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Monda A, La Torre ME, Messina A, Di Maio G, Monda V, Moscatelli F, De Stefano M, La Marra M, Padova MD, Dipace A, Limone P, Casillo M, Monda M, Messina G, Polito R. Exploring the ketogenic diet's potential in reducing neuroinflammation and modulating immune responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1425816. [PMID: 39188713 PMCID: PMC11345202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1425816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is marked by a substantial decrease in carbohydrate intake and an elevated consumption of fats and proteins, leading to a metabolic state referred to as "ketosis," where fats become the primary source of energy. Recent research has underscored the potential advantages of the KD in mitigating the risk of various illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, and cancer. The macronutrient distribution in the KD typically entails high lipid intake, moderate protein consumption, and low carbohydrate intake. Restricting carbohydrates to below 50 g/day induces a catabolic state, prompting metabolic alterations such as gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Ketogenesis diminishes fat and glucose accumulation as energy reserves, stimulating the production of fatty acids. Neurodegenerative diseases, encompassing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease are hallmarked by persistent neuroinflammation. Evolving evidence indicates that immune activation and neuroinflammation play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The protective effects of the KD are linked to the generation of ketone bodies (KB), which play a pivotal role in this dietary protocol. Considering these findings, this narrative review seeks to delve into the potential effects of the KD in neuroinflammation by modulating the immune response. Grasping the immunomodulatory effects of the KD on the central nervous system could offer valuable insights into innovative therapeutic approaches for these incapacitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Monda
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion of the Telematic University “San Raffaele”, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Ester La Torre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Exercise Sciences and Well-Being, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Marida De Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Dipace
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Limone
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Casillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Le Stunff H, Magnan C. Brain lipid sensing and the neural control of energy balance. Biochimie 2024; 223:159-165. [PMID: 38825062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The central nervous system continuously detects circulating concentrations of lipids such as fatty acids and troglycerides. Once information has been detected, the central nervous system can in turn participate in the control of energy balance and blood sugar levels and in particular regulate the secretion and action of insulin. Neurons capable of detecting circulating lipid variations are located in the hypothalamus and in other regions such as the nucleus accumbens, the striatum or the hippocampus. An excess of lipids will have deleterious effects and may induce central lipotoxicity, in particular following local production of ceramides and the appearance of neuroinflammation which may lead to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
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Feola K, Venable AH, Broomfield T, Villegas M, Fu X, Burgess S, Huen SC. Hepatic ketogenesis is not required for starvation adaptation in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 86:101967. [PMID: 38876267 PMCID: PMC11246062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In response to bacterial inflammation, anorexia of acute illness is protective and is associated with the induction of fasting metabolic programs such as ketogenesis. Forced feeding during the anorectic period induced by bacterial inflammation is associated with suppressed ketogenesis and increased mortality. As ketogenesis is considered essential in fasting adaptation, we sought to determine the role of ketogenesis in illness-induced anorexia. METHODS A mouse model of inducible hepatic specific deletion of the rate limiting enzyme for ketogenesis (HMG-CoA synthase 2, Hmgcs2) was used to investigate the role of ketogenesis in endotoxemia, a model of bacterial inflammation, and in prolonged starvation. RESULTS Mice deficient of hepatic Hmgcs2 failed to develop ketosis during endotoxemia and during prolonged fasting. Surprisingly, hepatic HMGCS2 deficiency and the lack of ketosis did not affect survival, glycemia, or body temperature in response to endotoxemia. Mice with hepatic ketogenic deficiency also did not exhibit any defects in starvation adaptation and were able to maintain blood glucose, body temperature, and lean mass compared to littermate wild-type controls. Mice with hepatic HMGCS2 deficiency exhibited higher levels of plasma acetate levels in response to fasting. CONCLUSIONS Circulating hepatic-derived ketones do not provide protection against endotoxemia, suggesting that alternative mechanisms drive the increased mortality from forced feeding during illness-induced anorexia. Hepatic ketones are also dispensable for surviving prolonged starvation in the absence of inflammation. Our study challenges the notion that hepatic ketogenesis is required to maintain blood glucose and preserve lean mass during starvation, raising the possibility of extrahepatic ketogenesis and use of alternative fuels as potential means of metabolic compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Feola
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrea H Venable
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tatyana Broomfield
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Morgan Villegas
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaorong Fu
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shawn Burgess
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sarah C Huen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Chunchai T, Chinchapo T, Sripetchwandee J, Thonusin C, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Lipopolysaccharide exacerbates depressive-like behaviors in obese rats through complement C1q-mediated synaptic elimination by microglia. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14130. [PMID: 38462756 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM Prolonged high-fat diet (HFD) consumption has been shown to impair cognition and depression. The combined effects of HFD and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on those outcomes have never been thoroughly investigated. This study investigated the effects of LPS, HFD consumption, and a combination of both conditions on microglial dysfunction, microglial morphological alterations, synaptic loss, cognitive dysfunction, and depressive-like behaviors. METHODS Sixty-four male Wistar rats were fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD for 12 weeks, followed by single dose-subcutaneous injection of either vehicle or LPS. Then, cognitive function and depressive-like behaviors were assessed. Then, rats were euthanized, and the whole brain, hippocampus, and spleen were collected for further investigation, including western blot analysis, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and brain metabolome determination. RESULTS HFD-fed rats developed obese characteristics. Both HFD-fed rats with vehicle and ND-fed rats with LPS increased cholesterol and serum LPS levels, which were exacerbated in HFD-fed rats with LPS. HFD consumption, but not LPS injection, caused oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier disruption, and decreased neurogenesis. Both HFD and LPS administration triggered an increase in inflammatory genes on microglia and astrocytes, increased c1q colocalization with microglia, and increased dendritic spine loss, which were exacerbated in the combined conditions. Both HFD and LPS altered neurotransmitters and disrupted brain metabolism. Interestingly, HFD consumption, but not LPS, induced cognitive decline, whereas both conditions individually induced depressive-like behaviors, which were exacerbated in the combined conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that LPS aggravates metabolic disturbances, neuroinflammation, microglial synaptic engulfment, and depressive-like behaviors in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titikorn Chunchai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thirathada Chinchapo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jirapas Sripetchwandee
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Thonusin
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Collado-Perez R, Chamoso-Sánchez D, García A, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Jiménez-Hernáiz M, Canelles S, Argente J, Frago LM, Chowen JA. The differential effects of palmitic acid and oleic acid on the metabolic response of hypothalamic astrocytes from male and female mice. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25339. [PMID: 38741550 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Diets rich in saturated fats are more detrimental to health than those containing mono- or unsaturated fats. Fatty acids are an important source of energy, but they also relay information regarding nutritional status to hypothalamic metabolic circuits and when in excess can be detrimental to these circuits. Astrocytes are the main site of central fatty acid β-oxidation, and hypothalamic astrocytes participate in energy homeostasis, in part by modulating hormonal and nutritional signals reaching metabolic neurons, as well as in the inflammatory response to high-fat diets. Thus, we hypothesized that how hypothalamic astrocytes process-specific fatty acids participates in determining the differential metabolic response and that this is sex dependent as males and females respond differently to high-fat diets. Male and female primary hypothalamic astrocyte cultures were treated with oleic acid (OA) or palmitic acid (PA) for 24 h, and an untargeted metabolomics study was performed. A clear predictive model for PA exposure was obtained, while the metabolome after OA exposure was not different from controls. The observed modifications in metabolites, as well as the expression levels of key metabolic enzymes, indicate a reduction in the activity of the Krebs and glutamate/glutamine cycles in response to PA. In addition, there were specific differences between the response of astrocytes from male and female mice, as well as between hypothalamic and cerebral cortical astrocytes. Thus, the response of hypothalamic astrocytes to specific fatty acids could result in differential impacts on surrounding metabolic neurons and resulting in varied systemic metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Collado-Perez
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Chamoso-Sánchez
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jiménez-Hernáiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Carneiro L, Bernasconi R, Bernini A, Repond C, Pellerin L. Elevation of hypothalamic ketone bodies induces a decrease in energy expenditures and an increase risk of metabolic disorder. Mol Metab 2024; 83:101926. [PMID: 38553002 PMCID: PMC10999683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ketone bodies (such as β-hydroxybutyrate or BHB) have been recently proposed as signals involved in brain regulation of energy homeostasis and obesity development. However, the precise role of ketone bodies sensing by the brain, and its impact on metabolic disorder development remains unclear. Nevertheless, partial deletion of the ubiquitous ketone bodies transporter MCT1 in mice (HE mice) results in diet-induced obesity resistance, while there is no alteration under normal chow diet. These results suggest that ketone bodies produced during the high fat diet would be important signals involved in obesity onset. METHODS In the present study we used a specific BHB infusion of the hypothalamus and analyzed the energy homeostasis of WT or HE mice fed a normal chow diet. RESULTS Our results indicate that high BHB levels sensed by the hypothalamus disrupt the brain regulation of energy homeostasis. This brain control dysregulation leads to peripheral alterations of energy expenditure mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the changes induced by high ketone bodies levels sensed by the brain increase the risk of obesity onset in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Carneiro
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Rocco Bernasconi
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Bernini
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; University and CHU of Poitiers, INSERM U1313, Poitiers, France.
