whether endothelial cell calpain plays a role in myocardial endothelial injury and microvascular rarefaction in diabetes, thereby contributing to diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS Endothelial cell-specific Capns1-knockout (KO) mice were generated. Conditions mimicking prediabetes and type 1 and type 2 diabetes were induced in these KO mice and their wild-type littermates. Myocardial function and coronary flow reserve were assessed by echocardiography. Histological analyses were performed to determine capillary density, cardiomyocyte size and fibrosis in the heart. Isolated aortas were assayed for neovascularisation. Cultured cardiac microvascular endothelial cells were stimulated with high palmitate. Angiogenesis and apoptosis were analysed. RESULTS Endothelial cell-specific deletion of Capns1 disrupted calpain 1 and calpain 2 in endothelial cells, reduced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy, and alleviated myocardial dysfunction in mouse models of diabetes without significantly affecting systemic metabolic variables. These protective effects of calpain disruption in endothelial cells were associated with an increase in myocardial capillary density (wild-type vs Capns1-KO 3646.14 ± 423.51 vs 4708.7 ± 417.93 capillary number/high-power field in prediabetes, 2999.36 ± 854.77 vs 4579.22 ± 672.56 capillary number/high-power field in type 2 diabetes and 2364.87 ± 249.57 vs 3014.63 ± 215.46 capillary number/high-power field in type 1 diabetes) and coronary flow reserve. Ex vivo analysis of neovascularisation revealed more endothelial cell sprouts from aortic rings of prediabetic and diabetic Capns1-KO mice compared with their wild-type littermates. In cultured cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, inhibition of calpain improved angiogenesis and prevented apoptosis under metabolic stress. Mechanistically, deletion of Capns1 elevated the protein levels of β-catenin in endothelial cells of Capns1-KO mice and constitutive activity of calpain 2 suppressed β-catenin protein expression in cultured endothelial cells. Upregulation of β-catenin promoted angiogenesis and inhibited apoptosis whereas knockdown of β-catenin offset the protective effects of calpain inhibition in endothelial cells under metabolic stress. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results delineate a primary role of calpain in inducing cardiac endothelial cell injury and impairing neovascularisation via suppression of β-catenin, thereby promoting diabetic cardiomyopathy, and indicate that calpain is a promising therapeutic target to prevent diabetic cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Teng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, VRL 6th Floor, A6-140, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chen Ji
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiting Zhong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, VRL 6th Floor, A6-140, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rui Ni
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, VRL 6th Floor, A6-140, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David J Hill
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, VRL 6th Floor, A6-140, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter A Greer
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianqing Peng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, VRL 6th Floor, A6-140, 800 Commissioners Road, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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Randriamboavonjy V, Kyselova A, Fleming I. Redox Regulation of Calpains: Consequences on Vascular Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1011-1026. [PMID: 30266074 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Calpains (CAPNs) are a family of calcium-activated cysteine proteases. The ubiquitous isoforms CAPN1 and CAPN2 have been involved in the maintenance of vascular integrity, but uncontrolled CAPN activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Recent Advances: It is well accepted that chronic and acute overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with the development of vascular diseases. There is increasing evidence that ROS can also affect the CAPN activity, suggesting CAPN as a potential link between oxidative stress and vascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES The physiopathological relevance of ROS in regulating the CAPN activity is not fully understood but seems to involve direct effects on CAPNs, redox modifications of CAPN substrates, as well as indirect effect on CAPNs via changes in Ca2+ levels. Finally, CAPNs can also stimulate ROS production; however, data showing in which context ROS are the causes or the consequences of CAPN activation are missing. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the different members of the CAPN system by specific ROS would help understanding the pathophysiological role of CAPN in the modulation of the vascular function. Moreover, given that CAPNs have been found in different cellular compartments such as mitochondria and nucleus as well as in the extracellular space, identification of new CAPN targets as well as their functional consequences would add new insights in the function of these enigmatic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voahanginirina Randriamboavonjy
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,2 German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kyselova
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,2 German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- 1 Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,2 German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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10
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Miyazaki T, Haraguchi S, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyazaki A. Endothelial calpain systems orchestrate myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing. FASEB J 2018; 33:2037-2046. [PMID: 30199285 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800588rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts plays a major role in fibrogenic responses during dermal wound healing. We show a contribution of calpain systems (intracellular regulatory protease systems) in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to myofibroblast differentiation in wound sites. Dermal wound healing experiments in mice found that calpastatin (an endogenous inhibitor of calpains) is enriched in preexisting vessels but not in newly formed capillaries. Transgenic overexpression of calpastatin in ECs delayed wound healing in mice as well as reducing the keratinocyte layer, extracellular matrix deposition, and myofibroblast accumulation in wound sites. EC and leukocyte markers, however, remain unchanged. Calpastatin overexpression reduced the expression of genes encoding platelet-derived growth factor-B and PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR-β). Topical application of platelet-derived growth factor-BB-containing ointment to wounds accelerated healing in control mice, but calpastatin overexpression prevented this acceleration. In cultured human dermal fibroblasts, α-smooth muscle actin and PDGFR-β were up-regulated by coculturing with ECs, but this action was inhibited by suppression of EC calpain activity. EC-driven transformation of mouse dermal fibroblasts was also suppressed by calpastatin overexpression in ECs. These results suggest that endothelial calpain systems influence PDGFR-β signaling in fibroblasts, EC-driven myofibroblast differentiation, and subsequent fibrogenic responses in wounds.-Miyazaki, T., Haraguchi, S., Kim-Kaneyama, J.-R., Miyazaki, A. Endothelial calpain systems orchestrate myofibroblast differentiation during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joo-Ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet a significant proportion of the disease burden cannot be accounted for by conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension occurs in majority of people with T2DM, which is substantially more frequent than would be anticipated based on general population samples. The impact of hypertension is considerably higher in people with diabetes than it is in the general population, suggesting either an increased sensitivity to its effect or a confounding underlying aetiopathogenic mechanism of hypertension associated with CVD within diabetes. In this contribution, we aim to review the changes observed in the vascular tree in people with T2DM compared to the general population, the effects of established anti-diabetes drugs on microvascular outcomes, and explore the hypotheses to account for common causalities of the increased prevalence of CVD and hypertension in people with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Strain
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK.
