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Bourgeois S, Coenen S, Degroote L, Willems L, Van Mulders A, Pierreux J, Heremans Y, De Leu N, Staels W. Harnessing beta cell regeneration biology for diabetes therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38644094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic scale of diabetes mellitus is alarming, its complications remain devastating, and current treatments still pose a major burden on those affected and on the healthcare system as a whole. As the disease emanates from the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, a real cure requires their restoration and protection. An attractive strategy is to regenerate β-cells directly within the pancreas; however, while several approaches for β-cell regeneration have been proposed in the past, clinical translation has proven challenging. This review scrutinizes recent findings in β-cell regeneration and discusses their potential clinical implementation. Hereby, we aim to delineate a path for innovative, targeted therapies to help shift from 'caring for' to 'curing' diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bourgeois
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Coenen
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Degroote
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Willems
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelore Van Mulders
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Pierreux
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Willem Staels
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Sionov RV, Ahdut-HaCohen R. A Supportive Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Insulin-Producing Langerhans Islets with a Specific Emphasis on The Secretome. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37761001 PMCID: PMC10527322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a gradual destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the endocrine pancreas due to innate and specific immune responses, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. T1D patients usually require regular insulin injections after meals to maintain normal serum glucose levels. In severe cases, pancreas or Langerhans islet transplantation can assist in reaching a sufficient β-mass to normalize glucose homeostasis. The latter procedure is limited because of low donor availability, high islet loss, and immune rejection. There is still a need to develop new technologies to improve islet survival and implantation and to keep the islets functional. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent non-hematopoietic progenitor cells with high plasticity that can support human pancreatic islet function both in vitro and in vivo and islet co-transplantation with MSCs is more effective than islet transplantation alone in attenuating diabetes progression. The beneficial effect of MSCs on islet function is due to a combined effect on angiogenesis, suppression of immune responses, and secretion of growth factors essential for islet survival and function. In this review, various aspects of MSCs related to islet function and diabetes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ronit Ahdut-HaCohen
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
- Department of Science, The David Yellin Academic College of Education, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
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3
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Townsend SE, Fuhr JD, Gannon M. Context-dependent effects of CCN2 on β-cell mass expansion and indicators of cell stress in the setting of acute and chronic stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E280-E290. [PMID: 37529833 PMCID: PMC10642983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00051.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of functional β-cell mass expansion can be beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Our group has previously demonstrated that the matricellular protein CCN2 can induce β-cell mass expansion during embryogenesis, and postnatally during pregnancy and after 50% β-cell injury. The mechanism by which CCN2 stimulates β-cell mass expansion is unknown. However, CCN2 does not induce β-cell proliferation in the setting of euglycemic and optimal functional β-cell mass. We thus hypothesized that β-cell stress is required for responsiveness to CCN2 treatment. In this study, a doxycycline-inducible β-cell-specific CCN2 transgenic mouse model was utilized to evaluate the effects of CCN2 on β-cell stress in the setting of acute (thapsigargin treatment ex vivo) or chronic [high-fat diet or leptin receptor haploinsufficiency (db/+) in vivo] cellular stress. CCN2 induction during 1 wk or 10 wk of high-fat diet or in db/+ mice had no effect on markers of β-cell stress. However, CCN2 induction did result in a significant increase in β-cell mass over high-fat diet alone when animals were fed high-fat diet for 10 wk, a duration known to induce insulin resistance. CCN2 induction in isolated islets treated with thapsigargin ex vivo resulted in upregulation of the gene encoding the Nrf2 transcription factor, a master regulator of antioxidant genes, suggesting that CCN2 further activates this pathway in the presence of cell stress. These studies indicate that the potential of CCN2 to induce β-cell mass expansion is context-dependent and that the presence of β-cell stress does not ensure β-cell proliferation in response to CCN2.NEW & NOTEWORTHY CCN2 promotes β-cell mass expansion in settings of suboptimal β-cell mass. Here, we demonstrate that the ability of CCN2 to induce β-cell mass expansion in the setting of β-cell stress is context-dependent. Our results suggest that β-cell stress is necessary but insufficient for CCN2 to increase β-cell proliferation and mass. Furthermore, we found that CCN2 promotes upregulation of a key antioxidant transcription factor, suggesting that modulation of β-cell oxidative stress contributes to the actions of CCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jennifer D Fuhr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Fernández-Ruiz R, Gasa R. Evaluation of the Effects of CCN4 on Pancreatic Beta Cell Proliferation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2582:191-208. [PMID: 36370351 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2744-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Expanding the number of insulin-producing beta cells through reactivation of their replication has been proposed as a therapy to prevent or delay the appearance of diabetes. Using antibody arrays, we identified CCN4/Wisp1 as a circulating factor enriched in preweaning mice, a period in which beta cells exhibit a dramatic increase in number. This finding led us to investigate the involvement of CCN4 in beta cell proliferation. We demonstrated that CCN4 promotes adult beta cell proliferation in vitro in cultured isolated islets, and in vivo in islets transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye. In this chapter, we present the methodology that was used to study proliferation in both settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Fernández-Ruiz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Gasa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Rayrikar AY, Wagh GA, Santra MK, Patra C. Ccn2a-FGFR1-SHH signaling is necessary for intervertebral disc homeostasis and regeneration in adult zebrafish. Development 2023; 150:dev201036. [PMID: 36458546 PMCID: PMC10108606 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the primary cause of back pain in humans. However, the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of IVD degeneration is poorly understood. This study shows that zebrafish IVDs possess distinct and non-overlapping zones of cell proliferation and cell death. We find that, in zebrafish, cellular communication network factor 2a (ccn2a) is expressed in notochord and IVDs. Although IVD development appears normal in ccn2a mutants, the adult mutant IVDs exhibit decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death leading to IVD degeneration. Moreover, Ccn2a overexpression promotes regeneration through accelerating cell proliferation and suppressing cell death in wild-type aged IVDs. Mechanistically, Ccn2a maintains IVD homeostasis and promotes IVD regeneration by enhancing outer annulus fibrosus cell proliferation and suppressing nucleus pulposus cell death through augmenting FGFR1-SHH signaling. These findings reveal that Ccn2a plays a central role in IVD homeostasis and regeneration, which could be exploited for therapeutic intervention in degenerated human discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Y. Rayrikar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India
- S P Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Ganesh A. Wagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India
- S P Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Manas K. Santra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India
- S P Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
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6
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Hoang NTD, Hassan G, Suehiro T, Mine Y, Matsuki T, Fujii M. BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor regulate connective tissue growth factor controlling mesothelioma cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:984. [PMID: 36109807 PMCID: PMC9479400 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive mesothelial cell cancer type linked mainly to asbestos inhalation. MM characterizes by rapid progression and resistance to standard therapeutic modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Our previous studies have suggested that tumor cell-derived connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) regulates the proliferation of MM cells as well as the tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Methods In this study, we knock downed the bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) and CTGF in MM cells and investigated the relationship between both and their impact on the cell cycle and cell proliferation. Results The knockdown of CTGF or BAMBI reduced MM cell proliferation. In contrast to CTGF knockdown which decreased BAMBI, knockdown of BAMBI increased CTGF levels. Knockdown of either BAMBI or CTGF reduced expression of the cell cycle regulators; cyclin D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, and CDK4. Further, in silico analysis revealed that higher BAMBI expression was associated with shorter overall survival rates among MM patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest that BAMBI is regulated by CTGF promoting mesothelioma growth by driving cell cycle progression. Therefore, the crosstalk between BAMBI and CTGF may be an effective therapeutic target for MM treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10080-x.
