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Deutz LN, Wierzchowska-McNew RA, Deutz NE, Engelen MP. Reduced plasma glycine concentration in healthy and chronically diseased older adults: a marker of visceral adiposity? Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1455-1464. [PMID: 38616018 PMCID: PMC11251212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that a reduced plasma concentration of the amino acid glycine (Gly) is associated with intra-abdominal obesity, but the mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate whether lower plasma Gly concentrations in older adults are independently associated with (visceral) adiposity, age, sex, presence of chronic disease, and glucose intolerance, and whether they are caused by a reduced Gly whole-body production (WBP) and/or increased Gly disposal capacity. METHODS We studied 102 older adults (47 males/55 females, 68.5 ± standard deviation 6.4 y) without comorbidities and 125 older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (58 males/67 females, 69.7 ± 8.6 y). We assessed body composition and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle function by dynamometry. We measured postabsorptive plasma amino acid profile and glucose, followed by pulse administration of stable isotope-labeled Gly ([2,2-2H2]), and blood sampling was performed to measure the WBP of Gly. Results are expressed as means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS We found a lower plasma Gly concentration in healthy males and males with COPD than in females (Healthy: 211; 95% CI: 193,230 compared with 248; 95% CI: 225,271; COPD: 200; 95% CI: 186,215 compared with 262: 95% CI: 241, 283; P < 0.0001, respectively), with no difference between healthy and COPD groups. A negative relationship was found between unadjusted plasma Gly and VAT mass (R2: 0.16; slope: -1.7; 95% CI: -2.4, -1.2; P < 0.0021), but not with total body fat or fasting glucose. The strong association between lower plasma Gly and increased VAT mass in older adults was independent of age, sex, body weight, lean mass or body mass index, and the presence of COPD. Inclusion of these covariates increased the R2 to 0.783. We found no relation between the VAT and WBP of Gly (P = 0.35) or Gly clearance (P = 0.187) when lean mass was considered. CONCLUSIONS Reduced plasma Gly in older adults can be considered a marker of visceral adiposity, independent of sex, age, body composition, presence of chronic disease, and whole-body Gly production or clearance. This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01787682, NCT02082418, NCT02157844, NCT02770092, NCT02780219, NCT03796455, and NCT04461236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Nj Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Raven A Wierzchowska-McNew
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Nicolaas Ep Deutz
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Primary Care and Rural Medicine, Texas A&M School of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Mariëlle Pkj Engelen
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Primary Care and Rural Medicine, Texas A&M School of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States.
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Li H, Zeng Y, Wang G, Zhang K, Gong W, Li Z, Tian J, Xia Y, Xie W, Xie J, Xie S, Yu E. Betaine improves appetite regulation and glucose-lipid metabolism in mandarin fish ( Siniperca chuatsi) fed a high-carbohydrate-diet by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28423. [PMID: 38623237 PMCID: PMC11016588 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Diets with high carbohydrate (HC) was reported to have influence on appetite and intermediary metabolism in fish. To illustrate whether betaine could improve appetite and glucose-lipid metabolism in aquatic animals, mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) were fed with the HC diets with or without betaine for 8 weeks. The results suggested that betaine enhanced feed intake by regulating the hypothalamic appetite genes. The HC diet-induced downregulation of AMPK and appetite genes was also positively correlated with the decreased autophagy genes, suggesting a possible mechanism that AMPK/mTOR signaling might regulate appetite through autophagy. The HC diet remarkably elevated transcriptional levels of genes related to lipogenesis, while betaine alleviated the HC-induced hepatic lipid deposition. Additionally, betaine supplementation tended to store the energy storage as hepatic glycogen. Our findings proposed the possible mechanism for appetite regulation through autophagy via AMPK/mTOR, and demonstrated the feasibility of betaine as an aquafeed additive to regulate appetite and intermediary metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, CAS, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Special Aquatic Formula Feed (Fujian Tianma Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd.), Fuqing, 350308, China
| | - Yanzhi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Wangbao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Zhifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Wenping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Shouqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, CAS, China
| | - Ermeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, China
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Xu G, Pan H, Fan L, Zhang L, Li J, Cheng S, Meng L, Shen N, Liu Y, Li Y, Huang T, Zhou L. Dietary Betaine Improves Glucose Metabolism in Obese Mice. J Nutr 2024; 154:1309-1320. [PMID: 38417550 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity caused by the overconsumption of energy-dense foods high in fat and sugar has contributed to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Betaine, found in food or supplements, has been found to lower blood glucose concentrations, but its exact mechanism of action is not well understood. OBJECTIVES A comprehensive evaluation of the potential mechanisms by which betaine supplementation improves glucose metabolism. METHODS Hyperglycemic mice were fed betaine to measure the indexes of glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle. To explore the mechanism behind the regulation of betaine on glucose metabolism, Ribonucleic Acid-Seq was used to analyze the livers of the mice. In vitro, HepG2 and C2C12 cells were treated with betaine to more comprehensively evaluate the effect of betaine on glucose metabolism. RESULTS Betaine was added to the drinking water of high-fat diet-induced mice, and it was found to reduce blood glucose concentrations and liver triglyceride concentrations without affecting body weight, confirming its hypoglycemic effect. To investigate the specific mechanism underlying its hypoglycemic effect, protein-protein interaction enrichment analysis of the liver revealed key nodes associated with glucose metabolism, including cytochrome P450 family activity, insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and triglyceride concentrations. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and gene ontogeny enrichment analyses showed significant enrichment of the Notch signaling pathway. These results provided bioinformatic evidence for specific pathways through which betaine regulates glucose metabolism. Key enzyme activities involved in glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and glycogenolysis pathways of the liver and muscle were measured, and improvements were observed in these pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insight into the mechanisms by which betaine improves glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle and supports its potential as a drug for the treatment of metabolic disorders related to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiao Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Hongyuan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Shimei Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Libing Meng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Nana Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproductive Regulation, and Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Yixing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tengda Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China.
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Sawicki CM, Pacheco LS, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Cao Z, Haslam DE, Liang L, Tucker KL, Joshipura K, Bhupathiraju SN. Association of Gut Microbiota-Related Metabolites and Type 2 Diabetes in Two Puerto Rican Cohorts. Nutrients 2024; 16:959. [PMID: 38612993 PMCID: PMC11013596 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Aims: Gut microbiota metabolites may play integral roles in human metabolism and disease progression. However, evidence for associations between metabolites and cardiometabolic risk factors is sparse, especially in high-risk Hispanic populations. We aimed to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between gut microbiota related metabolites and measures of glycemia, dyslipidemia, adiposity, and incident type 2 diabetes in two Hispanic observational cohorts. (2) Methods: We included data from 670 participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) and 999 participants of the San Juan Overweight Adult Longitudinal Study (SOALS). Questionnaires and clinical examinations were conducted over 3 years of follow-up for SOALS and 6 years of follow-up for BPRHS. Plasma metabolites, including L-carnitine, betaine, choline, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), were measured at baseline in both studies. We used multivariable linear models to evaluate the associations between metabolites and cardiometabolic risk factors and multivariable logistic and Poisson regressions to assess associations with prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes, adjusted for potential confounding factors. Cohort-specific analyses were combined using a fixed-effects meta-analysis. (3) Results: Higher plasma betaine was prospectively associated with lower fasting glucose [-0.97 mg/dL (95% CI: -1.59, -0.34), p = 0.002], lower HbA1c [-0.02% (95% CI: -0.04, -0.01), p = 0.01], lower HOMA-IR [-0.14 (95% CI: -0.23, -0.05), p = 0.003], and lower fasting insulin [-0.27 mcU/mL (95% CI: -0.51, -0.03), p = 0.02]. Betaine was also associated with a 22% lower incidence of type 2 diabetes (IRR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.95). L-carnitine was associated with lower fasting glucose [-0.68 mg/dL (95% CI: -1.29, -0.07), p = 0.03] and lower HbA1c at follow-up [-0.03% (95% CI: -0.05, -0.01), p < 0.001], while TMAO was associated with higher fasting glucose [0.83 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.22, 1.44), p = 0.01] and higher triglycerides [3.52 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.83, 5.20), p < 0.0001]. Neither choline nor TMAO were associated with incident type 2 diabetes. (4) Conclusions: Higher plasma betaine showed consistent associations with a lower risk of glycemia, insulinemia, and type 2 diabetes. However, TMAO, a metabolite of betaine, was associated with higher glucose and lipid concentrations. These observations demonstrate the importance of gut microbiota metabolites for human cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh M. Sawicki
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.M.S.); (D.E.H.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lorena S. Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Sona Rivas-Tumanyan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00921, USA; (S.R.-T.); (K.J.)
| | - Zheyi Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Danielle E. Haslam
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.M.S.); (D.E.H.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Katherine L. Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences and Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Kaumudi Joshipura
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00921, USA; (S.R.-T.); (K.J.)
| | - Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.M.S.); (D.E.H.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Zhou Z, Yao Y, Sun Y, Wang X, Huang S, Hou J, Wang L, Wei F. Serum betaine and dimethylglycine in mid-pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03732-4. [PMID: 38448678 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the associations of choline, betaine, dimethylglycine (DMG), L-carnitine, and Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) with the risk of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) as well as the markers of glucose homeostasis. METHODS We performed a case-control study including 200 diagnosed GDM cases and 200 controls matched by maternal age (±2 years) and gestational age (±2 weeks). Concentrations of serum metabolites were measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Compared to the control group, GDM group had significantly lower serum betaine concentration and betaine/choline ratio, and higher DMG concentration. Furthermore, decreased betaine concentration and betaine/choline ratio, increased DMG concentration showed significant association with the risk of GDM. In addition, serum betaine concentrations were negatively associated with blood glucose levels at 1-h post-glucose load (OGTT-1h), and both betaine and L-carnitine concentrations were positively associated with 1,5-anhydroglucitol levels. Betaine/choline ratio was negatively associated with OGTT-1h and blood glucose levels at 2-h post-glucose load (OGTT-2h) and serum choline concentrations were negatively associated with fasting blood glucose and positively associated with OGTT-2h. CONCLUSION Decreased serum betaine concentrations and betaine/choline ratio, and elevated DMG concentrations could be significant risk factors for GDM. Furthermore, betaine may be associated with blood glucose regulation and short-term glycemic fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Zhou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yao Yao
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Medical Insurance Office of Shenzhen Longgang Central Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shang Huang
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianli Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City (Longgang Maternity and Child Institute of Shantou University Medical College), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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Ren Y, Zeng Y, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Xiao X. Maternal methyl donor supplementation: A potential therapy for metabolic disorder in offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 124:109533. [PMID: 37977406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalences of diabetes mellitus and obesity are increasing yearly and has become a serious social burden. In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors in early life development are critical in influencing the prevalence of metabolic disorders in offspring. A growing body of evidence suggests the critical role of early methyl donor intervention in offspring health. Emerging studies have shown that methyl donors can influence offspring metabolism through epigenetic modifications and changing metabolism-related genes. In this review, we focus on the role of folic acid, betaine, vitamin B12, methionine, and choline in protecting against metabolic disorders in offspring. To address the current evidence on the potential role of maternal methyl donors, we summarize clinical studies as well as experimental animal models that support the impact of maternal methyl donors on offspring metabolism and discuss the mechanisms of action that may bring about these positive effects. Given the worldwide prevalence of metabolic disorders, these findings could be utilized in clinical practice, in which methyl donor supplementation in the early life years may reverse metabolic disorders in offspring and block the harmful intergenerational effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Jardim T, Domingues MRM, Alves E. An overview on lipids in nuts and oily fruits: oil content, lipid composition, health effects, lipidomic fingerprinting and new biotechnological applications of their by-products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-29. [PMID: 37178132 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2208666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tree nuts and oily fruits are used as a diet complement and are highly consumed worldwide. The production and consumption of these foods have been increasing, and an enormous global market value is forecasted for 2023. Besides their high nutritional value and lipid content, they provide health benefits to fat metabolism, heart, skin, and brain. The industrial by-products of these oily foods represent promising raw materials for many industries. However, the lipidomic analysis of nuts and oily fruits is still in its early stages. State-of-the-art analytical approaches for the lipid profiling and fingerprinting of nuts and oily fruits have been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry for the accurate identification and structural characterization at the molecular species level. It is expected to bring a new understanding of these everyday foods' nutritional and functional value. This review comprises the oil content and lipid composition of various nuts and oily fruits, particularly those mostly consumed worldwide and having recognized beneficial health effects, biological activities associated with the lipids from different oily foodstuffs, analytical methodologies to analyze lipids in nuts and oily fruits, and the potential biotechnological applications of their industrial by-products for a lipid-based commercial valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Jardim
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Okut H, Lu Y, Palmer ND, Chen YDI, Taylor KD, Norris JM, Lorenzo C, Rotter JI, Langefeld CD, Wagenknecht LE, Bowden DW, Ng MCY. Metabolomic profiling of glucose homeostasis in African Americans: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRAS-FS). Metabolomics 2023; 19:35. [PMID: 37005925 PMCID: PMC10068644 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African Americans are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to examine metabolomic signature of glucose homeostasis in African Americans. METHODS We used an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic approach to comprehensively profile 727 plasma metabolites among 571 African Americans from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study (IRAS-FS) and investigate the associations between these metabolites and both the dynamic (SI, insulin sensitivity; AIR, acute insulin response; DI, disposition index; and SG, glucose effectiveness) and basal (HOMA-IR and HOMA-B) measures of glucose homeostasis using univariate and regularized regression models. We also compared the results with our previous findings in the IRAS-FS Mexican Americans. RESULTS We confirmed increased plasma metabolite levels of branched-chain amino acids and their metabolic derivatives, 2-aminoadipate, 2-hydroxybutyrate, glutamate, arginine and its metabolic derivatives, carbohydrate metabolites, and medium- and long-chain fatty acids were associated with insulin resistance, while increased plasma metabolite levels in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathway were associated with insulin sensitivity. We also observed a differential ancestral effect of glutamate on glucose homeostasis with significantly stronger effects observed in African Americans than those previously observed in Mexican Americans. CONCLUSION We extended the observations that metabolites are useful biomarkers in the identification of prediabetes in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes in African Americans. We revealed, for the first time, differential ancestral effect of certain metabolites (i.e., glutamate) on glucose homeostasis traits. Our study highlights the need for additional comprehensive metabolomic studies in well-characterized multiethnic cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Okut
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Yingchang Lu
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Departments of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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9
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Warrier M, Paules EM, Silva-Gomez J, Friday WB, Bramlett F, Kim H, Zhang K, Trujillo-Gonzalez I. Homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress activates FGF21 and is associated with browning and atrophy of white adipose tissue in Bhmt knockout mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13216. [PMID: 36755585 PMCID: PMC9900266 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from betaine to homocysteine (Hcy), producing methionine and dimethylglycine. In this work, we characterize Bhmt wild type (Bhmt-WT) and knockout (Bhmt-KO) mice that were fully backcrossed to a C57Bl6/J background. Consistent with our previous findings, Bhmt-KO mice had decreased body weight, fat mass, and adipose tissue weight compared to WT. Histological analyses and gene expression profiling indicate that adipose browning was activated in KO mice and contributed to the adipose atrophy observed. BHMT is not expressed in adipose tissue but is abundant in liver; thus, a signal must originate from the liver that modulates adipose tissue. We found that, in Bhmt-KO mice, homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with activation of the hepatic transcription factor cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREBH), and an increase in hepatic and plasma concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is known to induce adipose browning. Our data indicate that the deletion of a single gene in one-carbon metabolism modifies adipose biology and energy metabolism. Future studies could focus on identifying if functional polymorphisms in BHMT result in a similar adipose atrophy phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manya Warrier
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Evan M Paules
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Jorge Silva-Gomez
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Walter B Friday
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Frances Bramlett
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Hyunbae Kim
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Isis Trujillo-Gonzalez
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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10
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Reduction of Obesity and Insulin Resistance through Dual Targeting of VAT and BAT by a Novel Combination of Metabolic Cofactors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314923. [PMID: 36499250 PMCID: PMC9738317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease worldwide, characterized by excessive fat accumulation associated with several metabolic perturbations, such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. To improve this situation, a specific combination of metabolic cofactors (MC) (betaine, N-acetylcysteine, L-carnitine, and nicotinamide riboside) was assessed as a promising treatment in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model. Obese animals were distributed into two groups, orally treated with the vehicle (obese + vehicle) or with the combination of metabolic cofactors (obese + MC) for 4 weeks. Body and adipose depots weights; insulin and glucose tolerance tests; indirect calorimetry; and thermography assays were performed at the end of the intervention. Histological analysis of epidydimal white adipose tissue (EWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) was carried out, and the expression of key genes involved in both fat depots was characterized by qPCR. We demonstrated that MC supplementation conferred a moderate reduction of obesity and adiposity, an improvement in serum glucose and lipid metabolic parameters, an important improvement in lipid oxidation, and a decrease in adipocyte hypertrophy. Moreover, MC-treated animals presented increased adipose gene expression in EWAT related to lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, MC supplementation reduced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, with an increased expression of the glucose transporter Glut4; and decreased fat accumulation in BAT, raising non-shivering thermogenesis. This treatment based on a specific combination of metabolic cofactors mitigates important pathophysiological characteristics of obesity, representing a promising clinical approach to this metabolic disease.