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Zhang X, Chen C, Liu Y. Navigating the metabolic maze: anomalies in fatty acid and cholesterol processes in Alzheimer's astrocytes. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:63. [PMID: 38521950 PMCID: PMC10960454 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and its underlying mechanisms have been a subject of great interest. The mainstream theory of AD pathology suggests that the disease is primarily associated with tau protein and amyloid-beta (Aβ). However, an increasing body of research has revealed that abnormalities in lipid metabolism may be an important event throughout the pathophysiology of AD. Astrocytes, as important members of the lipid metabolism network in the brain, play a significant role in this event. The study of abnormal lipid metabolism in astrocytes provides a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of AD. This review focuses on the abnormal metabolism of fatty acids (FAs) and cholesterol in astrocytes in AD, and discusses it from three perspectives: lipid uptake, intracellular breakdown or synthesis metabolism, and efflux transport. We found that, despite the accumulation of their own fatty acids, astrocytes cannot efficiently uptake fatty acids from neurons, leading to fatty acid accumulation within neurons and resulting in lipotoxicity. In terms of cholesterol metabolism, astrocytes exhibit a decrease in endogenous synthesis due to the accumulation of exogenous cholesterol. Through a thorough investigation of these metabolic abnormalities, we can provide new insights for future therapeutic strategies by literature review to navigate this complex metabolic maze and bring hope to patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Chuanying Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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Cai W, Chong K, Huang Y, Huang C, Yin L. Empagliflozin improves mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy by modulating ketone body metabolism and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2024; 69:103010. [PMID: 38160540 PMCID: PMC10792762 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are considered as an alternative energy source for diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and can improve the energy supply of the heart muscle, suggesting that it may be an important area of research and development as a therapeutic target for DCM. Cumulative cardiovascular trials have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in diabetic populations. Whether SGLT2 inhibitors improve DCM by enhancing ketone body metabolism remains and whether they help prevent oxidative damage remains to be clarified. Here, we present the combined results of nine GSE datasets for diabetic cardiomyopathy (GSE215979, GSE161931, GSE145294, GSE161052, GSE173384, GSE123975, GSE161827, GSE210612, and GSE5606). We found significant up-regulated gene 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthetase 2 (HMGCS2) and down-regulated gene 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1) and 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase1 (OXCT1), respectively. Based on the analysis of the constructed protein interaction network, it was found that HMGCS2 was in the core position of the interaction network. In addition, Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis mainly focused on redox process, acyl-CoA metabolic process, catalytic activity, redox enzyme activity and mitochondria. The activity of HMGCS2 in DCM heart was increased, while the expression of ketolysis enzymes BDH1 and OXCT1 was inhibited. In vivo, Empagliflozin (Emp) treated DCM group significantly decreased ventricular weight, myocardial cell cross-sectional area, and myocardial fibrosis. In addition, Emp further promoted the activity of BDH1 and OXCT1, increased the utilization of ketone bodies, further promoted the activity of HMGCS2 in DCM, and increased the synthesis of ketone bodies, prevented mitochondrial breakage and dysfunction, increased myocardial ATP to provide sufficient energy, inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiac cells ex vivo, and improved the myocardial dysfunction of DCM. Emp can improve mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy by regulating ketone body metabolism and oxidative stress. These findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating Emp as a treatment for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Cai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Kunying Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, 266404, China
| | - Yunfei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Chun Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Liang Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.
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Diao Y, Lanz B, Jelescu IO. Subject classification and cross-time prediction based on functional connectivity and white matter microstructure features in a rat model of Alzheimer's using machine learning. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:193. [PMID: 37936236 PMCID: PMC10629161 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) typically takes decades from onset to clinical symptoms. Early brain changes in AD include MRI-measurable features such as altered functional connectivity (FC) and white matter degeneration. The ability of these features to discriminate between subjects without a diagnosis, or their prognostic value, is however not established. METHODS The main trigger mechanism of AD is still debated, although impaired brain glucose metabolism is taking an increasingly central role. Here, we used a rat model of sporadic AD, based on impaired brain glucose metabolism induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). We characterized alterations in FC and white matter microstructure longitudinally using functional and diffusion MRI. Those MRI-derived measures were used to classify STZ from control rats using machine learning, and the importance of each individual measure was quantified using explainable artificial intelligence methods. RESULTS Overall, combining all the FC and white matter metrics in an ensemble way was the best strategy to discriminate STZ rats, with a consistent accuracy over 0.85. However, the best accuracy early on was achieved using white matter microstructure features, and later on using FC. This suggests that consistent damage in white matter in the STZ group might precede FC. For cross-timepoint prediction, microstructure features also had the highest performance while, in contrast, that of FC was reduced by its dynamic pattern which shifted from early hyperconnectivity to late hypoconnectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the MRI-derived measures that best discriminate STZ vs control rats early in the course of the disease, with potential translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Diao
- Animal Imaging and Technology Section, CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Animal Imaging and Technology Section, CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ileana Ozana Jelescu
- Animal Imaging and Technology Section, CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Černelič-Bizjak M, Kenig S, Petelin A, Jenko-Pražnikar Z, Mohorko N. Link between emotional and external eating behaviors, peripheral neuropeptide Y, and β-hydroxybutyrate in participants with obesity on 12-week ketogenic diet. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231154464. [PMID: 36734124 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Understanding the impact of stress on emotional and external eating behaviors and the psychological and the associated metabolic factors can help in designing subsequent interventions to protect health. In particular, psychological trait-like construct related to eating has been shown to be an important target for intervention. Methods and measures: This study aimed to investigate the biochemical variables associated with a decrease in emotional and external eating behaviors due to 12-week ketogenic diet (12KD) in 35 adult participants (12 males) with obesity. Results: Absolute changes in emotional and external eating were independent of changes in body mass, nutritional intake, and Δ cortisol, but were predicted with increases in serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and decreases in serum peripheral neuropeptide Y (pNPY) (all p's < 0.050). Decrease in pNPY was also associated with an increase in BHB but was independent of anthropometrical changes, Δ fasting glucose, and Δ insulin. Conclusion: The reductions in emotional and external eating behaviors in participants with obesity were uniquely predicted by an increase in BHB and a decrease in pNPY after 12KD. In ketosis, emotional and external eating dropped independently of body mass change. Change in pNPY predicted changes in emotional and external eating. The role of BHB in modulating eating behavior should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saša Kenig
