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Lewis SJ, Williams CL, Mortimer GL, Oram RA, Hagopian WA, Gillespie KM, Long AE. Islet autoantibody frequency in relatives of children with type 1 diabetes who have a type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Diabet Med 2024:e15394. [PMID: 38937948 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate characteristics of autoimmunity in individuals who have a type 2 diagnosis and are relatives of children with type 1 diabetes. METHODS Pre-diagnosis samples (median 17 months before onset) from relatives who were later diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were measured for autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and insulin (IAA) as well as the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score (GRS2). Associations between islet autoantibodies, insulin treatment and GRS2 were analysed using Fisher's exact and t-tests. RESULTS Among 226 relatives (64% men; mean age at sampling 41 years; mean age 54 years at diagnosis), 32 (14%) were islet autoantibody-positive for at least one autoantibody more than a decade before diagnosis. Approximately half of these (n = 15) were treated with insulin. GADA-positivity was higher in insulin-treated relatives than in non-insulin-treated relatives (12/18 [67%] vs. 6/18 [33%], p < 0.001). IAA-positivity was observed in 13/32 (41%) of relatives with autoantibodies. GRS2 scores were increased in autoantibody-positive relatives (p = 0.032), but there was no clear evidence for a difference according to treatment (p = 0.072). CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of measuring islet autoantibodies, including IAA, in relatives of people with type 1 diabetes to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanice J Lewis
- Translational Health Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire L Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Georgina L Mortimer
- Translational Health Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - William A Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gillespie
- Translational Health Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna E Long
- Translational Health Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Yu X, Xu R, Huang X, Chen H, Zhang Z, Wong I, Chen Z, Deng F. Size-Dependent Effect of Titania Nanotubes on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Re-establish Diabetic Macrophages Homeostasis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 38860558 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In patients with diabetes, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a crucial disrupting factor of macrophage homeostasis surrounding implants, which remains an obstacle to oral implantation success. Notably, the ERS might be modulated by the implant surface morphology. Titania nanotubes (TNTs) may enhance diabetic osseointegration. However, a consensus has not been achieved regarding the tube-size-dependent effect and the underlying mechanism of TNTs on diabetic macrophage ERS. We manufactured TNTs with small (30 nm) and large diameters (100 nm). Next, we assessed how the different titanium surfaces affected diabetic macrophages and regulated ERS and Ca2+ homeostasis. TNTs alleviated the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and ERS in diabetic macrophages. Furthermore, TNT30 was superior to TNT100. Inhibiting ERS abolished the positive effect of TNT30. Mechanistically, topography-induced extracellular Ca2+ influx might mitigate excessive ERS in macrophages by alleviating ER Ca2+ depletion and IP3R activation. Furthermore, TNT30 attenuated the peri-implant inflammatory response and promoted osseointegration in diabetic rats. TNTs with small nanodiameters attenuated ERS and re-established diabetic macrophage hemostasis by inhibiting IP3R-induced ER Ca2+ depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ruogu Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiong Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hongcheng Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhengchuan Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Iohong Wong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zetao Chen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Feilong Deng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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Miya A, Nakamura A, Nomoto H, Kameda H, Atsumi T. Positive association between the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio and prolonged hyperglycemic time in type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2024; 71:403-408. [PMID: 38403638 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej23-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The proinsulin-to-C-peptide (PI:C) ratio is an index applied during the early stage of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics associated with the PI:C ratio to discuss pancreatic β-cell dysfunction progression during the natural course of type 2 diabetes and its relationship with glycemic management. This multicenter, prospective observational study included 272 outpatients with type 2 diabetes. Continuous glucose monitoring was performed and fasting blood samples were collected and analyzed. We identified the clinical factors associated with the PI:C ratio by multiple regression analysis. The mean age of the cohort was 68.0 years, mean hemoglobin A1c 7.1% (54 mmol/mol), and mean body mass index 24.9 kg/m2. Multiple regression analysis showed that a prolonged time above the target glucose range (>180 mg/dL) and high body mass index contributed to a high PI:C ratio. However, no associations were found between the PI:C ratio and glucose variability indices. These findings suggested that the PI:C ratio is positively associated with a prolonged hyperglycemic time in type 2 diabetes, whereas its relationship with glucose variability remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aika Miya
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiraku Kameda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Petrelli A, Cugnata F, Carnovale D, Bosi E, Libman IM, Piemonti L, Cuthbertson D, Sosenko JM. HOMA-IR and the Matsuda Index as predictors of progression to type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive relatives. Diabetologia 2024; 67:290-300. [PMID: 37914981 PMCID: PMC10789859 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS We assessed whether HOMA-IR and the Matsuda Index are associated with transitions through stages of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Autoantibody (AAb)-positive relatives of individuals with type 1 diabetes (n=6256) from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention were studied. Associations of indicators of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) with BMI percentile (BMIp) and age were assessed with adjustments for measures of insulin secretion, Index60 and insulinogenic index (IGI). Cox regression was used to determine if tertiles of HOMA-IR and Matsuda Index predicted transitions from Not Staged (<2 AAbs) to Stage 1 (≥2 AAbs and normoglycaemia), from Stage 1 to Stage 2 (≥2 AAbs with dysglycaemia), and progression to Stage 3 (diabetes as defined by WHO/ADA criteria). RESULTS There were strong associations of HOMA-IR (positive) and Matsuda Index (inverse) with baseline age and BMIp (p<0.0001). After adjustments for Index60, transitioning from Stage 1 to Stage 2 was associated with higher HOMA-IR and lower Matsuda Index (HOMA-IR: HR=1.71, p<0.0001; Matsuda Index, HR=0.40, p<0.0001), as with progressing from Stages 1 or 2 to Stage 3 (HOMA-IR: HR=1.98, p<0.0001; Matsuda Index: HR=0.46, p<0.0001). Without adjustments, associations of progression to Stage 3 were inverse for HOMA-IR and positive for Matsuda Index, opposite in directionality with adjustments. When IGI was used in place of Index60, the findings were similar. