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Zhang Y, Chen P, Fang X. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of GH deficiency-induced NAFLD in hypopituitarism: insights into oxidative stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1371444. [PMID: 38836220 PMCID: PMC11148278 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1371444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Individuals with hypopituitarism (HPs) have an increased risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) due to growth hormone deficiency (GHD). We aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between GHD and NAFLD using proteomic and metabolomic insights. Methods Serum metabolic alternations were assessed in male HPs using untargeted metabolomics. A rat model of HP was established through hypophysectomy, followed by recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) intervention. The mechanisms underlying GHD-mediated NAFLD were elucidated through the application of label-free proteomics and phosphorylation proteomics. Results Metabolomic analysis revealed that biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, such as alanine, lactate, and creatine, were significantly elevated in HPs compared to age-matched controls. In rats, hypophysectomy led to marked hepatic steatosis, lipid peroxidation, and reduced glutathione (GSH), which were subsequently modulated by rhGH replacement. Proteomic analysis identified cytochrome P450s, mitochondrial translation elongation, and PPARA activating genes as the major distinguishing pathways in hypophysectomized rats. The processes of fatty acid transport, synthesis, oxidation, and NADP metabolism were tightly described. An enhanced regulation of peroxisome β-oxidation and ω-oxidation, together with a decreased NADPH regeneration, may exacerbate oxidative stress. Phosphoproteome data showed downregulation of JAK2-STAT5B and upregulation of mTOR signaling pathway. Conclusions This study identified proteo-metabolomic signatures associated with the development of NAFLD in pituitary GHD. Evidence was found of oxidative stress imbalance resulting from abnormal fatty acid oxidation and NADPH regeneration, highlighting the role of GH deficiency in the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqian Fang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Li Y, Zheng M, Limbara S, Zhang S, Yu Y, Yu L, Jiao J. Effects of the Pituitary-targeted Gland Axes on Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis in Endocrine-associated Fatty Liver Disease-A Concept Worth Revisiting. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:416-427. [PMID: 38638376 PMCID: PMC11022059 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid homeostasis is not only essential for maintaining normal cellular and systemic metabolic function but is also closely related to the steatosis of the liver. The controversy over the nomenclature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the past three years has once again sparked in-depth discussions on the pathogenesis of this disease and its impact on systemic metabolism. Pituitary-targeted gland axes (PTGA), an important hormone-regulating system, are indispensable in lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the roles of thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, sex hormones, and their receptors in hepatic lipid homeostasis, and summarizes recent research on pituitary target gland axes-related drugs regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. It also calls on researchers and clinicians to recognize the concept of endocrine-associated fatty liver disease (EAFLD) and to re-examine human lipid metabolism from the macroscopic perspective of homeostatic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meina Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Steven Limbara
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yutao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Brie B, Sarmento-Cabral A, Pascual F, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD, Becu-Villalobos D. Modifications of the GH Axis Reveal Unique Sexually Dimorphic Liver Signatures for Lcn13, Asns, Hamp2, Hao2, and Pgc1a. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae015. [PMID: 38370444 PMCID: PMC10872697 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) modifies liver gene transcription in a sexually dimorphic manner to meet liver metabolic demands related to sex; thus, GH dysregulation leads to sex-biased hepatic disease. We dissected the steps of the GH regulatory cascade modifying GH-dependent genes involved in metabolism, focusing on the male-predominant genes Lcn13, Asns, and Cyp7b1, and the female-predominant genes Hao2, Pgc1a, Hamp2, Cyp2a4, and Cyp2b9. We explored mRNA expression in 2 settings: (i) intact liver GH receptor (GHR) but altered GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels (NeuroDrd2KO, HiGH, aHepIGF1kd, and STAT5bCA mouse lines); and (ii) liver loss of GHR, with or without STAT5b reconstitution (aHepGHRkd, and aHepGHRkd + STAT5bCA). Lcn13 was downregulated in males in most models, while Asns and Cyp7b1 were decreased in males by low GH levels or action, or constant GH levels, but unexpectedly upregulated in both sexes by the loss of liver Igf1 or constitutive Stat5b expression. Hao, Cyp2a4, and Cyp2b9 were generally decreased in female mice with low GH levels or action (NeuroDrd2KO and/or aHepGHRkd mice) and increased in HiGH females, while in contrast, Pgc1a was increased in female NeuroDrd2KO but decreased in STAT5bCA and aHepIGF1kd females. Bioinformatic analysis of RNAseq from aHepGHRkd livers stressed the greater impact of GHR loss on wide gene expression in males and highlighted that GH modifies almost completely different gene signatures in each sex. Concordantly, we show that altering different steps of the GH cascade in the liver modified liver expression of Lcn13, Asns, Cyp7b1, Hao2, Hamp2, Pgc1a, Cyp2a4, and Cyp2b9 in a sex- and gene-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Brie
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Florencia Pascual
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rhonda Denise Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Takahashi Y. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and adult growth hormone deficiency: An under-recognized association? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101816. [PMID: 37643935 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) plays an essential role not only in promoting growth in children, but also in many important metabolic processes in adults. One of the major metabolic functions of GH is its stimulatory effects on the liver in generating approximately 80% of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is an established clinical entity defined as a defect in endogenous GH secretion that is frequently associated with central obesity, loss of muscle mass, decreased bone mass, and impaired quality of life. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are conditions that are often under-recognized in adults with GHD, and accordingly some studies have shown that GH and IGF-1 levels are decreased in patients with NAFLD. Furthermore, it has been reported that it can progress to end-stage liver cirrhosis in some adults and children with GHD. Due to their underlying mechanisms of action, GH and IGF-1 can act on hepatocytes, macrophages, and hepatic stellate cells to mitigate progression to steatosis and fibrosis. It is, thus, important to recognize NAFLD/NASH as important complications in adult and childhood GHD. Therefore, careful and thorough evaluation of NAFLD/NASH in adults with GHD and the consideration for GH replacement therapy is crucial in these patients, together with management of other metabolic risk factors, such as obesity and dyslipidemia. This review will focus on recent reports on the role of GH and IGF-1 in the liver and its clinical significance in the regulation of hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, Japan.
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5
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Dichtel LE, Corey KE, Haines MS, Chicote ML, Lee H, Kimball A, Colling C, Simon TG, Long MT, Husseini J, Bredella MA, Miller KK. Growth Hormone Administration Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight/Obesity: A Randomized Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1542-e1550. [PMID: 37379033 PMCID: PMC10655511 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Overweight and obesity are associated with relative growth hormone (GH) deficiency, which has been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a progressive disease without effective treatments. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that GH administration would reduce hepatic steatosis in individuals with overweight/obesity and NAFLD. METHODS In this 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose GH administration, 53 adults aged 18 to 65 years with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and NAFLD without diabetes were randomized to daily subcutaneous GH or placebo, targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to the upper normal quartile. The primary endpoint was intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) assessed before treatment and at 6 months. RESULTS Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group (27 GH; 26 placebo), with 41 completers (20 GH and 21 placebo) at 6 months. Reduction in absolute % IHL by 1H-MRS was significantly greater in the GH vs placebo group (mean ± SD: -5.2 ± 10.5% vs 3.8 ± 6.9%; P = .009), resulting in a net mean treatment effect of -8.9% (95% CI, -14.5 to -3.3%). All side effects were similar between groups, except for non-clinically significant lower extremity edema, which was more frequent in the GH vs placebo group (21% vs 0%, P = .02). There were no study discontinuations due to worsening of glycemic status, and there were no significant differences in change in glycemic measures or insulin resistance between the GH and placebo groups. CONCLUSION GH administration reduces hepatic steatosis in adults with overweight/obesity and NAFLD without worsening glycemic measures. The GH/IGF-1 axis may lead to future therapeutic targets for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Melanie S Haines
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark L Chicote
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Allison Kimball
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caitlin Colling
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jad Husseini
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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6
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List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Kulkarni P, Davis E, Mora-Criollo P, Berryman DE, Kopchick JJ. Growth hormone receptor gene disruption. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:109-149. [PMID: 37717983 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of growth hormone's (GH)'s numerous activities stems from studies utilizing GH receptor (GHR) knockout mice. More recently, the role of GH action has been examined by creating mice with tissue-specific or temporal GHR disruption. To date, 37 distinct GHR knockout mouse lines have been created. Targeted tissues include fat, liver, muscle, heart, bone, brain, macrophage, intestine, hematopoietic stem cells, pancreatic β cells, and inducible multi-tissue "global" disruption at various ages. In this chapter, a summary of each mouse line is provided with background information on the generation of the mouse line as well as important physiological outcomes resulting from GHR gene disruption. Collectively, these mouse lines provide unique insights into GH action and have resulted in the development of new hypotheses about the functions ascribed to GH action in particular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Emily Davis
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - John J Kopchick
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, and the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
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7