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Novelli M, Masini M, Vecoli C, Moscato S, Funel N, Pippa A, Mattii L, Ippolito C, Campani D, Neglia D, Masiello P. Dysregulated insulin secretion is associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia and direct acinar-β-cell trans-differentiation in partially eNOS-deficient mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15425. [PMID: 35986504 PMCID: PMC9391603 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS-deficient mice were previously shown to develop hypertension and metabolic alterations associated with insulin resistance either in standard dietary conditions (eNOS-/- homozygotes) or upon high-fat diet (HFD) (eNOS+/- heterozygotes). In the latter heterozygote model, the present study investigated the pancreatic morphological changes underlying the abnormal glycometabolic phenotype. C57BL6 wild type (WT) and eNOS+/- mice were fed with either chow or HFD for 16 weeks. After being longitudinally monitored for their metabolic state after 8 and 16 weeks of diet, mice were euthanized and fragments of pancreas were processed for histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural analyses. HFD-fed WT and eNOS+/- mice developed progressive glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Differently from WT animals, eNOS+/- mice showed a blunted insulin response to a glucose load, regardless of the diet regimen. Such dysregulation of insulin secretion was associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia, as shown by larger islet fractional area and β-cell mass, and higher number of extra-islet β-cell clusters than in chow-fed WT animals. In addition, only in the pancreas of HFD-fed eNOS+/- mice, there was ultrastructural evidence of a number of hybrid acinar-β-cells, simultaneously containing zymogen and insulin granules, suggesting the occurrence of a direct exocrine-endocrine transdifferentiation process, plausibly triggered by metabolic stress associated to deficient endothelial NO production. As suggested by confocal immunofluorescence analysis of pancreatic histological sections, inhibition of Notch-1 signaling, likely due to a reduced NO availability, is proposed as a novel mechanism that could favor both β-cell hyperplasia and acinar-β-cell transdifferentiation in eNOS-deficient mice with impaired insulin response to a glucose load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Cecilia Vecoli
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Niccola Funel
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Anna Pippa
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Danilo Neglia
- Cardiovascular DepartmentFondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio per la Ricerca Medica e di Sanità PubblicaPisaItaly
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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Zhou YT, Yu YQ, Yang H, Yang H, Huo YF, Huang Y, Tian XX, Fang WG. Extracellular ATP promotes angiogenesis and adhesion of TNBC cells to endothelial cells via up-regulation of CTGF. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2457-2471. [PMID: 35441763 PMCID: PMC9277410 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous works have indicated that extracellular ATP is an important prometastasis factor. However, the molecular mechanism involved needs to be further studied. We demonstrated that extracellular ATP treatment could upregulate the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in both triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and endothelial cells (ECs). Extracellular ATP stimulated the migration of TNBC cells and ECs, and angiogenesis of ECs via the P2Y2––YAP‐CTGF axis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulated TNBC cell adhesion to ECs and transmigration through the EC layer via CTGF by upregulation of integrin β1 on TNBC cells and VCAM‐1 on ECs. Both apyrase (ATP‐diphosphohydrolase) and CTGF shRNA treatments could inhibit the metastasis of inoculated tumors to lung and liver in a mouse model, and these treated tumors had fewer blood vessels. Collectively, our data indicated that extracellular ATP promotes tumor angiogenesis and the interactions between TNBC cells and ECs through upregulation of CTGF, thereby stimulating TNBC metastasis. The pleiotropic effects of ATP in angiogenesis and cell adhesion suggest that extracellular ATP or CTGF could be an effective target for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yu-Qing Yu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan-Fei Huo
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Xia Tian
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei-Gang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
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9
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Role of the Transcription Factor MAFA in the Maintenance of Pancreatic β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094478. [PMID: 35562869 PMCID: PMC9101179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are specialized to properly regulate blood glucose. Maintenance of the mature β-cell phenotype is critical for glucose metabolism, and β-cell failure results in diabetes mellitus. Recent studies provide strong evidence that the mature phenotype of β-cells is maintained by several transcription factors. These factors are also required for β-cell differentiation from endocrine precursors or maturation from immature β-cells during pancreatic development. Because the reduction or loss of these factors leads to β-cell failure and diabetes, inducing the upregulation or inhibiting downregulation of these transcription factors would be beneficial for studies in both diabetes and stem cell biology. Here, we discuss one such factor, i.e., the transcription factor MAFA. MAFA is a basic leucine zipper family transcription factor that can activate the expression of insulin in β-cells with PDX1 and NEUROD1. MAFA is indeed indispensable for the maintenance of not only insulin expression but also function of adult β-cells. With loss of MAFA in type 2 diabetes, β-cells cannot maintain their mature phenotype and are dedifferentiated. In this review, we first briefly summarize the functional roles of MAFA in β-cells and then mainly focus on the molecular mechanism of cell fate conversion regulated by MAFA.
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10
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Fu M, Peng D, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. Multifunctional regulatory protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF): A potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1740-1760. [PMID: 35847511 PMCID: PMC9279711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a multifunctional protein of the CCN family, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and a variety of other biological processes. It is involved in the disease-related pathways such as the Hippo pathway, p53 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways and thus contributes to the developments of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer and other diseases as a downstream effector. Therefore, CTGF might be a potential therapeutic target for treating various diseases. In recent years, the research on the potential of CTGF in the treatment of diseases has also been paid more attention. Several drugs targeting CTGF (monoclonal antibodies FG3149 and FG3019) are being assessed by clinical or preclinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. In this review, the cellular events regulated by CTGF, and the relationships between CTGF and pathogenesis of diseases are systematically summarized. In addition, we highlight the current researches, focusing on the preclinical and clinical trials concerned with CTGF as the therapeutic target.
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11
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Saunders DC, Aamodt KI, Richardson TM, Hopkirk AJ, Aramandla R, Poffenberger G, Jenkins R, Flaherty DK, Prasad N, Levy SE, Powers AC, Brissova M. Coordinated interactions between endothelial cells and macrophages in the islet microenvironment promote β cell regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:22. [PMID: 33824346 PMCID: PMC8024255 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous β cell regeneration could alleviate diabetes, but proliferative stimuli within the islet microenvironment are incompletely understood. We previously found that β cell recovery following hypervascularization-induced β cell loss involves interactions with endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages (MΦs). Here we show that proliferative ECs modulate MΦ infiltration and phenotype during β cell loss, and recruited MΦs are essential for β cell recovery. Furthermore, VEGFR2 inactivation in quiescent ECs accelerates islet vascular regression during β cell recovery and leads to increased β cell proliferation without changes in MΦ phenotype or number. Transcriptome analysis of β cells, ECs, and MΦs reveals that β cell proliferation coincides with elevated expression of extracellular matrix remodeling molecules and growth factors likely driving activation of proliferative signaling pathways in β cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a new β cell regeneration paradigm whereby coordinated interactions between intra-islet MΦs, ECs, and extracellular matrix mediate β cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristie I Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tiffany M Richardson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander J Hopkirk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Regina Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David K Flaherty
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- Hudson Alpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Cosentino C, Regazzi R. Crosstalk between Macrophages and Pancreatic β-Cells in Islet Development, Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041765. [PMID: 33578952 PMCID: PMC7916718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic immune cells with peculiar characteristics dependent on their origin and microenvironment. Following pathogen infection or damage, circulating monocytes can be recruited in different tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Stimuli present in the surrounding milieu induce the polarisation of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory profile, mediating inflammatory or homeostatic responses, respectively. However, macrophages can also derive from embryonic hematopoietic precursors and reside in specific tissues, actively participating in the development and the homeostasis in physiological conditions. Pancreatic islet resident macrophages are present from the prenatal stages onwards and show specific surface markers and functions. They localise in close proximity to β-cells, being exquisite sensors of their secretory ability and viability. Over the years, the crucial role of macrophages in β-cell differentiation and homeostasis has been highlighted. In addition, macrophages are emerging as central players in the initiation of autoimmune insulitis in type 1 diabetes and in the low-grade chronic inflammation characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. The present work reviews the current knowledge in the field, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of communication between β-cells and macrophages that have been described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cosentino
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-21-692-52-80; Fax: +41-21-692-52-55
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13