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Progression to Stages 2 and 3 of type 1 diabetes increases with HOMA-IR and decreases with the Matsuda Index after adjustments for insulin secretion. Indicators of insulin secretion appear helpful for interpreting associations of progression to type 1 diabetes with HOMA-IR or the Matsuda Index in AAb-positive relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Cugnata
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Carnovale
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ingrid M Libman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - David Cuthbertson
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jay M Sosenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Pu L, Yi F, Yu WJ, Li YJ, Tu YH, Xu AH, Wang Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates environmental particle-induced inflammatory response in bronchial epithelium. J Immunotoxicol 2023; 20:2229428. [PMID: 37417782 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2023.2229428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While the detailed mechanisms for how particulate matter (PM) causes adverse health effects in the lungs remain largely unknown, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in PM-induced lung injury. The present study was undertaken to examine how/if ER stress might regulate PM-induced inflammation, and to begin to define potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, ER stress hallmarks were examined in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells exposed to PM. To confirm roles of certain pathways, siRNA targeting ER stress genes and an ER stress inhibitor were employed. Expression of select inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathway components by the cells were assessed as well. The results showed that PM exposure induced elevations in two ER stress hallmarks, i.e. GRP78 and IRE1α, in time-and/or dose-related manners in the HBE cells. Inhibition of ER stress by siRNA for GRP78 or IRE1α significantly alleviated the PM-induced effects. Further, ER stress appeared to regulate PM-induced inflammation - likely through downstream autophagy and NF-κB pathways - as implied by studies showing that inhibition of ER stress by siRNA of GRP78 or IRE1α caused significant amelioration of PM-induced autophagy and subsequent activation of NF-κB pathways. Moreover, the ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA were used to confirm the protective effects against PM-induced outcomes. Together, the results suggest ER stress plays a deleterious role in PM-induced airway inflammation, possibly through activation of autophagy and NF-κB signaling. Accordingly, protocols/treatments that could lead to inhibited ER stress could potentially be effective for treatment of PM-related airway disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fen Yi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - You-Hui Tu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ai-Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Xu Y, Huang X, Huangfu B, Hu Y, Xu J, Gao R, Huang K, He X. Sulforaphane Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet via LPS/TLR4 in the Gut-Liver Axis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030743. [PMID: 36771448 PMCID: PMC9920698 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-liver axis has emerged as a key player in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Sulforaphane (SFN) is a bioactive compound found in cruciferous vegetables; however, it has not been reported whether SFN improves NAFLD via the gut-liver axis. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHFr) diet, with or without SFN gavage at doses of 15 and 30 mg·kg-1 body weight for 12 weeks. The results showed that SFN reduced weight gain, hepatic inflammation, and steatosis in HFHFr mice. SFN altered the composition of gut microbes. Moreover, SFN enhanced the intestinal tight junction protein ZO-1, reduced serum LPS, and inhibited LPS/TLR4 and ERS pathways to reduce intestinal inflammation. As a result, SFN protected the intestinal integrity and declined the gut-derived LPS translocations to the liver in HFHFr diet-induced mice. SFN decreased the liver LPS levels and inhibited the LPS/TLR4 pathway activations, thus inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Notably, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the protective effect of SFN on intestinal barrier integrity and its anti-inflammatory effect on the liver was associated with improved intestinal dysbiosis. Above all, dietary intervention with SFN attenuates NAFLD through the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xianghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Henan Shuanghui Investment and Development Co., Ltd., Luohe 462000, China
| | - Bingxin Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanzhou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R. China, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R. China, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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Oboza P, Ogarek N, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Kocelak P. Can type 1 diabetes be an unexpected complication of obesity? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1121303. [PMID: 37065759 PMCID: PMC10102381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases, characterized by absolute insulin deficiency caused via inflammatory destruction of the pancreatic β-cell. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors play a role in the development of diseases. Almost ⅕ of cases involve people under the age of 20. In recent years, the incidence of both T1D and obesity has been increasing, especially among children, adolescents, and young people. In addition, according to the latest study, the prevalence of overweight or obesity in people with T1D has increased significantly. The risk factors of weight gain included using exogenous insulin, intensifying insulin therapy, fear of hypoglycemia and related decrease in physical activity, and psychological factors, such as emotional eating and binge eating. It has also been suggested that T1D may be a complication of obesity. The relationship between body size in childhood, increase in body mass index values in late adolescence and the development of T1D in young adulthood is considered. Moreover, the coexistence of T1D and T2D is increasingly observed, this situation is called double or hybrid diabetes. This is associated with an increased risk of the earlier development of dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and consequently a shortening of life. Thus, the purpose of this review was to summarize the relationships between overweight or obesity and T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Oboza