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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Del Río-Moreno M, Pyatkov M, Sarmento-Cabral A, Mahmood M, Pelke N, Wnek M, Cordoba-Chacon J, Waxman DJ, Puchowicz MA, McGuinness OP, Kineman RD. Direct and systemic actions of growth hormone receptor (GHR)-signaling on hepatic glycolysis, de novo lipogenesis and insulin sensitivity, associated with steatosis. Metabolism 2023; 144:155589. [PMID: 37182789 PMCID: PMC10843389 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that growth hormone (GH) protects against the development of steatosis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). GH may control steatosis indirectly by altering systemic insulin sensitivity and substrate delivery to the liver and/or by the direct actions of GH on hepatocyte function. APPROACH To better define the hepatocyte-specific role of GH receptor (GHR) signaling on regulating steatosis, we used a mouse model with adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific GHR knockdown (aHepGHRkd). To prevent the reduction in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and the subsequent increase in GH observed after aHepGHRkd, subsets of aHepGHRkd mice were treated with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) driving hepatocyte-specific expression of IGF1 or a constitutively active form of STAT5b (STAT5bCA). The impact of hepatocyte-specific modulation of GHR, IGF1 and STAT5b on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was studied across multiple nutritional states and in the context of hyperinsulinemic:euglycemic clamps. RESULTS Chow-fed male aHepGHRkd mice developed steatosis associated with an increase in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) and ketohexokinase (KHK) expression and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) rate, in the post-absorptive state and in response to refeeding after an overnight fast. The aHepGHRkd-associated increase in hepatic KHK, but not GCK and steatosis, was dependent on hepatocyte expression of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP), in re-fed mice. Interestingly, under clamp conditions, aHepGHRkd also increased the rate of DNL and expression of GCK and KHK, but impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production, without altering plasma NEFA levels. These effects were normalized with AAV-mediated hepatocyte expression of IGF1 or STAT5bCA. Comparison of the impact of AAV-mediated hepatocyte IGF1 versus STAT5bCA in aHepGHRkd mice across multiple nutritional states, indicated the restorative actions of IGF1 are indirect, by improving systemic insulin sensitivity, independent of changes in the liver transcriptome. In contrast, the actions of STAT5b are due to the combined effects of raising IGF1 and direct alterations in the hepatocyte gene program that may involve suppression of BCL6 and FOXO1 activity. However, the direct and IGF1-dependent actions of STAT5b cannot fully account for enhanced GCK activity and lipogenic gene expression observed after aHepGHRkd, suggesting other GHR-mediated signals are involved. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate hepatocyte GHR-signaling controls hepatic glycolysis, DNL, steatosis and hepatic insulin sensitivity indirectly (via IGF1) and directly (via STAT5b). The relative contribution of these indirect and direct actions of GH on hepatocytes is modified by insulin and nutrient availability. These results improve our understanding of the physiologic actions of GH on regulating adult metabolism to protect against NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Del Río-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maxim Pyatkov
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mariyah Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Natalie Pelke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Wnek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology & Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Owen P McGuinness
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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8
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Pînzariu O, Georgescu CE. Metabolomics in acromegaly: a systematic review. J Investig Med 2023:10815589231169452. [PMID: 37139720 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231169452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic response heterogeneity in acromegaly persists, despite the medical-surgical advances of recent years. Thus, personalized medicine implementation, which focuses on each patient, is justified. Metabolomics would decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic response heterogeneity. Identification of altered metabolic pathways would open new horizons in the therapeutic management of acromegaly. This research aimed to evaluate the metabolomic profile in acromegaly and metabolomics' contributions to understanding disease pathogenesis. A systematic review was carried out by querying four electronic databases and evaluating patients with acromegaly through metabolomic techniques. In all, 21 studies containing 362 patients were eligible. Choline, the ubiquitous metabolite identified in growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (Pas) by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), negatively correlated with somatostatin receptors type 2 expression and positively correlated with magnetic resonance imaging T2 signal and Ki-67 index. Moreover, elevated choline and choline/creatine ratio differentiated between sparsely and densely granulated GH-secreting PAs. MRS detected low hepatic lipid content in active acromegaly, which increased after disease control. The panel of metabolites of acromegaly deciphered by mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques mainly included amino acids (especially branched-chain amino acids and taurine), glyceric acid, and lipids. The most altered pathways in acromegaly were the metabolism of glucose (particularly the downregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway), linoleic acid, sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, arginine/proline, and taurine/hypotaurine. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization coupled with MS imaging confirmed the functional nature of GH-secreting PAs and accurately discriminated PAs from healthy pituitary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Pînzariu
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Emanuela Georgescu
- Department of Endocrinology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Endocrinology Clinic, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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9
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Roberts RE, Cavalcante-Silva J, Del Rio-Moreno M, Bilgen O, Kineman RD, Koh TJ. Liver insulin-like growth factor-1 mediates effects of low-intensity vibration on wound healing in diabetic mice. J Pathol 2023; 260:97-107. [PMID: 36808624 PMCID: PMC10079632 DOI: 10.1002/path.6068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds in diabetic patients are associated with significant morbidity and mortality; however, few therapies are available to improve healing of diabetic wounds. Our group previously reported that low-intensity vibration (LIV) could improve angiogenesis and wound healing in diabetic mice. The purpose of this study was to begin to elucidate the mechanisms underlying LIV-enhanced healing. We first demonstrate that LIV-enhanced wound healing in db/db mice is associated with increased IGF1 protein levels in liver, blood, and wounds. The increase in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 protein in wounds is associated with increased Igf1 mRNA expression both in liver and wounds, but the increase in protein levels preceded the increase in mRNA expression in wounds. Since our previous study demonstrated that liver was a primary source of IGF1 in skin wounds, we used inducible ablation of IGF1 in the liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice to determine whether liver IGF1 mediated the effects of LIV on wound healing. We demonstrate that knockdown of IGF1 in liver blunts LIV-induced improvements in wound healing in HFD-fed mice, particularly increased angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation, and inhibits the resolution of inflammation. This and our previous studies indicate that LIV may promote skin wound healing at least in part via crosstalk between the liver and wound. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E. Roberts
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacqueline Cavalcante-Silva
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mercedes Del Rio-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Onur Bilgen
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy J. Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Likitnukul S, Thammacharoen S, Sriwatananukulkit O, Duangtha C, Hemstapat R, Sunrat C, Mangmool S, Pinthong D. Short-Term Growth Hormone Administration Mediates Hepatic Fatty Acid Uptake and De Novo Lipogenesis Gene Expression in Obese Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041050. [PMID: 37189668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been linked to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obesity causes a decrease in growth hormone (GH) levels and an increase in insulin levels. Long-term GH treatment increased lipolytic activity as opposed to decreasing insulin sensitivity. Nonetheless, it is possible that short-term GH administration had no impact on insulin sensitivity. In this study, the effect of short-term GH administration on liver lipid metabolism and the effector molecules of GH and insulin receptors were investigated in diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats. Recombinant human GH (1 mg/kg) was then administered for 3 days. Livers were collected to determine the hepatic mRNA expression and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism. The expression of GH and insulin receptor effector proteins was investigated. In DIO rats, short-term GH administration significantly reduced hepatic fatty acid synthase (FASN) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) mRNA expression while increasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) mRNA expression. Short-term GH administration reduced hepatic FAS protein levels and downregulated gene transcription of hepatic fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis, while increasing fatty acid oxidation in DIO rats. DIO rats had lower hepatic JAK2 protein levels but higher IRS-1 levels than control rats due to hyperinsulinemia. Our findings suggest that short-term GH supplementation improves liver lipid metabolism and may slow the progression of NAFLD, where GH acts as the transcriptional regulator of related genes.
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11
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Baumgartner C, Krššák M, Vila G, Krebs M, Wolf P. Ectopic lipid metabolism in anterior pituitary dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1075776. [PMID: 36860364 PMCID: PMC9968795 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1075776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, adapted lifestyle and dietary habits in industrialized countries have led to a progress of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Concomitant insulin resistance and derangements in lipid metabolism foster the deposition of excess lipids in organs and tissues with limited capacity of physiologic lipid storage. In organs pivotal for systemic metabolic homeostasis, this ectopic lipid content disturbs metabolic action, thereby promotes the progression of metabolic disease, and inherits a risk for cardiometabolic complications. Pituitary hormone syndromes are commonly associated with metabolic diseases. However, the impact on subcutaneous, visceral, and ectopic fat stores between disorders and their underlying hormonal axes is rather different, and the underlying pathophysiological pathways remain largely unknown. Pituitary disorders might influence ectopic lipid deposition indirectly by modulating lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but also directly by organ specific hormonal effects on energy metabolism. In this review, we aim to I) provide information about the impact of pituitary disorders on ectopic fat stores, II) and to present up-to-date knowledge on potential pathophysiological mechanisms of hormone action in ectopic lipid metabolism.
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12
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Important Hormones Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207052. [PMID: 36296646 PMCID: PMC9607181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variety of kinds of lipids, and complex structures which determine the diversity and complexity of their functions. With the basic characteristic of water insolubility, lipid molecules are independent of the genetic information composed by genes to proteins, which determine the particularity of lipids in the human body, with water as the basic environment and genes to proteins as the genetic system. In this review, we have summarized the current landscape on hormone regulation of lipid metabolism. After the well-studied PI3K-AKT pathway, insulin affects fat synthesis by controlling the activity and production of various transcription factors. New mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation are discussed, receptor α and β may mediate different procedures, the effect of thyroid hormone on mitochondria provides a new insight for hormones regulating lipid metabolism. Physiological concentration of adrenaline induces the expression of extrapituitary prolactin in adipose tissue macrophages, which promotes fat weight loss. Manipulation of hormonal action has the potential to offer a new therapeutic horizon for the global burden of obesity and its associated complications such as morbidity and mortality.