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12
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Phan DTT, Bender RHF, Andrejecsk JW, Sobrino A, Hachey SJ, George SC, Hughes CCW. Blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip: Microphysiological systems that capture the complexity of the blood-central nervous system interface. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1669-1678. [PMID: 28195514 PMCID: PMC5786363 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217694100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic and highly organized structure that strictly regulates the molecules allowed to cross the brain vasculature into the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier pathology has been associated with a number of central nervous system diseases, including vascular malformations, stroke/vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various neurological tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. There is a compelling need for representative models of this critical interface. Current research relies heavily on animal models (mostly mice) or on two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models, neither of which fully capture the complexities of the human blood-brain barrier. Physiological differences between humans and mice make translation to the clinic problematic, while monolayer cultures cannot capture the inherently three-dimensional (3D) nature of the blood-brain barrier, which includes close association of the abluminal side of the endothelium with astrocyte foot-processes and pericytes. Here we discuss the central nervous system diseases associated with blood-brain barrier pathology, recent advances in the development of novel 3D blood-brain barrier -on-a-chip systems that better mimic the physiological complexity and structure of human blood-brain barrier, and provide an outlook on how these blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip systems can be used for central nervous system disease modeling. Impact statement The field of microphysiological systems is rapidly evolving as new technologies are introduced and our understanding of organ physiology develops. In this review, we focus on Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) models, with a particular emphasis on how they relate to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, cancer, and vascular malformations. We emphasize the importance of capturing the three-dimensional nature of the brain and the unique architecture of the BBB - something that until recently had not been well modeled by in vitro systems. Our hope is that this review will provide a launch pad for new ideas and methodologies that can provide us with truly physiological BBB models capable of yielding new insights into the function of this critical interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc TT Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jillian W Andrejecsk
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Agua Sobrino
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie J Hachey
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Steven C George
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Christopher CW Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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13
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Dias MD, Goulart M, Dalécio C, Enes-Marques S, Salles ÉDSL, Venâncio M, Pereira EM, Paffaro VA, Incerpi EK, Soncini R. Metformin influences on respiratory system in obese mice induced by postnatal overnutrition. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 247:96-102. [PMID: 28963087 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have confirmed the merits of metformin to treat type 2 diabetes, but few studies have addressed its effect on the respiratory system. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical to many lung functions. In this way, we evaluated the metformin impact on the lung in treated obese Swiss mice, induced by postnatal overnutrition. Glucose and insulin were detected and the insulin resistance index (HOMA) was calculated; inflammatory cells and nitrite/nitrate concentration (NOx) was quantified from bronchoalveolar lavage, collagen and lung VEGF-a was analysed in the lung tissue and lung mechanics were evaluated by methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. Values of glucose, insulin, HOMA; VEGF-a and collagen demonstrate the partial ability of metformin to improve the effects of obesity. However, metformin is ineffective in re-establishing the inflammation, shows no effects on NOx and does not restore bronchoconstriction in obese mice. In conclusion, metformińs beneficial effects on lung are questionable in the postnatal overnutrition model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maycon Daniel Dias
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Melissa Goulart
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Dalécio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvia Enes-Marques
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Évila da Silva Lopes Salles
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina Venâncio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Monteiro Pereira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Antonio Paffaro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Erika Kristina Incerpi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roseli Soncini
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-000 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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14
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Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Dysregulation of Calpain Proteolytic Systems Underlies Degenerative Vascular Disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:1-15. [PMID: 28819082 PMCID: PMC5770219 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms, diabetic angiopathy/retinopathy as well as fibrotic and proliferative vascular diseases are generally complicated by the progression of degenerative insults, which are characterized by endothelial dysfunction, apoptotic/necrotic cell death in vascular/immune cells, remodeling of extracellular matrix or breakdown of elastic lamella. Increasing evidence suggests that dysfunctional calpain proteolytic systems and defective calpain protein metabolism in blood vessels contribute to degenerative disorders. In vascular endothelial cells, the overactivation of conventional calpains consisting of calpain-1 and -2 isozymes can lead to the disorganization of cell-cell junctions, dysfunction of nitric oxide synthase, sensitization of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription cascades and depletion of prostaglandin I2, which contributes to degenerative disorders. In addition to endothelial cell dysfunctions, calpain overactivation results in inflammatory insults in macrophages and excessive fibrogenic/proliferative signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Moreover, calpain-6, a non-proteolytic unconventional calpain, is involved in the conversion of macrophages to a pro-atherogenic phenotype, leading to the pinocytotic deposition of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the cells. Here, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in our understanding of how calpain contributes to degenerative vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine
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15
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Correction of dilutional anemia induces renal dysfunction in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a consequence of microcirculatory alterations? J Nephrol 2017; 31:417-422. [PMID: 28332137 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we aimed to evaluate the effects of dilutional anemia resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and its correction with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion on tissue oxygenation and renal function in diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHOD 70 diabetic patients who underwent elective CABG and whose hematocrit values had been between 24-28% at any time during CBP were prospectively randomized and equally allocated to two groups: patients who received RBC during CPB (group I, n = 35) vs. did not receive RBC during CPB (group II, n = 35). Besides routine hemodynamic and biochemical parameters, biomarkers of ischemia and renal injury such as ischemia modified albumin (IMA), protein oxidation parameters [advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), total thiol (T-SH)], neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured in both groups. RESULTS In group I, T-SH, NGAL and urea levels were found to be significantly increased postoperatively compared to preoperative measurements (p < 0.05). Also, postoperatively, NGAL, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and AOPP levels were higher in group I than group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The correction of anemia with RBC transfusion in diabetic patients undergoing CABG could increase the risk of renal injury. Further studies verifying the effects of blood transfusions at the microcirculatory level are needed to optimize the efficacy of transfusions.