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Natalia Ogarek
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kocelak
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- *Correspondence: Piotr Kocelak,
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Li ZH, Zhong WF, Zhang XR, Chung VC, Song WQ, Chen Q, Wang XM, Huang QM, Shen D, Zhang PD, Liu D, Zhang YJ, Chen PL, Cheng X, Yang HL, Cai MC, Gao X, Kraus VB, Mao C. Association of physical activity and air pollution exposure with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a large population-based prospective cohort study. Environ Health 2022; 21:106. [PMID: 36336676 PMCID: PMC9639290 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between physical activity (PA) and air pollution in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains largely unknown. Based on a large population-based cohort study, this study aimed to examine whether the benefits of PA with respect to the risk of T2D are moderated by exposure to air pollution. METHODS UK Biobank participants (n = 359,153) without diabetes at baseline were included. Information on PA was obtained using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form. Exposure to air pollution, including PM2.5, PMcoarse (PM2.5-10), PM10, and NO2, was estimated from land use regression models. Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS During a median of 8.9 years of follow-up, 13,706 T2D events were recorded. Compared with a low PA level, the HRs for the risk of T2D among individuals with moderate and high PA were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79-0.86) and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.70-0.77), respectively. Compared with low levels of air pollution, the HRs for risk of T2D for high levels of air pollution (PM2.5, PMcoarse, PM10, and NO2) were 1.19 (1.14-1.24), 1.06 (1.02-1.11), 1.13 (1.08-1.18), and 1.19 (1.14-1.24), respectively. There was no effect modification of the associations between PA and T2D by air pollution (all P-interactions > 0.05). The inverse associations between PA and T2D in each air pollution stratum were generally consistent (all P for trend < 0.05). CONCLUSION A higher PA and lower air pollution level were independently associated with a lower risk of T2D. The beneficial effects of PA on T2D generally remained stable among participants exposed to different levels of air pollution. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings in moderately and severely polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Fang Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi-Ru Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Vincent Ch Chung
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Qi Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-Mei Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Dong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Liang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Lian Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miao-Chun Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, University Park, USA
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chen Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Heris HV, Zahraei Z. miRNAs: Regulators of immune system in diabetes. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108442. [PMID: 36089265 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes, one of the most common multifactorial metabolic disorders, is a jeopardizing cause of human health worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that have been contributed to the regulation of gene expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms. The potential role of miRNAs has been studied in the most of biological processes and mechanisms underlying the progression of variety diseases including diabetes. In this review, we focus on the role of miRNAs in regulating pivotal molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with immune system that progress diabetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helaleh Vaezi Heris
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Zahraei
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Iran.
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Mallick P, Maity S, Chakrabarti O, Chakrabarti S. Role of systems biology and multi-omics analyses in delineating spatial interconnectivity and temporal dynamicity of ER stress mediated cellular responses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119210. [PMID: 35032474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous organelle involved in calcium storage, lipid biosynthesis, protein folding and processing. Many patho-physiological conditions and pharmacological agents are known to perturb normal ER function and can lead to ER stress, which severely compromise protein folding mechanism and hence poses high risk of proteotoxicity. Upon sensing ER stress, the different stress signaling pathways interconnect with each other and work together to preserve cellular homeostasis. ER stress response is a part of the integrative stress response (ISR) and might play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, where misfolded protein accumulation and cell death are common. The initiation, manifestation and progression of ER stress mediated unfolded protein response (UPR) is a complex procedure involving multiple proteins, pathways and cellular organelles. To understand the cause and consequences of such complex processes, implementation of an integrative holistic approach is required to identify novel players and regulators of ER stress. As multi-omics data-based systems analyses have shown potential to unravel the underneath molecular mechanism of complex biological systems, it is important to emphasize the utility of this approach in understanding the ER stress biology. In this review we first discuss the ER stress signaling pathways and regulatory players, along with their inter-connectivity. We next highlight the importance of systems and network biology approaches using multi-omics data in understanding ER stress mediated cellular responses. This report would help advance our current understanding of the multivariate spatial interconnectivity and temporal dynamicity of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mallick
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, IICB TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector 5, Salt Lake, Kolkata Pin 700091, WB, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sebabrata Maity
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, India.