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13
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are essential to normal growth, metabolism, and body composition, but in acromegaly, excesses of these hormones strikingly alter them. In recent years, the use of modern methodologies to assess body composition in patients with acromegaly has revealed novel aspects of the acromegaly phenotype. In particular, acromegaly presents a unique pattern of body composition changes in the setting of insulin resistance that we propose herein to be considered an acromegaly-specific lipodystrophy. The lipodystrophy, initiated by a distinctive GH-driven adipose tissue dysregulation, features insulin resistance in the setting of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and intra-hepatic lipid (IHL) but with lipid redistribution, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition in muscle. With recovery of the lipodystrophy, adipose tissue mass, especially that of VAT and IHL, rises, but insulin resistance is lessened. Abnormalities of adipose tissue adipokines may play a role in the disordered adipose tissue metabolism and insulin resistance of the lipodystrophy. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin and peptide Agouti-related peptide may also be affected by active acromegaly as well as variably by acromegaly therapies, which may contribute to the lipodystrophy. Understanding the pathophysiology of the lipodystrophy and how acromegaly therapies differentially reverse its features may be important to optimizing the long-term outcome for patients with this disease. This perspective describes evidence in support of this acromegaly lipodystrophy model and its relevance to acromegaly pathophysiology and the treatment of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U. Freda
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Dichtel LE, Corey KE, Haines MS, Chicote ML, Kimball A, Colling C, Simon TG, Long MT, Husseini J, Bredella MA, Miller KK. The GH/IGF-1 Axis Is Associated With Intrahepatic Lipid Content and Hepatocellular Damage in Overweight/Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3624-e3632. [PMID: 35779256 PMCID: PMC9387707 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is a state of relative growth hormone (GH) deficiency, and GH has been identified as a candidate disease-modifying target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because of its lipolytic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the GH/IGF-1 axis has not been well characterized in NAFLD. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate serum GH and IGF-1 levels in relation to intrahepatic lipid content (IHL) and markers of hepatocellular damage and fibrosis in NAFLD. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 102 adults (43% women; age 19-67; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) without type 2 diabetes. IHL was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD was defined by ≥ 5% IHL. Peak-stimulated GH in response to GH releasing hormone and arginine was assessed as was serum IGF-1 (LC/MS). RESULTS There was no difference in mean age, BMI, or sex distribution in NAFLD vs controls. Mean (± SD) IHL was higher in NAFLD vs controls (21.8 ± 13.3% vs 2.9 ± 1.1%, P < 0.0001). Mean peak-stimulated GH was lower in NAFLD vs controls (9.0 ± 6.3 vs 15.4 ± 11.2 ng/mL, P = 0.003), including after controlling for age, sex, visceral adipose tissue, and fasting glucose. In a stepwise model, peak-stimulated GH predicted 14.6% of the variability in IHL (P = 0.004). Higher peak-stimulated GH was also associated with lower ALT. Higher serum IGF-1 levels were associated with lower risk of liver fibrosis by Fibrosis-4 scores. CONCLUSION Individuals with NAFLD have lower peak-stimulated GH levels but similar IGF-1 levels as compared to controls. Higher peak-stimulated GH levels are associated with lower IHL and less hepatocellular damage. Higher IGF-1 levels are associated with more favorable fibrosis risk scores. These data implicate GH and IGF-1 as potential disease modifiers in the development and progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Correspondence: Laura Dichtel, MD, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, BUL457, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Melanie S Haines
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark L Chicote
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Allison Kimball
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Caitlin Colling
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jad Husseini
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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15
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Osganian SA, Subudhi S, Masia R, Drescher HK, Bartsch LM, Chicote ML, Chung RT, Gee DW, Witkowski ER, Bredella MA, Lauer GM, Corey KE, Dichtel LE. Expression of IGF-1 receptor and GH receptor in hepatic tissue of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 65:101482. [PMID: 35780715 PMCID: PMC9885486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The GH and IGF-1 axis is a candidate disease-modifying target in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) given its lipolytic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and GH receptor (GHR) expression in adult, human hepatic tissue is not well understood across the spectrum of NAFLD severity. Therefore, we sought to investigate hepatic IGF-1R and GHR expression in subjects with NAFLD utilizing gene expression analysis (GEA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). DESIGN GEA (n = 318) and IHC (n = 30) cohorts were identified from the Massachusetts General Hospital NAFLD Tissue Repository. GEA subjects were categorized based on histopathology as normal liver histology (NLH), steatosis only (Steatosis), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without fibrosis (NASH F0), and NASH with fibrosis (NASH F1-4) with GEA by the Nanostring nCounter assay. IHC subjects were matched for age, body mass index (BMI), sex, and diabetic status across three groups (n = 10 each): NLH, Steatosis, and NASH with fibrosis (NASH F1-3). IHC for IGF-1R, IGF-1 and GHR was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded hepatic tissue samples. RESULTS IGF-1R gene expression did not differ across NAFLD severity while IGF-1 gene expression decreased with increasing NAFLD severity, including when controlled for BMI and age. GHR expression did not differ by severity of NAFLD based on GEA or IHC. CONCLUSIONS IGF-1R and GHR expression levels were not significantly different across NAFLD disease severity. However, expression of IGF-1 was lower with increasing severity of NAFLD. Additional research is needed regarding the contribution of the GH/IGF-1 axis to the pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Osganian
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonu Subudhi
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah K Drescher
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lea M Bartsch
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denise W Gee
- Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elan R Witkowski
- Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Radiology and Interventions, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Dichtel
- Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA; Neuroendocrine Unit, MGH, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Dichtel LE, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1812-1824. [PMID: 35172328 PMCID: PMC9202731 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with obesity have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), representing a spectrum of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), without and with fibrosis. Understanding the etiology of NAFLD is clinically relevant since NAFLD is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, NASH predisposes patients to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and NASH cirrhosis represents the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It is appreciated that multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulate metabolic, immune, and hepatic stellate cell function, and alterations in the production and function of GH is associated with obesity and NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, this review will focus on the potential role of GH and IGF1 in the regulation of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Inhibition of ATP-citrate lyase improves NASH, liver fibrosis, and dyslipidemia. Cell Metab 2022; 34:919-936.e8. [PMID: 35675800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated liver de novo lipogenesis contributes to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and can be inhibited by targeting acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). However, hypertriglyceridemia limits the use of pharmacological ACC inhibitors as a monotherapy. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) generates acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate from citrate, but whether inhibition is effective for treating NASH is unknown. Here, we characterize a new mouse model that replicates many of the pathological and molecular drivers of NASH and find that genetically inhibiting ACLY in hepatocytes reduces liver malonyl-CoA, oxaloacetate, steatosis, and ballooning as well as blood glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Pharmacological inhibition of ACLY mirrors genetic inhibition but has additional positive effects on hepatic stellate cells, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. Mendelian randomization of human variants that mimic reductions in ACLY also associate with lower circulating triglycerides and biomarkers of NASH. These data indicate that inhibiting liver ACLY may be an effective approach for treatment of NASH and dyslipidemia.
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18
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Lau-Corona D, Ma H, Vergato C, Sarmento-Cabral A, del Rio-Moreno M, Kineman RD, Waxman DJ. Constitutively Active STAT5b Feminizes Mouse Liver Gene Expression. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac046. [PMID: 35396838 PMCID: PMC9070516 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STAT5 is an essential transcriptional regulator of the sex-biased actions of GH in the liver. Delivery of constitutively active STAT5 (STAT5CA) to male mouse liver using an engineered adeno-associated virus with high tropism for the liver is shown to induce widespread feminization of the liver, with extensive induction of female-biased genes and repression of male-biased genes, largely mimicking results obtained when male mice are given GH as a continuous infusion. Many of the STAT5CA-responding genes were associated with nearby (< 50 kb) sites of STAT5 binding to liver chromatin, supporting the proposed direct role of persistently active STAT5 in continuous GH-induced liver feminization. The feminizing effects of STAT5CA were dose-dependent; moreover, at higher levels, STAT5CA overexpression resulted in some histopathology, including hepatocyte hyperplasia, and increased karyomegaly and multinuclear hepatocytes. These findings establish that the persistent activation of STAT5 by GH that characterizes female liver is by itself sufficient to account for the sex-dependent expression of a majority of hepatic sex-biased genes. Moreover, histological changes seen when STAT5CA is overexpressed highlight the importance of carefully evaluating such effects before considering STAT5 derivatives for therapeutic use in treating liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lau-Corona
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cameron Vergato
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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Von-Hafe M, Borges-Canha M, Vale C, Leite AR, Sérgio Neves J, Carvalho D, Leite-Moreira A. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Endocrine Axes—A Scoping Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040298. [PMID: 35448486 PMCID: PMC9026925 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD often occurs associated with endocrinopathies. Evidence suggests that endocrine dysfunction may play an important role in NAFLD development, progression, and severity. Our work aimed to explore and summarize the crosstalk between the liver and different endocrine organs, their hormones, and dysfunctions. For instance, our results show that hyperprolactinemia, hypercortisolemia, and polycystic ovary syndrome seem to worsen NAFLD’s pathway. Hypothyroidism and low growth hormone levels also may contribute to NAFLD’s progression, and a bidirectional association between hypercortisolism and hypogonadism and the NAFLD pathway looks likely, given the current evidence. Therefore, we concluded that it appears likely that there is a link between several endocrine disorders and NAFLD other than the typically known type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS). Nevertheless, there is controversial and insufficient evidence in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Von-Hafe
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-918935390
| | - Catarina Vale
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - Ana Rita Leite
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3s), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.V.-H.); (C.V.); (A.R.L.); (J.S.N.); (A.L.-M.)