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Mukherjee D, Wagh G, Mokalled MH, Kontarakis Z, Dickson AL, Rayrikar A, Günther S, Poss KD, Stainier DYR, Patra C. Ccn2a is an injury-induced matricellular factor that promotes cardiac regeneration in zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:dev193219. [PMID: 33234717 PMCID: PMC7847265 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of zebrafish to heal their heart after injury makes them an attractive model for investigating the mechanisms governing the regenerative process. In this study, we show that the gene cellular communication network factor 2a (ccn2a), previously known as ctgfa, is induced in endocardial cells in the injured tissue and regulates CM proliferation and repopulation of the damaged tissue. We find that, whereas in wild-type animals, CMs track along the newly formed blood vessels that revascularize the injured tissue, in ccn2a mutants CM proliferation and repopulation are disrupted, despite apparently unaffected revascularization. In addition, we find that ccn2a overexpression enhances CM proliferation and improves the resolution of transient collagen deposition. Through loss- and gain-of-function as well as pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that Ccn2a is necessary for and promotes heart regeneration by enhancing the expression of pro-regenerative extracellular matrix genes, and by inhibiting the chemokine receptor gene cxcr3.1 through a mechanism involving Tgfβ/pSmad3 signaling. Thus, Ccn2a positively modulates the innate regenerative response of the adult zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Ganesh Wagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Mayssa H Mokalled
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zacharias Kontarakis
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amey Rayrikar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Stefan Günther
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
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Burganova G, Bridges C, Thorn P, Landsman L. The Role of Vascular Cells in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:667170. [PMID: 33981287 PMCID: PMC8109179 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.667170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-producing β-cells constitute the majority of the cells in the pancreatic islets. Dysfunction of these cells is a key factor in the loss of glucose regulation that characterizes type 2 diabetes. The regulation of many of the functions of β-cells relies on their close interaction with the intra-islet microvasculature, comprised of endothelial cells and pericytes. In addition to providing islet blood supply, cells of the islet vasculature directly regulate β-cell activity through the secretion of growth factors and other molecules. These factors come from capillary mural pericytes and endothelial cells, and have been shown to promote insulin gene expression, insulin secretion, and β-cell proliferation. This review focuses on the intimate crosstalk of the vascular cells and β-cells and its role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Burganova
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Claire Bridges
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Thorn
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Development Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Limor Landsman,
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Wisp1 is a circulating factor that stimulates proliferation of adult mouse and human beta cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5982. [PMID: 33239617 PMCID: PMC7689468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding the mass of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells through re-activation of beta cell replication has been proposed as a therapy to prevent or delay the appearance of diabetes. Pancreatic beta cells exhibit an age-dependent decrease in their proliferative activity, partly related to changes in the systemic environment. Here we report the identification of CCN4/Wisp1 as a circulating factor more abundant in pre-weaning than in adult mice. We show that Wisp1 promotes endogenous and transplanted adult beta cell proliferation in vivo. We validate these findings using isolated mouse and human islets and find that the beta cell trophic effect of Wisp1 is dependent on Akt signaling. In summary, our study reveals the role of Wisp1 as an inducer of beta cell replication, supporting the idea that the use of young blood factors may be a useful strategy to expand adult beta cell mass. The proliferation of pancreatic beta cells decreases with age, partly due to systemic changes. Here the authors identify Wisp1 as a circulating factor enriched in young serum that induces adult beta cell proliferation, supporting the idea that young blood factors may be useful to expand beta cell mass.
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Identification of an Anti-diabetic, Orally Available Small Molecule that Regulates TXNIP Expression and Glucagon Action. Cell Metab 2020; 32:353-365.e8. [PMID: 32726606 PMCID: PMC7501995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, loss of functional islet beta cell mass, deficiency of glucose-lowering insulin, and persistent alpha cell secretion of gluconeogenic glucagon. Still, no therapies that target these underlying processes are available. We therefore performed high-throughput screening of 300,000 compounds and extensive medicinal chemistry optimization and here report the discovery of SRI-37330, an orally bioavailable, non-toxic small molecule, which effectively rescued mice from streptozotocin- and obesity-induced (db/db) diabetes. Interestingly, in rat cells and in mouse and human islets, SRI-37330 inhibited expression and signaling of thioredoxin-interacting protein, which we have previously found to be elevated in diabetes and to have detrimental effects on islet function. In addition, SRI-37330 treatment inhibited glucagon secretion and function, reduced hepatic glucose production, and reversed hepatic steatosis. Thus, these studies describe a newly designed chemical compound that, compared to currently available therapies, may provide a distinct and effective approach to treating diabetes.
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Wang Y, Sun J, Lin Z, Zhang W, Wang S, Wang W, Wang Q, Ning G. m 6A mRNA Methylation Controls Functional Maturation in Neonatal Murine β-Cells. Diabetes 2020; 69:1708-1722. [PMID: 32404350 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is essential during embryonic development of various organs. However, its role in embryonic and early postnatal islet development remains unknown. Mice in which RNA methyltransferase-like 3/14 (Mettl3/14) were deleted in Ngn3+ endocrine progenitors (Mettl3/14 nKO ) developed hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia at 2 weeks after birth. We found that Mettl3/14 specifically regulated both functional maturation and mass expansion of neonatal β-cells before weaning. Transcriptome and m6A methylome analyses provided m6A-dependent mechanisms in regulating cell identity, insulin secretion, and proliferation in neonatal β-cells. Importantly, we found that Mettl3/14 were dispensable for β-cell differentiation but directly regulated essential transcription factor MafA expression at least partially via modulating its mRNA stability. Failure to maintain this modification impacted the ability to fulfill β-cell functional maturity. In both diabetic db/db mice and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), decreased Mettl3/14 expression in β-cells was observed, suggesting its possible role in T2D. Our study unraveled the essential role of Mettl3/14 in neonatal β-cell development and functional maturation, both of which determined functional β-cell mass and glycemic control in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Apaya MK, Kuo TF, Yang MT, Yang G, Hsiao CL, Chang SB, Lin Y, Yang WC. Phytochemicals as modulators of β-cells and immunity for the therapy of type 1 diabetes: Recent discoveries in pharmacological mechanisms and clinical potential. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Rubey M, Chhabra NF, Gradinger D, Sanz-Moreno A, Lickert H, Przemeck GKH, Hrabě de Angelis M. DLL1- and DLL4-Mediated Notch Signaling Is Essential for Adult Pancreatic Islet Homeostasis. Diabetes 2020; 69:915-926. [PMID: 32029480 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the Notch signaling pathway are expressed in different cell types and organs at different time points during embryonic development and adulthood. The Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1) controls the decision between endocrine and exocrine fates of multipotent progenitors in the developing pancreas, and loss of Dll1 leads to premature endocrine differentiation. However, the role of Delta-Notch signaling in adult tissue homeostasis is not well understood. Here, we describe the spatial expression pattern of Notch pathway components in adult murine pancreatic islets and show that DLL1 and DLL4 are specifically expressed in β-cells, whereas JAGGED1 is expressed in α-cells. We show that mice lacking both DLL1 and DLL4 in adult β-cells display improved glucose tolerance, increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and hyperglucagonemia. In contrast, overexpression of the intracellular domain of DLL1 in adult murine pancreatic β-cells results in impaired glucose tolerance and reduced insulin secretion, both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that Notch ligands play specific roles in the adult pancreas and highlight a novel function of the Delta/Notch pathway in β-cell insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rubey
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nirav Florian Chhabra
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gradinger
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research and Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard K H Przemeck
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Centre of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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20
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Pancreatic β cell microRNA-26a alleviates type 2 diabetes by improving peripheral insulin sensitivity and preserving β cell function. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000603. [PMID: 32092075 PMCID: PMC7058362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance along with pancreatic β cell failure. β cell factors are traditionally thought to control glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin levels, not insulin sensitivity. Exosomes are emerging as new regulators of intercellular communication. However, the role of β-cell–derived exosomes in metabolic homeostasis is poorly understood. Here, we report that microRNA-26a (miR-26a) in β cells not only modulates insulin secretion and β cell replication in an autocrine manner but also regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity in a paracrine manner through circulating exosomes. MiR-26a is reduced in serum exosomes of overweight humans and is inversely correlated with clinical features of T2D. Moreover, miR-26a is down-regulated in serum exosomes and islets of obese mice. Using miR-26a knockin and knockout mouse models, we showed that miR-26a in β cells alleviates obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Mechanistically, miR-26a in β cells enhances peripheral insulin sensitivity via exosomes. Meanwhile, miR-26a prevents hyperinsulinemia through targeting several critical regulators of insulin secretion and β cell proliferation. These findings provide a new paradigm for the far-reaching systemic functions of β cells and offer opportunities for the treatment of T2D. A study using mouse models and human samples reveals a previously unknown role for pancreatic β-cell regulators in glucose homeostasis, in which β cell miR-26a not only modulates insulin secretion and β cell replication in an autocrine manner but also regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity in a paracrine manner through circulating exosomes.