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16
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Abstract
The twin epidemic of obesity and diabetes is a major crisis globally. Several epidemiologic studies reveal the parallel escalation of obesity and diabetes. The term 'diabesity' expresses their close relationship to each other, wherein both these metabolic disorders are characterized by defects of insulin action. The pathophysiology connecting obesity and diabetes is chiefly attributed to two factors: insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Recent years have seen an increasing body of work on the following metabolic defects common to both obesity and diabetes such as, impaired tissue perfusion, sleep disturbances, androgen dysfunction, altered Vitamin D levels and GI stress. The scope of this review is to present the most widely accepted theories that link the two diseases, provide an update on some proposed unifying metabolic defects and highlight current and future prevention and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Verma
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
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17
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Calpain 1 cleaves and inactivates prostacyclin synthase in mesenteric arteries from diabetic mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 112:10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Broussard JL, Castro AVB, Iyer M, Paszkiewicz RL, Bediako IA, Szczepaniak LS, Szczepaniak EW, Bergman RN, Kolka CM. Insulin access to skeletal muscle is impaired during the early stages of diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1922-8. [PMID: 27569119 PMCID: PMC5004780 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin must move from the blood to the interstitium to initiate signaling, yet access to the interstitium may be impaired in cases of insulin resistance, such as obesity. This study investigated whether consuming a short- and long-term high-fat diet (HFD) impairs insulin access to skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. METHODS Male mongrel dogs were divided into three groups consisting of control diet (n = 16), short-term (n = 8), and long-term HFD (n = 8). Insulin sensitivity was measured with intravenous glucose tolerance tests. A hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was performed in each animal at the conclusion of the study. During the clamp, lymph fluid was measured as a representation of the interstitial space to assess insulin access to muscle. RESULTS Short- and long-term HFD induced obesity and reduced insulin sensitivity. Lymph insulin concentrations were approximately 50% of plasma insulin concentrations under control conditions. Long-term HFD caused fasting plasma hyperinsulinemia; however, interstitial insulin concentrations were not increased, suggesting impaired insulin access to muscle. CONCLUSIONS A HFD rapidly induces insulin resistance at the muscle and impairs insulin access under basal insulin concentrations. Hyperinsulinemia induced by a long-term HFD may be a compensatory mechanism necessary to maintain healthy insulin levels in muscle interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane L Broussard
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ana V B Castro
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Malini Iyer
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca L Paszkiewicz
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Isaac Asare Bediako
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cathryn M Kolka
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Suwanjang W, Prachayasittikul S, Prachayasittikul V. Effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline and derivatives on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells under high glucose. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2389. [PMID: 27635352 PMCID: PMC5012261 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxyquinoline and derivatives exhibit multifunctional properties, including antioxidant, antineurodegenerative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. In biological systems, elevation of intracellular calcium can cause calpain activation, leading to cell death. Here, the effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline and derivatives (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline or clioquinol and 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline or nitroxoline) on calpain-dependent (calpain-calpastatin) pathways in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells was investigated. 8-Hydroxyquinoline and derivatives ameliorated high glucose toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The investigated compounds, particularly clioquinol, attenuated the increased expression of calpain, even under high-glucose conditions. 8-Hydroxyquinoline and derivatives thus adversely affected the promotion of neuronal cell death by high glucose via the calpain-calpastatin signaling pathways. These findings support the beneficial effects of 8-hydroxyquinolines for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Supaluk Prachayasittikul
- Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Virapong Prachayasittikul
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
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20
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Lu S, Xiang L, Clemmer JS, Mittwede PN, Hester RL. Oxidative stress increases pulmonary vascular permeability in diabetic rats through activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channels. Microcirculation 2015; 21:754-60. [PMID: 25059284 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro superoxide activates pulmonary endothelial TRPM2 channels and increases Kf . We hypothesized that pulmonary capillary Kf is increased in a model of type I diabetes due to elevated vascular superoxide and resultant TRPM2 channel activation. METHODS Type I diabetes was induced in Zucker rats using STZ. Half of the STZ animals were treated with apocynin, a NOX inhibitor. After four weeks, lung Kf was measured in the isolated lung in the presence or absence of TRPM2 inhibitors (2-APB and FA). In an additional set of experiments, Kf was measured in nondiabetic Zucker rats after applying the superoxide donor (PMS). RESULTS As compared to control rats, hyperglycemic rats exhibited increased vascular superoxide and Kf , along with decreased lung vascular TRPM2-L expression. Apocynin treatment reduced superoxide and Kf in hyperglycemic rats with no effect in control rats. TRPM2 channel inhibition decreased Kf in hyperglycemic rats with no effect in control rats. PMS increased the lung Kf in control rats, with TRPM2 inhibition attenuating this response. CONCLUSION Diabetic rats exhibit a TRPM2-mediated increase in lung Kf , which is associated with increased TRPM2 activation and increased vascular superoxide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Lu
- Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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21
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Kolka CM, Castro AVB, Kirkman EL, Bergman RN. Modest hyperglycemia prevents interstitial dispersion of insulin in skeletal muscle. Metabolism 2015; 64:330-7. [PMID: 25468139 PMCID: PMC4277905 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insulin injected directly into skeletal muscle diffuses rapidly through the interstitial space to cause glucose uptake, but this is blocked in insulin resistance. As glucotoxicity is associated with endothelial dysfunction, the observed hyperglycemia in diet-induced obese dogs may inhibit insulin access to muscle cells, and exacerbate insulin resistance. Here we asked whether interstitial insulin diffusion is reduced in modest hyperglycemia, similar to that induced by a high fat diet. METHODS During normoglycemic (100 mg/dl) and moderately hyperglycemic (120 mg/dl) clamps in anesthetized canines, sequential doses of insulin were injected into the vastus medialis of one hindlimb; the contra-lateral limb served as a control. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed for insulin content. Lymph vessels of the hind leg were also catheterized, and lymph samples were analyzed as an indicator of interstitial insulin concentration. RESULTS Insulin injection increased lymph insulin in normoglycemic animals, but not in hyperglycemic animals. Muscle glucose uptake was elevated in response to hyperglycemia, however the insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normoglycemic controls was not observed in hyperglycemia. Modest hyperglycemia prevented intra-muscularly injected insulin from diffusing through the interstitial space reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake. CONCLUSION Hyperglycemia prevents the appearance of injected insulin in the interstitial space, thus reducing insulin action on skeletal muscle cells.