- Serviço de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica do Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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20
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Frias-Soler RC, Kelsey NA, Villarín Pildaín L, Wink M, Bairlein F. Transcriptome signature changes in the liver of a migratory passerine. Genomics 2022; 114:110283. [PMID: 35143886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a principal role in avian migration. Here, we characterised the liver transcriptome of a long-distance migrant, the Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), sampled at different migratory stages, looking for molecular processes linked with adaptations to migration. The analysis of the differentially expressed genes suggested changes in the periods of the circadian rhythm, variation in the proportion of cells in G1/S cell-cycle stages and the putative polyploidization of this cell population. This may explain the dramatic increment in the liver's metabolic capacities towards migration. Additionally, genes involved in anti-oxidative stress, detoxification and innate immune responses, lipid metabolism, inflammation and angiogenesis were regulated. Lipophagy and lipid catabolism were active at all migratory stages and increased towards the fattening and fat periods, explaining the relevance of lipolysis in controlling steatosis and maintaining liver health. Our study clears the way for future functional studies regarding long-distance avian migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Carlos Frias-Soler
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Natalie A Kelsey
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Lilian Villarín Pildaín
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Franz Bairlein
- Institute of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.
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21
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Fournier C, Karagounis LG, Sacco SM, Horcajada MN, Decaens T, Offord EA, Bouzakri K, Ammann P. Impact of moderate dietary protein restriction on glucose homeostasis in a model of oestrogen deficiency. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 102:108952. [PMID: 35122999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The need to consume adequate dietary protein to preserve physical function during ageing is well recognized. However, the effect of protein intakes on glucose metabolism is still intensively debated. During age-related oestrogen withdrawal at the time of the menopause, it is known that glucose homeostasis may be impaired but the influence of dietary protein levels in this context is unknown. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the individual and interactive effects of oestrogen deficiency and suboptimal protein intake on glucose homeostasis in a preclinical model involving ovariectomy (OVX) and a 13-week period of a moderately reduced protein intake in 7-month-old ageing rats. To investigate mechanisms of action acting via the pancreas-liver-muscle axis, fasting circulating levels of insulin, glucagon, IGF-1, FGF21 and glycemia were measured. The hepatic lipid infiltration and the protein expression of GLUT4 in the gastrocnemius were analyzed. The gene expression of some hepatokines, myokines and lipid storage/oxidation related transcription factors were quantified in the liver and the gastrocnemius. We show that, regardless of the oestrogen status, moderate dietary protein restriction increases fasting glycaemia without modifying insulinemia, body weight gain and composition. This fasting hyperglycaemia is associated with oestrogen status-specific metabolic alterations in the muscle and liver. In oestrogen-replete (SHAM) rats, GLUT4 was down-regulated in skeletal muscle while in oestrogen-deficient (OVX) rats, hepatic stress-associated hyperglucagonaemia and high serum FGF21 were observed. These findings highlight the importance of meeting dietary protein needs to avoid disturbances in glucose homeostasis in ageing female rats with or without oestrogen withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fournier
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Nestlé Health Science, Translation Research, Epalinges, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra M Sacco
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Noelle Horcajada
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Elizabeth A Offord
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland; UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Ammann
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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23
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Li S, Wang X, Zhao Y, Nie M, Ji W, Mao J, Wu X. Metabolic Effects of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy on Juvenile Patients after Craniopharyngioma Resection. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:7154907. [PMID: 35846251 PMCID: PMC9279072 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7154907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of short-term recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) replacement therapy on metabolic parameters in juvenile patients following craniopharyngioma (CP) resection. Methods. This retrospective study included 42 cases of juvenile patients that had undergone CP resection in the Department of Endocrinology at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from April 2013 to August 2020. According to whether they received growth hormone replacement therapy, the patients were divided into either the growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) group (30 cases) or the control group (12 cases). Changes in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, transaminase activity, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, blood lipid profile, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were evaluated after one year of GHRT treatment. Results. The average age of the GHRT group was 13.00 (8.00-14.00) years old and these patients had undergone a CP operation an average of 2.00 (1.62-3.15) years earlier. Prior to receiving GHRT treatment, they received appropriate doses of adrenocortical hormone and thyroid hormone replacement therapy. After one year of GHRT treatment, the average BMI z-score decreased from 1.60 ± 1.76 to 1.13 ± 1.73 (P=0.005). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity decreased from 26.50 (17.00∼98.00) U/L to 18.00 (13.00∼26.48) U/L (P ≤ 0.001), and similar changes were observed with regard to aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity in the GHRT treatment group. The average total cholesterol (TC) decreased from 4.67 (4.10-6.14) mmol/L to 4.32 ± 0.85 mmol/L (P=0.002), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels decreased from 3.05 ± 0.95 mmol/L to 2.56 ± 0.65 mmol/L (P=0.001) in the GHRT treatment group. The average blood urea nitrogen level decreased from 4.53 ± 1.09 mmol/L to 3.92 ± 0.82 mmol/L (P=0.016) and the average serum creatinine (SCr) level decreased from 55.59 ± 12.54 µmol/L to 51.15 ± 10.51 µmol/L (P=0.005) in the GHRT treatment group. The average hsCRP level decreased from 3.23 (1.79∼4.34) mg/L to 0.92 (0.42∼1.21) mg/L in the GHRT treatment group. In the control group, the average ALT activity increased from 26.58 ± 8.75 U/L to 42.58 ± 24.59 U/L (P=0.039), GGT activity increased from 19.0 (13.25-29.25) U/L to 25.00 (14.75-34.75) U/L (P=0.026), and LDL levels increased from 2.27 ± 0.76 mmol/L to 3.43 ± 1.28 mmol/L (P=0.04). Conclusion. GHRT treatment improves the metabolic parameters of juvenile patients that have undergone craniopharyngioma resection by reducing BMI z-scores, low-density lipoprotein, and hsCRP levels and improving liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Health Management Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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24
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He J, Li X, Yu M. The correlation of serum/plasma IGF-1 concentrations with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922229. [PMID: 36120463 PMCID: PMC9471370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common disease that has serious cardiovascular and metabolic effects. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels are reportedly reduced in patients with OSAHS; however, this is still a matter of debate. Therefore, we investigated the association between serum/plasma IGF-1 levels and OSAHS in this meta-analysis. METHODS Wan Fang, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, PubMed, and other databases were searched for materials published in any language before April 2, 2022. Two researchers analyzed the studies for quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The acquired data were analyzed using Stata 11.0 and R 3.6.1 software. The effect size was estimated and calculated using standard mean differences and correlation coefficients. Moreover, a combined analysis was conducted using either a random- or fixed-effects model. RESULTS Ultimately, 34 studies met our inclusion criteria. Our findings revealed that the plasma/serum IGF-1 concentrations in patients with OSAHS was significantly reduced compared with those in healthy subjects. Subgroup analyses were performed according to OSAHS severity, ethnicity, age, body mass index, specimen testing method, and study design. The outcomes suggested that nearly all subgroups of patients with OSAHS had reduced serum IGF-1 levels. Disease severity and differences in ethnicity were identified as possible influencing factors of serum IGF-1 levels in patients with OSAHS in the meta-regression analysis, and no other factors were found to alter plasma/serum IGF-1 concentrations. Moreover, plasma/serum IGF-1 concentrations were negatively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index scores and positively associated with minimum oxygen saturation. CONCLUSION Serum/plasma IGF-1 concentrations in patients with OSAHS were greatly reduced compared with those of patients in the control group, and were negatively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index scores and positively correlated with minimum oxygen saturation. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022322738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie He,
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Mi Yu
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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25
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Hwang YA, Lee HW, Ahn SH, Lee EJ, Ku CR, Kim SU. Positive association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and growth hormone deficiency in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1057769. [PMID: 36699040 PMCID: PMC9868829 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1057769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by growth hormone deficiency (GHd). We investigated the association between NAFLD and GHd in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA). DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited patients with NFPA who underwent transsphenoidal adenectomy between January 2005 and December 2018. Pituitary function was determined by the insulin tolerance test, thyroid hormone assay, and gonadal hormone levels. NAFLD was defined as a hepatic steatosis index greater than 36. RESULTS Among 278 patients (mean age, 44.2 years; 58.6% [n=163] female), 103 (37.0%) had GHd, 139 (50.0%) had hypogonadism, and 75 (27.0%) had NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in patients with GHd than in those without (36.9% vs. 21.1%, p=0.01). Even after adjusting for age, total cholesterol level, gonadal function, and prolactin level, patients with GHd had approximately two-fold higher prevalence of NALFD than those without GHd (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05-3.28, p=0.03). Among female patients, the prevalence of NALFD was significantly higher in those with GHd than in those without (adjusted OR=2.39, 95% CI=1.03-5.55, p=0.04); whereas, among male patients, the prevalence of NAFLD was statistically similar between those with and without GHd (p>0.05). In addition, gonadal function did not affect the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with NFPA (29.3% with eugonadism vs. 47.8% with hypogonadism, p=0.14). CONCLUSION Among patients with NFPA, the prevalence of NAFLD was two-fold higher in patients with GHd than that in those without GHd. Thus, screening for NAFLD might be required in NFPA patients with GHd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-a Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Pituitary Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Pituitary Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Pituitary Tumor Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Cheol Ryong Ku, ; Seung Up Kim,