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21
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Staels W, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, De Leu N. VEGF-A and blood vessels: a beta cell perspective. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1961-1968. [PMID: 31414144 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal signalling between the endothelium and the pancreatic epithelium is crucial for coordinated differentiation of the embryonic endocrine and exocrine pancreas. In the adult pancreas, islets depend on their dense capillary network to adequately respond to changes in plasma glucose levels. Vascular changes contribute to the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Impaired revascularisation of islets transplanted in individuals with type 1 diabetes is linked to islet graft failure and graft loss. This review summarises our understanding of the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and endothelial cells in beta cell development, physiology and disease. In addition, the therapeutic potential of modulating VEGF-A levels in beta and beta-like cells for transplantation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
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Abstract
Our understanding of the role of the vascular endothelium has evolved over the past 2 decades, with the recognition that it is a dynamically regulated organ and that it plays a nodal role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Endothelial cells (ECs) are not only a barrier between the circulation and peripheral tissues, but also actively regulate vascular tone, blood flow, and platelet function. Dysregulation of ECs contributes to pathological conditions such as vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cancer. The close anatomic relationship between vascular endothelium and highly vascularized metabolic organs/tissues suggests that the crosstalk between ECs and these organs is vital for both vascular and metabolic homeostasis. Numerous reports support that hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and other metabolic stresses result in endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications. However, how ECs may regulate metabolic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Emerging data suggest that the vascular endothelium plays an unexpected role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and that endothelial dysregulation directly contributes to the development of metabolic disorders. Here, we review recent studies about the pivotal role of ECs in glucose and lipid homeostasis. In particular, we introduce the concept that the endothelium adjusts its barrier function to control the transendothelial transport of fatty acids, lipoproteins, LPLs (lipoprotein lipases), glucose, and insulin. In addition, we summarize reports that ECs communicate with metabolic cells through EC-secreted factors and we discuss how endothelial dysregulation contributes directly to the development of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, cognitive defects, and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Pi
- From the Section of Athero & Lipo, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P., L.X.)
| | - Liang Xie
- From the Section of Athero & Lipo, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (X.P., L.X.)
| | - Cam Patterson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock (C.P.)
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Ahn SH, Granger A, Rankin MM, Lam CJ, Cox AR, Kushner JA. Tamoxifen suppresses pancreatic β-cell proliferation in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214829. [PMID: 31490929 PMCID: PMC6731016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a mixed agonist/antagonist estrogen analogue that is frequently used to induce conditional gene deletion in mice using Cre-loxP mediated gene recombination. Tamoxifen is routinely employed in extremely high-doses relative to typical human doses to induce efficient gene deletion in mice. Although tamoxifen has been widely assumed to have no influence upon β-cells, the acute developmental and functional consequences of high-dose tamoxifen upon glucose homeostasis and adult β-cells are largely unknown. We tested if tamoxifen influences glucose homeostasis in male mice of various genetic backgrounds. We then carried out detailed histomorphometry studies of mouse pancreata. We also performed gene expression studies with islets of tamoxifen-treated mice and controls. Tamoxifen had modest effects upon glucose homeostasis of mixed genetic background (F1 B6129SF1/J) mice, with fasting hyperglycemia and improved glucose tolerance but without overt effects on fed glucose levels or insulin sensitivity. Tamoxifen inhibited proliferation of β-cells in a dose-dependent manner, with dramatic reductions in β-cell turnover at the highest dose (decreased by 66%). In sharp contrast, tamoxifen did not reduce proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells. β-cell proliferation was unchanged by tamoxifen in 129S2 mice but was reduced in C57Bl6 genetic background mice (decreased by 59%). Gene expression studies revealed suppression of RNA for cyclins D1 and D2 within islets of tamoxifen-treated mice. Tamoxifen has a cytostatic effect on β-cells, independent of changes in glucose homeostasis, in mixed genetic background and also in C57Bl6 mice. Tamoxifen should be used judiciously to inducibly inactivate genes in studies of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surl-Hee Ahn
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Anne Granger
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Rankin
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Carol J. Lam
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Cox
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jake A. Kushner
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Zhang P, Chen F, Jia Q, Hu D. Upregulation of microRNA‐133a and downregulation of connective tissue growth factor suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in human glioma through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1857-1875. [PMID: 31381269 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryHenan Provincial People's Hospital Zhengzhou Henan People's Republic of China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Medical College of Henan University
| | - Fang‐Zhou Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Taian Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Bin Jia
- Department of NeurosurgeryLiaocheng People's Hospital Liaocheng Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Dian‐Feng Hu
- Department of NeurosurgeryLiaocheng People's Hospital Liaocheng Shandong People's Republic of China
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25
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Townsend SE, Gannon M. Extracellular Matrix-Associated Factors Play Critical Roles in Regulating Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation and Survival. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1885-1894. [PMID: 31271410 PMCID: PMC6656423 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes formation of the islet basement membrane and the function of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in β-cell proliferation and survival. Implications for islet transplantation are discussed. The insulin-producing β-cell is key for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The islet microenvironment greatly influences β-cell survival and proliferation. Within the islet, β-cells contact the ECM, which is deposited primarily by intraislet endothelial cells, and this interaction has been shown to modulate proliferation and survival. ECM-localized growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and cellular communication network 2, signal through specific receptors and integrins on the β-cell surface. Further understanding of how the ECM functions to influence β-cell proliferation and survival will provide targets for enhancing functional β-cell mass for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence: Maureen Gannon, PhD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, MRB IV 7465, Nashville, Tennessee 37232. E-mail:
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A non-autonomous role of MKL1 in the activation of hepatic stellate cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2019; 1862:609-618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Regenerative therapy based on miRNA-302 mimics for enhancing host recovery from pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8493-8498. [PMID: 30971494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818522116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A defining feature of pneumonia is lung injury, leading to protracted suffering and vulnerability long after bacterial clearance. Little is known about which cells are damaged during bacterial pneumonia and if the regenerative process can be harnessed to promote tissue repair and host recovery. Here, we show that infection of mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) caused substantial damage to alveolar epithelial cells (AEC), followed by a slow process of regeneration. Concurrent with AEC regeneration, the expression of miRNA-302 is elevated in AEC. Treatment of Sp-infected mice with miRNA-302 mimics improved lung functions, host recovery, and survival. miRNA-302 mediated its therapeutic effects, not by inhibiting apoptosis and preventing damage, but by promoting proliferation of local epithelial progenitor cells to regenerate AEC. These results demonstrate the ability of microRNA-based therapy to promote AEC regeneration and enhance host recovery from bacterial pneumonia.