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11
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Tian S, Zhao H, Song H. Shared signaling pathways and targeted therapy by natural bioactive compounds for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5039-5056. [PMID: 36397728 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2148090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence showed that patients suffering from obesity and T2DM are significantly at higher risk for chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and intestinal flora imbalance. Increasing evidence of pathological characteristics illustrates that some common signaling pathways participate in the occurrence, progression, treatment, and prevention of obesity and T2DM. These signaling pathways contain the pivotal players in glucose and lipid metabolism, e.g., AMPK, PI3K/AKT, FGF21, Hedgehog, Notch, and WNT; the inflammation response, for instance, Nrf2, MAPK, NF- kB, and JAK/STAT. Bioactive compounds from plants have emerged as key food components related to healthy status and disease prevention. They can act as signaling molecules to initiate or mediate signaling transduction that regulates cell function and homeostasis to repair and re-functionalize the damaged tissues and organs. Therefore, it is crucial to continuously investigate bioactive compounds as sources of new pharmaceuticals for obesity and T2DM. This review provides comprehensive information of the commonly shared signaling pathways between obesity and T2DM, and we also summarize the therapeutic bioactive compounds that may serve as anti-obesity and/or anti-diabetes therapeutics by regulating these associated pathways, which contribute to improving glucose and lipid metabolism, attenuating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haizhao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
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12
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Jin T. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary interventions: what we know and what we need to know next. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:524-530. [PMID: 37724164 PMCID: PMC10388781 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions include the change of dietary styles, such as fasting and dietary or nutrient restrictions; or the addition of plant-derived compounds (such as polyphenols known as curcumin, resveratrol, or anthocyanin, or other nutraceuticals) into the diet. During the past a few decades, large number of studies have demonstrated therapeutic activities of these dietary interventions on metabolic and other diseases in human subjects or various animal models. Mechanisms underlying those versatile therapeutic activities, however, remain largely unclear. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver-derived hormone or hepatokine, mediates metabolic beneficial effects of certain dietary polyphenols as well as protein restriction. Here I have briefly summarized functions of FGF21, highlighted related dietary interventions, and presented literature discussions on role of FGF21 in mediating function of dietary polyphenol intervention and protein restriction. This is followed by presenting my perspective view, with the involvement of gut microbiota. It is anticipated that further breakthroughs in this field in the near future will facilitate conceptual merge of classical medicine and modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, TorontoCanada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, TorontoCanada
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13
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Yu J, Laybutt DR, Youngson NA, Morris MJ. Concurrent betaine administration enhances exercise-induced improvements to glucose handling in obese mice. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2439-2449. [PMID: 36096978 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Betaine supplementation has been shown to enhance hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice and improve exercise performance in healthy populations. We examined effects of betaine supplementation, alone or in combination with treadmill exercise, on the metabolic consequences of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed chow or HFD. After 15 weeks, HFD mice were split into: HFD, HFD with betaine (1.5% w/v), HFD with treadmill exercise, and HFD with both betaine and exercise (15 m/min for 45min, 6 days/week; n = 12/group) for 10 weeks. Compared to HFD mice, body weight was significantly reduced in exercise and exercise-betaine mice, but not in mice given betaine alone. Similarly, adiposity was reduced by exercise but not by betaine alone. HFD-induced glucose intolerance was slightly improved by exercise, but not with betaine alone. Significantly greater benefits were observed in exercise-betaine mice, compared to exercise alone, such that GTT-outcomes were similar to controls. This was associated with reduced insulin levels during ipGTT, suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity. Modest benefits were observed in fatty acid metabolism genes in skeletal muscle, whilst limited effects were observed in the liver. HFD-induced increases in hepatic Mpc1 (mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1) were normalized by all treatments, suggesting potential links to altered glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that drinking 1.5% betaine was sufficient to augment metabolic benefits of exercise in obese mice. These processes appear to be facilitated by altered glucose metabolism, with limited effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Yu
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - D Ross Laybutt
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Neil A Youngson
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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14
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Effects of Amino Acids Supplementation on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153050. [PMID: 35893906 PMCID: PMC9332103 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes are representing symptoms of metabolic syndrome, which is often accompanied with hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Since liver is the major site of glucose and lipid metabolism, this study aimed to understand the effects of SCAAs and BCAAs supplementations on glucose and lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. These cells were pretreated with SAMe, betaine, taurine, and BCAA for 24 h, followed by treatments of a high concentration of glucose (50 mM) or palmitic acid (PA, 0.5 mM) for 48 h to simulate high-glucose and high-fat environments. Pretreatment of BCAA and SCAAs inhibited the fat accumulation. At the transcriptional level, glucose and PA treatment led to significant increase of mRNA gluconeogenic enzyme. The mRNA expression level of GLUT2 was decreased by 20% in the SAMe-treated group and inhibited glucose synthesis by reducing the level of gluconeogenic enzyme. After SAMe or BCAA pretreatment, the mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes was decreased. The PPAR-γ expression was increased after BCAA pretreatment, but SAMe not only downregulated the expression of PPAR-γ, but also inhibited the expression of ChREBP approximately 20% and SREBP-1c decreased by about 15%. Taken together, the effect of SAMe on glucose and lipid metabolism is significant especially on inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis under the metabolic syndrome environment.
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15
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Chen X, Luo J, Yang L, Guo Y, Fan Y, Liu J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Chen T, Xi Q. miR-143-Mediated Responses to Betaine Supplement Repress Lipogenesis and Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by Targeting MAT1a and MAPK11. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7981-7992. [PMID: 35734958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver as the central organ is responsible for lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and one-carbon metabolism. Methyl donors (e.g., betaine) modulate metabolic homeostasis and gene regulation through one-carbon metabolism. MiR-143 regulates DNA methylation by targeting DNMT3A, thereby suggesting that this miRNA participates in one-carbon metabolic pathways. However, the effect and mechanism that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism via the methyl group metabolism pathway remain elusive. In this study, we found that a betaine supplement and miR-143 KO significantly promoted lipolysis and glucose utilization and repressed lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis through enhancing energy consumption and thermogenesis, repressing GPNMB and targeting MAPK11, respectively. We further explored the relationship between miR-143 and a methyl donor (betaine) and the miR-143-mediated responses to the betaine supplement regulating the mechanism of the glucose and lipid metabolism. The results showed that betaine significantly down-regulated the expression of miR-143 that subsequently increased SAM levels in the liver by targeting MAT1a. In brief, the regulations of glucose and lipid metabolism are related to the miR-143-regulation of one-carbon units, and the relationship between betaine and miR-143 in the methionine cycle is a typical yin-yang type of regulation. Thus, betaine and miR-143 function together as key regulators and biomarkers for preventing and diagnosing metabolic diseases such as fatty liver disease, obesity, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lekai Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yue Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaotian Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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16
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The Role of Betaine in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: a Narrative Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:395-406. [PMID: 35792998 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This narrative review aimed to explore the functions of betaine and discuss its role in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). RECENT FINDINGS Some studies on CKD animal models have shown the benefits of betaine supplementation, including decreased kidney damage, antioxidant recovery status, and decreased inflammation. Betaine (N-trimethylglycine) is an N-trimethylated amino acid with an essential regulatory osmotic function. Moreover, it is a methyl donor and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Additionally, betaine has positive effects on intestinal health by regulating the osmolality and gut microbiota. Due to these crucial functions, betaine has been studied in several diseases, including CKD, in which betaine plasma levels decline with the progression of the disease. Low betaine levels are linked to increased kidney damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal dysbiosis. Furthermore, betaine is considered an essential metabolite for identifying CKD stages.
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17
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Li T, Jin M, Fei X, Yuan Z, Wang Y, Quan K, Wang T, Yang J, He M, Wei C. Transcriptome Comparison Reveals the Difference in Liver Fat Metabolism between Different Sheep Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131650. [PMID: 35804549 PMCID: PMC9265030 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hu sheep and Tibetan sheep are two commonly raised local sheep breeds in China, and they have different morphological characteristics, such as tail type and adaptability to extreme environments. A fat tail in sheep is the main adipose depot in sheep, whereas the liver is an important organ for fat metabolism, with the uptake, esterification, oxidation, and secretion of fatty acids (FAs). Meanwhile, adaptations to high-altitude and arid environments also affect liver metabolism. Therefore, in this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used to characterize the difference in liver fat metabolism between Hu sheep and Tibetan sheep. We identified 1179 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (Q-value < 0.05) between the two sheep breeds, including 25 fat-metabolism-related genes. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, 16 pathways were significantly enriched (Q-value < 0.05), such as the proteasome, glutamatergic synapse, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. In particular, one of these pathways was enriched to be associated with fat metabolism, namely the thermogenesis pathway, to which fat-metabolism-related genes such as ACSL1, ACSL4, ACSL5, CPT1A, CPT1C, SLC25A20, and FGF21 were enriched. Then, the expression levels of ACSL1, CPT1A, and FGF21 were verified in mRNA and protein levels via qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis between the two sheep breeds. The results showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of these three genes were higher in the livers of Tibetan sheep than those of Hu sheep. The above genes are mainly related to FAs oxidation, involved in regulating the oxidation of liver FAs. So, this study suggested that Tibetan sheep liver has a greater FAs oxidation level than Hu sheep liver. In addition, the significant enrichment of fat-metabolism-related genes in the thermogenesis pathway appears to be related to plateau-adaptive thermogenesis in Tibetan sheep, which may indicate that liver- and fat-metabolism-related genes have an impact on adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Meilin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiaojuan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China;
| | - Kai Quan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Tingpu Wang
- College of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741000, China;
| | - Junxiang Yang
- Gansu Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Maochang He
- Gansu Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Pingliang 744000, China; (J.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Caihong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (M.J.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Plasma carnitine, choline, γ-butyrobetaine, and trimethylamine-N-oxide, but not zonulin, are reduced in overweight/obese patients with pre/diabetes or impaired glycemia. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-022-01088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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19