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Cheol Ryong Ku, ; Seung Up Kim,
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26
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Roberts RE, Cavalcante-Silva J, Kineman RD, Koh TJ. Liver is a primary source of insulin-like growth factor-1 in skin wound healing. J Endocrinol 2021; 252:59-70. [PMID: 34708691 PMCID: PMC8784964 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 plays important role in tissue repair through its ability to stimulate wound cell activity. While IGF-1 is expressed locally by wound cells, liver-derived IGF-1 is also present at high levels in the circulation, and the contributions of local vs circulating IGF-1 to wound levels remain undefined. The hypothesis of this study was that liver is a primary source of IGF-1 during skin wound healing. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a model that allows inducible ablation of IGF-1 specifically in liver of adult mice. We demonstrate that ablation of liver IGF-1 leads to >85% loss of circulating IGF-1 and ~60% decrease in wound IGF-1 during the proliferative phase of healing in both male and female mice. This reduction of liver-derived IGF-1 did not alter local mRNA expression of Igf1 in wounds. Knockdown of liver IGF-1 significantly delayed wound re-epithelialization and reduced granulation tissue formation and collagen deposition. Knockdown of liver IGF-1 also significantly reduced angiogenesis and resulted in persistent macrophage accumulation. In summary, liver is a primary source of IGF-1 in skin wounds and contributes to many aspects of both epithelial and dermal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E. Roberts
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Jacqueline Cavalcante-Silva
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Timothy J. Koh
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
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27
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Lee SM, Muratalla J, Diaz-Ruiz A, Remon-Ruiz P, McCann M, Liew CW, Kineman RD, Cordoba-Chacon J. Rosiglitazone Requires Hepatocyte PPARγ Expression to Promote Steatosis in Male Mice With Diet-Induced Obesity. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6356057. [PMID: 34417811 PMCID: PMC8428295 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists that may reduce hepatic steatosis through their effects in adipose tissue and therefore have been assessed as potential therapies to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans. However, some studies suggest that expression and activation of hepatocyte PPARγ promotes steatosis and that would limit the benefits of TZD as a NAFLD therapy. To further explore this possibility, we examined the impact of short-term rosiglitazone maleate treatment after the development of moderate or severe diet-induced obesity, in both control and adult-onset hepatocyte-specific PPARγ knockout (PpargΔHep) mice. Independent of the level of obesity and hepatic PPARγ expression, the TZD treatment enhanced insulin sensitivity, associated with an increase in white adipose tissue (WAT) fat accumulation, consistent with clinical observations. However, TZD treatment increased hepatic triglyceride content only in control mice with severe obesity. Under these conditions, PpargΔHep reduced diet-induced steatosis and prevented the steatogenic effects of short-term TZD treatment. In these mice, subcutaneous WAT was enlarged and associated with increased levels of adiponectin, while hepatic levels of phosphorylated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase were also increased. In addition, in mice with severe obesity, the expression of hepatic Cd36, Cidea, Cidec, Fabp4, Fasn, and Scd-1 was increased by TZD in a PPARγ-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that hepatocyte PPARγ expression offsets the antisteatogenic actions of TZD in mice with severe obesity. Therefore, in obese and insulin resistant humans, TZD-mediated activation of hepatocyte PPARγ may limit the therapeutic potential of TZD to treat NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose Muratalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Pablo Remon-Ruiz
- Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition Department, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Maximilian McCann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chong W Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Research and Development Division. Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Correspondence: Jose Cordoba-Chacon, PhD, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. 835 S. Wolcott Ave (North Entrance) Suite E625. M/C 640. Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Towards Understanding the Direct and Indirect Actions of Growth Hormone in Controlling Hepatocyte Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102532. [PMID: 34685512 PMCID: PMC8533955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is critical for achieving normal structural growth. In addition, GH plays an important role in regulating metabolic function. GH acts through its GH receptor (GHR) to modulate the production and function of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin. GH, IGF1, and insulin act on multiple tissues to coordinate metabolic control in a context-specific manner. This review will specifically focus on our current understanding of the direct and indirect actions of GH to control liver (hepatocyte) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the context of normal fasting (sleep) and feeding (wake) cycles and in response to prolonged nutrient deprivation and excess. Caveats and challenges related to the model systems used and areas that require further investigation towards a clearer understanding of the role GH plays in metabolic health and disease are discussed.
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29
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Schiffrin M, Winkler C, Quignodon L, Naldi A, Trötzmüller M, Köfeler H, Henry H, Parini P, Desvergne B, Gilardi F. Sex Dimorphism of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Pparg-Null Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9969. [PMID: 34576136 PMCID: PMC8467431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are more exposed to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis than women. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of NALFD sex dimorphism are unclear. We combined gene expression, histological and lipidomic analyses to systematically compare male and female liver steatosis. We characterized hepatosteatosis in three independent mouse models of NAFLD, ob/ob and lipodystrophic fat-specific (PpargFΔ/Δ) and whole-body PPARγ-null (PpargΔ/Δ) mice. We identified a clear sex dimorphism occurring only in PpargΔ/Δ mice, with females showing macro- and microvesicular hepatosteatosis throughout their entire life, while males had fewer lipid droplets starting from 20 weeks. This sex dimorphism in hepatosteatosis was lost in gonadectomized PpargΔ/Δ mice. Lipidomics revealed hepatic accumulation of short and highly saturated TGs in females, while TGs were enriched in long and unsaturated hydrocarbon chains in males. Strikingly, sex-biased genes were particularly perturbed in both sexes, affecting lipid metabolism, drug metabolism, inflammatory and cellular stress response pathways. Most importantly, we found that the expression of key sex-biased genes was severely affected in all the NAFLD models we tested. Thus, hepatosteatosis strongly affects hepatic sex-biased gene expression. With NAFLD increasing in prevalence, this emphasizes the urgent need to specifically address the consequences of this deregulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Schiffrin
- Center of Integrative Genomics, Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.S.); (C.W.); (L.Q.); (A.N.); (B.D.)
| | - Carine Winkler
- Center of Integrative Genomics, Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.S.); (C.W.); (L.Q.); (A.N.); (B.D.)
| | - Laure Quignodon
- Center of Integrative Genomics, Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.S.); (C.W.); (L.Q.); (A.N.); (B.D.)
| | - Aurélien Naldi
- Center of Integrative Genomics, Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.S.); (C.W.); (L.Q.); (A.N.); (B.D.)
| | - Martin Trötzmüller
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Hugues Henry
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Paolo Parini
- CardioMetabolic Unit, Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Insititutet and Theme Inflammation and Ageing Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Center of Integrative Genomics, Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.S.); (C.W.); (L.Q.); (A.N.); (B.D.)
| | - Federica Gilardi
- Center of Integrative Genomics, Genopode, Lausanne Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (M.S.); (C.W.); (L.Q.); (A.N.); (B.D.)
- Faculty Unit of Toxicology, University Center of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pinteur C, Julien B, Véga N, Vidal H, Naville D, Le Magueresse-Battistoni B. Impact of Estrogen Withdrawal and Replacement in Female Mice along the Intestinal Tract. Comparison of E2 Replacement with the Effect of a Mixture of Low Dose Pollutants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8685. [PMID: 34444432 PMCID: PMC8394409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women represent a vulnerable population towards endocrine disruptors due to hormonal deficit. We previously demonstrated that chronic exposure of ovariectomized C57Bl6/J mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet to a low-dose mixture of chemicals with one dioxin, one polychlorobiphenyl, one phthalate, and bisphenol A triggered metabolic alterations in the liver but the intestine was not explored. Yet, the gastrointestinal tract is the main route by which pollutants enter the body. In the present study, we investigated the metabolic consequences of ovarian withdrawal and E2 replacement on the various gut segments along with investigating the impact of the mixture of pollutants. We showed that genes encoding estrogen receptors (Esr1, Gper1 not Esr2), xenobiotic processing genes (e.g., Cyp3a11, Cyp2b10), and genes related to gut homeostasis in the jejunum (e.g., Cd36, Got2, Mmp7) and to bile acid biosynthesis in the gut (e.g., Fgf15, Slc10a2) and liver (e.g., Abcb11, Slc10a1) were under estrogen regulation. Exposure to pollutants mimicked some of the effects of E2 replacement, particularly in the ileum (e.g., Esr1, Nr1c1) suggesting that the mixture had estrogen-mimetic activities. The present findings have important implications for the understanding of estrogen-dependent metabolic alterations with regards to situations of loss of estrogens as observed after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brigitte Le Magueresse-Battistoni
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRAE U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, F-69310 Pierre-Bénite, France; (C.P.); (B.J.); (N.V.); (H.V.); (D.N.)