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28
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Meivar-Levy I, Zoabi F, Nardini G, Manevitz-Mendelson E, Leichner GS, Zadok O, Gurevich M, Mor E, Dima S, Popescu I, Barzilai A, Ferber S, Greenberger S. The role of the vasculature niche on insulin-producing cells generated by transdifferentiation of adult human liver cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30760321 PMCID: PMC6373031 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-dependent diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that could be theoretically cured by functional pancreatic islets and insulin-producing cell (IPC) implantation. Regenerative medicine approaches include the potential for growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and transplanting them when the body cannot heal itself. However, several obstacles remain to be overcome in order to bring regenerative medicine approach for diabetes closer to its clinical implementation; the cells generated in vitro are typically of heterogenic and immature nature and the site of implantation should be readily vascularized for the implanted cells to survive in vivo. The present study addresses these two limitations by analyzing the effect of co-implanting IPCs with vasculature promoting cells in an accessible site such as subcutaneous. Secondly, it analyzes the effects of reconstituting the in vivo environment in vitro on the maturation and function of insulin-producing cells. Methods IPCs that are generated by the transdifferentiation of human liver cells are exposed to the paracrine effects of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are the “building blocks” of the blood vessels. The role of the vasculature on IPC function is analyzed upon subcutaneous implantation in vivo in immune-deficient rodents. The paracrine effects of vasculature on IPC maturation are analyzed in culture. Results Co-implantation of MSCs and ECFCs with IPCs led to doubling the survival rates and a threefold increase in insulin production, in vivo. ECFC and MSC co-culture as well as conditioned media of co-cultures resulted in a significant increased expression of pancreatic-specific genes and an increase in glucose-regulated insulin secretion, compared with IPCs alone. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ECFC and MSC co-culture increases the expression of CTGF and ACTIVINβα, which play a key role in pancreatic differentiation. Conclusions Vasculature is an important player in generating regenerative medicine approaches for diabetes. Vasculature displays a paracrine effect on the maturation of insulin-producing cells and their survival upon implantation. The reconstitution of the in vivo niche is expected to promote the liver-to-pancreas transdifferentiation and bringing this cell therapy approach closer to its clinical implementation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1157-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Fatima Zoabi
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Nardini
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Gil S Leichner
- The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Oranit Zadok
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michael Gurevich
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Eytan Mor
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Simona Dima
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aviv Barzilai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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29
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Examining the therapeutic potential of various stem cell sources for differentiation into insulin-producing cells to treat diabetes. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.06.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Expansion of transplanted islets in mice by co-transplantation with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00632. [PMID: 29872765 PMCID: PMC5986537 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The shortage of donor islets is a significant obstacle for widespread clinical application of pancreatic islet transplantation. To investigate whether adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) induce expansion of transplanted islets, we performed co-transplantation experiments in a mouse model. Streptozotosin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice transplanted with 50 syngeneic islets remained hyperglycemic. However, hyperglycemia was ameliorated gradually when 50 islets were co-transplanted with ADSCs but not separately grafted into the contralateral kidney. Insulin and proinsulin contents of 120-day grafts containing 50 islets co-transplanted with ADSCs were significantly increased compared with those of 50 isolated islets. The Ki67-positive ratios in islets of the naïve pancreas, at 30 and 120 days grafts were 0.23%, 2.12%, and 1.52%, respectively. Ki67-positive cells were predominantly Pdx1+ and insulin+ cells. These results demonstrate that co-transplantation with ADSCs induces proliferation of transplanted islets in mice, suggesting a potential solution for the low efficiency of islet transplantation.
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31
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Kropp PA, Dunn JC, Carboneau BA, Stoffers DA, Gannon M. Cooperative function of Pdx1 and Oc1 in multipotent pancreatic progenitors impacts postnatal islet maturation and adaptability. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E308-E321. [PMID: 29351489 PMCID: PMC5966755 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) and onecut1 (Oc1) are coexpressed in multipotent pancreatic progenitors (MPCs), but their expression patterns diverge in hormone-expressing cells, with Oc1 expression being extinguished in the endocrine lineage and Pdx1 being maintained at high levels in β-cells. We previously demonstrated that cooperative function of these two factors in MPCs is necessary for proper specification and differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells. In those studies, we observed a persistent decrease in expression of the β-cell maturity factor MafA. We therefore hypothesized that Pdx1 and Oc1 cooperativity in MPCs impacts postnatal β-cell maturation and function. Here our model of Pdx1-Oc1 double heterozygosity was used to investigate the impact of haploinsufficiency for both of these factors on postnatal β-cell maturation, function, and adaptability. Examining mice at postnatal day (P) 14, we observed alterations in pancreatic insulin content in both Pdx1 heterozygotes and double heterozygotes. Gene expression analysis at this age revealed significantly decreased expression of many genes important for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (e.g., Glut2, Pcsk1/2, Abcc8) exclusively in double heterozygotes. Analysis of P14 islets revealed an increase in the number of mixed islets in double heterozygotes. We predicted that double-heterozygous β-cells would have an impaired ability to respond to stress. Indeed, we observed that β-cell proliferation fails to increase in double heterozygotes in response to either high-fat diet or placental lactogen. We thus report here the importance of cooperation between regulatory factors early in development for postnatal islet maturation and adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Kropp
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bethany A Carboneau
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Doris A Stoffers
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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32
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Oshima M, Knoch KP, Diedisheim M, Petzold A, Cattan P, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Choudhary P, Huang GC, Bornstein SR, Solimena M, Albagli-Curiel O, Scharfmann R. Virus-like infection induces human β cell dedifferentiation. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97732. [PMID: 29415896 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by an autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Environmental factors such as viruses play an important role in the onset of T1D and interact with predisposing genes. Recent data suggest that viral infection of human islets leads to a decrease in insulin production rather than β cell death, suggesting loss of β cell identity. We undertook this study to examine whether viral infection could induce human β cell dedifferentiation. Using the functional human β cell line EndoC-βH1, we demonstrate that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA that mimics a byproduct of viral replication, induces a decrease in β cell-specific gene expression. In parallel with this loss, the expression of progenitor-like genes such as SOX9 was activated following PolyI:C treatment or enteroviral infection. SOX9 was induced by the NF-κB pathway and also in a paracrine non-cell-autonomous fashion through the secretion of IFN-α. Lastly, we identified SOX9 targets in human β cells as potentially new markers of dedifferentiation in T1D. These findings reveal that inflammatory signaling has clear implications in human β cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Oshima
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Klaus-Peter Knoch
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Diedisheim
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Antje Petzold
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pierre Cattan
- Cell Therapy Unit Hospital Saint-Louis and University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Denmark Hill, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guo-Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Denmark Hill, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olivier Albagli-Curiel
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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33
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Ardestani A, Maedler K. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic β-Cells: Functions and Regulations. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:21-35. [PMID: 29053790 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that critically regulates development and homeostasis of various tissues in response to a wide range of extracellular and intracellular signals. As an emerging important player in many diseases, the Hippo pathway is also involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes on the level of the pancreatic islets. Multiple lines of evidence uncover the importance of Hippo signaling in pancreas development as well as in the regulation of β-cell survival, proliferation, and regeneration. Hippo therefore represents a potential target for therapeutic agents designed to improve β-cell function and survival in diabetes. In this review, we summarize recent data on the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway in the pancreas/in pancreatic islets, its functions on β-cell homeostasis in physiology and pathophysiology, and its contribution toward diabetes progression. The current knowledge related to general mechanisms of action and the possibility of exploiting the Hippo pathway for therapeutic approaches to block β-cell failure in diabetes is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ardestani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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34