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 68960University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Ana Petelin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 68960University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | | | - Nina Mohorko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, 68960University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
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Makievskaya CI, Popkov VA, Andrianova NV, Liao X, Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY. Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Bodies against Ischemic Injury: Targets, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2576. [PMID: 36768899 PMCID: PMC9916612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has been used as a treatment for epilepsy since the 1920s, and its role in the prevention of many other diseases is now being considered. In recent years, there has been an intensive investigation on using the KD as a therapeutic approach to treat acute pathologies, including ischemic ones. However, contradictory data are observed for the effects of the KD on various organs after ischemic injury. In this review, we provide the first systematic analysis of studies conducted from 1980 to 2022 investigating the effects and main mechanisms of the KD and its mimetics on ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain, heart, kidneys, liver, gut, and eyes. Our analysis demonstrated a high diversity of both the composition of the used KD and the protocols for the treatment of animals, which could be the reason for contradictory effects in different studies. It can be concluded that a true KD or its mimetics, such as β-hydroxybutyrate, can be considered as positive exposure, protecting the organ from ischemia and its negative consequences, whereas the shift to a rather similar high-calorie or high-fat diet leads to the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara I. Makievskaya
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezda V. Andrianova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xinyu Liao
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Koppel SJ, Wilkins HM, Weidling IW, Wang X, Menta BW, Swerdlow RH. β-Hydroxybutyrate preferentially enhances neuron over astrocyte respiration while signaling cellular quiescence. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:125-137. [PMID: 36516926 PMCID: PMC9805520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While ketone bodies support overall brain energy metabolism, it is increasingly clear specific brain cell types respond differently to ketone body availability. Here, we characterized how SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell, primary neuron, and primary astrocyte bioenergetics and nutrient sensing pathways respond to β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB). SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons, but not astrocytes, exposed to βOHB increased respiration and decreased PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling. Despite increased carbon availability and respiration, SH-SY5Y cells treated with βOHB reduced their overall metabolic activity and cell cycling rate. Levels of the quiescence-regulating Yamanaka factors increased to a broader extent in SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons. We propose a βOHB-induced increase in neuron respiration, accompanied by activation of quiescence associated pathways, could alleviate bioenergetic stress and limit cell senescence. This in turn could potentially benefit conditions, including brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, that feature bioenergetic decline and cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Koppel
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ian W Weidling
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Blaise W Menta
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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13
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Shcherbakova K, Schwarz A, Apryatin S, Karpenko M, Trofimov A. Supplementation of Regular Diet With Medium-Chain Triglycerides for Procognitive Effects: A Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934497. [PMID: 35911092 PMCID: PMC9334743 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that ketosis (a physiological state characterized by elevated plasma ketone body levels) possesses a wide range of neuroprotective effects. There is a growing interest in the use of ketogenic supplements, including medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), to achieve intermittent ketosis without adhering to a strict ketogenic diet. MCT supplementation is an inexpensive and simple ketogenic intervention, proven to benefit both individuals with normal cognition and those suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other cognitive disorders. The commonly accepted paradigm underlying MCT supplementation trials is that the benefits stem from ketogenesis and that MCT supplementation is safe. However, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) may also exert effects in the brain directly. Moreover, MCFAs, long-chain fatty acids, and glucose participate in mutually intertwined metabolic pathways. Therefore, the metabolic effects must be considered if the desired procognitive effects require administering MCT in doses larger than 1 g/kg. This review summarizes currently available research on the procognitive effects of using MCTs as a supplement to regular feed/diet without concomitant reduction of carbohydrate intake and focuses on the revealed mechanisms linked to particular MCT metabolites (ketone bodies, MCFAs), highlighting open questions and potential considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Shcherbakova
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia,*Correspondence: Ksenia Shcherbakova
| | - Alexander Schwarz
- Laboratory of the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (RAS), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Apryatin
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina Karpenko
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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14
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Mooli RGR, Ramakrishnan SK. Emerging Role of Hepatic Ketogenesis in Fatty Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:946474. [PMID: 35860662 PMCID: PMC9289363 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.946474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver diseases, arise from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) characterized by excessive fat accumulation as triglycerides. Although NAFL is benign, it could progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) manifested with inflammation, hepatocyte damage and fibrosis. A subset of NASH patients develops end-stage liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is highly complex and strongly associated with perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism. Lipid disposal pathways, in particular, impairment in condensation of acetyl-CoA derived from β-oxidation into ketogenic pathway strongly influence the hepatic lipid loads and glucose metabolism. Current evidence suggests that ketogenesis dispose up to two-thirds of the lipids entering the liver, and its dysregulation significantly contribute to the NAFLD pathogenesis. Moreover, ketone body administration in mice and humans shows a significant improvement in NAFLD. This review focuses on hepatic ketogenesis and its role in NAFLD pathogenesis. We review the possible mechanisms through which impaired hepatic ketogenesis may promote NAFLD progression. Finally, the review sheds light on the therapeutic implications of a ketogenic diet in NAFLD.
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15
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The central nervous system control of energy homeostasis: high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation and obesity. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:99-106. [PMID: 35525336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is believed to arise through the imbalance of energy homeostasis controlled by the central nervous system, where the hypothalamus plays the fundamental role in energy metabolism. In this review, we will provide an overview regarding the functions of POMC neurons and AgRP neurons in acute nucleus of the hypothalamus which mediated the energy metabolism, highlighting their interactions with peripheral organs derived hormones in control of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, the role of high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity will be discussed. We hope this review could help researchers to understand the mechanism of hypothalamus in control of energy metabolism, and design related drugs to block the pathways involving in the impaired metabolism in obese patients.