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, IICB TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector 5, Salt Lake, Kolkata Pin 700091, WB, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Brooks-Worrell B, Hampe CS, Hattery EG, Palomino B, Zangeneh SZ, Utzschneider K, Kahn SE, Larkin ME, Johnson ML, Mather KJ, Younes N, Rasouli N, Desouza C, Cohen RM, Park JY, Florez HJ, Valencia WM, Shojaie A, Palmer JP, Balasubramanyam A. Islet Autoimmunity is Highly Prevalent and Associated With Diminished β-Cell Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the Grade Study. Diabetes 2022; 71:db210590. [PMID: 35061024 PMCID: PMC9375448 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Islet autoimmunity may contribute to β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Its prevalence and clinical significance have not been rigorously determined. In this ancillary study to the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes-A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) Study, we investigated the prevalence of cellular and humoral islet autoimmunity in patients with T2D duration 4·0±3·0 y, HbA1c 7·5±0·5% on metformin alone. We measured T cell autoreactivity against islet proteins, islet autoantibodies against GAD65, IA2, ZnT8, and β-cell function. Cellular islet autoimmunity was present in 41·3%, humoral islet autoimmunity in 13·5%, and both in 5·3%. β-cell function calculated as iAUC-CG and ΔC-peptide(0- 30)/Δglucose(0-30) from an oral glucose tolerance test was lower among T cell-positives (T+) than T cell-negatives (T-) using two different adjustments for insulin sensitivity (iAUC-CG: 13·2% [95% CI 0·3, 24·4%] or 11·4% [95% CI 0·4, 21·2%] lower; ΔC-peptide(0-30)/Δglucose(0-30)) 19% [95% CI 3·1, 32·3%] or 17·7% [95% CI 2·6, 30·5%] lower). T+ patients had 17% higher HbA1c (95% CI 0·07, 0·28) and 7·7 mg/dL higher fasting plasma glucose levels (95% CI 0·2,15·3) than T- patients. We conclude that islet autoimmunity is much more prevalent in T2D patients than previously reported. T cell-mediated autoimmunity is associated with diminished β-cell function and worse glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven E. Kahn
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Naji Younes
- The Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Neda Rasouli
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Cyrus Desouza
- University of Nebraska and Omaha VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Robert M. Cohen
- University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Hermes J. Florez
- University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | | | | | - Jerry P. Palmer
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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12
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Liu X, Chu H, Ji Y, Bosnjak Z, Ao H, Li T. Which BMI for Diabetes Patients is Better? From the View of the Adipose Tissue Macrophage-Derived Exosome. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:141-153. [PMID: 35046685 PMCID: PMC8763208 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s345890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes, as a group of metabolic diseases, can elevate blood glucose, thus leading to the development of life-threatening complications. It is difficult to define the outcome for diabetics with different BMI. This review will illustrate the adipose tissue macrophage-derived exosome in the diabetics with different BMI. PATIENTS AND METHODS Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues can cause diabetes. The peripheral tissues include liver, muscle, or the adipose depots. Communication between these organs is fatal to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. This review will illustrate this communication. Obesity is closely linked with diabetes. There are different changes in fat distribution in diabetic patients. Adipose tissue macrophages can secrete various hormones, including adiponectin, leptin, resistin and other classical cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6. Studies illustrated that exosomes from the adipose tissue, can modulate inter-organ cross-talk by regulating gene expression in other tissues. RESULTS Adipose tissue macrophages exosomes links thin and fat individuals in the development of diabetes. CONCLUSION The molecular pathways initiated by exosomes such as miRNA in the situations of metabolic stress could help us gain a deeper knowledge of the pathophysiology of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haichen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Ji
- Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeljko Bosnjak
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hushan Ao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hushan Ao Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.167 North Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-10-68006210 Email
| | - Tianjun Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjun Li Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59 Haier Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-10-82913035 Email
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13
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Chylińska-Frątczak A, Pietrzak I, Michalak A, Wyka K, Szadkowska A. Autoimmune reaction against pancreatic beta cells in children and adolescents with simple obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1061671. [PMID: 36589801 PMCID: PMC9794760 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the most important complications of obesity is insulin resistance, which leads to carbohydrate metabolism disorders such as type 2 diabetes. However, obesity is also associated with development of an autoimmune response against various organs, including pancreatic beta cells. The prevalence of such autoimmune processes in children and their possible contribution to the increased incidence of type 1 diabetes is currently unclear. Therefore, the present study assessed the prevalence of autoantibodies against pancreatic islet beta cell's antigens in children and adolescents with simple obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective observational study included pediatric patients (up to 18 years of age) with simple obesity hospitalized between 2011 and 2016 at the Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology of the Medical University of Lodz. Children with acute or chronic conditions that might additionally affect insulin resistance or glucose metabolism were excluded. Collected clinical data included sex, age, sexual maturity ratings (Tanner`s scale), body height and weight, waist and hip circumference, amount of body fat and lean body mass. Each participant underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test with simultaneous measurements of glycaemia and insulinemia at 0`, 60` and 120`. In addition, glycated hemoglobin HbA1c, fasting and stimulated c-peptide, total cholesterol, as well as high- and low-density cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Insulin resistance was assessed by calculating HOMA-IR index. The following autoantibodies against pancreatic islet beta cells were determined in each child: ICA - antibodies against cytoplasmic antigens of pancreatic islets, GAD - antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase, ZnT8 - antibodies against zinc transporter, IA2 - antibodies against tyrosine phosphatase, IAA - antibodies against insulin. RESULTS The study group included 161 children (57.4% boys, mean age 13.1 ± 2.9 years) with simple obesity (mean BMI z-score +2.2 ± 1.6). Among them, 28 (17.4%) were diagnosed with impaired glucose metabolism during OGTT [23 (82.2%) - isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 