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MESH Headings
- Absorption, Physiological
- Animals
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Diffusion
- Dogs
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Extracellular Space/chemistry
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Clamp Technique
- Hindlimb
- Hyperglycemia/blood
- Hyperglycemia/drug therapy
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/physiopathology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/metabolism
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin, Regular, Pork/administration & dosage
- Insulin, Regular, Pork/analysis
- Insulin, Regular, Pork/pharmacokinetics
- Insulin, Regular, Pork/therapeutic use
- Lymph/chemistry
- Lymph/drug effects
- Male
- Quadriceps Muscle/chemistry
- Quadriceps Muscle/drug effects
- Quadriceps Muscle/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn M Kolka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Ana Valeria B Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Erlinda L Kirkman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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22
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Pompeani N, Rybalka E, Latchman H, Murphy RM, Croft K, Hayes A. Skeletal muscle atrophy in sedentary Zucker obese rats is not caused by calpain-mediated muscle damage or lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress. J Negat Results Biomed 2014; 13:19. [PMID: 25547587 PMCID: PMC4296544 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-014-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle undergoes significant atrophy in Type 2 diabetic patients and animal models. We aimed to determine if atrophy of Zucker rat skeletal muscle was due to the activation of intracellular damage pathways induced by excess reactive oxygen species production (specifically those associated with the peroxidation of lipid membranes) and calpain activity. 14 week old obese Zucker rats and littermate lean controls were injected with 1% Evan’s Blue Dye. Animals were anaesthetised and extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were dissected, snap frozen and analysed for ROS-mediated F2-isoprostane production and calpain activation/autolysis. Contralateral muscles were histologically analysed for markers of muscle membrane permeability and atrophy. Results Muscle mass was lower in extensor digitorum longus and soleus of obese compared with lean animals, concomitant with reduced fibre area. Muscles from obese rats had a higher proportional area of Evan’s Blue Dye fluorescence, albeit this was localised to the interstitium/external sarcolemma. There were no differences in F2-isoprostane production when expressed relative to arachidonic acid content, which was lower in the obese EDL and soleus muscles. There were no differences in the activation of either μ-calpain or calpain-3. Conclusions This study highlights that atrophy of Zucker rat skeletal muscle is not related to sarcolemmal damage, sustained hyperactivation of the calpain proteases or excessive lipid peroxidation. As such, establishing the correct pathways involved in atrophy is highly important so as to develop more specific treatment options that target the underlying cause. This study has eliminated two of the potential pathways theorised to be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Pompeani
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Heidy Latchman
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Alan Hayes
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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23
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Carvalho C, Katz PS, Dutta S, Katakam PVG, Moreira PI, Busija DW. Increased susceptibility to amyloid-β toxicity in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells under hyperglycemic conditions. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38:75-83. [PMID: 23948922 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are closely associated with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) toxicity in endothelial cells. Brain microvascular endothelial cells from rat (RBMEC) and mice (MBMEC) were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley rats and homozygous db/db (Leprdb/Leprdb) and heterozygous (Dock7m/Leprdb) mice, and cultured under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions for 7 d followed by 24 h exposure to Aβ1-40. Some experiments were also performed with two mitochondrial superoxide (O2•-) scavengers, MitoTempo and Peg-SOD. Cell viability was measured by the Alamar blue assay and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) by confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial O2•- and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was assessed by fluorescence microscopy and H2O2 production was confirmed by microplate reader. Hyperglycemia or Aβ1-40 alone did not affect cell viability in RBMEC. However, the simultaneous presence of high glucose and Aβ1-40 reduced cell viability and ΔΨm, and enhanced mitochondrial O2•- and H2O2 production. MitoTempo and PEG-SOD prevented Aβ1-40 toxicity. Interestingly, MBMEC presented a similar pattern of alterations with db/db cultures presenting higher susceptibility to Aβ1-40. Overall, our results show that high glucose levels increase the susceptibility of brain microvascular endothelial cells to Aβ toxicity supporting the idea that hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for vascular injury associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Department of Life Sciences - Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Inhibition of calpain reduces oxidative stress and attenuates endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:88. [PMID: 24886224 PMCID: PMC4045988 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The present study was to investigate the role of calpain in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in endothelial cells and endothelium-dependent vascular dysfunction under experimental conditions of diabetes. Methods and results Exposure to high glucose activated calpain, induced apoptosis and reduced nitric oxide (NO) production without changing eNOS protein expression, its phosphorylation and dimers formation in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). These effects of high glucose correlated with intracellular ROS production and mitochondrial superoxide generation. Selectively scavenging mitochondrial superoxide increased NO production in high glucose-stimulated HUVECs. Inhibition of calpain using over-expression of calpastatin or pharmacological calpain inhibitor prevented high glucose-induced ROS production, mitochondrial superoxide generation and apoptosis, which were concurrent with an elevation of NO production in HUVECs. In mouse models of streptozotocin-induced type-1 diabetes and OVE26 type-1 diabetic mice, calpain activation correlated with an increase in ROS production and peroxynitrite formation in aortas. Transgenic over-expression of calpastatin reduced ROS production and peroxynitrite formation in diabetic mice. In parallel, diabetes-induced reduction of endothelium-dependent relaxation in aortic ring was reversed by over-expression of calpastatin in mouse models of diabetes. However, the protective effect of calpastatin on endothelium-dependent relaxation was abrogated by eNOS deletion in diabetic mice. Conclusions This study suggests that calpain may play a role in vascular endothelial cell ROS production and endothelium-dependent dysfunction in diabetes. Thus, calpain may be an important therapeutic target to overcome diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction.