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16
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Jiang Z, Yin X, Wang M, Chen T, Wang Y, Gao Z, Wang Z. Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1146-1165. [PMID: 35855338 PMCID: PMC9286903 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhongbao Gao
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Zhenfu Wang () and Dr. Zhongbao Gao (), The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhenfu Wang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Zhenfu Wang () and Dr. Zhongbao Gao (), The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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17
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Maly IV, Morales MJ, Pletnikov MV. Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:173-227. [PMID: 34888836 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing research continues to add new elements to the emerging picture of involvement of astrocyte energy metabolism in the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and addictions. This review outlines what is known about the energy metabolism in astrocytes, the most numerous cell type in the brain, and summarizes the recent work on how specific perturbations of astrocyte bioenergetics may contribute to the neuropsychiatric conditions. The role of astrocyte energy metabolism in mental health and disease is reviewed on the organism, organ, and cell level. Data arising from genomic, metabolomic, in vitro, and neurobehavioral studies is critically analyzed to suggest future directions in research and possible metabolism-focused therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Maly
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Morales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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18
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Fan S, Lin C, Wei Y, Yeh S, Tsai Y, Lee AC, Lin W, Wang P. Dietary citrate supplementation enhances longevity, metabolic health, and memory performance through promoting ketogenesis. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13510. [PMID: 34719871 PMCID: PMC8672782 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating cell growth and survival. However, the action of citrate in regulating metabolism, cognition, and aging at the organismal level remains poorly understood. Here, we report that dietary supplementation with citrate significantly reduces energy status and extends lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Our genetic studies in fruit flies implicate a molecular mechanism associated with AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), target of rapamycin (TOR), and ketogenesis. Mice fed a high‐fat diet that supplemented with citrate or the ketone body β‐hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) also display improved metabolic health and memory. These results suggest that dietary citrate supplementation may prove to be a useful intervention in the future treatment of age‐related dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Zen Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology National Taiwan University Hospital National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Wen Wei
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sheng‐Rong Yeh
- Department of Anesthesiology National Taiwan University Hospital National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hsuan Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Andrew Chengyu Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Sheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan
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19
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Castor K, Dawlaty J, Arakaki X, Gross N, Woldeamanuel YW, Harrington MG, Cowan RP, Fonteh AN. Plasma Lipolysis and Changes in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Signaling Lipids Reveal Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Chronic Migraine. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:691733. [PMID: 34531722 PMCID: PMC8438335 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.691733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids are a primary storage form of energy and the source of inflammatory and pain signaling molecules, yet knowledge of their importance in chronic migraine (CM) pathology is incomplete. We aim to determine if plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipid metabolism are associated with CM pathology. Methods We obtained plasma and CSF from healthy controls (CT, n = 10) or CM subjects (n = 15) diagnosed using the International Headache Society criteria. We measured unesterified fatty acid (UFA) and esterified fatty acids (EFAs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipid (SP) levels were determined using LC-MS/MS, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was determined using fluorescent substrates. Results Unesterified fatty acid levels were significantly higher in CM plasma but not in CSF. Unesterified levels of five saturated fatty acids (SAFAs), eight monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), five ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and five ω-6 PUFAs are higher in CM plasma. Esterified levels of three SAFAs, eight MUFAs, five ω-3 PUFAs, and three ω-6 PUFAs, are higher in CM plasma. The ratios C20:4n-6/homo-γ-C20:3n-6 representative of delta-5-desaturases (D5D) and the elongase ratio are lower in esterified and unesterified CM plasma, respectively. In the CSF, the esterified D5D index is lower in CM. While PLA2 activity was similar, the plasma UFA to EFA ratio is higher in CM. Of all plasma GP/SPs detected, only ceramide levels are lower (p = 0.0003) in CM (0.26 ± 0.07%) compared to CT (0.48 ± 0.06%). The GP/SP proportion of platelet-activating factor (PAF) is significantly lower in CM CSF. Conclusions Plasma and CSF lipid changes are consistent with abnormal lipid metabolism in CM. Since plasma UFAs correspond to diet or adipose tissue levels, higher plasma fatty acids and UFA/EFA ratios suggest enhanced adipose lipolysis in CM. Differences in plasma and CSF desaturases and elongases suggest altered lipid metabolism in CM. A lower plasma ceramide level suggests reduced de novo synthesis or reduced sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Changes in CSF PAF suggest differences in brain lipid signaling pathways in CM. Together, this pilot study shows lipid metabolic abnormality in CM corresponding to altered energy homeostasis. We propose that controlling plasma lipolysis, desaturases, elongases, and lipid signaling pathways may relieve CM symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Castor
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Dawlaty
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Noah Gross
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | | | - Michael G Harrington
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Robert P Cowan
- Pain Center, Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alfred N Fonteh
- Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Lindsay RT, Dieckmann S, Krzyzanska D, Manetta-Jones D, West JA, Castro C, Griffin JL, Murray AJ. β-hydroxybutyrate accumulates in the rat heart during low-flow ischaemia with implications for functional recovery. eLife 2021; 10:e71270. [PMID: 34491199 PMCID: PMC8423437 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrahepatic tissues which oxidise ketone bodies also have the capacity to accumulate them under particular conditions. We hypothesised that acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) accumulation and altered redox status during low-flow ischaemia would support ketone body production in the heart. Combining a Langendorff heart model of low-flow ischaemia/reperfusion with liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we show that β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB) accumulated in the ischaemic heart to 23.9 nmol/gww and was secreted into the coronary effluent. Sodium oxamate, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitor, increased ischaemic β-OHB levels 5.3-fold and slowed contractile recovery. Inhibition of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA synthase (HMGCS2) with hymeglusin lowered ischaemic β-OHB accumulation by 40%, despite increased flux through succinyl-CoA-3-oxaloacid CoA transferase (SCOT), resulting in greater contractile recovery. Hymeglusin also protected cardiac mitochondrial respiratory capacity during ischaemia/reperfusion. In conclusion, net ketone generation occurs in the heart under conditions of low-flow ischaemia. The process is driven by flux through both HMGCS2 and SCOT, and impacts on cardiac functional recovery from ischaemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T Lindsay
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophie Dieckmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominika Krzyzanska
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dominic Manetta-Jones
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - James A West
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeLondonUnited Kingdom
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21
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Saito ER, Miller JB, Harari O, Cruchaga C, Mihindukulasuriya KA, Kauwe JSK, Bikman BT. Alzheimer's disease alters oligodendrocytic glycolytic and ketolytic gene expression. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1474-1486. [PMID: 33650792 PMCID: PMC8410881 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is strongly correlated with impaired brain glucose metabolism, which may affect AD onset and progression. Ketolysis has been suggested as an alternative pathway to fuel the brain. METHODS RNA-seq profiles of post mortem AD brains were used to determine whether dysfunctional AD brain metabolism can be determined by impairments in glycolytic and ketolytic gene expression. Data were obtained from the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (62 cases; 13 controls), Mount Sinai Brain Bank (110 cases; 44 controls), and the Mayo Clinic Brain Bank (80 cases; 76 controls), and were normalized to cell type: astrocytes, microglia, neurons, oligodendrocytes. RESULTS In oligodendrocytes, both glycolytic and ketolytic pathways were significantly impaired in AD brains. Ketolytic gene expression was not significantly altered in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. DISCUSSION Oligodendrocytes may contribute to brain hypometabolism observed in AD. These results are suggestive of a potential link between hypometabolism and dysmyelination in disease physiology. Additionally, ketones may be therapeutic in AD due to their ability to fuel neurons despite impaired glycolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Saito
- Department of Physiology and Developmental BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | | | - Oscar Harari
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of PsychiatryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Hope Center for Neurological DisordersWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NeuroGenomics and InformaticsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kathie A. Mihindukulasuriya
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems BiologyPathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Benjamin T. Bikman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
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22