3 (10.7%) - isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 2 (7.1%) - IFG and IGT]. Of the children tested, 28 (17.4%) were tested positive for at least one islet-specific autoantibody [with similar percentages in boys (15, 17.4%) and girls (13, 17.3%), p=0.9855], with ICA being the most common (positive in 18, 11.2%), followed by IAA (7, 4.3%), ZnT8 (5, 3.1%), GADA (3, 1.9%) and IA2 (1, 0.6%). There was no association between the presence of the tested antibodies and age, sex, stage of puberty, parameters assessing the degree of obesity, HbA1c, lipid levels and basal metabolic rate. However, autoantibody-positive subjects were more likely to present IFG or IGT in OGTT compared to those who tested completely negative (9, 32.1% vs 19, 14.3%, p=0.0280). Their HOMA-IR was also significantly higher (HOMA-IR: 4.3 ± 1.9 vs 3.4 ± 1.9, p=0.0203) and this difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for sex and age (p=0.0340). CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with simple obesity presented a higher prevalence of markers of autoimmune response against pancreatic beta cells than the general population. Most often, they had only one type of antibody - ICA. The presence of autoimmune response indicators against pancreatic islet antigens is more common in obese patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism and is associated with lower insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Chylińska-Frątczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Maria Konopnicka University Pediatrics Center, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Pietrzak
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Iwona Pietrzak,
| | - Arkadiusz Michalak
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krystyna Wyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szadkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Petrelli A, Giovenzana A, Insalaco V, Phillips BE, Pietropaolo M, Giannoukakis N. Autoimmune Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Hallmarks So Far and Yet So Close to Explain Diabetes Endotypes. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:54. [PMID: 34902055 PMCID: PMC8668851 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetes mellitus can be categorized into two major variants, type 1 and type 2. A number of traits such as clinical phenotype, age at disease onset, genetic background, and underlying pathogenesis distinguish the two forms. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence indicates that type 1 diabetes can be accompanied by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exhibits self-reactivity. These two previously unknown conditions can influence the progression and outcome of the disease. Unlike most conventional considerations, diabetes appears to consist of a spectrum of intermediate phenotypes that includes monogenic and polygenic loci linked to inflammatory processes including autoimmunity, beta cell impairment, and insulin resistance. Here we discuss why a shift of the classical bi-modal view of diabetes (autoimmune vs. non-autoimmune) is necessary in favor of a model of an immunological continuum of endotypes lying between the two extreme "insulin-resistant" and "autoimmune beta cell targeting," shaped by environmental and genetic factors which contribute to determine specific immune-conditioned outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Petrelli
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Giovenzana
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Insalaco
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Brett E. Phillips
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDivision of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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15
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Jiang L, Qiu T, Yao X, Chen H, Yao K, Sun X, Yang G, Jiang L, Zhang C, Wang N, Zhang H, Liu X. MEHP induces pyroptosis and autophagy alternation by cathepsin B activation in INS-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:66628-66642. [PMID: 34235687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is a primary metabolite of di-(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the organism, which is a major component of plasticizers used worldwide. Exposure to DEHP causes pancreatic beta-cell (INS-1 cells) dysfunction, which is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The present study shows that MEHP decreases the cell viability of INS-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and induces pyroptosis at 400 μM. Furthermore, the 400 μM MEHP causes increased lysosomal membrane permeability and cathepsin B (CTSB) release, resulting in NLRP3 activation and pyroptosis. Additionally, low concentration of MEHP (50-200 μM) induces upregulation of autophagy, while 400 μM MEHP reduces autophagy level in INS-1 cells via altering mTORC1 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, CTSB contributes to mTORC1 activation in INS-1 cells treated with 400 μM MEHP. Furthermore, autophagy can alleviate inflammatory response by reducing CTSB activation in MEHP-treated INS-1 cells. These results indicate that exposure to MEHP induces pyroptosis and upregulates autophagy levels in a CTSB-dependent manner, and autophagy plays an essential role in pyroptosis onset in INS-1 cells. Our findings provide a new perspective of the connection between CTSB and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Affiliated Zhong Shan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Qiu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangben Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiance Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Preventive Medicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Lvshun Southern Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, No.9, West Segment of South lvshun Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Ratter-Rieck JM, Maalmi H, Trenkamp S, Zaharia OP, Rathmann W, Schloot NC, Straßburger K, Szendroedi J, Herder C, Roden M. Leukocyte Counts and T-Cell Frequencies Differ Between Novel Subgroups of Diabetes and Are Associated With Metabolic Parameters and Biomarkers of Inflammation. Diabetes 2021; 70:2652-2662. [PMID: 34462259 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Frequencies of circulating immune cells are altered in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with healthy individuals and are associated with insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and lipid levels. This study aimed to determine whether specific immune cell types are associated with novel diabetes subgroups. We analyzed automated white blood cell counts (n = 669) and flow cytometric data (n = 201) of participants in the German Diabetes Study with recent-onset (<1 year) diabetes, who were allocated to five subgroups based on data-driven analysis of clinical variables. Leukocyte numbers were highest in severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD) and mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD) and lowest in severe autoimmune diabetes (SAID). CD4+ T-cell frequencies were higher in SIRD versus SAID, MOD, and mild age-related diabetes (MARD), and frequencies of CCR4+ regulatory T cells were higher in SIRD versus SAID and MOD and in MARD versus SAID. Pairwise differences between subgroups were partially explained by differences in clustering variables. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells were positively associated with age, BMI, HOMA2 estimate of β-cell function (HOMA2-B), and HOMA2 estimate of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), and frequencies of CCR4+ regulatory T cells with age, HOMA2-B, and HOMA2-IR. In conclusion, different leukocyte profiles exist between novel diabetes subgroups and suggest distinct inflammatory processes in these diabetes subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Ratter-Rieck