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Zuo X, Tian C, Zhao N, Ren W, Meng Y, Jin X, Zhang Y, Ding S, Ying C, Ye X. Tea polyphenols alleviate high fat and high glucose-induced endothelial hyperpermeability by attenuating ROS production via NADPH oxidase pathway. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:120. [PMID: 24580748 PMCID: PMC3944679 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial hyperpermeability is crucial to cardiovascular disorders and macro-vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) on endothelial hyperpermeability and the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) pathway. Methods Male Wistar rats fed on a high fat diet (HF) were treated with GTPs (0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 g/L in drinking water) for 26 weeks. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were treated with high glucose (HG, 33 mmol/L) and GTPs (0.0, 0.4, or 4 μg/mL) for 24 hours in vitro. The endothelial permeabilities in rat aorta and monolayer BAECs were measured by Evans blue injection method and efflux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, respectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in rat aorta and monolayer BAECs were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) and 2′, 7′-dichloro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe, respectively. Protein levels of NADPH oxidase subunits were determined by Western-blot. Results HF diet-fed increased the endothelial permeability and ROS levels in rat aorta while HG treatments increased the endothelial permeability and ROS levels in cultured BAECs. Co-treatment with GTPs alleviated those changes both in vivo and in vitro. In in vitro studies, GTPs treatments protected against the HG-induced over-expressions of p22phox and p67phox. Diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, alleviated the hyperpermeability induced by HG. Conclusions GTPs could alleviate endothelial hyperpermeabilities in HF diet-fed rat aorta and in HG treated BAECs. The decrease of ROS production resulting from down-regulation of NADPH oxidase contributed to the alleviation of endothelial hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaolei Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
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Kishore R, Benedict C, Cheng Z. μ-Calpain as a Novel Target for Impairment of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vascular Relaxation in Diabetes: A Mini Review. J Mol Genet Med 2014; 9. [PMID: 26120352 PMCID: PMC4482122 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders. In diabetes, incidence of coronary artery diseases and peripheral vascular diseases is increased 2- to 4-fold and 10-fold, respectively, compared to healthy individuals. In spite of extensive studies, the underlying mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction (ED), an early event in the development of vascular diseases, remain incompletely understood in diabetes. This mini-review discusses the role and signaling pathways of calpains - a family of Ca2+-sensitive intracellular proteases in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated ED in diabetes. We conclude that activation of calpains, especially μ-calpain, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NO-mediated ED and inflammatory responses in diabetes which is mainly via endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) inactivation/degradation in macro- and micro-vasculature. We review existing literature demonstrating that hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated plasma homocysteine level, potentiates hyperglycemia-induced ED via μ-calpain/PKCβ2 activation-induced eNOS-pThr497/495 and eNOS inactivation. μ-calpain may be a critical therapeutic target for NO-mediated ED in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Cynthia Benedict
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Zhongjian Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, USA
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Kolka CM, Bergman RN. The barrier within: endothelial transport of hormones. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:237-47. [PMID: 22875454 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are involved in a plethora of processes including development and growth, metabolism, mood, and immune responses. These essential functions are dependent on the ability of the hormone to access its target tissue. In the case of endocrine hormones that are transported through the blood, this often means that the endothelium must be crossed. Many studies have shown that the concentrations of hormones and nutrients in blood can be very different from those surrounding the cells on the tissue side of the blood vessel endothelium, suggesting that transport across this barrier can be rate limiting for hormone action. This transport can be regulated by altering the surface area of the blood vessel available for diffusion through to the underlying tissue or by the permeability of the endothelium. Many hormones are known to directly or indirectly affect the endothelial barrier, thus affecting their own distribution to their target tissues. Dysfunction of the endothelial barrier is found in many diseases, particularly those associated with the metabolic syndrome. The interrelatedness of hormones may help to explain why the cluster of diseases in the metabolic syndrome occur together so frequently and suggests that treating the endothelium may ameliorate defects in more than one disease. Here, we review the structure and function of the endothelium, its contribution to the function of hormones, and its involvement in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn M Kolka
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Miyazaki T, Koya T, Kigawa Y, Oguchi T, Lei XF, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyazaki A. Calpain and atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2012; 20:228-37. [PMID: 23171729 DOI: 10.5551/jat.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the pro-atherogenic roles of Ca(2+)-sensitive intracellular protease calpains. Among more than ten species of calpain isozymes, µ- and m-calpains have been characterized most extensively. These two isozymes are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues, including blood vessels, and tightly regulate functional molecules in the vascular component cells through limited proteolytic cleavage. Indeed, previous cell-based experiments showed that calpains play significant roles in nitric oxide production in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), maintenance of EC barrier function and angiogenesis for maintaining vascular homeostasis. Recently, we demonstrated that modified-low density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced m-calpain causes hyperpermeability in ECs, leading to the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and plasma lipids into the intimal spaces (Miyazaki T. et al., Circulation. 2011; 124: 2522-2532). Calpains also mediate oxidized LDL-induced apoptotic death in ECs. In monocytes/macrophages, calpains induce proteolytic degradation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), which results in impaired cholesterol efflux and subsequent macrophage foam cell formation. In vascular smooth muscle cells, calpains may be involved in the conversion from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype. In hepatocytes, calpains disrupt the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein via proteolytic degradation of ABCA1. Thus, calpains may serve as novel candidate molecular targets for control of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Tian C, Zhang R, Ye X, Zhang C, Jin X, Yamori Y, Hao L, Sun X, Ying C. Resveratrol ameliorates high-glucose-induced hyperpermeability mediated by caveolae via VEGF/KDR pathway. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012; 8:231-9. [PMID: 22983702 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability induced by hyperglycemia is the initial step in the development of atherosclerosis, one of the most serious cardiovascular complications in diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol (RSV), a bioactive ingredient extracted from Chinese herb rhizoma polygonum cuspidatum, on permeability in vitro and the molecular mechanisms involved. Permeability was assessed by the efflux of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeated through the monolayer endothelial cells (ECs). The mRNA levels, protein expressions, and secretions were measured by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and ELISA, respectively. Increased permeability and caveolin-1 (cav-1) expression were observed in monolayer ECs exposed to high glucose. Resveratrol treatment alleviated the hyperpermeability and the overexpression of cav-1 induced by high glucose in a dose-dependent manner. β-Cyclodextrin, a structural inhibitor of caveolae, reduced the hyperpermeability caused by high glucose. Resveratrol also down-regulated the increased expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR, or VEGF receptor-2) induced by high glucose. Inhibition of VEGF/KDR pathway by using SU5416, a selective inhibitor of KDR, alleviated the hyperpermeability and the cav-1 overexpression induced by high glucose. The above results demonstrate that RSV ameliorates caveolae-mediated hyperpermeability induced by high glucose via VEGF/KDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Mak TCP, Banigesh A, Desai K, Wang R, Wu L. Aldolase B knockdown prevents high glucose-induced methylglyoxal overproduction and cellular dysfunction in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41495. [PMID: 22911800 PMCID: PMC3404030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We used cultured endothelial cells as a model to examine whether up-regulation of aldolase B and enhanced methylglyoxal (MG) formation play an important role in high glucose-induced overproduction of advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGEs), oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction. High glucose (25 mM) incubation up-regulated mRNA levels of aldose reductase (an enzyme converting glucose to fructose) and aldolase B (a key enzyme that catalyzes MG formation from fructose) and enhanced MG formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HUVEC-derived EA. hy926 cells. High glucose-increased MG production in EA. hy926 cells was completely prevented by siRNA knockdown of aldolase B, but unaffected by siRNA knockdown of aldolase A, an enzyme responsible for MG formation during glycolysis. In addition, inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 or semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase which produces MG during the metabolism of lipid and proteins, respectively, did not alter MG production. Both high glucose (25 mM) and MG (30, 100 µM) increased the formation of N(ε)-carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL, a MG-induced AGE), oxidative stress (determined by the generation of oxidized DCF, H2O2, protein carbonyls and 8-oxo-dG), O-GlcNAc modification (product of the hexosamine pathway), membrane protein kinase C activity and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in EA. hy926 cells. However, the above metabolic and signaling alterations induced by high glucose were completely prevented by knockdown of aldolase B and partially by application of aminoguanidine (a MG scavenger) or alagebrium (an AGEs breaker). In conclusion, efficient inhibition of aldolase B can prevent high glucose-induced overproduction of MG and related cellular dysfunction in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Timothy Chun-Ping Mak
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ali Banigesh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kaushik Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lingyun Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University and Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Pereira CMB, Figueiredo MEL, Carvalho R, Catre D, Assunção JP. Anesthesia and Surgical Microvascular Flaps. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2012; 62:563-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(12)70156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases, can modulate their substrates' structure and function through limited proteolytic activity. In the human genome, there are 15 calpain genes. The most-studied calpains, referred to as conventional calpains, are ubiquitous. While genetic studies in mice have improved our understanding about the conventional calpains' physiological functions, especially those essential for mammalian life as in embryogenesis, many reports have pointed to overactivated conventional calpains as an exacerbating factor in pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and muscular dystrophies. For treatment of these diseases, calpain inhibitors have always been considered as drug targets. Recent studies have introduced another aspect of calpains that calpain activity is required to protect the heart and skeletal muscle against stress. This review summarizes the functions and regulation of calpains, focusing on the relevance of calpains to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Scalia R, Gong Y, Berzins B, Freund B, Feather D, Landesberg G, Mishra G. A novel role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling. Circ Res 2011; 108:1102-11. [PMID: 21415394 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.229393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cytosolic protease calpain has been recently implicated in the vascular remodeling of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) signaling. The role of Ang II/AT(1)R/calpain signaling on endothelial function, an important and early determinant of vascular pathology, remains though totally unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the role of calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of Ang II. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a mechanistic role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by Ang II/AT(1)R signaling. To establish endothelial-expressed calpains as an important target of AT(1)R signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Subchronic administration of nonpressor doses of Ang II to rats and mice significantly increased vascular calpain activity via AT(1)R signaling. Intravital microscopy studies revealed that activation of vascular expressed calpains causes endothelial dysfunction with increased leukocyte-endothelium interactions and albumin permeability in the microcirculation. Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies confirmed that Ang II/AT(1)R signaling preferentially activates the constitutively expressed μ-calpain isoform and demonstrated a calpain-dependent degradation of IκBα, along with upregulation of nuclear factor κB-regulated endothelial cell adhesion molecules. These physiological and biochemical parameters were nearly normalized following inhibition of AT(1)R or calpain in vivo. RNA silencing studies in microvascular endothelial cells, along with knockout and transgenic mouse studies, further confirmed the role of μ-calpain in the endothelial adhesiveness induced by Ang II. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovers a novel role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of Ang II/AT(1)R signaling and establishes the calpain system as a novel molecular target of the vascular protective action of renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Our results may have significant clinical implications in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Scalia