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Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T. The anti-diabetic potential of betaine. Mechanisms of action in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112946. [PMID: 35413601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Betaine (N, N, N-trimethylglycine) is an amino-acid derivative exerting numerous beneficial effects on the organism. This compound is found in human and animal diets but is also endogenously generated. However, its synthesis may be insufficient to maintain or improve health. Moreover, the tissue content of betaine reduces under some pathological conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. This decrease may be, however, easily alleviated by dietary betaine supplementation. Rodent studies provided evidence that betaine effectively limits many diabetes-related disturbances. Betaine therapy improves glucose tolerance and insulin action, which is strongly associated with changes in insulin-sensitive tissues, such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. Betaine supplementation positively affects multiple genes, which expression is dysregulated in diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase is thought to play a central role in the mechanism underlying the anti-diabetic betaine action. Moreover, studies with animal models of type 2 diabetes have shown that betaine exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, and also alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress. These changes contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and better blood glucose clearance. The results of animal studies encourage the exploration of the therapeutic betaine efficacy in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szkudelski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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20
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Liu J, Ding L, Zhai X, Wang D, Xiao C, Hui X, Sun T, Yu M, Zhang Q, Li M, Xiao X. Maternal Dietary Betaine Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders and Gut Microbiota Alterations in Mouse Dams and Offspring From Young to Adult. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:809642. [PMID: 35479641 PMCID: PMC9037091 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.809642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life is a critical window for preventing the intergenerational transmission of metabolic diseases. Betaine has been proven to play a role in improving glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in animal models. However, whether maternal betaine supplementation plays a role in regulating gut microbiota in both dams and offspring remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6 female mice were fed with control diet (Ctr), high-fat diet (HF), and high-fat with betaine supplementation (0.3% betaine in the diet, HFB) from 3 weeks prior to mating and lasted throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, the offspring got free access to normal chow diet until 20 weeks of age. We found that maternal dietary betaine supplementation significantly improved glucose and insulin resistance, as well as reduced free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in dams and offspring from young to adult. When compared to the HF group, Intestinimonas and Acetatifactor were reduced by betaine supplementation in dams; Desulfovibrio was reduced in 4-week-old offspring of the HFB group; and Lachnoclostridium was enriched in 20-week-old offspring of the HFB group. Moreover, the persistent elevated genus Romboutsia in both dams and offspring in the HFB group was reported for the first time. Overall, maternal betaine could dramatically alleviate the detrimental effects of maternal overnutrition on metabolism in both dams and offspring. The persistent alterations in gut microbiota might play critical roles in uncovering the intergenerational metabolic benefits of maternal betaine, which highlights evidence for combating generational metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Hui
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Jorgačević B, Stanković S, Filipović J, Samardžić J, Vučević D, Radosavljević T. Betaine modulates MIF-mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in Thioacetamide-induced Nephrotoxicity. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5254-5267. [PMID: 35400322 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220408102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine with chemokine properties released by various immune and nonimmune cells. It contributes to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory, autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate the role of betaine in the modulation of MIF-mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis during toxic kidney damage induced by thioacetamide (TAA). METHODS The experiment is performed on wild-type and knockout MIF-/- C57BL/6 mice. They are randomly divided into groups: Control; Bet-group, received betaine (2% wt/v dissolved in drinking water); MIF-/- mice group; MIF-/-+Bet; TAA-group, treated with TAA (200 mg/kg b.w.), intraperitoneally, 3x/week/8 weeks); TAA+Bet; MIF-/-+TAA, and MIF-/-+TAA+Bet group. After eight weeks of treatment, animals are sacrificed and kidney samples are taken to determine oxidative stress parameters, proinflammatory cytokines, profibrogenic factors, and histopathology of renal tissue Results: In MIF-/-mice, TAA decreases malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-1) and plateled-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and increases superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) content in kidneys, compared to TAA group. Betaine alleviates the mechanism of MIF-mediated effects in TAA-induced nephrotoxicity, reducing MDA, IL-6, TNF-, TGF-1, and PDGF-BB, and increasing SOD and CAT activity, as well as GSH levels. CONCLUSION MIF mediates TAA-induced nephrotoxicity by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and profibrogenic mediators. MIF-targeted therapy could potentially alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney, as well as pathohistological changes in renal tissue, but the exact mechanism of its action is not completely clear. Betaine alleviates MIF nephrotoxic effects by increasing the antioxidative capacity of kidney cells, and decreasing lipid peroxidation and cytokine production in the renal tissue. It suggests that betaine can be used for the prevention of kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Jorgačević
- Institute of Pathophysiology \'\'Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović\'\', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Stanković
- Centre of Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Filipović
- Institute of Pathology \'\'Đorđe Jovanović\'\', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Janko Samardžić
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vučević
- Institute of Pathophysiology \'\'Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović\'\', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Radosavljević
- Institute of Pathophysiology \'\'Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović\'\', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Aguilera Y, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Activating Effects of the Bioactive Compounds From Coffee By-Products on FGF21 Signaling Modulate Hepatic Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Energy Metabolism in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:866233. [PMID: 35392289 PMCID: PMC8981461 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.866233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to have the capacity to modulate human metabolism. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of the main bioactive compounds in coffee by-products and two aqueous extracts from the coffee husk and silverskin on the activation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and the subsequent regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid and glucose metabolism. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products (50 μmol L−1) and the aqueous extracts from the coffee silverskin and coffee husk (100 μg mL−1) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the secretion of FGF21 (1.3 to 1.9-fold). Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds counteracted inflammation and PA-triggered lipotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers (ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, and NADPH oxidase) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were modulated through the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were regulated by enhancing respiration and ATP production via PGC-1α, and the expression of oxidative phosphorylation complexes increased. Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds decreased lipid accumulation (23–41%) and fatty acid synthase activity (32–65%) and triggered carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (1.3 to 1.7-fold) by activating AMPK and SREBP-1c pathways. The GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake were increased (58–111%), followed by a promoted glucokinase activity (55–122%), while glucose production and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity were reduced due to IRS-1/Akt1 regulation. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products, primarily chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids, could regulate hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid and glucose metabolism by activating FGF21 and related signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
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23
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Du J, Zhang P, Luo J, Shen L, Zhang S, Gu H, He J, Wang L, Zhao X, Gan M, Yang L, Niu L, Zhao Y, Tang Q, Tang G, Jiang D, Jiang Y, Li M, Jiang A, Jin L, Ma J, Shuai S, Bai L, Wang J, Zeng B, Wu D, Li X, Zhu L. Dietary betaine prevents obesity through gut microbiota-drived microRNA-378a family. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-19. [PMID: 33550882 PMCID: PMC7889173 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1862612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine is a natural compound present in commonly consumed foods and may have a potential role in the regulation of glucose and lipids metabolism. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of its action remains largely unknown. Here, we show that supplementation with betaine contributes to improved high-fat diet (HFD)-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and increases anti-obesity strains such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. In mice lacking gut microbiota, the functional role of betaine in preventing HFD-induced obesity, metabolic syndrome, and inactivation of brown adipose tissues are significantly reduced. Akkermansia muciniphila is an important regulator of betaine in improving microbiome ecology and increasing strains that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Increasing two main members of SCFAs including acetate and butyrate can significantly regulate the levels of DNA methylation at host miR-378a promoter, thus preventing the development of obesity and glucose intolerance. However, these beneficial effects are partially abolished by Yin yang (YY1), a common target gene of the miR-378a family. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that betaine can improve obesity and associated MS via the gut microbiota-derived miR-378a/YY1 regulatory axis, and reveal a novel mechanism by which gut microbiota improve host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mailing Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- College of Life and Biology Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Surong Shuai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Bo Zeng College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,De Wu
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Xuewei Li
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,CONTACT Li Zhu
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24
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Associations between Serum Betaine, Methyl-Metabolizing Genetic Polymorphisms and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study in Community-Dwelling Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020362. [PMID: 35057543 PMCID: PMC8778868 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have explored associations between betaine and diabetes, but few have considered the effects of genes on them. We aimed to examine associations between serum betaine, methyl-metabolizing genetic polymorphisms and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese adults. This prospective study comprised 1565 subjects aged 40–75 without type 2 diabetes at baseline. Serum betaine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Genotyping of methyl-metabolizing genes was detected by Illumina ASA-750K arrays. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median of 8.9 years of follow-up, 213 participants developed type 2 diabetes. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of serum betaine, those in the highest quartile had lower risk of type 2 diabetes, adjusted HRs (95%CIs) was 0.46 (0.31, 0.69). For methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) G1793A (rs2274976) and MTHFR A1298C (rs1801131), participants carrying 1793GA + AA and 1298AC + CC had lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Interactions of serum betaine and genotype of MTHFR G1793A and MTHFR A1298C could be found influencing type 2 diabetes risk. Our findings indicate that higher serum betaine, mutations of MTHFR G1793A and A1298C, as well as the joint effects of them, are associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes.
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25
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Aguilera Y, Martin-Cabrejas MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Phytochemicals from the Cocoa Shell Modulate Mitochondrial Function, Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Hepatocytes via Activation of FGF21/ERK, AKT, and mTOR Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010136. [PMID: 35052640 PMCID: PMC8772970 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cocoa shell is a by-product that may be revalorized as a source of bioactive compounds to prevent chronic cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals from the cocoa shell as targeted compounds for activating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and regulating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related biomarkers linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and metabolism in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA, 500 µmol L−1) were used in an NAFLD cell model. Phytochemicals from the cocoa shell (50 µmol L−1) and an aqueous extract (CAE, 100 µg mL−1) enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation (1.7- to 3.3-fold) and FGF21 release (1.4- to 3.4-fold) via PPARα activation. Oxidative stress markers were reduced though Nrf-2 regulation. Mitochondrial function (mitochondrial respiration and ATP production) was protected by the PGC-1α pathway modulation. Cocoa shell phytochemicals reduced lipid accumulation (53–115%) and fatty acid synthase activity (59–93%) and prompted CPT-1 activity. Glucose uptake and glucokinase activity were enhanced, whereas glucose production and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity were diminished. The increase in the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, AKT, AMPKα, mTOR, and ERK1/2 conduced to the regulation of hepatic mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. For the first time, the cocoa shell phytochemicals are proved to modulate FGF21 signaling. Results demonstrate the in vitro preventive effect of the phytochemicals from the cocoa shell on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (Y.A.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (Y.A.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martin-Cabrejas
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (Y.A.); (M.A.M.-C.)
- Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-217-244-3196
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26
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Wang C, Ma C, Gong L, Dai S, Li Y. Preventive and therapeutic role of betaine in liver disease: A review on molecular mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174604. [PMID: 34743980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Betaine is a kind of water-soluble quaternary amine-type alkaloid widely existing in food, such as wheat germ, beet, spinach, shrimp and wolfberry. As an important methyl donor and osmotic pressure regulator in human body, betaine plays an important role in a variety of physiological activities. In recent years, a large number of literatures have shown that betaine has good preventive and therapeutic effects on many liver diseases, including chemical or drug-induced liver injury, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Therefore, by searching the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder and CNKI, this paper has summarized the molecular mechanisms of betaine in improving liver diseases. The results show that the improvement of liver diseases by betaine is closely related to a variety of molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of inflammatory response, improvement of insulin resistance, reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, alleviation of liver oxidative stress, increase of autophagy, remodeling of intestinal flora and regulation of epigenetic modification. More importantly, nuclear transcription factor kappa (NF-κB), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ (PPAR-α/γ), liver X receptor α (LXRα), protein kinase B (Akt), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3) signaling pathways are considered as important molecular targets for betaine to improve liver diseases. These important findings will provide a direction and basis for further exploring the pathogenesis of various liver diseases and tapping the potential of betaine in the clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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27
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Obydah WO, Shaker GA, Samir SM, El Bassiony SF, Abd El Moneim HA. Effect of vanillic acid and exercise training on fatty liver and insulin resistance in rats: Possible role of fibroblast growth factor 21 and autophagy. Physiol Int 2021; 108:412-426. [PMID: 34813496 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2021.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been alarmingly increased with no lines of effective treatment. Vanillic acid is a naturally occurring polyphenol with promising therapeutic effects. Exercise is well known to be an effective tool against obesity and its consequences. Thus, we aim to study the effect of vanillic acid alone and along with exercise on fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in a rat model and to investigate possible novel mechanisms involved in their action. METHODS In this study, 40 male rats were divided equally into five groups: control (standard chow diet), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD+VA (HFD+ vanillic acid (50 mg/kg/day orally), HFD+EX (HFD+ swimming exercise 5 days/week), HFD+VA+EX (HFD+ vanillic acid+ swimming exercise) for eight weeks. RESULTS Body mass, liver weight, liver enzymes, cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly decreased in the combined VA+EX group, with marked improvement in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and consequently HOMA-IR index compared to the HFD group. These improvements were also reflected in the pathological view. VA and swimming, either solely or in combination, markedly increased hepatic and circulating fibroblast growth factor 21. Additionally, VA and swimming increased the immunohistochemical expression of the autophagosomal marker LC3 and decreased the expression of P62, which is selectively degraded during autophagy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the hepatoprotective effect of VA and swimming exercise against fatty liver and the involvement of FGF21 and autophagy in their effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa O Obydah
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Gehan A Shaker
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Shereen M Samir
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Soheir F El Bassiony
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
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28
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Quesada-Vázquez S, Colom-Pellicer M, Navarro-Masip È, Aragonès G, Del Bas JM, Caimari A, Escoté X. Supplementation with a Specific Combination of Metabolic Cofactors Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatic Fibrosis, and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:3532. [PMID: 34684533 PMCID: PMC8541294 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have emerged as the leading causes of chronic liver disease in the world. Obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are multifactorial risk factors strongly associated with NAFLD/NASH. Here, a specific combination of metabolic cofactors (a multi-ingredient; MI) containing precursors of glutathione (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (betaine, N-acetyl-cysteine, L-carnitine and nicotinamide riboside) was evaluated as effective treatment for the NAFLD/NASH pathophysiology. Six-week-old male mice were randomly divided into control diet animals and animals exposed to a high fat and high fructose/sucrose diet to induce NAFLD. After 16 weeks, diet-induced NAFLD mice were distributed into two groups, treated with the vehicle (HFHFr group) or with a combination of metabolic cofactors (MI group) for 4 additional weeks, and blood and liver were obtained from all animals for biochemical, histological, and molecular analysis. The MI treatment reduced liver steatosis, decreasing liver weight and hepatic lipid content, and liver injury, as evidenced by a pronounced decrease in serum levels of liver transaminases. Moreover, animals supplemented with the MI cocktail showed a reduction in the gene expression of some proinflammatory cytokines when compared with their HFHFr counterparts. In addition, MI supplementation was effective in decreasing hepatic fibrosis and improving insulin sensitivity, as observed by histological analysis, as well as a reduction in fibrotic gene expression (Col1α1) and improved Akt activation, respectively. Taken together, supplementation with this specific combination of metabolic cofactors ameliorates several features of NAFLD, highlighting this treatment as a potential efficient therapy against this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Quesada-Vázquez
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
| | - Marina Colom-Pellicer
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Èlia Navarro-Masip
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (M.C.-P.); (È.N.-M.); (G.A.)
| | - Josep M. Del Bas
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnology Area, 43204 Reus, Spain;
| | - Xavier Escoté
- Eurecat, Technology Centre of Catalunya, Nutrition and Health Unit, 43204 Reus, Spain; (S.Q.-V.); (J.M.D.B.)
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Moreira LDSG, Fanton S, Cardozo L, Borges NA, Combet E, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Mafra D. Pink pressure: beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) as a possible novel medical therapy for chronic kidney disease. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1041-1061. [PMID: 34613396 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) manifests with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis, resulting in metabolic disorders and elevated rates of cardiovascular disease-associated death. These all correlate with a high economic cost to healthcare systems. Growing evidence indicates that diet is an indispensable ally in the prevention and management of CKD and its complications. In this context, the root vegetable beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) deserves special attention because it is a source of several bioactive compounds, such as nitrate, betaine, and betalain, and has shown beneficial effects in CKD, including reduction of blood pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant actions by scavenging radical oxidative species, as observed in preclinical studies. Beetroot consumption as a possible therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical treatment of patients with CKD and future directions for clinical studies are addressed in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís de Souza Gouveia Moreira
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susane Fanton
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludmila Cardozo
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia A Borges
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Combet
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Shiels
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denise Mafra
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ribo S, Sánchez-Infantes D, Martinez-Guino L, García-Mantrana I, Ramon-Krauel M, Tondo M, Arning E, Nofrarías M, Osorio-Conles Ó, Fernández-Pérez A, González-Torres P, Cebrià J, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Chenoll E, Isganaitis E, Villarroya F, Vallejo M, Segalés J, Jiménez-Chillarón JC, Bottiglieri T, Demerath EW, Fields DA, Collado MC, Lerin C. Increasing breast milk betaine modulates Akkermansia abundance in mammalian neonates and improves long-term metabolic health. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/587/eabb0322. [PMID: 33790021 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated postnatal growth is a potentially modifiable risk factor for future obesity. To study how specific breast milk components contribute to early growth and obesity risk, we quantified one-carbon metabolism-related metabolites in human breast milk and found an inverse association between milk betaine content and infant growth. This association was replicated in an independent and geographically distinct cohort. To determine the potential role of milk betaine in modulating offspring obesity risk, we performed maternal betaine supplementation experiments in mice. Higher betaine intake during lactation increased milk betaine content in dams and led to lower adiposity and improved glucose homeostasis throughout adulthood in mouse offspring. These effects were accompanied by a transient increase in Akkermansia spp. abundance in the gut during early life and a long-lasting increase in intestinal goblet cell number. The link between breast milk betaine and Akkermansia abundance in the gut was also observed in humans, as infants exposed to higher milk betaine content during breastfeeding showed higher fecal Akkermansia muciniphila abundance. Furthermore, administration of A. muciniphila to mouse pups during the lactation period partially replicated the effects of maternal breast milk betaine, including increased intestinal goblet cell number, lower adiposity, and improved glucose homeostasis during adulthood. These data demonstrate a link between breast milk betaine content and long-term metabolic health of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ribo
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Infantes
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martinez-Guino
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Izaskun García-Mantrana
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Ramon-Krauel
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Tondo
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Óscar Osorio-Conles
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro González-Torres
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Cebrià
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, The University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carles Lerin
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
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Khatiwada S, Lecomte V, Fenech MF, Morris MJ, Maloney CA. Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Glucose and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in a Rat Model of Diet Induced Obesity. Cells 2021; 10:1751. [PMID: 34359921 PMCID: PMC8304500 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of metabolic disorders, partly through increased oxidative stress. Here, we examined the effects of a dietary micronutrient supplement (consisting of folate, vitamin B6, choline, betaine, and zinc) with antioxidant and methyl donor activities. Male Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks old, 17/group) were weaned onto control (C) or high-fat diet (HFD) or same diets with added micronutrient supplement (CS; HS). At 14.5 weeks of age, body composition was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. At 21 weeks of age, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure was measured using Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. At 22 weeks of age, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and using fasting glucose and insulin values, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as a surrogate measure of insulin resistance. At 30.5 weeks of age, blood and liver tissues were harvested. Liver antioxidant capacity, lipids and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (Cd36, Fabp1, Acaca, Fasn, Cpt1a, Srebf1) were measured. HFD increased adiposity (p < 0.001) and body weight (p < 0.001), both of which did not occur in the HS group. The animals fed HFD developed impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and fasting hyperinsulinemia compared to control fed animals. Interestingly, HS animals demonstrated an improvement in fasting glucose and fasting insulin. Based on insulin release during OGTT and HOMA-IR, the supplement appeared to reduce the insulin resistance developed by HFD feeding. Supplementation increased hepatic glutathione content (p < 0.05) and reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation (p < 0.001) regardless of diet; this was accompanied by altered gene expression (particularly of CPT-1). Our findings show that dietary micronutrient supplementation can reduce weight gain and adiposity, improve glucose metabolism, and improve hepatic antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in response to HFD intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Khatiwada
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.K.); (V.L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Virginie Lecomte
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.K.); (V.L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michael F. Fenech
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, 108 North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Margaret J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.K.); (V.L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Christopher A. Maloney
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (S.K.); (V.L.); (M.J.M.)