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Ebnerasuly F, Hajebrahimi Z, Tabaie SM, Darbouy M. Effect of Simulated Microgravity Conditions on Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells towards Fibroblasts Using Connective Tissue Growth Factor. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:241-251. [PMID: 29845076 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells able to differentiating into a variety of mesenchymal tissues including osteoblasts, adipocytes and several other tissues. Objectives: Differentiation of MSCs into fibroblast cells in vitro is an attractive strategy to achieve fibroblast cell and use them for purposes such as regeneration medicine. The goal of this study was investigate the simulated microgravity effect on differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) to fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: To fibroblast differentiation 100 ng.mL-1 of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and for simulation microgravity, 2D clinostat was used. After isolation the human ADSCs from adipose, cells were passaged, and at passages 3 they were used for characterization and subsequent steps. After 7 days of CTGF and simulated microgravity treatment, proliferation, and differentiation were analyzed collectively by MTT assay, quantitative PCR analyses, and Immunocytochemistry staining. Results: MTT assay revealed that CTGF stimulate the proliferation but simulated microgravity didn't have statistically significant effect on cell proliferation. In RNA level the expression of these genes are investigated: collagen type I (COLI), elastin (ELA), collagen type III (ColIII), Matrix Metalloproteinases I(MMP1), Fibronectin 1 (FN1), CD44, Fibroblast Specific protein (FSP-1), Integrin Subunit Beta 1 (ITGB1), Vimentin (VIM) and Fibrillin (FBN). We found that expression of ELN, FN1, FSP1, COL1A1, ITGB1, MMP1 and COL3A1 in both condition, and VIM and FBN1 just in differentiation medium in normal gravity increased. In protein level the expression of COL III and ELN in simulated microgravity increased. Conclusions: These findings collectively demonstrate that the simulated microgravity condition alters the marker fibroblast gene expression in fibroblast differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ebnerasuly
- Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajebrahimi
- Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Tabaie
- Medical Laser Research Center, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Darbouy
- Department of Biology, Fars Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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35
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Abebe T, Mahadevan J, Bogachus L, Hahn S, Black M, Oseid E, Urano F, Cirulli V, Robertson RP. Nrf2/antioxidant pathway mediates β cell self-repair after damage by high-fat diet-induced oxidative stress. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92854. [PMID: 29263299 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many theories have been advanced to better understand why β cell function and structure relentlessly deteriorate during the course of type 2 diabetes (T2D). These theories include inflammation, apoptosis, replication, neogenesis, autophagy, differentiation, dedifferentiation, and decreased levels of insulin gene regulatory proteins. However, none of these have considered the possibility that endogenous self-repair of existing β cells may be an important factor. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted studies with female Zucker diabetic fatty rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 18, or 28 days, followed by a return to regular chow for 2-3 weeks. Repair was defined as reversal of elevated blood glucose and of inappropriately low blood insulin levels caused by a HFD, as well as reversal of structural damage visualized by imaging studies. We observed evidence of functional β cell damage after a 9-day exposure to a HFD and then repair after 2-3 weeks of being returned to normal chow (blood glucose [BG] = 348 ± 30 vs. 126 ± 3; mg/dl; days 9 vs. 23 day, P < 0.01). After 18- and 28-day exposure to a HFD, damage was more severe and repair was less evident. Insulin levels progressively diminished with 9-day exposure to a HFD; after returning to a regular diet, insulin levels rebounded toward, but did not reach, normal values. Increase in β cell mass was 4-fold after 9 days and 3-fold after 18 days, and there was no increase after 28 days of a HFD. Increases in β cell mass during a HFD were not different when comparing values before and after a return to regular diet within the 9-, 18-, or 28-day studies. No changes were observed in apoptosis or β cell replication. Formation of intracellular markers of oxidative stress, intranuclear translocation of Nrf2, and formation of intracellular antioxidant proteins indicated the participation of HFD/oxidative stress induction of the Nrf2/antioxidant pathway. Flow cytometry-based assessment of β cell volume, morphology, and insulin-specific immunoreactivity, as well as ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy, revealed that short-term exposure to a HFD produced significant changes in β cell morphology and function that are reversible after returning to regular chow. These results suggest that a possible mechanism mediating the ability of β cells to self-repair after a short-term exposure to a HFD is the activation of the Nrf2/antioxidant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsehay Abebe
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jana Mahadevan
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lindsey Bogachus
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephanie Hahn
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michele Black
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Oseid
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Paul Robertson
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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36
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Pasek RC, Dunn JC, Elsakr JM, Aramandla M, Matta AR, Gannon M. Vascular-derived connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) is critical for pregnancy-induced β cell hyperplasia in adult mice. Islets 2017; 9:150-158. [PMID: 29111856 PMCID: PMC5710701 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2017.1356963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal β cells undergo compensatory changes including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Failure of these adaptations to occur can result in gestational diabetes mellitus. The secreted protein, Connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), is critical for normal β cell development and promotes regeneration after partial β cell ablation. During embryogenesis, Ctgf is expressed in pancreatic ducts, vasculature, and β cells. In the adult pancreas, Ctgf is expressed only in the vasculature. Here, we report that pregnant mice with global Ctgf haploinsufficiency (CtgfLacZ/+) have an impairment in maternal β cell proliferation, while β cell proliferation in virgin CtgfLacZ/+ females is unaffected. Additionally, α-cell proliferation, β cell size, and GSIS were unaffected in CtgfLacZ/+ mice, suggesting that vascular-derived Ctgf has a specific role in islet compensation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C. Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph M. Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mounika Aramandla
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anveetha R. Matta
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- CONTACT Maureen Gannon Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., 7465 MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0475
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37
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Aamodt KI, Powers AC. Signals in the pancreatic islet microenvironment influence β-cell proliferation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 Suppl 1:124-136. [PMID: 28880471 PMCID: PMC5679109 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of pancreatic β-cell mass that occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is a primary factor driving efforts to identify strategies for effectively increasing, enhancing or restoring β-cell mass. While factors that seem to influence β-cell proliferation in specific contexts have been described, reliable stimulation of human β-cell proliferation has remained a challenge. Importantly, β-cells exist in the context of a complex, integrated pancreatic islet microenvironment where they interact with other endocrine cells, vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix, neuronal projections and islet macrophages. This review highlights different components of the pancreatic microenvironment, and reviews what is known about how signaling that occurs between β-cells and these other components influences β-cell proliferation. Future efforts to further define the role of the pancreatic islet microenvironment on β-cell proliferation may lead to the development of successful approaches to increase or restore β-cell mass in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie I. Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Mussar K, Pardike S, Hohl TM, Hardiman G, Cirulli V, Crisa L. A CCR2+ myeloid cell niche required for pancreatic β cell growth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93834. [PMID: 28768911 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific patterns of myeloid cells may contribute tissue-specific growth and/or regenerative potentials. The perinatal stage of pancreas development marks a time characterized by maximal proliferation of pancreatic islets, ensuring the maintenance of glucose homeostasis throughout life. Ontogenically distinct CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ macrophage populations have been reported in the adult pancreas, but their functional contribution to islet cell growth at birth remains unknown. Here, we uncovered a temporally restricted requirement for CCR2+ myeloid cells in the perinatal proliferation of the endocrine pancreatic epithelium. CCR2+ macrophages are transiently enriched over CX3CR1+ subsets in the neonatal pancreas through both local expansion and recruitment of immature precursors. Using CCR2-specific depletion models, we show that loss of this myeloid population leads to a striking reduction in β cell proliferation, dysfunctional islet phenotypes, and glucose intolerance in newborns. Replenishment of pancreatic CCR2+ myeloid compartments by adoptive transfer rescues these defects. Gene profiling identifies pancreatic CCR2+ myeloid cells as a prominent source of IGF2, which contributes to IGF1R-mediated islet proliferation. These findings uncover proproliferative functions of CCR2+ myeloid subsets and identify myeloid-dependent regulation of IGF signaling as a local cue supporting pancreatic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Mussar
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Pardike
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Vincenzo Cirulli
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura Crisa