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31
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Huang Z, Lu X, Huang L, Zhang C, Veldhuis JD, Cowley MA, Chen C. Stimulation of endogenous pulsatile growth hormone secretion by activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor reduces the fat accumulation and improves the insulin sensitivity in obese mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21269. [PMID: 33368660 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001924rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals often show low growth hormone (GH) secretion, which leads to reduced lipid mobilization and further fat accumulation. Pharmacological approaches to increase GH levels in obese individuals by GH injection or GH-releasing hormone receptor agonist showed promising effects on fat reduction. However, side effects on glucose metabolism and the heavy costs on making large peptides hindered their clinical application. Here, we tested whether stimulation of endogenous GH secretion by a synthetic GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR) agonist, hexarelin, improved the metabolism in a hyperphagic obese mouse model. Male melanocortin 4 receptor knockout mice (MC4RKO) were pair-fed and received continuous hexarelin (10.56 μg/day) or vehicle infusion by an osmotic pump for 3-4 weeks. Hexarelin treatment significantly increased the pulsatile GH secretion without detectable alteration on basal GH secretion in MC4RKO mice. The treated mice showed increased lipolysis and lipid oxidation in the adipose tissue, and reduced de novo lipogenesis in the liver, leading to reduced visceral fat mass, reduced triglyceride content in liver, and unchanged circulating free fatty acid levels. Importantly, hexarelin treatment improved the whole-body insulin sensitivity but did not alter glucose tolerance, insulin levels, or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. The metabolic effects of hexarelin were likely through the direct action of GH, as indicated by the increased expression level of genes involved in GH signaling pathways in visceral adipose tissues and liver. In conclusion, hexarelin treatment stimulated the pulsatile GH secretion and reduced the fat accumulation in visceral depots and liver in obese MC4RKO mice with improved insulin sensitivity without altered levels of insulin or IGF-1. It provides evidence for managing obesity by enhancing pulsatile GH secretion through activation of GHSR in the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Xuehan Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Lonardo A, Arab JP, Arrese M. Perspectives on Precision Medicine Approaches to NAFLD Diagnosis and Management. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2130-2158. [PMID: 33829368 PMCID: PMC8107169 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine defines the attempt to identify the most effective approaches for specific subsets of patients based on their genetic background, clinical features, and environmental factors. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses the alcohol-like spectrum of liver disorders (steatosis, steatohepatitis with/without fibrosis, and cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) in the nonalcoholic patient. Recently, disease renaming to MAFLD [metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease] and positive criteria for diagnosis have been proposed. This review article is specifically devoted to envisaging some clues that may be useful to implementing a precision medicine-oriented approach in research and clinical practice. To this end, we focus on how sex and reproductive status, genetics, intestinal microbiota diversity, endocrine and metabolic status, as well as physical activity may interact in determining NAFLD/MAFLD heterogeneity. All these factors should be considered in the individual patient with the aim of implementing an individualized therapeutic plan. The impact of considering NAFLD heterogeneity on the development of targeted therapies for NAFLD subgroups is also extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, 1135 Via Giardini, 41126, Modena, Italy.
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Young J, Bell S, Qian Y, Hyman C, Berryman DE. Mouse models of growth hormone insensitivity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:17-29. [PMID: 33037595 PMCID: PMC7979446 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) induces pleiotropic effects on growth and metabolism via binding and subsequent activation of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and its downstream signaling pathways. Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) describes a group of disorders in which there is resistance to the action of GH and resultant insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency. GHI is commonly due to genetic disorders of the GH receptor causing GH receptor deficiency (e.g. Laron Syndrome (LS)), decreased activation of GHR, or defects in post-receptor signaling molecules. Genetically altered mouse lines have been invaluable to better understand the physiological impact of GHI due to the ability to do invasive and longitudinal measures of metabolism, growth, and health on a whole animal or in individual tissues/cells. In the current review, the phenotype of mouse lines with GHI will be reviewed. Mouse lines to be discussed include: 1) GHR-/- mice with a gene disruption in the GHR that results in no functional GHR throughout life, also referred to as the Laron mouse, 2) mice with temporal loss of GHR (aGHRKO) starting at 6 weeks of age, 3) mice transgenic for a GHR antagonist (GHA mice), 4) mice with GHI in select tissues or cells generated via Cre-lox or related technology, and 5) assorted mice with defects in post-receptor signaling molecules. Collectively, these mouse lines have revealed an intriguing role of GH action in health, disease, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Young
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Bell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Caroline Hyman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Labs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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Gariani K, Jornayvaz FR. Pathophysiology of NASH in endocrine diseases. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R52-R65. [PMID: 33449917 PMCID: PMC7983516 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the industrialized world. NAFLD encompasses a whole spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. The latter can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, NASH is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in western countries and therefore represents a global health issue. The pathophysiology of NASH is complex and includes multiple parallel hits. NASH is notably characterized by steatosis as well as evidence of hepatocyte injury and inflammation, with or without fibrosis. NASH is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes and conditions associated with insulin resistance. Moreover, NASH may also be found in many other endocrine diseases such as polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, male hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency or glucocorticoid excess, for example. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of NASH associated with different endocrinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to F R Jornayvaz:
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Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Zheng I, McClure CM, Feldpausch MN, Torriani M, Corey KE, Chung RT, Lee H, Kleiner DE, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Relationship of IGF-1 and IGF-Binding Proteins to Disease Severity and Glycemia in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e520-e533. [PMID: 33125080 PMCID: PMC7823253 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 help regulate hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and reductions in these hormones may contribute to development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVE To assess relationships between hepatic expression of IGF1 and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and measures of glycemia and liver disease in adults with NAFLD. Secondarily to assess effects of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) on circulating IGFBPs. DESIGN Analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of GHRH. SETTING Two US academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 61 men and women 18 to 70 years of age with HIV-infection, ≥5% hepatic fat fraction, including 39 with RNA-Seq data from liver biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis by histopathology and measures of glucose homeostasis. RESULTS Hepatic IGF1 mRNA was significantly lower in individuals with higher steatosis and NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) and was inversely related to glucose parameters, independent of circulating IGF-1. Among the IGFBPs, IGFBP2 and IGFBP4 were lower and IGFBP6 and IGFBP7 (also known as IGFBP-related protein 1) were higher with increasing steatosis. Hepatic IGFBP6 and IGFBP7 mRNA levels were positively associated with NAS. IGFBP7 mRNA increased with increasing fibrosis. Hepatic IGFBP1 mRNA was inversely associated with glycemia and insulin resistance, with opposite relationships present for IGFBP3 and IGFBP7. GHRH increased circulating IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3, but decreased IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-6. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate novel relationships of IGF-1 and IGFBPs with NAFLD severity and glucose control, with divergent roles seen for different IGFBPs. Moreover, the data provide new information on the complex effects of GHRH on IGFBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takara L Stanley
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsay T Fourman
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isabel Zheng
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Colin M McClure
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan N Feldpausch
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Torriani
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Gastroenterology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center, Gastroenterology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hang Lee
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Colleen M Hadigan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Steven K. Grinspoon, MD, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, MGH Endowed Chair in Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Chief, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street 5LON207, Boston, MA 02114, United States. E-mail:
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Lee SM, Pusec CM, Norris GH, De Jesus A, Diaz-Ruiz A, Muratalla J, Sarmento-Cabral A, Guzman G, Layden BT, Cordoba-Chacon J. Hepatocyte-Specific Loss of PPARγ Protects Mice From NASH and Increases the Therapeutic Effects of Rosiglitazone in the Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1291-1311. [PMID: 33444819 PMCID: PMC8005819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, and thiazolidinediones (TZD) are considered a potential therapy for NASH. Although TZD increase insulin sensitivity and partially reduce steatosis and alanine aminotransferase, the efficacy of TZD on resolving liver pathology is limited. In fact, TZD may activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in hepatocytes and promote steatosis. Therefore, we assessed the role that hepatocyte-specific PPARγ plays in the development of NASH, and how it alters the therapeutic effects of TZD on the liver of mice with diet-induced NASH. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific PPARγ expression was knocked out in adult mice before and after the development of NASH induced with a high fat, cholesterol, and fructose (HFCF) diet. RESULTS HFCF diet increased PPARγ expression in hepatocytes, and rosiglitazone further activated PPARγ in hepatocytes of HFCF-fed mice in vivo and in vitro. Hepatocyte-specific loss of PPARγ reduced the progression of HFCF-induced NASH in male mice and increased the benefits derived from the effects of TZD on extrahepatic tissues and non-parenchymal cells. RNAseq and metabolomics indicated that HFCF diet promoted inflammation and fibrogenesis in a hepatocyte PPARγ-dependent manner and was associated with dysregulation of hepatic metabolism. Specifically, hepatocyte-specific loss of PPARγ plays a positive role in the regulation of methionine metabolism, and that could reduce the progression of NASH. CONCLUSIONS Because of the negative effect of hepatocyte PPARγ in NASH, inhibition of mechanisms promoted by endogenous PPARγ in hepatocytes may represent a novel strategy that increases the efficiency of therapies for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carolina M. Pusec
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gregory H. Norris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Jose Muratalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Research and Development, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jose Cordoba-Chacon, PhD, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 835 South Wolcott Avenue (North Entrance), Suite E625, M/C 640, Chicago, Illinois 60612. fax (312) 413-0437.