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32
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Gillies NA, Franzke B, Wessner B, Schober-Halper B, Hofmann M, Oesen S, Tosevska A, Strasser EM, Roy NC, Milan AM, Cameron-Smith D, Wagner KH. Nutritional supplementation alters associations between one-carbon metabolites and cardiometabolic risk profiles in older adults: a secondary analysis of the Vienna Active Ageing Study. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:169-182. [PMID: 34240265 PMCID: PMC8783863 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02607-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline, predominant in ageing populations, share common features of dysregulated one-carbon (1C) and cardiometabolic homeostasis. However, few studies have addressed the impact of multifaceted lifestyle interventions in older adults that combine both nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the co-regulation of 1C metabolites and cardiometabolic markers. Methods 95 institutionalised older adults (83 ± 6 years, 88.4% female) were randomised to receive resistance training with or without nutritional supplementation (Fortifit), or cognitive training (control for socialisation) for 6 months. Fasting plasma 1C metabolite concentrations, analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and cardiometabolic parameters were measured at baseline and the 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Results Regardless of the intervention group, choline was elevated after 3 months, while cysteine and methionine remained elevated after 6 months (mixed model time effects, p < 0.05). Elevated dimethylglycine and lower betaine concentrations were correlated with an unfavourable cardiometabolic profile at baseline (spearman correlations, p < 0.05). However, increasing choline and dimethylglycine concentrations were associated with improvements in lipid metabolism in those receiving supplementation (regression model interaction, p < 0.05). Conclusion Choline metabolites, including choline, betaine and dimethylglycine, were central to the co-regulation of 1C metabolism and cardiometabolic health in older adults. Metabolites that indicate upregulated betaine-dependent homocysteine remethylation were elevated in those with the greatest cardiometabolic risk at baseline, but associated with improvements in lipid parameters following resistance training with nutritional supplementation. The relevance of how 1C metabolite status might be optimised to protect against cardiometabolic dysregulation requires further attention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02607-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Gillies
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bernhard Franzke
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schober-Halper
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Hofmann
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Oesen
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anela Tosevska
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Internal Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Strasser
- Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital - Social Medical Center South, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food, Nutrition and Health, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amber M Milan
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Food, Nutrition and Health, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand.,The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Zhou Y, Li C, Wang X, Deng P, He W, Zheng H, Zhao L, Gao H. Integration of FGF21 Signaling and Metabolomics in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3900-3912. [PMID: 34237942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in obesity have been well established, but the metabolic mechanism underlying these differences remains unclear. In the present study, we determined the expression levels of endogenous fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and its related receptors in male and female mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. We also analyzed the metabolic changes in serum and livers using a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting results revealed that the levels of FGFR1, FGFR2, and co-factor β-klotho were upregulated in female mice to alleviate FGF21 resistance induced by HFD. The metabolomics results demonstrated that the serum and liver metabolic patterns of HFD-fed male mice were significantly separated from those of the female HFD-fed group and the normal diet group. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein and betaine levels were associated with the resistance of exogenous HFD in female mice. These findings imply that sex-based differences in metabolism and susceptibility to obesity might be mediated by the FGF21 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Pengxi Deng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wenting He
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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34
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Huang B, Hu X, Hu J, Chen Z, Zhao H. Betaine Alleviates Cognitive Deficits in Diabetic Rats via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Regulation. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 49:270-278. [PMID: 32702702 DOI: 10.1159/000508624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which also causes cognitive deficits. Betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine), also known as trimethylglycine, has been shown to ameliorate diabetic symptoms in diabetic animals and improve cognitive ability in Alzheimer disease (AD) animals. However, the effects of betaine on cognitive deficits in diabetic animals have not been described yet. Therefore, in the current study, the effects of betaine on cognition in diabetic rats were evaluated. METHODS We established a diabetic rat model by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) into rats and administrated betaine to these diabetic rats. We monitored the metabolism index, and glucose and insulin levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. We measured inflammatory cytokine levels, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in serum and hippocampus. We also monitored oxidative stress in the hippocampus by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. We measured the learning and memory ability of diabetic rats using the Morris water and Y maze tests and tested the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation and p-mTOR level in the hippocampus. RESULTS Betaine improved glucose metabolism and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Also, betaine decreased MDA concentration and increased SOD activity in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Betaine ameliorated cognitive deficits in diabetic rats, and it promoted PI3K expression and Akt activation and decreased p-mTOR expression. CONCLUSION Betaine alleviates cognitive deficits in STZ-induced diabetic rats via regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Huang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei, China,
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenfei Chen
- Department of Medical Affairs, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Medical Affairs, Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Hefei Hospital, Hefei, China
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Zheng J, Xiao H, Duan Y, Song B, Zheng C, Guo Q, Li F, Li T. Roles of amino acid derivatives in the regulation of obesity. Food Funct 2021; 12:6214-6225. [PMID: 34105579 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00780g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an issue of great concern to people all over the world. It is accompanied by serious complications, leading to reduced quality of life and higher morbidity and mortality. Over the past few years, there has been an explosion in knowledge about the roles of potential therapeutic agents in obesity management. Among them, amino acid (AA) derivatives, such as taurine, glutathione (GSH), betaine, α-ketoglutarate (AKG), β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), have recently gained popularity due to their beneficial effects on the promotion of weight loss and improvement in the lipid profile. The mechanisms of action of these derivatives mainly include inhibiting adipogenesis, increasing lipolysis, promoting brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) development, and improving glucose metabolism. Therefore, this review summarizes these AA derivatives and the possible mechanisms responsible for their anti-obesity effects. Based on the current findings, these AA derivatives could be potential therapeutic agents for obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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Horita DA, Hwang S, Stegall JM, Friday WB, Kirchner DR, Zeisel SH. Two methods for assessment of choline status in a randomized crossover study with varying dietary choline intake in people: isotope dilution MS of plasma and in vivo single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1670-1678. [PMID: 33668062 PMCID: PMC8168360 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline deficiency has numerous negative health consequences; although the preponderance of the US population consumes less than the recommended Adequate Intake (AI), clinical assessment of choline status is difficult. Further, several pathways involved in primary metabolism of choline are estrogen-sensitive and the AI for premenopausal women is lower than that for men. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of liver and/or isotope-dilution MS of plasma could identify biomarkers reflective of choline intake (preregistered primary outcomes 1 and 2, secondary outcome 1). Determination of whether biomarker concentrations showed sex dependence was a post hoc outcome. This substudy is a component of a larger project to identify a clinically useful biomarker panel for assessment of choline status. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial, people consumed 3 diets, representative of ∼100%, ∼50%, and ∼25% of the choline AI, for 2-wk periods. We measured the concentrations of choline and several metabolites using 1H single-voxel MRS of liver in vivo and using 2H-labeled isotope dilution MS of several choline metabolites in extracted plasma. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of 2H9-choline, unlabeled betaine, and 2H9-betaine, and the isotopic enrichment ratio (IER) of betaine showed highly significant between-diet effects (q < 0.0001), with unlabeled betaine concentration decreasing 32% from highest to lowest choline intake. Phosphatidylcholine IER was marginally significant (q = 0.03). Unlabeled phosphatidylcholine plasma concentrations did not show between-diet effects (q = 0.34). 2H9 (trimethyl)-phosphatidylcholine plasma concentrations (q = 0.07) and MRS-measured total soluble choline species liver concentrations (q = 0.07) showed evidence of between-diet effects but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Although MRS is a more direct measure of choline status, variable spectral quality limited interpretation. MS analysis of plasma showed clear correlation of plasma betaine concentration, but not plasma phosphatidylcholine concentration, with dietary choline intake. Plasma betaine concentrations also correlate with sex status (premenopausal women, postmenopausal women, men).This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03726671.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Horita
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Sunil Hwang
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Julie M Stegall
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Walter B Friday
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - David R Kirchner
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Bletsa E, Filippas-Dekouan S, Kostara C, Dafopoulos P, Dimou A, Pappa E, Chasapi S, Spyroulias G, Koutsovasilis A, Bairaktari E, Ferrannini E, Tsimihodimos V. Effect of Dapagliflozin on Urine Metabolome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1269-1283. [PMID: 33592103 PMCID: PMC8063232 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporters-2 have cardio- and renoprotective properties. However, the underlying mechanisms remain indeterminate. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin on renal metabolism assessed by urine metabolome analysis in patients with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Outpatient diabetes clinic of a tertiary academic center. PATIENTS Eighty patients with hemoglobin A1c > 7% on metformin monotherapy were prospectively enrolled. INTERVENTION Fifty patients were treated with dapagliflozin for 3 months. To exclude that the changes observed in urine metabolome were merely the result of the improvement in glycemia, 30 patients treated with insulin degludec were used for comparison. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Changes in urine metabolic profile before and after the administration of dapagliflozin and insulin degludec were assessed by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS In multivariate analysis urine metabolome was significantly altered by dapagliflozin (R2X = 0.819, R2Y = 0.627, Q2Y = 0.362, and coefficient of variation analysis of variance, P < 0.001) but not insulin. After dapagliflozin, the urine concentrations of ketone bodies, lactate, branched chain amino acids (P < 0.001), betaine, myo-inositol (P < 0001), and N-methylhydantoin (P < 0.005) were significantly increased. Additionally, the urine levels of alanine, creatine, sarcosine, and citrate were also increased (P < 0001, P <0.0001, and P <0.0005, respectively) whereas anserine decreased (P < 0005). CONCLUSIONS Dapagliflozin significantly affects urine metabolome in patients with type 2 diabetes in a glucose lowering-independent way. Most of the observed changes can be considered beneficial and may contribute to the renoprotective properties of dapagliflozin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdoxia Bletsa
- Third Internal Medicine Department, General Hospital of Nikaia, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christina Kostara
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Aikaterini Dimou
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Pappa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Bairaktari
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) poses a growing challenge in terms of its prevention and treatment. The 'multiple hits' hypothesis of multiple insults, such as dietary fat intake, de novo lipogenesis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis and hepatic inflammation, can provide a more accurate explanation of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Betaine plays important roles in regulating the genes associated with NAFLD through anti-inflammatory effects, increased free fatty oxidation, anti-lipogenic effects and improved insulin resistance and mitochondrial function; however, the mechanism of betaine remains elusive.