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Haifa Maalmi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Trenkamp
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oana-Patricia Zaharia
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanette C Schloot
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Straßburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Leslie RD, Evans-Molina C, Freund-Brown J, Buzzetti R, Dabelea D, Gillespie KM, Goland R, Jones AG, Kacher M, Phillips LS, Rolandsson O, Wardian JL, Dunne JL. Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: Current Understanding and Challenges. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:2449-2456. [PMID: 34670785 PMCID: PMC8546280 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological data have shown that more than half of all new cases of type 1 diabetes occur in adults. Key genetic, immune, and metabolic differences exist between adult- and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, many of which are not well understood. A substantial risk of misclassification of diabetes type can result. Notably, some adults with type 1 diabetes may not require insulin at diagnosis, their clinical disease can masquerade as type 2 diabetes, and the consequent misclassification may result in inappropriate treatment. In response to this important issue, JDRF convened a workshop of international experts in November 2019. Here, we summarize the current understanding and unanswered questions in the field based on those discussions, highlighting epidemiology and immunogenetic and metabolic characteristics of adult-onset type 1 diabetes as well as disease-associated comorbidities and psychosocial challenges. In adult-onset, as compared with childhood-onset, type 1 diabetes, HLA-associated risk is lower, with more protective genotypes and lower genetic risk scores; multiple diabetes-associated autoantibodies are decreased, though GADA remains dominant. Before diagnosis, those with autoantibodies progress more slowly, and at diagnosis, serum C-peptide is higher in adults than children, with ketoacidosis being less frequent. Tools to distinguish types of diabetes are discussed, including body phenotype, clinical course, family history, autoantibodies, comorbidities, and C-peptide. By providing this perspective, we aim to improve the management of adults presenting with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R David Leslie
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K.
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Raffaella Buzzetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity & Diabetes Center, Colorado School of Public Health, and Departments of Epidemiology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kathleen M Gillespie
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Robin Goland
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Angus G Jones
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | | | - Lawrence S Phillips
- Atlanta VA Medical Center and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jana L Wardian
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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18
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Zhuang T, Li W, Yang L, Wang Z, Ding L, Zhou M. Gut Microbiota: Novel Therapeutic Target of Ginsenosides for the Treatment of Obesity and Its Complications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:731288. [PMID: 34512356 PMCID: PMC8429618 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.731288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, generally characterized by excessive lipid accumulation, is a metabolic threat worldwide due to its rapid growth in global prevalence. Ginsenosides are crucial components derived from natural plants that can confer metabolic benefits for obese patients. Considering the low bioavailability and degradable properties of ginsenosides in vivo, it should be admitted that the mechanism of ginsenosides on anti-obesity contribution is still obscure. Recently, studies have indicated that ginsenoside intervention has beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and its complications because it allows for the correction of gut microbiota dysbiosis and regulates the secretion of related endogenous metabolites. In this review, we summarize the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenetic process of obesity, and explore the mechanism of ginsenosides for ameliorating obesity, which can modulate the composition of gut microbiota by improving the metabolism of intestinal endogenous substances and alleviating the level of inflammation. Ginsenosides are expected to become a promising anti-obesity medical intervention in the foreseeable clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxi Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions and MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Hartwick Bjorkman S, Oliveira Pereira R. The Interplay Between Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Nrf2 Signaling in Cardiometabolic Health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:252-269. [PMID: 33599550 PMCID: PMC8262388 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are by-products of normal physiology that may disrupt cellular redox homeostasis on a regular basis. Nonetheless, failure to resolve sustained mitochondrial stress to mitigate high levels of mtROS might contribute to the etiology of numerous pathological conditions, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent Advances: Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that moderate mitochondrial stress might result in the induction of different stress response pathways that ultimately improve the organism's ability to deal with subsequent stress, a process termed mitohormesis. mtROS have been shown to play a key role in regulating this adaptation. Critical Issue: mtROS regulate the convergence of different signaling pathways that, when disturbed, might impair cardiometabolic health. Conversely, mtROS seem to be required to mediate activation of prosurvival pathways, contributing to improved cardiometabolic fitness. In the present review, we will primarily focus on the role of mtROS in the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway and examine the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in coordinating the convergence of ER stress and oxidative stress signaling through activation of Nrf2 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying cardiometabolic protection in response to mitochondrial stress have only started to be investigated. Integrated understanding of how mtROS and ER stress cooperatively promote activation of prosurvival pathways might shed mechanistic insight into the role of mitohormesis in mediating cardiometabolic protection and might inform future therapeutic avenues for the treatment of metabolic diseases contributing to CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 252-269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hartwick Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Renata Oliveira Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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20