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Liśkiewicz D, Liśkiewicz A, Nowacka-Chmielewska MM, Grabowski M, Pondel N, Grabowska K, Student S, Barski JJ, Małecki A. Differential Response of Hippocampal and Cerebrocortical Autophagy and Ketone Body Metabolism to the Ketogenic Diet. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:733607. [PMID: 34456688 PMCID: PMC8385303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.733607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data support the neuroprotective properties of the ketogenic diet and ketone bodies, but there is still a lot to discover to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms. Autophagy is a key mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis, and therefore its proper function is necessary for preventing accelerated brain aging and neurodegeneration. Due to many potential interconnections, it is possible that the stimulation of autophagy may be one of the mediators of the neuroprotection afforded by the ketogenic diet. Recent studies point to possible interconnections between ketone body metabolism and autophagy. It has been shown that autophagy is essential for hepatic and renal ketogenesis in starvation. On the other hand, exogenous ketone bodies modulate autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. Many regional differences occur between brain structures which concern i.e., metabolic responses and autophagy dynamics. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the ketogenic diet on autophagic markers and the ketone body utilizing and transporting proteins in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. C57BL/6N male mice were fed with two ketogenic chows composed of fat of either animal or plant origins for 4 weeks. Markers of autophagosome formation as well as proteins associated with ketolysis (BDH1-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1, SCOT/OXCT1-succinyl CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase), ketone transport (MCT1-monocarboxylate transporter 1) and ketogenesis (HMGCL, HMGCS2) were measured. The hippocampus showed a robust response to nutritional ketosis in both changes in the markers of autophagy as well as the levels of ketone body utilizing and transporting proteins, which was also accompanied by increased concentrations of ketone bodies in this brain structure, while subtle changes were observed in the frontal cortex. The magnitude of the effects was dependent on the type of ketogenic diet used, suggesting that plant fats may exert a more profound effect on the orchestrated upregulation of autophagy and ketone body metabolism markers. The study provides a foundation for a deeper understanding of the possible interconnections between autophagy and the neuroprotective efficacy of nutritional ketosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Liśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Liśkiewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta M Nowacka-Chmielewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Grabowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Pondel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Konstancja Grabowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.,Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw J Barski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department for Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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23
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Ullah R, Rauf N, Nabi G, Yi S, Yu-Dong Z, Fu J. Mechanistic insight into high-fat diet-induced metabolic inflammation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112012. [PMID: 34388531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) is linked with cytokines production by non-neuronal cells within the hypothalamus, which mediates metabolic inflammation. These cytokines then activate different inflammatory mediators in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), a primary hypothalamic area accommodating proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons, first-order neurons that sense and integrate peripheral metabolic signals and then respond accordingly. These mediators, such as inhibitor of κB kinase-β (IKKβ), suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), protein kinase C (PKC), etc., cause insulin and leptin resistance in POMC and AGRP neurons and support obesity and related metabolic complications. On the other hand, inhibition of these mediators has been shown to counteract the impaired metabolism. Therefore, it is important to discuss the contribution of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Furthermore, understanding few other questions, such as the diets causing hypothalamic inflammation, the gender disparity in response to HFD feeding, and how hypothalamic inflammation affects ARC neurons to cause impaired metabolism, will be helpful for the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naveed Rauf
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China; Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shen Yi
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhou Yu-Dong
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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24
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Hypothalamic Astrocytes as a Specialized and Responsive Cell Population in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126176. [PMID: 34201099 PMCID: PMC8228119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a type of glial cell anatomically and functionally integrated into the neuronal regulatory circuits for the neuroendocrine control of metabolism. Being functional integral compounds of synapses, astrocytes are actively involved in the physiological regulatory aspects of metabolic control, but also in the pathological processes that link neuronal dysfunction and obesity. Between brain areas, the hypothalamus harbors specialized functional circuits that seem selectively vulnerable to metabolic damage, undergoing early cellular rearrangements which are thought to be at the core of the pathogenesis of diet-induced obesity. Such changes in the hypothalamic brain region consist of a rise in proinflammatory cytokines, the presence of a reactive phenotype in astrocytes and microglia, alterations in the cytoarchitecture and synaptology of hypothalamic circuits, and angiogenesis, a phenomenon that cannot be found elsewhere in the brain. Increasing evidence points to the direct involvement of hypothalamic astrocytes in such early metabolic disturbances, thus moving the study of these glial cells to the forefront of obesity research. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the most relevant findings of molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms by which hypothalamic astrocytes might be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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25
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Salgado M, García-Robles MÁ, Sáez JC. Purinergic signaling in tanycytes and its contribution to nutritional sensing. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:607-618. [PMID: 34018139 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanycytes are hypothalamic radial glial-like cells with an important role in the regulation of neuroendocrine axes and energy homeostasis. These cells have been implicated in glucose, amino acids, and fatty acid sensing in the hypothalamus of rodents, where they are strategically positioned. While their cell bodies contact the cerebrospinal fluid, their extensive processes contact neurons of the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, protagonists in the regulation of food intake. A growing body of evidence has shown that purinergic signaling plays a relevant role in this homeostatic role of tanycytes, likely regulating the release of gliotransmitters that will modify the activity of satiety-controlling hypothalamic neurons. Connexin hemichannels have proven to be particularly relevant in these mechanisms since they are responsible for the release of ATP from tanycytes in response to nutritional signals. On the other hand, either ionotropic or metabotropic ATP receptors are involved in the generation of intracellular Ca2+ waves in response to hypothalamic nutrients, which can spread between glial cells and towards neighboring neurons. This review will summarize recent evidence that supports a nutrient sensor role for tanycytes, highlighting the participation of purinergic signaling in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Salgado
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Á García-Robles
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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26
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Matsui T. Exhaustive endurance exercise activates brain glycogen breakdown and lactate production more than insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R500-R507. [PMID: 33533310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00119.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain glycogen localized in astrocytes produces lactate via cAMP signaling, which regulates memory functions and endurance capacity. Exhaustive endurance exercise with hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. Since insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases brain glycogen, this study tested the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates exercise-induced brain glycogen decrease. To test the hypothesis, the effects of insulin- and exhaustive exercise-induced hypoglycemia on brain glycogen levels were compared using the microwave irradiation method in adult Wistar rats. The insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise induced similar levels of severe hypoglycemia. Glycogen in the hypothalamus and cerebellum decreased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise; however, glycogen in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were lower compared with the insulin group. Brain lactate and cAMP levels in the hypothalamus and cerebellum increased similarly with the insulin challenge and exhaustive exercise, but those in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem of the exercise group were higher compared with the insulin group. Blood glucose correlated positively with brain glycogen, but the slope of regression lines was greater in the exercise group compared with the insulin group in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem, but not the hypothalamus and cerebellum. These findings support the hypothesis that hypoglycemia mediates the exercise-induced reduction in brain glycogen, at least in the hypothalamus and cerebellum. However, glycogen reduction during exhaustive endurance exercise in the cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem is not due to hypoglycemia alone, implicating the role of exercise-specific neuronal activity in brain glycogen decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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27
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Abstract
The endogenous timekeeping system evolved to anticipate the time of the day through the 24 hours cycle of the Earth's rotation. In mammals, the circadian clock governs rhythmic physiological and behavioral processes, including the daily oscillation in glucose metabolism, food intake, energy expenditure, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. The results from a series of studies have demonstrated that environmental or genetic alterations of the circadian cycle in humans and rodents are strongly associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that astrocyte clocks have a crucial role in regulating molecular, physiological, and behavioral circadian rhythms such as glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Given the concurrent high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and circadian disruption, understanding the mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis regulation by the circadian clock and its dysregulation may improve glycemic control. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the tight interconnection between the timekeeping system, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. We focus specifically on the involvement of astrocyte clocks, at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels, in the regulation of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barca-Mayo
- Circadian and Glial Biology Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Lab, Physiology Department, Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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28
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Tribble JR, Hui F, Jöe M, Bell K, Chrysostomou V, Crowston JG, Williams PA. Targeting Diet and Exercise for Neuroprotection and Neurorecovery in Glaucoma. Cells 2021; 10:295. [PMID: 33535578 PMCID: PMC7912764 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. In glaucoma, a progressive dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells occurs, eliminating transfer of visual information to the brain. Currently, the only available therapies target the lowering of intraocular pressure, but many patients continue to lose vision. Emerging pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggests that metabolic deficiencies and defects may play an important role in glaucoma pathophysiology. While pre-clinical studies in animal models have begun to mechanistically uncover these metabolic changes, some existing clinical evidence already points to potential benefits in maintaining metabolic fitness. Modifying diet and exercise can be implemented by patients as an adjunct to intraocular pressure lowering, which may be of therapeutic benefit to retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.R.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Flora Hui
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; (F.H.); (J.G.C.)
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Melissa Jöe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.R.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore; (K.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Vicki Chrysostomou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore; (K.B.); (V.C.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jonathan G. Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; (F.H.); (J.G.C.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore; (K.B.); (V.C.)