- Department of Physiology, and The Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Schaefer C, Biermann T, Schroeder M, Fuhrhop I, Niemeier A, Rüther W, Algenstaedt P, Hansen-Algenstaedt N. Early microvascular complications of prediabetes in mice with impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47 Suppl 1:19-27. [PMID: 19367364 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-009-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular complications are an important cause of morbidity in diabetic patients and can be detected in a significant number of patients at the time of diabetes diagnosis. However, little is known about the alterations in the microvasculature previous to the clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus type 2. To obtain more insights into the early microvascular deterioration resulting from prediabetes, morphological and functional microvascular parameters were monitored using intravital fluorescence microscopy through a dorsal skin-fold chamber preparation in the uncoupling promotor-driven diphtheria toxin A chain (UCP1/DTA) mice. At the age of 12 weeks, the UCP1/DTA-mice were characterized by impaired glucose tolerance with concurrent unchanged fasting glucose, as well as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension and obesity. Prediabetic mice displayed combined hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterinemia. Associated with these prediabetic metabolic alterations, we demonstrate that microvascular density showed a dramatic decrease due to a reduction in perfused small vessels. A reduction in vascular density combined with unaltered blood flow in single vessels resulted in impaired tissue perfusion. Endothelial dysfunction with subsequently increased microvascular permeability and leukocyte-endothelium interactions were found. Our results of profound microvascular alterations at stages of normal fasting glucose underline the importance of early screening for prediabetes and associated microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schaefer
- Spine Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Warboys C, Fraser P. Hyperglycemia attenuates acute permeability response to advanced glycation end products in retinal microvasculature. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:174-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wei L, Yin Z, Yuan Y, Hwang A, Lee A, Sun D, Li F, Di C, Zhang R, Cao F, Wang H. A PKC-β inhibitor treatment reverses cardiac microvascular barrier dysfunction in diabetic rats. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Physiologically, macro- and microcirculation differ markedly as macrocirculation deals with pulsatile pressure and flow and microcirculation with steady pressure and flow. Various such haemodynamic aspects correspond to a large heterogeneity in the structure and function of the vascular tree. In the past, diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus were classified on the basis of the structure and function of small and large arteries. The purpose of this paper is to review the cross-talk between the micro- and macrocirculation. We shall discuss this cross-talk from the perspective of the development, physiology and pathology of the entire arterial tree.
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Miyazaki T, Honda K, Ohata H. m-Calpain antagonizes RhoA overactivation and endothelial barrier dysfunction under disturbed shear conditions. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 85:530-541. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Wei L, Sun D, Yin Z, Yuan Y, Hwang A, Zhang Y, Si R, Zhang R, Guo W, Cao F, Wang H. A PKC-β inhibitor protects against cardiac microvascular ischemia reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Apoptosis 2010; 15:488-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Capillary endothelial but not lymphatic function is restored under rosiglitazone in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. Microvasc Res 2009; 77:220-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nobe K, Nezu Y, Tsumita N, Hashimoto T, Honda K. Intra- and extrarenal arteries exhibit different profiles of contractile responses in high glucose conditions. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:1204-13. [PMID: 18806819 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The renal artery (RA) has been extensively investigated for the assessment of renal vascular function/dysfunction; however, few studies have focused on the intrarenal vasculature. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We devised a microvascular force measurement system, which allowed us to measure contractions of interlobar arteries (ILA), isolated from within the mouse kidney and prepared without endothelium. KEY RESULTS KCl (50 mM) induced similar force development in the aorta and RA but responses in the ILA were about 50% lower. Treatment of RA with 10 microM phenylephrine (PE), 10 nM U46619 (thromboxane A(2) analogue) or 10 microM prostaglandin F(2 alpha) elicited a response greater than 150% of that induced by KCl. In ILA, 10 nM U46619 elicited a response that was 130% of the KCl-induced response; however, other agonists induced levels similar to that induced by KCl. High glucose conditions (22.2 mM glucose) significantly enhanced responses in RA and ILA to PE or U46619 stimulation. This enhancement was suppressed by rottlerin, a calcium-independent PKC inhibitor, indicating that glucose-dependent, enhanced small vessel contractility in the kidney was linked to the activation of calcium-independent PKC. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Extra- and intrarenal arteries exhibit different profiles of agonist-induced contractions. In ILA, only U46619 enhanced small vessel contractility in the kidney, which might lead to renal dysfunction and nephropathy through reduced intrarenal blood flow rate. A model has been established, which will allow the assessment of contractile responses of intrarenal arteries from murine models of renal disease, including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nobe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SHOWA University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Levy BI, Schiffrin EL, Mourad JJ, Agostini D, Vicaut E, Safar ME, Struijker-Boudier HA. Impaired Tissue Perfusion. Circulation 2008; 118:968-76. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.763730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard I. Levy
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
| | - Ernesto L. Schiffrin
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
| | - Denis Agostini
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
| | - Eric Vicaut
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
| | - Michel E. Safar
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
| | - Harry A.J. Struijker-Boudier