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Navarro G, Abdolazimi Y, Zhao Z, Xu H, Lee S, Armstrong NA, Annes JP. Genetic Disruption of Adenosine Kinase in Mouse Pancreatic β-Cells Protects Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes 2017; 66:1928-1938. [PMID: 28468960 PMCID: PMC5482077 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Islet β-cells adapt to insulin resistance through increased insulin secretion and expansion. Type 2 diabetes typically occurs when prolonged insulin resistance exceeds the adaptive capacity of β-cells. Our prior screening efforts led to the discovery that adenosine kinase (ADK) inhibitors stimulate β-cell replication. Here, we evaluated whether ADK disruption in mouse β-cells affects β-cell mass and/or protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose dysregulation. Mice targeted at the Adk locus were bred to Rip-Cre and Ins1-Cre/ERT1Lphi mice to enable constitutive (βADKO) and conditional (iβADKO) disruption of ADK expression in β-cells, respectively. Weight gain, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were longitudinally monitored in normal chow (NC)-fed and HFD-fed mice. In addition, β-cell mass and replication were measured by immunofluorescence-based islet morphometry. NC-fed adult βADKO and iβADKO mice displayed glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and β-cell mass comparable to control animals. By contrast, HFD-fed βADKO and iβADKO animals had improved glucose tolerance and increased in vivo GSIS. Improved glucose handling was associated with increased β-cell replication and mass. We conclude that ADK expression negatively regulates the adaptive β-cell response to HFD challenge. Therefore, modulation of ADK activity is a potential strategy for enhancing the adaptive β-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Navarro
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yassan Abdolazimi
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhengshan Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Neali A Armstrong
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Justin P Annes
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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40
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Raptor regulates functional maturation of murine beta cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15755. [PMID: 28598424 PMCID: PMC5472774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with beta cell mass loss and islet dysfunctions. mTORC1 regulates beta cell survival, proliferation and function in physiological and pathological conditions, such as pregnancy and pancreatectomy. Here we show that deletion of Raptor, which is an essential component of mTORC1, in insulin-expressing cells promotes hypoinsulinemia and glucose intolerance. Raptor-deficient beta cells display reduced glucose responsiveness and exhibit a glucose metabolic profile resembling fetal beta cells. Knockout islets have decreased expression of key factors of functional maturation and upregulation of neonatal markers and beta cell disallowed genes, resulting in loss of functional maturity. Mechanistically, Raptor-deficient beta cells show reduced expression of DNA-methyltransferase 3a and altered patterns of DNA methylation at loci that are involved in the repression of disallowed genes. The present findings highlight a novel role of mTORC1 as a core mechanism governing postnatal beta cell maturation and physiologic beta cell mass during adulthood. mTORC1 regulates beta cell survival, function and adaptation to physiologic and pathological stimuli. Here Ni et al. demonstrate that that deficiency of Raptor, a component of mTORC1 complex, impairs insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice by affecting maturation of beta cells during the postnatal period.
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41
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Liu JL, Kaddour N, Chowdhury S, Li Q, Gao ZH. Role of CCN5 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2) in pancreatic islets. J Diabetes 2017; 9:462-474. [PMID: 27863006 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of direct targets of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 action, we discovered CCN5 (WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 [WISP2]) as a novel protein expressed in pancreatic β-cells. As a member of the "CCN" ( C ysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 [Cyr61], C onnective tissue growth factor [CTGF in humans], and N ephroblastoma overexpressed [Nov; in chickens]) family, the expression of CCN5/WISP2 is stimulated by IGF-1 together with Wnt signaling. When overexpressed in insulinoma cells, CCN5 promotes cell proliferation and cell survival against streptozotocin-induced cell death. The cell proliferation effect seems to be caused by AKT phosphorylation and increased cyclin D1 levels. These properties resemble those of CCN2/CTGF, another isoform of the CCN family, although CCN5 is the only one within the family of six proteins that lacks the C-terminal repeat. Treatment of primary mouse islets with recombinant CCN5 protein produced similar effects to those of gene transfection, indicating that either as a matricellular protein or a secreted growth factor, CCN5 stimulates β-cell proliferation and regeneration in a paracrine fashion. This review also discusses the regulation of CCN5/WISP2 by estrogen and its involvement in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nancy Kaddour
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Subrata Chowdhury
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Narayanan S, Loganathan G, Dhanasekaran M, Tucker W, Patel A, Subhashree V, Mokshagundam S, Hughes MG, Williams SK, Balamurugan AN. Intra-islet endothelial cell and β-cell crosstalk: Implication for islet cell transplantation. World J Transplant 2017; 7:117-128. [PMID: 28507914 PMCID: PMC5409911 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v7.i2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intra-islet microvasculature is a critical interface between the blood and islet endocrine cells governing a number of cellular and pathophysiological processes associated with the pancreatic tissue. A growing body of evidence indicates a strong functional and physical interdependency of β-cells with endothelial cells (ECs), the building blocks of islet microvasculature. Intra-islet ECs, actively regulate vascular permeability and appear to play a role in fine-tuning blood glucose sensing and regulation. These cells also tend to behave as “guardians”, controlling the expression and movement of a number of important immune mediators, thereby strongly contributing to the physiology of islets. This review will focus on the molecular signalling and crosstalk between the intra-islet ECs and β-cells and how their relationship can be a potential target for intervention strategies in islet pathology and islet transplantation.
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43
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Pasek RC, Kavanaugh TE, Duvall CL, Gannon MA. Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres. J Vis Exp 2016:54664. [PMID: 27842374 PMCID: PMC5226113 DOI: 10.3791/54664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biomaterials has significantly increased the potential for targeted drug delivery to a variety of cell and tissue types, including the pancreatic β-cells. In addition, biomaterial particles, hydrogels, and scaffolds also provide a unique opportunity to administer sustained, controllable drug delivery to β-cells in culture and in transplanted tissue models. These technologies allow the study of candidate β-cell proliferation factors using intact islets and a translationally relevant system. Moreover, determining the effectiveness and feasibility of candidate factors for stimulating β-cell proliferation in a culture system is critical before moving forward to in vivo models. Herein, we describe a method to co-culture intact mouse islets with biodegradable compound of interest (COI)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres for the purpose of assessing the effects of sustained in situ release of mitogenic factors on β-cell proliferation. This technique describes in detail how to generate PLGA microspheres containing a desired cargo using commercially available reagents. While the described technique uses recombinant human Connective tissue growth factor (rhCTGF) as an example, a wide variety of COI could readily be used. Additionally, this method utilizes 96-well plates to minimize the amount of reagents necessary to assess β-cell proliferation. This protocol can be readily adapted to use alternative biomaterials and other endocrine cell characteristics such as cell survival and differentiation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Maureen A Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority;
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44
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Yuan T, Rafizadeh S, Azizi Z, Lupse B, Gorrepati KDD, Awal S, Oberholzer J, Maedler K, Ardestani A. Proproliferative and antiapoptotic action of exogenously introduced YAP in pancreatic β cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86326. [PMID: 27812538 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional pancreatic β cells is a hallmark of both type 1 and 2 diabetes. Identifying the pathways that promote β cell proliferation and/or block β cell apoptosis is a potential strategy for diabetes therapy. The transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP), a major downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, is a key regulator of organ size and tissue homeostasis by modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. YAP is not expressed in mature primary human and mouse β cells. We aimed to identify whether reexpression of a constitutively active form of YAP promotes β cell proliferation/survival. Overexpression of YAP remarkably induced β cell proliferation in isolated human islets, while β cell function and functional identity genes were fully preserved. The transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) was upregulated upon YAP overexpression and necessary for YAP-dependent β cell proliferation. YAP overexpression protected β cells from apoptosis triggered by multiple diabetic conditions. The small redox proteins thioredoxin-1 and thioredoxin-2 (Trx1/2) were upregulated by YAP; disruption of the Trx system revealed that Trx1/2 was required for the antiapoptotic action of YAP in insulin-producing β cells. Our data show the robust proproliferative and antiapoptotic function of YAP in pancreatic β cells. YAP reconstitution may represent a disease-modifying approach to restore a functional β cell mass in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sahar Rafizadeh
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Blaz Lupse
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Sushil Awal
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Division of Transplantation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathrin Maedler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) project partner, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Amin Ardestani
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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45