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden; (J.R.T.); (M.J.)
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29
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Abstract
Energy balance is centrally regulated by the brain through several interacting neuronal systems involving external, peripheral, and central factors within the brain. The hypothalamus integrates these factors and is the key brain area in the regulation of energy balance. In this review, we will explain the structure of the hypothalamus and its role in the regulation of energy balance. An important part of energy balance regulation is the sensing of nutrient status and availability. This review will focus on the sensing of the two main sources of energy by the hypothalamus: glucose and fat. As many common health problems and chronic diseases can be traced back to a disrupted hypothalamic function, we will also discuss hypothalamic sensing of glucose and fats in these pathologies. Finally, we will summarize the current knowledge and discuss how this may be applied clinically and for future research perspectives.
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30
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Fadó R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Casals N. The return of malonyl-CoA to the brain: Cognition and other stories. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101071. [PMID: 33186641 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients, hormones and the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) tightly regulate the intracellular levels of the metabolic intermediary malonyl-CoA, which is a precursor of fatty acid synthesis and a negative regulator of fatty acid oxidation. In the brain, the involvement of malonyl-CoA in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis has been known for decades. However, recent data uncover a new role in cognition and brain development. The sensing of malonyl-CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) proteins regulates a variety of functions, such as the fate of neuronal stem cell precursors, the motility of lysosomes in developing axons, the trafficking of glutamate receptors to the neuron surface (necessary for proper synaptic function) and the metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons. We discuss the relevance of those recent findings evidencing how nutrients and metabolic disorders impact cognition. We also enumerate all nutritional and hormonal conditions that are known to regulate malonyl-CoA levels in the brain, reflect on protein malonylation as a new post-translational modification, and give a reasoned vision of the opportunities and challenges that future research in the field could address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Robb JL, Morrissey NA, Weightman Potter PG, Smithers HE, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Immunometabolic Changes in Glia - A Potential Role in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Diabetes. Neuroscience 2020; 447:167-181. [PMID: 31765625 PMCID: PMC7567742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation is a feature of the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes in the CNS as well as peripheral tissues. Glial cells are critical mediators of the response to inflammation in the brain. Key features of glia include their metabolic flexibility, sensitivity to changes in the CNS microenvironment, and ability to rapidly adapt their function accordingly. They are specialised cells which cooperate to promote and preserve neuronal health, playing important roles in regulating the activity of neuronal networks across the brain during different life stages. Increasing evidence points to a role of glia, most notably astrocytes and microglia, in the systemic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in the course of normal physiological control and during disease. Inflammation is an energetically expensive process that requires adaptive changes in cellular metabolism and, in turn, metabolic intermediates can also have immunomodulatory actions. Such "immunometabolic" changes in peripheral immune cells have been implicated in contributing to disease pathology in obesity and diabetes. This review will discuss the evidence for a role of immunometabolic changes in glial cells in the systemic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, and how this changes in the context of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine L Robb
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicole A Morrissey
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul G Weightman Potter
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Hannah E Smithers
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Beall
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Kate L J Ellacott
- Neuroendocrine Research Group, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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32
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Dragano NR, Monfort-Pires M, Velloso LA. Mechanisms Mediating the Actions of Fatty Acids in the Hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2020; 447:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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33
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Mens Sana in Corpore Sano: Does the Glycemic Index Have a Role to Play? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102989. [PMID: 33003562 PMCID: PMC7599769 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diet interventions are mostly related to metabolic disorders, nowadays they are used in a wide variety of pathologies. From diabetes and obesity to cardiovascular diseases, to cancer or neurological disorders and stroke, nutritional recommendations are applied to almost all diseases. Among such disorders, metabolic disturbances and brain function and/or diseases have recently been shown to be linked. Indeed, numerous neurological functions are often associated with perturbations of whole-body energy homeostasis. In this regard, specific diets are used in various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, stroke, or seizure recovery. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease and Autism Spectrum Disorders are also considered to be putatively improved by diet interventions. Glycemic index diets are a novel developed indicator expected to anticipate the changes in blood glucose induced by specific foods and how they can affect various physiological functions. Several results have provided indications of the efficiency of low-glycemic index diets in weight management and insulin sensitivity, but also cognitive function, epilepsy treatment, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Overall, studies involving the glycemic index can provide new insights into the relationship between energy homeostasis regulation and brain function or related disorders. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the main evidence on glycemic index involvement in brain mechanisms of energy homeostasis regulation.
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34
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Michael NJ, Watt MJ. Long Chain Fatty Acids Differentially Regulate Sub-populations of Arcuate POMC and NPY Neurons. Neuroscience 2020; 451:164-173. [PMID: 33002557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have been suggested to influence the activity of hypothalamic neurons, however, limited studies have attempted to identify the neurochemical phenotype of these neurons. We aimed to determine if physiological levels of LCFAs alter the electrical excitability of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. We utilised whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology on brain slice preparations from genetic mouse models where green fluorescent protein was expressed in either POMC or NPY expressing cells. All animals had undergone an overnight fast to replicate conditions in which fatty acids would usually increase. Bath application of LCFAs were found to predominantly inhibit POMC neurons and predominantly excite NPY neurons. Differences between oleic and palmitic acid were not observed. These results suggest that LCFAs in the cerebrospinal fluid exert an underlying orexigenic tone to key hypothalamic neurons known to regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Michael
- Metabolic Disease, Obesity and Diabetes Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia; Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City G1V4G5, Québec, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
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35
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White CJ, Lee J, Choi J, Chu T, Scafidi S, Wolfgang MJ. Determining the Bioenergetic Capacity for Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Mammalian Nervous System. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00037-20. [PMID: 32123009 PMCID: PMC7189099 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00037-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic state of the brain can greatly impact neurologic function. Evidence of this includes the therapeutic benefit of a ketogenic diet in neurologic diseases, including epilepsy. However, brain lipid bioenergetics remain largely uncharacterized. The existence, capacity, and relevance of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in the brain are highly controversial, with few genetic tools available to evaluate the question. We have provided evidence for the capacity of brain FAO using a pan-brain-specific conditional knockout (KO) mouse incapable of FAO due to the loss of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2, the product of an obligate gene for FAO (CPT2B-/-). Loss of central nervous system (CNS) FAO did not result in gross neuroanatomical changes or systemic differences in metabolism. Loss of CPT2 in the brain did not result in robustly impaired behavior. We demonstrate by unbiased and targeted metabolomics that the mammalian brain oxidizes a substantial quantity of long-chain fatty acids in vitro and in vivo Loss of CNS FAO results in robust accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines in the brain, suggesting that the mammalian brain mobilizes fatty acids for their oxidation, irrespective of diet or metabolic state. Together, these data demonstrate that the mammalian brain oxidizes fatty acids under normal circumstances with little influence from or on peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J White