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Chen J, Yang Y, Yang Y, Dai Z, Kim IH, Wu G, Wu Z. Dietary Supplementation with Glycine Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Ameliorates Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J Nutr 2021; 151:1769-1778. [PMID: 33830211 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, a major public health problem worldwide, is associated with dysfunction of the intestinal barrier. Glycine (Gly) has been reported to enhance the expression of tight-junction proteins in porcine enterocytes. It is unknown whether Gly can improve intestinal barrier integrity in obese mice. OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that Gly enhances the intestinal epithelial barrier by regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related signaling and mitigating inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. METHODS Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal-fat diet (ND; fat = 10% energy) or an HFD (fat = 60% energy) and received drinking water supplemented with 2% Gly or 2.37% l-alanine (Ala; isonitrogenous control) daily for 12 wk. Body weight gain and tissue weights, glucose tolerance and the activation of immune cells, as well as the abundances of tight-junction proteins, ER stress proteins, and apoptosis-related proteins in the jejunum and colon were determined. In addition, the body weights of naïve ND and HFD groups (nND and nHFD, respectively) were also recorded for comparison. Differences were analyzed statistically by ANOVA followed by the Duncan multiple-comparison test using SAS software. RESULTS Compared with ND-Ala, HFD-feeding resulted in enhanced macrophage (CD11b+ and F4/80+) infiltration and immune cell activation by 1.9- to 5.4-fold (P < 0.05), as well as the upregulation of ER stress sensor proteins (including phospho-inositol-requiring enzyme 1α and binding immunoglobulin protein) by 2.5- to 4.5-fold, the induction of apoptotic proteins by 1.5- to 3.2-fold, and decreased abundances of tight-junction proteins by 35%-65% (P < 0.05) in the intestine. These HFD-induced abnormalities were significantly ameliorated by Gly supplementation in the HFD-Gly group (P < 0.05). Importantly, Gly supplementation also significantly enhanced glucose tolerance (P < 0.05) by 1.5-fold without affecting the fat accumulation of HFD-induced obese mice. CONCLUSIONS Gly supplementation enhanced the intestinal barrier and ameliorated inflammation and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. These effects of Gly were associated with reduced ER stress-related apoptosis in the intestine of obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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21
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Brooks-Worrell BM, Tjaden AH, Edelstein SL, Palomino B, Utzschneider KM, Arslanian S, Mather KJ, Buchanan TA, Nadeau KJ, Atkinson K, Barengolts E, Kahn SE, Palmer JP. Islet Autoimmunity in Adults With Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Recently Diagnosed, Treatment Naïve Type 2 Diabetes in the Restoring Insulin SEcretion (RISE) Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640251. [PMID: 33981301 PMCID: PMC8108986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of islet autoantibodies and islet reactive T cells (T+) in adults with established type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been shown to identify those patients with more severe β-cell dysfunction. However, at what stage in the progression toward clinical T2D does islet autoimmunity emerge as an important component influencing β-cell dysfunction? In this ancillary study to the Restoring Insulin SEcretion (RISE) Study, we investigated the prevalence of and association with β-cell dysfunction of T+ and autoantibodies to the 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase antigen (GADA) in obese pre-diabetes adults with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and recently diagnosed treatment naïve (Ndx) T2D. We further investigated the effect of 12 months of RISE interventions (metformin or liraglutide plus metformin, or with 3 months of insulin glargine followed by 9 months of metformin or placebo) on islet autoimmune reactivity. We observed GADA(+) in 1.6% of NdxT2D and 4.6% of IGT at baseline, and in 1.6% of NdxT2D and 5.3% of IGT at 12 months, but no significant associations between GADA(+) and β-cell function. T(+) was observed in 50% of NdxT2D and 60.4% of IGT at baseline, and in 68.4% of NdxT2D and 83.9% of IGT at 12 months. T(+) NdxT2D were observed to have significantly higher fasting glucose (p = 0.004), and 2 h glucose (p = 0.0032), but significantly lower steady state C-peptide (sscpep, p = 0.007) compared to T(-) NdxT2D. T(+) IGT participants demonstrated lower but not significant (p = 0.025) acute (first phase) C-peptide response to glucose (ACPRg) compared to T(-) IGT. With metformin treatment, T(+) participants were observed to have a significantly lower Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, p = 0.002) and fasting C-peptide (p = 0.002) compared to T(-), whereas T(+) treated with liraglutide + metformin had significantly lower sscpep (p = 0.010) compared to T(-) participants. In the placebo group, T(+) participants demonstrated significantly lower ACPRg (p = 0.001) compared to T(-) participants. In summary, T(+) were found in a large percentage of obese pre-diabetes adults with IGT and in recently diagnosed T2D. Moreover, T(+) were significantly correlated with treatment effects and β-cell dysfunction. Our results demonstrate that T(+) are an important component in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Brooks-Worrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ashley H Tjaden
- Biostatistics Center, Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sharon L Edelstein
- Biostatistics Center, Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Brenda Palomino
- Seattle Institute for Biochemical and Clinical Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Thomas A Buchanan
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine/Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus/Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Elena Barengolts
- University of Chicago Clinical Research Center and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jerry P Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
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22
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Wang X, Chen S, He J, Chen W, Ding Y, Huang J, Huang J. Histone methyltransferases G9a mediated lipid-induced M1 macrophage polarization through negatively regulating CD36. Metabolism 2021; 114:154404. [PMID: 33069810 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have considered the obesity-related lipid environment as the potential cause for M1 macrophage polarization in type 2 diabetes. However, the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role and molecular mechanism of histone methyltransferases G9a in lipids-induced M1 macrophage polarization in type 2 diabetes. METHODS We used saturated fatty acid palmitate to induce macrophage polarization, and performed real-time PCR, western blot, flow cytometry and CHIP assay to study the function and molecular mechanism of G9a. Additionally, we isolated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 187 patients with type 2 diabetes and 68 healthy individuals, and analyzed the expression level of G9a. RESULTS The palmitate treatment induced the macrophage M1 polarization, and decreased the expression of G9a. The deficiency of G9a could promote the palmitate-induced M1 macrophage polarization, whereas, over-expressing G9a notably suppressed this process. Meanwhile, we observed the regulatory role of G9a on the ER stress which could contribute to M1 macrophage. Furthermore, we identified the fatty acid transport protein CD36 as the potential target of G9a. Dependent on the methyltransferase activity, G9a could negatively regulate the expression of CD36 induced by palmitate. The CD36 inhibitor SSO could significantly attenuate the regulatory effect of G9a on M1 macrophage polarization and ER stress. Importantly, G9a was decreased, and suppressed CD36 and M1 macrophage genes in the PBMCs from individuals with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that G9a plays critical roles in lipid-induced M1 macrophage polarization via negatively regulating CD36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinrong He