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Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, Asbaghi O, Tinsley GM, Mombaini D, Kooti W, Kashkooli S, Wong A. Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6516-6533. [PMID: 33764214 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1902938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Controversy regarding the effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers has persisted for decades. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Studies examining betaine supplementation on CVD markers published up to February 2021 were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and SCOPUS. Betaine supplementation had a significant effect on concentrations of betaine (MD: 82.14 μmol/L, 95% CI: 67.09 to 97.20), total cholesterol (TC) (MD: 14.12 mg/dl, 95% CI%: 9.23 to 19.02), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD: 10.26 mg/dl, 95% CI: 6.14 to 14.38)], homocysteine (WMD: -1.30 micromol/L, 95% CI: -1.61 to -0.98), dimethylglycine (DMG) (MD: 21.33 micromol/L, 95% CI: 13.87 to 28.80), and methionine (MD: 2.06 micromol/L, 95% CI: 0.23 to 3.88). Moreover, our analysis indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)], and blood pressure. Our subgroup analysis suggested that a maximum dose of 4 g/d might have homocysteine-lowering effects without any adverse effect on lipid profiles reported with doses of ≥4 g/d. In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis supports the advantage of a lower dose of betaine supplementation (<4 g/d) on homocysteine concentrations without the lipid-augmenting effect observed with a higher dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Matin Ghanavati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Delsa Mombaini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Wesam Kooti
- Lung Diseases & Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sara Kashkooli
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, Texas, USA
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Gong X, Du Y, Li X, Yang J, Zhang X, Wei Y, Zhao Y. Maternal Plasma Betaine in Middle Pregnancy Was Associated with Decreased Risk of GDM in Twin Pregnancy: A Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2495-2504. [PMID: 34113141 PMCID: PMC8184138 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s312334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although previous studies have shown that choline-related metabolites in one carbon metabolism (OCM) were related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk in singleton pregnancy, their role in twin gestations remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations between choline, betaine, methionine, dimethylglycine (DMG), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and GDM risk among women with twin gestations. PATIENTS AND METHODS This hospital-based cohort study included 187 women with dichorionic twin gestations. Blood samples were collected during pregnancy at a median of 16.1 weeks of gestation (IQR: 13.9 -17.9). Concentrations of plasma metabolites were measured by HPLC-triple quadrupole MS. Log-binomial regression models were applied to estimate the associations between plasma metabolites and the risk of GDM. RESULTS A total of 57 (30.5%) GDM cases were diagnosed over the study follow-up. Eighty-seven percent of women conceived through ART. Plasma betaine had an inverse association with GDM risk, and the adjusted RR of GDM comparing the highest tertile with the lowest tertile was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.19-0.86, P trend=0.015). Women with a high betaine/choline ratio or a low DMG/betaine ratio were at decreased GDM risk (P trend=0.031 or 0.001, respectively). Plasma choline, methionine, DMG and TMAO were not associated with GDM risk. CONCLUSION Among women with dichorionic twin gestations, higher plasma level of betaine in the second trimester was associated with lower risk of GDM. This finding needs further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Center for Healthcare Quality Management in Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yangyu Zhao; Yuan Wei Email ;
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Badakhshi Y, Jin T. Current understanding and controversies on the clinical implications of fibroblast growth factor 21. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:311-328. [PMID: 33382006 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1864278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic functions of the hepatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) have been recognized for more than a decade in studying the responses of human subjects and rodent models to nutritional stresses such as fasting, high-fat diet or ketogenic diet consumption, and ethanol intake. Our interest in the beneficial metabolic effects of FGF21 has risen due to its potential ability to serve as a therapeutic agent for various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver diseases, as well as its potential to act as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for metabolic and other disorders. Here, we briefly review the FGF21 gene and protein structures, its expression pattern, and cellular signaling cascades that mediate FGF21 production and function. We mainly focus on discussing experimental and clinical literature pertaining to FGF21 as a therapeutic agent. Furthermore, we present several lines of investigation, including a few studies conducted by our team, suggesting that FGF21 expression and function can be regulated by dietary polyphenol interventions. Finally, we discuss the literature debating FGF21 as a potential biomarker in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Badakhshi
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Dibaba DT, Johnson KC, Kucharska-Newton AM, Meyer K, Zeisel SH, Bidulescu A. The Association of Dietary Choline and Betaine With the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2840-2846. [PMID: 32900787 PMCID: PMC7576425 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between dietary intake of choline and betaine and the risk of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Among 13,440 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants, the prospective longitudinal association between dietary choline and betaine intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes was assessed using interval-censored Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models adjusted for baseline potential confounding variables. RESULTS Among 13,440 participants (55% women, mean age 54 [SD 7.4] years), 1,396 developed incident type 2 diabetes during median follow-up of 9 years from 1987 to 1998. There was no statistically significant association between every 1-SD increase in dietary choline and risk of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.01 [95% CI 0.87, 1.16]) nor between dietary betaine intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.01 [0.94, 1.10]). Those in the highest quartile of dietary choline intake did not have a statistically significant higher risk of type 2 diabetes than those in the lowest choline quartile (HR 1.09 [0.84, 1.42]); similarly, dietary betaine intake was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes comparing the highest quartile to the lowest (HR 1.06 [0.87, 1.29]). Among women, there was a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, comparing the highest to lowest dietary choline quartile (HR 1.54 [1.06, 2.25]), while in men, the association was null (HR 0.82 [0.57, 1.17]). Nevertheless, there was a nonsignificant interaction between high choline intake and sex on the risk of type 2 diabetes (P = 0.07). The results from logistic regression were similar. CONCLUSIONS Overall and among male participants, dietary choline or betaine intakes were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Among female participants, there was a trend for a modestly higher risk of type 2 diabetes among those with the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of dietary choline intake. Our study should inform clinical trials on dietary choline and betaine supplementation in relationship with the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Dibaba
- Tennessee Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Karen C Johnson
- Tennessee Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Anna M Kucharska-Newton
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Katie Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Aurelian Bidulescu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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43
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Tian L, Ning H, Shao W, Song Z, Badakhshi Y, Ling W, Yang BB, Brubaker PL, Jin T. Dietary Cyanidin-3-Glucoside Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Body-Weight Gain and Impairment of Glucose Tolerance in Mice via Effects on the Hepatic Hormone FGF21. J Nutr 2020; 150:2101-2111. [PMID: 32470979 PMCID: PMC7398791 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary polyphenols including anthocyanins target multiple organs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the involvement of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), leptin, insulin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in mediating metabolic beneficial effects of purified anthocyanin cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy3G). METHODS Intestinal proglucagon gene (Gcg; encoding GLP-1) and liver Fgf21 expression were assessed in 6-wk-old male C57BL-6J mice fed a low-fat-diet (LFD; 10% of energy from fat), alone or with 1.6 mg Cy3G/L in drinking water for 3 wk [experiment (Exp.) 1; n = 5/group]. Similar mice were fed the LFD or a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% energy from fat) with or without Cy3G for 20 wk. Half of the mice administered Cy3G also received 4 broad-spectrum antibiotics (ABs) in drinking water between weeks 11 and 14, for a total of 6 groups (n = 8/group). Metabolic tolerance tests were conducted between weeks 2 and 16. Relevant hormone gene expression and plasma hormone concentrations were assessed mainly at the end of 20 wk (Exp. 2). RESULTS In Exp. 1, Cy3G administration increased ileal but not colonic Gcg level by 2-fold (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, Cy3G attenuated HFD-induced body-weight gain (20.3% at week 16), and improved glucose tolerance (26.5% at week 15) but not insulin tolerance. Although Cy3G had no effect on glucose tolerance in LFD mice, LFD/Cy3G/AB mice showed better glucose tolerance than LFD/Cy3G mice (23%). In contrast, HFD/Cy3G/AB mice showed worse glucose tolerance compared with HFD/Cy3G mice (15%). Beneficial effects of Cy3G in HFD mice were not associated with changes in plasma leptin, insulin or GLP-1 concentrations. However, Cy3G increased hepatic Fgf21 expression in mice in Exp. 1 by 4-fold and attenuated Fgf21 overexpression in HFD mice (Exp. 2, 22%), associated with increased expression of genes that encode FGFR1 and β-klotho (>3-fold, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary Cy3G may reduce body weight and exert metabolic homeostatic effects in mice via changes in hepatic FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hongmei Ning
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yasaman Badakhshi
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yet-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Burton B Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Address correspondence to TJ (e-mail: )