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Choi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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36
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Ortiz-Rodriguez A, Arevalo MA. The Contribution of Astrocyte Autophagy to Systemic Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2479. [PMID: 32260050 PMCID: PMC7177973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis. Besides its role in controlling the quality of cytoplasmic components, it participates in nutrient obtaining and lipid mobilization under stressful conditions. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in the regulation of systemic metabolism as its blockade in hypothalamic neurons can affect the central regulation of metabolism and impact body energy balance. Moreover, hypothalamic autophagy can be altered during obesity, one of the main alterations of metabolism nowadays. In this review, we focus on the role of astrocytes, essential cells for brain homeostasis, which represent key metabolic regulators. Astrocytes can sense metabolic signals in the hypothalamus and modulate systemic functions as glucose homeostasis and feeding response. Moreover, the response of astrocytes to obesity has been widely studied. Astrocytes are important mediators of brain inflammation and can be affected by increased levels of saturated fatty acids associated with obesity. Although autophagy plays important roles for astrocyte homeostasis and functioning, the contribution of astrocyte autophagy to systemic metabolism has not been analyzed yet. Furthermore, how obesity can impact astrocyte autophagy is poorly understood. More studies are needed in order to understand the contribution of astrocyte autophagy to metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortiz-Rodriguez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria-Angeles Arevalo
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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37
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Morris G, Maes M, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Puri BK. Nutritional ketosis as an intervention to relieve astrogliosis: Possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e8. [PMID: 32093791 PMCID: PMC8057392 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional ketosis, induced via either the classical ketogenic diet or the use of emulsified medium-chain triglycerides, is an established treatment for pharmaceutical resistant epilepsy in children and more recently in adults. In addition, the use of oral ketogenic compounds, fractionated coconut oil, very low carbohydrate intake, or ketone monoester supplementation has been reported to be potentially helpful in mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autistic spectrum disorder. In these and other neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders, there are detrimental effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation on neuronal function. However, they also adversely impact on neurone–glia interactions, disrupting the role of microglia and astrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Astrocytes are the main site of CNS fatty acid oxidation; the resulting ketone bodies constitute an important source of oxidative fuel for neurones in an environment of glucose restriction. Importantly, the lactate shuttle between astrocytes and neurones is dependent on glycogenolysis and glycolysis, resulting from the fact that the astrocytic filopodia responsible for lactate release are too narrow to accommodate mitochondria. The entry into the CNS of ketone bodies and fatty acids, as a result of nutritional ketosis, has effects on the astrocytic glutamate–glutamine cycle, glutamate synthase activity, and on the function of vesicular glutamate transporters, EAAT, Na+, K+-ATPase, Kir4.1, aquaporin-4, Cx34 and KATP channels, as well as on astrogliosis. These mechanisms are detailed and it is suggested that they would tend to mitigate the changes seen in many neurodegenerative and neuroprogressive disorders. Hence, it is hypothesized that nutritional ketosis may have therapeutic applications in such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chowen JA, Garcia-Segura LM. Microglia, neurodegeneration and loss of neuroendocrine control. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Comesaña S, Velasco C, Conde-Sieira M, Otero-Rodiño C, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. Central Treatment of Ketone Body in Rainbow Trout Alters Liver Metabolism Without Apparently Altering the Regulation of Food Intake. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1206. [PMID: 31620022 PMCID: PMC6759561 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that the presence in fish brain of a ketone body (KB) like β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) alters energy homeostasis through effects on food intake and peripheral energy metabolism. Using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model, we intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered 1 μl 100 g–1 body mass of saline solution alone (control) or containing 0.5 μmol of BHB. In a fist set of experiments, BHB did not affect food intake 6 and 24 h after treatment. In a second set of experiments, we evaluated 6 h after ICV BHB treatment changes in parameters putatively related to food intake control in brain areas (hypothalamus and hindbrain) involved in nutrient sensing and changes in energy metabolism in liver. The absence of changes in food intake might relate to the absence of major changes in the cascade of events from the detection of KB through ketone-sensing mechanisms, changes in transcription factors, and changes in the mRNA abundance of neuropeptides regulating food intake. This response is different than that of mammals. In contrast, central administration of BHB induced changes in liver energy metabolism suggesting a decreased use of glucose and probably an enhanced use of amino acid and lipid. These responses in liver are different to those of mammals under similar treatments but comparable to those occurring in fish under food deprivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Comesaña
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Otero-Rodiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Le Foll C. Hypothalamic Fatty Acids and Ketone Bodies Sensing and Role of FAT/CD36 in the Regulation of Food Intake. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1036. [PMID: 31474875 PMCID: PMC6702519 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity and type-2 diabetes epidemic is escalating and represents one of the costliest biomedical challenges confronting modern society. Moreover, the increasing consumption of high fat food is often correlated with an increase in body mass index. In people predisposed to be obese or already obese, the impaired ability of the brain to monitor and respond to alterations in fatty acid (FA) metabolism is increasingly recognized as playing a role in the pathophysiological development of these disorders. The brain senses and regulates metabolism using highly specialized nutrient-sensing neurons located mainly in the hypothalamus. The same neurons are able to detect variation in the extracellular levels of glucose, FA and ketone bodies as a way to monitor nutrient availability and to alter its own activity. In addition, glial cells such as astrocytes create major connections to neurons and form a tight relationship to closely regulate nutrient uptake and metabolism. This review will examine the different pathways by which neurons are able to detect free fatty acids (FFA) to alter its activity and how high fat diet (HFD)-astrocytes induced ketone bodies production interplays with neuronal FA sensing. The role of HFD-induced inflammation and how FA modulate the reward system will also be investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Satiating Effect of a Ketogenic Diet and Its Impact on Muscle Improvement and Oxidation State in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051156. [PMID: 31126118 PMCID: PMC6566517 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It was previously established that Multiple sclerosis (MS) generates energy alterations at the mitochondrial level related to the loss of muscle mass. Ketone bodies, mainly beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), re-establish this energy alteration causing satiety, changes in body composition and a decrease in hormone-dependant hunger, such as ghrelin. The aim of this study was to establish possible improvements in body composition and the level of oxidation in patients with MS, by means of the satiating effect of a ketogenic diet. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with 27 MS patients who were given a Mediterranean isocaloric and ketogenic diet for 4 months. Anthropometric measurements, as well as satiety and hunger perception (VAS scale), were taken. In addition, BHB and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), as an oxidation marker, were measured by spectrophotometric automated assays, and ghrelin was determined by an enzyme immunoassay in the serum. All measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Results: A significant increase in satiety perception at lunch and dinner and of BHB in the blood was obtained. Hunger perception decreased significantly at lunch and dinner with similar levels of ghrelin. In addition, an important increase in lean mass and PON1 was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing improvements in body composition, oxidation state and metabolism in MS patients, based on the satiating effect of a Mediterranean isocaloric diet. Conclusion: A ketogenic diet increases lean mass and decreases inflammation and oxidation possibly as a consequence of an increase in satiety and decrease in hunger in MS patients.