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Sarmento-Cabral A, del Rio-Moreno M, Vazquez-Borrego MC, Mahmood M, Gutierrez-Casado E, Pelke N, Guzman G, Subbaiah PV, Cordoba-Chacon J, Yakar S, Kineman RD. GH directly inhibits steatosis and liver injury in a sex-dependent and IGF1-independent manner. J Endocrinol 2021; 248:31-44. [PMID: 33112796 PMCID: PMC7785648 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in hepatocyte growth hormone (GH)-signaling promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, debate remains as to the relative contribution of the direct effects of GH on hepatocyte function vs indirect effects, via alterations in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). To isolate the role of hepatocyte GH receptor (GHR) signaling, independent of changes in IGF1, mice with adult-onset, hepatocyte-specific GHR knockdown (aHepGHRkd) were treated with a vector expressing rat IGF1 targeted specifically to hepatocytes. Compared to GHR-intact mice, aHepGHRkd reduced circulating IGF1 and elevated GH. In male aHepGHRkd, the shift in IGF1/GH did not alter plasma glucose or non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), but was associated with increased insulin, enhanced systemic lipid oxidation and reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) mass. Livers of male aHepGHRkd exhibited steatosis associated with increased de novo lipogenesis, hepatocyte ballooning and inflammation. In female aHepGHRkd, hepatic GHR protein levels were not detectable, but moderate levels of IGF1 were maintained, with minimal alterations in systemic metabolism and no evidence of steatosis. Reconstitution of hepatocyte IGF1 in male aHepGHRkd lowered GH and normalized insulin, whole body lipid utilization and WAT mass. However, IGF1 reconstitution did not reduce steatosis or eliminate liver injury. RNAseq analysis showed IGF1 reconstitution did not impact aHepGHRkd-induced changes in liver gene expression, despite changes in systemic metabolism. These results demonstrate the impact of aHepGHRkd is sexually dimorphic and the steatosis and liver injury observed in male aHepGHRkd mice is autonomous of IGF1, suggesting GH acts directly on the adult hepatocyte to control NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Sarmento-Cabral
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mercedes del Rio-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mari C. Vazquez-Borrego
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Mariyah Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Elena Gutierrez-Casado
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Natalie Pelke
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago,
College of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Papasani V. Subbaiah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University
College of Dentistry, New York, NY
| | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes,
and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago and Research and Development
Division, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Frank SJ. Classical and novel GH receptor signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110999. [PMID: 32835785 PMCID: PMC7799394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I summarize historical and recent features of the classical pathways activated by growth hormone (GH) through the cell surface GH receptor (GHR). GHR is a cytokine receptor superfamily member that signals by activating the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, JAK2, and members of the Src family kinases. Activation of the GHR engages STATs, PI3K, and ERK pathways, among others, and details of these now-classical pathways are presented. Modulating elements, including the SOCS proteins, phosphatases, and regulated GHR metalloproteolysis, are discussed. In addition, a novel physical and functional interaction of GHR with IGF-1R is summarized and discussed in terms of its mechanisms, consequences, and physiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, BDB 485, AL, 35294-0012, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Sharma R, Kopchick JJ, Puri V, Sharma VM. Effect of growth hormone on insulin signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111038. [PMID: 32966863 PMCID: PMC7606590 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone that coordinates an array of physiological processes, including effects on bone, muscle, and fat, ultimately resulting in growth. Metabolically, GH promotes anabolic action in most tissues except adipose, where its catabolic action causes the breakdown of stored triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFA). GH antagonizes insulin action via various molecular pathways. Chronic GH secretion suppresses the anti-lipolytic action of insulin and increases FFA flux into the systemic circulation; thus, promoting lipotoxicity, which causes pathophysiological problems, including insulin resistance. In this review, we will provide an update on GH-stimulated adipose lipolysis and its consequences on insulin signaling in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Furthermore, we will discuss the mechanisms that contribute to the diabetogenic action of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Vishva M Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Kopchick JJ. Effects of tissue-specific GH receptor knockouts in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110919. [PMID: 32592744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is pituitary derived hormone which acts on most tissues of the body either directly or indirectly and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Genetically engineered mouse lines have become vital tools for uncovering the various in vivo activities of a GH. A particularly useful mouse line has been the GH receptor (GHR) gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse which has been used world-wide in many studies. Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed the development of tissue-specific knockout mouse lines which allows for more direct enquiries on the activities of a given protein in specific tissues or cell types. Accordingly, twenty-two novel tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines have been developed in the last eleven years. In this paper we provide a detailed list and review the phenotypic changes that occur in each of these tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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Lau-Corona D, Bae WK, Hennighausen L, Waxman DJ. Sex-biased genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis are controlled by EZH1 and EZH2. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008796. [PMID: 32428001 PMCID: PMC7263639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence and progression of many liver diseases, including liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are associated with sex-biased hepatic expression of hundreds of genes. This sexual dimorphism is largely determined by the sex-specific pattern of pituitary growth hormone secretion, which controls a transcriptional regulatory network operative in the context of sex-biased and growth hormone-regulated chromatin states. Histone H3K27-trimethylation yields a major sex-biased repressive chromatin mark deposited at many strongly female-biased genes in male mouse liver, but not at male-biased genes in female liver, and is catalyzed by polycomb repressive complex-2 through its homologous catalytic subunits, Ezh1 and Ezh2. Here, we used Ezh1-knockout mice with a hepatocyte-specific knockout of Ezh2 to investigate the sex bias of liver H3K27-trimethylation and its functional role in regulating sex-differences in the liver. Combined hepatic Ezh1/Ezh2 deficiency led to a significant loss of sex-biased gene expression, particularly in male liver, where many female-biased genes were increased in expression while male-biased genes showed decreased expression. The associated loss of H3K27me3 marks, and increases in the active enhancer marks H3K27ac and H3K4me1, were also more pronounced in male liver. Further, Ezh1/Ezh2 deficiency in male liver, and to a lesser extent in female liver, led to up regulation of many genes linked to liver fibrosis and liver cancer, which may contribute to the observed liver pathologies and the increased sensitivity of these mice to hepatotoxin exposure. Thus, Ezh1/Ezh2-catalyzed H3K27-trimethyation regulates sex-dependent genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis through its sex-dependent effects on the epigenome, and may thereby determine the sex-bias in liver disease susceptibility. Sex-differences in the expression of genes in liver have a direct impact on liver diseases whose incidence and severity is sex-biased, and is controlled by hormones that regulate chemical alterations to histone proteins used to package chromosomal DNA. However, a direct demonstration of the functional importance of such sex differences in histone protein modifications has been elusive. Here, we address this question using a mouse model deficient in two enzymes, Ezh1/Ezh2, which generate the histone repressive mark H3K27me3. Remarkably, although H3K27me3 marks are formed by Ezh1/Ezh2 throughout the genome, loss of liver Ezh1/Ezh2 preferentially disrupts the control of sex-biased genes, with expression increasing in male mouse liver for many female-biased genes and decreasing for many male-biased genes. Sex-biased H3K27me3 repressive marks were abolished, and there was a gain of active histone marks at gene enhancers. We also found increased expression of many genes associated with liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which may help explain the increased sensitivity of Ezh1/Ezh2-deficient livers to hepatotoxic chemicals whose exposure may lead to sex differences in liver disease incidence and susceptibility. Thus, our findings highlight the potential role of sex differences in histone modifications catalyzed by Ezh1/Ezh2 in widespread sex differences in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lau-Corona
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Woo Kyun Bae
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nagoya T, Kamimura K, Inoue R, Ko M, Owaki T, Niwa Y, Sakai N, Setsu T, Sakamaki A, Yokoo T, Kamimura H, Nakamura Y, Ueno M, Terai S. Ghrelin-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis is activated via autonomic neural circuits in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13799. [PMID: 31984635 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported in epidemiological studies. However, the mechanisms of molecular and inter-organ systems that render these factors to influence on NAFLD have not been elucidated. In this study, we examined the induction of ghrelin which is the GH-releasing hormone and IGF-1, and involvement of autonomic neural circuits, in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. METHODS The expression of gastric and hypothalamic ghrelin, neural activation in the brain, and serum IGF-1 were examined in NAFLD models of choline-deficient defined l-amino-acid diet-fed, melanocortin 4 receptor knockout mice, and partial hepatectomy mice with or without the blockades of autonomic nerves to test the contribution of neural circuits connecting the brain, liver, and stomach. KEY RESULTS The fatty changes in the liver increased the expression of gastric ghrelin through the autonomic pathways which sends the neural signals to the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus through the afferent vagal nerve which reached the pituitary gland to release GH and then stimulate the IGF-1 release from the liver. In addition, high levels of ghrelin expression in the arcuate nucleus were correlated with NAFLD progression regardless of the circuits. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that the fatty liver stimulates the autonomic nervous signal circuits which suppress the progression of the disease by activating the gastric ghrelin expression, the neural signal transduction in the brain, and the release of IGF-1 from the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Owaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yusuke Niwa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toru Setsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akira Sakamaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroteru Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakamura
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Duran-Ortiz S, Noboa V, Kopchick JJ. Tissue-specific disruption of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) in mice: An update. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 51:1-5. [PMID: 31923746 PMCID: PMC9704042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is expressed in many cells/tissues in the body. To investigate the specific metabolic effects of GH action in distinct tissues, several tissue-specific GHR gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse lines have been generated. Previously, we have described the effects of GHRKO in several known insulin sensitive tissues, namely liver, muscle and adipose tissue. In this review, we further explore and summarize the main findings of recently published GHRKO results in liver, adipocytes, intestine, bone, brain and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, United States of America.