- From Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Lariboisière, INSERM U689, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Lariboisière (B.I.L.), Paris, France; Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis–Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (E.L.S.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Avicenne (J.-J.M.), Bobigny, France; UF Médecine Nucléaire, CHU Côte de Nacre (D.A.), Caen, France; Laboratoire d'étude de la
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Shore SA, Williams ES, Zhu M. No effect of metformin on the innate airway hyperresponsiveness and increased responses to ozone observed in obese mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1127-33. [PMID: 18703763 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00117.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that obese db/db mice exhibit innate airway hyperresponsiveness. These mice also have enhanced inflammatory responses to ozone, a common air pollutant that exacerbates asthma. Since db/db mice are diabetic as well as obese, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether metformin, an antihyperglycemic agent, alters the pulmonary phenotype of db/db mice. Lean wild-type (C57BL/6J) and obese db/db mice were treated by gavage with water or metformin (300 microg/g) once a day for 2 wk. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, in mice of both genotypes, we either measured airway responsiveness to methacholine by forced oscillation, or we exposed the mice to ozone (2 parts per million for 3 h) and examined the ensuing inflammatory response. Compared with water, treatment with metformin caused a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose in obese mice. Airway responsiveness was increased in db/db versus wild-type mice, but metformin did not affect responsiveness in either group. Four hours after exposure to ozone, there was a significant increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils and chemokines in mice of both genotypes, but the magnitude of these changes was greater in db/db than wild-type mice. Metformin did not affect ozone-induced inflammation in mice of either genotype. The results indicate that hyperglycemia is unlikely to account for the pulmonary phenotype of obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Shore
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span. Cell Metab 2008; 8:157-68. [PMID: 18599363 PMCID: PMC2538685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A small molecule that safely mimics the ability of dietary restriction (DR) to delay age-related diseases in laboratory animals is greatly sought after. We and others have shown that resveratrol mimics effects of DR in lower organisms. In mice, we find that resveratrol induces gene expression patterns in multiple tissues that parallel those induced by DR and every-other-day feeding. Moreover, resveratrol-fed elderly mice show a marked reduction in signs of aging, including reduced albuminuria, decreased inflammation, and apoptosis in the vascular endothelium, increased aortic elasticity, greater motor coordination, reduced cataract formation, and preserved bone mineral density. However, mice fed a standard diet did not live longer when treated with resveratrol beginning at 12 months of age. Our findings indicate that resveratrol treatment has a range of beneficial effects in mice but does not increase the longevity of ad libitum-fed animals when started midlife.
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Wang S, Peng Q, Zhang J, Liu L. Na+/H+ exchanger is required for hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via calcium-dependent calpain. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:255-62. [PMID: 18591204 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have reported that the calcium-dependent protease calpain is involved in hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and that the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) is responsible for an increase in the intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)(i)) concentration in diabetes. We hypothesized that activation of NHE mediates hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction via calcium-dependent calpain. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to high glucose (HG, 30 mM d-glucose) time dependently increased both the Ca(2+)(i) concentration and calpain activity. Chelation of free Ca(2+)(i) with 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N, N, N',N'-tetraacetic acid abolished the HG-increased calpain activity. In addition, HG activated NHE in a time-dependent manner, but cariporide, an NHE inhibitor, blocked the HG-induced increase in NHE activity. Furthermore, cariporide or NHE siRNA (small interfering ribonucleic acid) attenuated the HG-induced increases of both Ca(2+)(i) concentration and calpain activity. All of these HG-induced effects in HUVECs, including decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and NO (nitric oxide) production and increased dissociation of heat shock protein (hsp90) from eNOS, were NHE or calpain reversible. In vivo experiments showed that cariporide treatment via inhibition of NHE activity significantly attenuated the hyperglycaemia-induced impairment of acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in streptozotocin-injected diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Activation of NHE via calcium-dependent calpain contributes to hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction through dissociation of hsp90 from eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical College, Central South University, 110 Xiang-Ya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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Spinetti G, Kraenkel N, Emanueli C, Madeddu P. Diabetes and vessel wall remodelling: from mechanistic insights to regenerative therapies. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 78:265-73. [PMID: 18281374 PMCID: PMC2821012 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, extensive research has focused on arterial remodelling in both physiological and pathological ageing. The concept now describes the growth as well as the rearrangement of cellular components and extracellular matrix, resulting in either reduction or increase in vessel lumen. In diabetes, remodelling extends to capillaries, microvascular beds, and arteries of different calibre. This process is paralleled by accelerated atherosclerosis and accounts for an increased incidence of ischaemic complications. The incapacity of pre-existing and de novo formed collaterals to bypass atherosclerotic occlusions, combined with a decline in tissue capillary density, is responsible for the delayed recovery from ischaemia and ultimately leads to organ failure. The mechanisms of vascular remodelling are incompletely understood, but metabolic and mechanical factors seem to play an important role. Hyperglycaemia represents the main factor responsible for the fast progression of atherosclerosis as well as microangiopathy. However, intensive blood glucose control alone is insufficient to reduce the risk of macrovascular complications. Pharmacological control of oxidative stress and stimulation of nitric oxide release have proved to exert beneficial effects on vascular remodelling in experimental diabetic models. New approaches of regenerative medicine using vascular progenitor cells for the treatment of ischaemic disease have been shown to be safe and are now being tested for efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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