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Chowen JA, Frago LM, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12671. [PMID: 30561077 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of glial cells, including astrocytes, in metabolic control has received increasing attention in recent years. Although the original interest in these macroglial cells was a result of astrogliosis being observed in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese subjects, studies have also focused on how they participate in the physiological control of appetite and energy expenditure. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides. Some functions of astrocytes include transport of nutrients and hormones from the circulation to the brain, storage of glycogen, participation in glucose sensing, synaptic plasticity, uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters, release of substances to modify neurotransmission, and cytokine production, amongst others. In the hypothalamus, these physiological glial functions impact on neuronal circuits that control systemic metabolism to modify their outputs. The initial response of astrocytes to poor dietary habits and obesity involves activation of neuroprotective mechanisms but, with chronic exposure to these situations, hypothalamic astrocytes participate in the development of some of the damaging secondary effects. The present review discusses not only some of the physiological functions of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism, but also their role in the secondary complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular affectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar UCM y Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Kim G, Lee SG, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Ferrannini E, Lee YH, Cho NH. Spontaneous ketonuria and risk of incident diabetes: a 12 year prospective study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:779-788. [PMID: 30788528 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Ketones may be regarded as a thrifty fuel for peripheral tissues, but their clinical prognostic significance remains unclear. We investigated the association between spontaneous fasting ketonuria and incident diabetes in conjunction with changes in metabolic variables in a large population-based observational study. METHODS We analysed 8703 individuals free of diabetes at baseline enrolled in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a community-based 12 year prospective study. Individuals with (n = 195) or without fasting ketonuria were matched 1:4 by propensity score. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l, post-load 2 h glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l on biennial OGTTs, or current use of glucose-lowering medication. Using Cox regression models, HRs for developing diabetes associated with the presence of ketonuria at baseline were analysed. RESULTS Over 12 years, of the 925 participants in the propensity score-matched cohort, 190 (20.5%) developed diabetes. The incidence rate of diabetes was significantly lower in participants with spontaneous ketonuria compared with those without ketonuria (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.41, 0.97). Results were virtually identical when participants with fasting ketonuria were compared against all participants without ketonuria (after multivariate adjustment, HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.45, 0.96). During follow-up, participants with baseline ketonuria maintained lower post-load 1 h and 2 h glucose levels and a higher insulinogenic index despite comparable baseline values. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The presence of spontaneous fasting ketonuria was significantly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, independently of metabolic variables. Our findings suggest that spontaneous fasting ketonuria may have a potential preventive role in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyuri Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam H Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Bouyakdan K, Martin H, Liénard F, Budry L, Taib B, Rodaros D, Chrétien C, Biron É, Husson Z, Cota D, Pénicaud L, Fulton S, Fioramonti X, Alquier T. The gliotransmitter ACBP controls feeding and energy homeostasis via the melanocortin system. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2417-2430. [PMID: 30938715 PMCID: PMC6546475 DOI: 10.1172/jci123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells have emerged as key players in the central control of energy balance and etiology of obesity. Astrocytes play a central role in neural communication via the release of gliotransmitters. Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP)-derived endozepines are secreted peptides that modulate the GABAA receptor. In the hypothalamus, ACBP is enriched in arcuate nucleus (ARC) astrocytes, ependymocytes and tanycytes. Central administration of the endozepine octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) reduces feeding and improves glucose tolerance, yet the contribution of endogenous ACBP in energy homeostasis is unknown. We demonstrated that ACBP deletion in GFAP+ astrocytes, but not in Nkx2.1-lineage neural cells, promoted diet-induced hyperphagia and obesity in both male and female mice, an effect prevented by viral rescue of ACBP in ARC astrocytes. ACBP-astrocytes were observed in apposition with proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and ODN selectively activated POMC neurons through the ODN-GPCR but not GABAA, and supressed feeding while increasing carbohydrate utilization via the melanocortin system. Similarly, ACBP overexpression in ARC astrocytes reduced feeding and weight gain. Finally, the ODN-GPCR agonist decreased feeding and promoted weight loss in ob/ob mice. These findings uncover ACBP as an ARC gliopeptide playing a key role in energy balance control and exerting strong anorectic effects via the central melanocortin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Bouyakdan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Neurosciences, and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Talence, France
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Budry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Neurosciences, and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bouchra Taib
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Neurosciences, and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Demetra Rodaros
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Neurosciences, and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Chrétien
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Éric Biron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval and Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CRCHUQ), Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoé Husson
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Talence, France
- INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Stromalab, CNRS ERL 5311, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Neurosciences, and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Talence, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Neurosciences, and Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Clyburn C, Browning KN. Role of astroglia in diet-induced central neuroplasticity. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1195-1206. [PMID: 30699056 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00823.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by increased adiposity that develops when energy intake outweighs expenditure, is rapidly becoming a serious health crisis that affects millions of people worldwide and is associated with severe comorbid disorders including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type II diabetes. Obesity is also associated with the dysregulation of central neurocircuits involved in the control of autonomic, metabolic, and cognitive functions. Systemic inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO) has been proposed to be responsible for the development of these comorbidities as well as the dysregulation of central neurocircuits. A growing body of evidence suggests, however, that exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) may cause neuroinflammation and astroglial activation even before systemic inflammation develops, which may be sufficient to cause dysregulation of central neurocircuits involved in energy homeostasis before the development of obesity. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature exploring astroglial-dependent modulation of central circuits following exposure to HFD and DIO, including not only dysregulation of neurocircuits involved in energy homeostasis and feeding behavior, but also the dysregulation of learning, memory, mood, and reward pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Clyburn
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kirsteen N Browning
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Levi NJ, Wilson CW, Redweik GAJ, Gray NW, Grzybowski CW, Lenkey JA, Moseman AW, Bertsch AD, Dao N, Walsh HE. Obesity-related cellular stressors regulate gonadotropin releasing hormone gene expression via c-Fos/AP-1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:97-105. [PMID: 30063946 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for infertility, but mechanisms underlying this risk are unclear. Fertility is regulated by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, encoded by the Gnrh1 gene. Because obesity promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we sought to determine how tunicamycin-induced ER stress affected Gnrh1 gene expression in the mouse hypothalamic cell line GT1-7. Tunicamycin repressed expression of Gnrh1 in a PKC- and JNK-dependent manner, while upregulating expression of a known Gnrh1 repressor, Fos. Obesity is associated with increased circulating free fatty acids, and exposure to palmitate promoted ER stress and inflammation. Fos expression increased with palmitate dose, but Gnrh1 expression was upregulated with low-dose palmitate and repressed with high-dose palmitate. Using a small molecule inhibitor, we determined that AP-1 was required for Gnrh1 repression by high-dose palmitate or tunicamycin-induced ER stress. These findings suggest that hypogonadism driven by decreased hypothalamic GnRH may be a component of obesity-related infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Levi
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Christopher W Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Graham A J Redweik
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Nathan W Gray
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Cody W Grzybowski
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Joseph A Lenkey
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Anthony W Moseman
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Alec D Bertsch
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Nhien Dao
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA
| | - Heidi E Walsh
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, PO Box 352, Crawfordsville, IN, 47933, USA.
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Oliveira ADAB, Melo NDFM, Vieira ÉDS, Nogueira PAS, Coope A, Velloso LA, Dezonne RS, Ueira-Vieira C, Botelho FV, Gomes JDAS, Zanon RG. Palmitate treated-astrocyte conditioned medium contains increased glutathione and interferes in hypothalamic synaptic network in vitro. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Astrocytes have historically been considered structural supporting cells for neurons. Thanks to new molecular tools, allowing specific cell ablation or over-expression of genes, new unexpected astrocytic functions have recently been unveiled. This review focus on emerging groundbreaking findings showing that hypothalamic astrocytes are pivotal for the regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. Hypothalamic astrocytes sense glucose and fatty acids, and express receptors for several peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin. Furthermore, they display striking sexual dimorphism which may account, at least partially, for gender specific differences in energy homeostasis. Metabolic alterations have been shown to influence the initiation and progression of many neurodegenerative disorders. A better understanding of the roles and interplay between the different brain cells in regulating energy homeostasis could help develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or cure neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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49
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Neurobiological characteristics underlying metabolic differences between males and females. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:18-32. [PMID: 30194984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the main integrating center for metabolic control. Our understanding of how hypothalamic circuits function to control appetite and energy expenditure has increased dramatically in recent years, due to the rapid rise in the incidence of obesity and the search for effective treatments. Increasing evidence indicates that these treatments will most likely differ between males and females. Indeed, sex differences in metabolism have been demonstrated at various levels, including in two of the most studied neuronal populations involved in metabolic control: the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons and the orexigenic neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related protein neurons. Here we review what is known to date regarding the sex differences in these two neuronal populations, as well as other neuronal populations involved in metabolic control and glial cells.
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50
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Hypothalamic inflammation and malfunctioning glia in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes: Translational significance. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:123-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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