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Pasek RC, Dunn JC, Elsakr JM, Aramandla M, Matta AR, Gannon M. Connective tissue growth factor is critical for proper β-cell function and pregnancy-induced β-cell hyperplasia in adult mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E564-74. [PMID: 27460898 PMCID: PMC5142004 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00194.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal β-cells undergo compensatory changes, including increased β-cell mass and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Failure of these adaptations to occur results in gestational diabetes mellitus. The secreted protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is critical for normal β-cell development and promotes regeneration after partial β-cell ablation. During embryogenesis, CTGF is expressed in pancreatic ducts, vasculature, and β-cells. In adult pancreas, CTGF is expressed only in the vasculature. Here we show that pregnant mice with global Ctgf haploinsufficiency (Ctgf(LacZ/+)) have an impairment in maternal β-cell proliferation; no difference was observed in virgin Ctgf(LacZ/+) females. Using a conditional CTGF allele, we found that mice with a specific inactivation of CTGF in endocrine cells (Ctgf(ΔEndo)) develop gestational diabetes during pregnancy, but this is due to a reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion rather than impaired maternal β-cell proliferation. Moreover, virgin Ctgf(ΔEndo) females also display impaired GSIS with glucose intolerance, indicating that underlying β-cell dysfunction precedes the development of gestational diabetes in this animal model. This is the first time a role for CTGF in β-cell function has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Pasek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer C Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph M Elsakr
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Mounika Aramandla
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anveetha R Matta
- School for Science and Math, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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46
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Corritore E, Lee YS, Sokal EM, Lysy PA. β-cell replacement sources for type 1 diabetes: a focus on pancreatic ductal cells. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2016; 7:182-99. [PMID: 27540464 PMCID: PMC4973405 DOI: 10.1177/2042018816652059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thorough research on the capacity of human islet transplantation to cure type 1 diabetes led to the achievement of 3- to 5-year-long insulin independence in nearly half of transplanted patients. Yet, translation of this technique to clinical routine is limited by organ shortage and the need for long-term immunosuppression, restricting its use to adults with unstable disease. The production of new bona fide β cells in vitro was thus investigated and finally achieved with human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Besides ethical concerns about the use of human embryos, studies are now evaluating the possibility of circumventing the spontaneous tumor formation associated with transplantation of PSCs. These issues fueled the search for cell candidates for β-cell engineering with safe profiles for clinical translation. In vivo studies revealed the regeneration capacity of the exocrine pancreas after injury that depends at least partially on facultative progenitors in the ductal compartment. These stimulated subpopulations of pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs) underwent β-cell transdifferentiation through reactivation of embryonic signaling pathways. In vitro models for expansion and differentiation of purified PDCs toward insulin-producing cells were described using cocktails of growth factors, extracellular-matrix proteins and transcription factor overexpression. In this review, we will describe the latest findings in pancreatic β-cell mass regeneration due to adult ductal progenitor cells. We will further describe recent advances in human PDC transdifferentiation to insulin-producing cells with potential for clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corritore
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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47
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Henley KD, Stanescu DE, Kropp PA, Wright CVE, Won KJ, Stoffers DA, Gannon M. Threshold-Dependent Cooperativity of Pdx1 and Oc1 in Pancreatic Progenitors Establishes Competency for Endocrine Differentiation and β-Cell Function. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2637-2650. [PMID: 27292642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pdx1 and Oc1 are co-expressed in multipotent pancreatic progenitors and regulate the pro-endocrine gene Neurog3. Their expression diverges in later organogenesis, with Oc1 absent from hormone+ cells and Pdx1 maintained in mature β cells. In a classical genetic test for cooperative functional interactions, we derived mice with combined Pdx1 and Oc1 heterozygosity. Endocrine development in double-heterozygous pancreata was normal at embryonic day (E)13.5, but defects in specification and differentiation were apparent at E15.5, the height of the second wave of differentiation. Pancreata from double heterozygotes showed alterations in the expression of genes crucial for β-cell development and function, decreased numbers and altered allocation of Neurog3-expressing endocrine progenitors, and defective endocrine differentiation. Defects in islet gene expression and β-cell function persisted in double heterozygous neonates. These results suggest that Oc1 and Pdx1 cooperate prior to their divergence, in pancreatic progenitors, to allow for proper differentiation and functional maturation of β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Henley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Diana E Stanescu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Peter A Kropp
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Doris A Stoffers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
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48
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Cox AR, Lam CJ, Rankin MM, King KA, Chen P, Martinez R, Li C, Kushner JA. Extreme obesity induces massive beta cell expansion in mice through self-renewal and does not alter the beta cell lineage. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1231-41. [PMID: 27003683 PMCID: PMC4869735 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Understanding the developmental biology of beta cell regeneration is critical for developing new diabetes therapies. Obesity is a potent but poorly understood stimulus for beta cell expansion. Current models of obesity are complicated by developmental compensation or concurrent diabetes, limiting their usefulness for identifying the lineage mechanism(s) of beta cell expansion. We aimed to determine whether acute inducible obesity stimulates beta cell expansion and to determine the lineage mechanism of beta cell growth in obesity. METHODS We created whole-body tamoxifen-inducible leptin receptor (LepR)-deficient mice (Ubc-Cre (ERT2) LepR (loxP/loxP) ) as a novel model of acute obesity. Beta cell mass and proliferation were quantified after short-term LepR deletion. Clonal analysis of beta cell expansion using the Brainbow2.1 reporter was performed 6 months post tamoxifen initiation. RESULTS LepR deficiency induced a doubling of body mass within 3 weeks, with moderate glucose intolerance (unlike typical LepR mutant mice [db/db], which have frank diabetes). Beta cell mass expanded threefold through increased beta cell proliferation, without evidence for contribution from specialised progenitors or stem cells (via sequential thymidine labelling and Brainbow2.1 reporter). Thus, self-renewal is the primary lineage mechanism in obesity-induced beta cell expansion. However, even the rapid beta cell proliferation could not exceed the restrictions of the replication refractory period. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In summary, we created a novel model of inducible obesity demonstrating that even extreme metabolic demand does not alter beta cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Cox
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Feigin Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carol J Lam
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Feigin Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew M Rankin
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kourtney A King
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pan Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ramon Martinez
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Feigin Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jake A Kushner
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Feigin Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Service, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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Dietrich J, Massie I, Roth M, Geerling G, Mertsch S, Schrader S. Development of Causative Treatment Strategies for Lacrimal Gland Insufficiency by Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy. Part 1: Regeneration of Lacrimal Gland Tissue: Can We Stimulate Lacrimal Gland Renewal In Vivo? Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1131-42. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2016.1148741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dietrich
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isobel Massie
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Roth
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd Geerling
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sonja Mertsch
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schrader
- Labor für Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Augenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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50
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Cell surface receptors for CCN proteins. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:121-7. [PMID: 27098435 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family (CYR61; CTGF; NOV; CCN1-6; WISP1-3) of matricellular proteins in mammals is comprised of six homologous members that play important roles in development, inflammation, tissue repair, and a broad range of pathological processes including fibrosis and cancer. Despite considerable effort to search for a high affinity CCN-specific receptor akin to growth factor receptors, no such receptor has been found. Rather, CCNs bind several groups of multi-ligand receptors as characteristic of other matricellular proteins. The most extensively documented among CCN-binding receptors are integrins, including αvβ3, αvβ5, α5β1, α6β1, αIIbβ3, αMβ2, and αDβ2, which mediate diverse CCN functions in various cell types. CCNs also bind cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), low density liproprotein receptor-related proteins (LRPs), and the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, which are endocytic receptors that may also serve as co-receptors in cooperation with other cell surface receptors. CCNs have also been reported to bind FGFR-2, Notch, RANK, and TrkA, potentially altering the affinities of these receptors for their ligands. The ability of CCNs to bind a multitude of receptors in various cell types may account for the remarkable versatility of their functions, and underscore the diverse signaling pathways that mediate their activities.
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