| | - Vanessa Noboa
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, United States of America.
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, United States of America; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States of America.
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Application of N-carbamylglutamate in Rex rabbits to reduce body fat deposition and its possible mechanism. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:34-42. [PMID: 32122412 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-Carbamylglutamate (NCG) has been shown to enhance arginine synthesis and improve growth performance in animals. However, the effect of NCG on body fat deposition remains unknown. This study examined the effects of NCG on body fat deposition and evaluated the potential mechanisms involved. Rex rabbits (3 months old) were assigned to one of four dietary groups and supplemented with NCG at the following different concentrations in a feeding trial that lasted 67 d: 0 (control), 0·04, 0·08, and 0·12 %. NCG supplementation increased serum concentrations of arginine and proline by activating intestinal carbamoylphosphate synthase-І at the posttranscriptional level. Final body weights and growth performance were not affected by dietary NCG levels. However, NCG-treated rabbits had lower perirenal and subcutaneous fat percentages, serum TAG content, and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and increased NO synthase activity and serum levels of NO, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). There were significant positive correlations between TAG content and perirenal fat percentage, as well as FAS activity and perirenal fat percentage, but significant negative correlations between TAG and NO levels, and FAS activity and IGF-1 level in rabbits after NCG treatment. NCG supplementation did not affect hepatic health indicators, except for serum ammonia concentrations, which were decreased in NCG-treated rabbits. Our results suggest that NCG can serve as a dietary supplement to reduce unfavourable fat deposition through inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis in animals since it appears to have no negative effects on growth performance or hepatic health.
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Nagarajan A, Srivastava H, Jablonsky J, Sun LY. Tissue-Specific GHR Knockout Mice: An Updated Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:579909. [PMID: 33162937 PMCID: PMC7581730 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.579909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) signaling plays a key role in mediating growth, development, metabolism, and lifespan regulation. However, the mechanisms of longevity regulation at the cellular and molecular level are still not well-understood. An important area in the field of GH research is in the development of advanced transgenic systems for conditional expression of GH signaling in a cell type- or tissue-specific manner. There have been many recent studies conducted to examine the effects of tissue-specific GHR disruption. This review updates our previous discussions on this topic and summarizes recent data on the newly-made tissue-specific GHR-KO mice including intestinal epithelial cells, bone, hematopoietic stem cells, cardiac myocytes, and specific brain regions. The data from these new genetically-engineered mice have a significant impact on our understanding of the local GH signaling function.
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46
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List EO, Berryman DE, Jensen EA, Kulkarni P, McKenna S, Kopchick JJ. New insights of growth hormone (GH) actions from tissue-specific GH receptor knockouts in mice. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:557-567. [PMID: 31939480 PMCID: PMC7203760 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide new insights into the various activities of GH in specific tissues, recent advances have allowed for the generation of tissue-specific GHR knockout mice. To date, 21 distinct tissue-specific mouse lines have been created and reported in 28 publications. Targeted tissues include liver, muscle, fat, brain, bone, heart, intestine, macrophage, pancreatic beta cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and multi-tissue "global". In this review, we provide a brief history and description of the 21 tissue-specific GHR knockout mouse lines. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):557-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O. List
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Jensen
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Savannah McKenna
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- The Edison Biotechnology InstituteOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- The Department of Biomedical SciencesHeritage College of Osteopathic MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSAThe Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Corbit KC, Wilson CG, Lowe D, Tran JL, Vera NB, Clasquin M, Mattis AN, Weiss EJ. Adipocyte JAK2 mediates spontaneous metabolic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. JCI Insight 2019; 5:131310. [PMID: 31393852 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are liver manifestations of the metabolic syndrome and can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Loss of Growth Hormone (GH) signaling is reported to predispose to NAFLD and NASH through direct actions on the liver. Here, we report that aged mice lacking hepatocyte Jak2 (JAK2L), an obligate transducer of Growth Hormone (GH) signaling, spontaneously develop the full spectrum of phenotypes found in patients with metabolic liver disease, beginning with insulin resistance and lipodystrophy and manifesting as NAFLD, NASH and even HCC, independent of dietary intervention. Remarkably, insulin resistance, metabolic liver disease, and carcinogenesis are prevented in JAK2L mice via concomitant deletion of adipocyte Jak2 (JAK2LA). Further, we demonstrate that GH increases hepatic lipid burden but does so indirectly via signaling through adipocyte JAK2. Collectively, these data establish adipocytes as the mediator of GH-induced metabolic liver disease and carcinogenesis. In addition, we report a new spontaneous model of NAFLD, NASH, and HCC that recapitulates the natural sequelae of human insulin resistance-associated disease progression. The work presented here suggests a attention be paid towards inhibition of adipocyte GH signaling as a therapeutic target of metabolic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Corbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Camella G Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dylan Lowe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Cambridge Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aras N Mattis
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Hu H, Wu C, Ding Y, Zhang X, Yang M, Wen A, Yin Z. Comparative analysis of meat sensory quality, antioxidant status, growth hormone and orexin between Anqingliubai and Yorkshire pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1643729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueyun Ding
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiyou Wen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
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Lonardo A, Mantovani A, Lugari S, Targher G. NAFLD in Some Common Endocrine Diseases: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Principles of Diagnosis and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2841. [PMID: 31212642 PMCID: PMC6600657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines those complex pathophysiological and clinical consequences that ensue when the liver becomes an ectopic site of lipid storage owing to reasons other than its mutual association with the metabolic syndrome. Disorders affecting gonadal hormones, thyroid hormones, or growth hormones (GH) may cause secondary forms of NAFLD, which exhibit specific pathophysiologic features and, in theory, the possibility to receive an effective treatment. Here, we critically discuss epidemiological and pathophysiological features, as well as principles of diagnosis and management of some common endocrine diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, and GH deficiency. Collectively, these forms of NAFLD secondary to specific endocrine derangements may be envisaged as a naturally occurring disease model of NAFLD in humans. Improved understanding of such endocrine secondary forms of NAFLD promises to disclose novel clinical associations and innovative therapeutic approaches, which may potentially be applied also to selected cases of primary NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Lonardo
- Operating Unit Internal Medicine-Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara-AOU, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Lugari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
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50
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Association between Alanine Aminotransferase and Growth Hormone: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Short Children and Adolescents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5939372. [PMID: 31073528 PMCID: PMC6470421 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5939372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine the relationship between serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and growth hormone (GH) in children and adolescents with short stature. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 670 Chinese children and adolescents with short stature were included, and 253 of them received recombinant human GH (rhGH) therapy. Anthropometric and biochemical indicators were measured. GH peak levels were assessed after provocation tests with L-dopa and insulin. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the GH peak level. The association between the GH peak and ALT was analyzed. The change of ALT during rhGH therapy was assessed by a generalized additive mixed model. Results Serum ALT and incidence of ALT elevation were both decreased across the GH tertiles (P = 0.002, 0.012, respectively). A univariate analysis showed that the GH peak was negatively associated with ALT (β: -0.12; 95%CI: -0.22, -0.02; P = 0.023). Furthermore, multiple linear stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that the GH peak was independently related to ALT after adjusting for other confounding variables (β: -0.12; 95%CI: -0.24, -0.00; P = 0.042). Besides, mean values of the change in ALT from baseline displayed that, during the early stages of rhGH treatment, serum ALT level indicated a temporary upward trend, but it subsequently gradually decreased (β: -0.16; 95%CI: -0.23, -0.09; P < 0.001). Conclusions GH secretion level was strongly negatively correlated with ALT in short children and adolescents. And rhGH therapy could reduce ALT level over time.
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