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Akbari R, Yaghooti H, Jalali MT, Khorsandi LS, Mohammadtaghvaei N. Capparis spinosa improves the high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: the possible role of FGF21. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:356. [PMID: 32723353 PMCID: PMC7388468 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on the beneficial effects of Capparis spinosa (CS) treatment on the steatohepatitis induced by the administration of a high-fat emulsion in rats. Changes of hepatic expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were also evaluated as a probable mechanism of the CS effects on fatty liver. Male Wistar rats were allocated in different groups to receive a normal diet (NC group), a high-fat diet (HF group), or the high-fat emulsion plus CS extract at a dose of 20 mg/kg (HF+CS group). Body and liver weight, liver index, serum biochemical factors, histopathological examination, and serum level and hepatic gene expression of FGF21 were determined. RESULTS CS administration markedly reduced liver weight and index, serum levels of glucose, lipids, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and improved histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which were induced by HF feeding in this model. CS supplementation also restored the decreased hepatic and serum FGF21 levels in the fatty liver rats. We propose that the FGF21 up-regulation may partly account for the favorable effects of CS in this steatohepatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Akbari
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yaghooti
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taha Jalali
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laya Sadat Khorsandi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Mohammadtaghvaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Betaine alleviated hepatic and renal injury in diabetic pregnant rats: biochemical and histopathological evidences. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:859-867. [PMID: 33553014 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pregnancy is the most intense physiological alteration in energy metabolism that women experience in their lifetime. Liver and kidney are the two most susceptible organs to energy metabolism. Diabetes is well-defined as a syndrome interfering with energy metabolism triggered by impaired blood glucose adjustment. Herein, protective effects of betaine on liver and kidney were evaluated in animal model of diabetic pregnancy. Methods 32 dams were assigned into 4 equal groups: Control (C), Betaine (B, 1.5% w/w of total diet daily), Diabetic pregnancy (D), and Diabetic pregnancy treated with betaine (D + B). After physiological delivery, HbA1c concentration in whole blood, serum hepatic and renal biomarkers such as AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine were measured. Also, liver and kidney tissue samples were examined under a light microscope. Results Diabetic pregnancy was found to be accompanied by increased HbA1c level, concentration of hepatic and renal biomarkers in blood samples, and a gamut of alterations such as apoptotic cells, biliary hyperplasia, sinusoidal dilation, basement membrane thickening, and Bowman's capsule dilation as observed in histopathological sections of the D group. Betaine supplementation significantly decreased AST, ALT, urea and creatinine in the D + B group compared to D group. Also, most of pathologic microscopic alterations were attenuated under betaine treatment in D + B group compared to D group. Conclusion Findings of the current paper, for the first time, provided evidence regarding protective effects of betaine on liver and kidney function against maternal diabetes in an animal model of STZ-induced diabetic pregnancy.
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Betaine: A Promising Micronutrient in Diet Intervention for Ameliorating Maternal Blood Biochemical Alterations in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Papandreou C, Moré M, Bellamine A. Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Relation to Cardiometabolic Health-Cause or Effect? Nutrients 2020; 12:E1330. [PMID: 32392758 PMCID: PMC7284902 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is generated in a microbial-mammalian co-metabolic pathway mainly from the digestion of meat-containing food and dietary quaternary amines such as phosphatidylcholine, choline, betaine, or L-carnitine. Fish intake provides a direct significant source of TMAO. Human observational studies previously reported a positive relationship between plasma TMAO concentrations and cardiometabolic diseases. Discrepancies and inconsistencies of recent investigations and previous studies questioned the role of TMAO in these diseases. Several animal studies reported neutral or even beneficial effects of TMAO or its precursors in cardiovascular disease model systems, supporting the clinically proven beneficial effects of its precursor, L-carnitine, or a sea-food rich diet (naturally containing TMAO) on cardiometabolic health. In this review, we summarize recent preclinical and epidemiological evidence on the effects of TMAO, in order to shed some light on the role of TMAO in cardiometabolic diseases, particularly as related to the microbiome.
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Huang T, Zeleznik OA, Poole EM, Clish CB, Deik AA, Scott JM, Vetter C, Schernhammer ES, Brunner R, Hale L, Manson JE, Hu FB, Redline S, Tworoger SS, Rexrode KM. Habitual sleep quality, plasma metabolites and risk of coronary heart disease in post-menopausal women. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1262-1274. [PMID: 30371783 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies suggest a strong link between poor habitual sleep quality and increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. Metabolomic profiling may elucidate systemic differences associated with sleep quality that influence cardiometabolic health. METHODS We explored cross-sectional associations between sleep quality and plasma metabolites in a nested case-control study of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI; n = 1956) and attempted to replicate the results in an independent sample from the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII; n = 209). A sleep-quality score (SQS) was derived from self-reported sleep problems asked in both populations. Plasma metabolomics were assayed using LC-MS with 347 known metabolites. General linear regression was used to identify individual metabolites associated with continuous SQS (false-discovery rate <0.05). Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithms, a metabolite score was created from replicated metabolites and evaluated with CHD risk in the WHI. RESULTS After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) and smoking, we identified 69 metabolites associated with SQS in the WHI (59 were lipids). Of these, 16 were replicated in NHSII (15 were lipids), including 6 triglycerides (TAGs), 4 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), 3 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 1 diglyceride (DAG), 1 lysophosphatidylcholine and N6-acetyl-L-lysine (a product of histone acetylation). These metabolites were consistently higher among women with poorer sleep quality. The LASSO selection resulted in a nine-metabolite score (TAGs 45: 1, 48: 1, 50: 4; DAG 32: 1; PEs 36: 4, 38: 5; PCs 30: 1, 40: 6; N6-acetyl-L-lysine), which was positively associated with CHD risk (odds ratio per SD increase in the score: 1.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.28; p = 0.0003) in the WHI after adjustment for matching factors and conventional CHD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Differences in lipid metabolites may be an important pathogenic pathway linking poor habitual sleep quality and CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Huang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oana A Zeleznik
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Poole
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy A Deik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eva S Schernhammer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lauren Hale
- Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Cortés-Rojo C, Vargas-Vargas MA, Olmos-Orizaba BE, Rodríguez-Orozco AR, Calderón-Cortés E. Interplay between NADH oxidation by complex I, glutathione redox state and sirtuin-3, and its role in the development of insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165801. [PMID: 32305451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are characterized by high NADH/NAD+ ratios due to excessive electron supply, causing defective mitochondrial function and impaired sirtuin-3 (SIRT-3) activity, the latter driving to oxidative stress and altered fatty acid β-oxidation. NADH is oxidized by the complex I in the electron transport chain, thereby factors inhibiting complex I like acetylation, cardiolipin peroxidation, and glutathionylation by low GSH/GSSG ratios affects SIRT3 function by increasing the NADH/NAD+ ratio. In this review, we summarized the evidence supporting a role of the above events in the development of insulin resistance, which is relevant in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. We propose that maintenance of proper NADH/NAD+ and GSH/GSSG ratios are central to ameliorate insulin resistance, as alterations in these redox couples lead to complex I dysfunction, disruption of SIRT-3 activity, ROS production and impaired β-oxidation, the latter two being key effectors of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cortés-Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich 58030, México.
| | - Manuel Alejandro Vargas-Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich 58030, México
| | - Berenice Eridani Olmos-Orizaba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich 58030, México
| | - Alain Raimundo Rodríguez-Orozco
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich 58020, México
| | - Elizabeth Calderón-Cortés
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mich 58260, México
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Obesity Effects on the Metabolomic Profile of a Leptin-Resistant Swine Model. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030089. [PMID: 32150837 PMCID: PMC7143848 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying metabolite signatures associated with obesity and related diseases might represent a valuable preventive and therapeutic tool to predict subjects at risk, establish an accurate prognosis, and monitor treatment success. The current cross-sectional study is aimed to evaluate the metabolite profile of diet-induced obesity in a porcine model of leptin resistance. Six Iberian female pigs prone to develop obesity (OB) were ad libitum fed a fat-enriched diet (HFD) for 82 days. Five lean Iberian sows (CON) in a maintenance diet served as controls. At the end of the dietary treatments, all animals were sacrificed, and plasma, liver, and muscle samples were immediately collected for nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. In plasma, signals corresponding to betaine, glycerophosphocholine/phosphocholine, glycine, and glutamate were decreased; and the valine signal was increased in OB sows compared to controls. Similarly, the betaine signal was decreased in the liver. No differences were detected in muscle. The observed metabolite changes suggest alterations in branched chain amino-acid metabolism and the methionine-homocysteine cycle, which have been previously associated with obesity-related diseases and type 2 diabetes in human observational studies. The current study supports the utilization of the leptin resistant Iberian pig for further interventional research in the field.
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