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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23
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March CA, Becker DJ, Libman IM. Nutrition and Obesity in the Pathogenesis of Youth-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Its Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:622901. [PMID: 33828529 PMCID: PMC8021094 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.622901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980s, there has been a dramatic rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in pediatric populations, in large part driven by sedentary lifestyles and changing dietary patterns with more processed foods. In parallel with the rise in pediatric obesity in the general population, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Adiposity has been implicated in a variety of mechanisms both potentiating the risk for type 1 diabetes as well as exacerbating long-term complications, particularly cardiovascular disease. Treatment options targeting the unique needs of obese pediatric patients, both before and after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, are limited. In this review, we discuss the history of the epidemiology of the obesity epidemic in the context of pediatric type 1 diabetes, highlight the possible role of obesity in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and review the concept of "double diabetes". The impact of obesity at and after diagnosis will be discussed, including noted differences in clinical and biochemical markers, lipid abnormalities, and long-term cardiovascular complications. Finally, we will review the existing literature on pharmacologic and nutritional interventions as potential treatment strategies for youth with coexisting type 1 diabetes and obesity.
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24
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Huang L, Hu X. Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of lncRNAs in the Inflammatory Reaction of Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:2550399. [PMID: 34712322 PMCID: PMC8548175 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2550399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic inflammatory state, and several studies have shown that the mechanisms of insulin resistance and abnormal islet β-cell function in diabetes are closely related to inflammatory reactions. Inflammation plays a critical role in diabetic complications. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a new area of genomic research for gene regulation, have complex biological functions in various aspects of cellular biological activity. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs are associated with the regulation of inflammatory responses in various ways, including at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. This paper presents a brief review of studies on the mechanisms of lncRNAs in diabetic inflammation. The purpose of this article is to determine the role of lncRNAs in the process of diabetic inflammation and to provide new strategies for the use of lncRNAs in the treatments for diabetic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjuan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China
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25
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Siller AF, Tosur M, Relan S, Astudillo M, McKay S, Dabelea D, Redondo MJ. Challenges in the diagnosis of diabetes type in pediatrics. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:1064-1073. [PMID: 32562358 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes, both type 1 and type 2, is increasing. Health outcomes in pediatric diabetes are currently poor, with trends indicating that they are worsening. Minority racial/ethnic groups are disproportionately affected by suboptimal glucose control and have a higher risk of acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Correct clinical management starts with timely and accurate classification of diabetes, but in children this is becoming increasingly challenging due to high prevalence of obesity and shifting demographic composition. The growing obesity epidemic complicates classification by obesity's effects on diabetes. Since the prevalence and clinical characteristics of diabetes vary among racial/ethnic groups, migration between countries leads to changes in the distribution of diabetes types in a certain geographical area, challenging the clinician's ability to classify diabetes. These challenges must be addressed to correctly classify diabetes and establish an appropriate treatment strategy early in the course of disease for all. This may be the first step in improving diabetes outcomes across racial/ethnic groups. This review will discuss the pitfalls in the current diabetes classification scheme that is leading to increasing overlap between diabetes types and heterogeneity within each type. It will also present proposed alternative classification schemes and approaches to understanding diabetes type that may improve the timely and accurate classification of pediatric diabetes type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Siller
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mustafa Tosur
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shilpi Relan
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcela Astudillo
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Siripoom McKay
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria J Redondo
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Jiang Z, Zhang G, Huang L, Yuan Y, Wu C, Li Y. Transmissible Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: A Novel Perspective on Tumor Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:846. [PMID: 33117793 PMCID: PMC7575690 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first compartment of the protein secretory pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as a protein synthesis factory, maintaining proteostasis and ER homeostasis. However, a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations, such as cancer, can disrupt the homeostasis and result in a large accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, thereby provoking a specific cellular state addressed as “ER stress”. Then the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive signaling pathway, is triggered to address the stress and restore the homeostasis. A novel aspect of ER stress is that it can be transmitted from cancer cells to tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells through certain cancer cell-released soluble factors, which is termed as transmissible ER stress (TERS) or ER stress resonance (ERSR). In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the link between cancer and ER stress as well as the possible soluble factors mediating TERS. We further elaborate the cell-extrinsic effects of TERS on tumor immunity, and how it indirectly modulates cancer development and progression, which is expected to add a new dimension to anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Geru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yihang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Redondo MJ, Hagopian WA, Oram R, Steck AK, Vehik K, Weedon M, Balasubramanyam A, Dabelea D. The clinical consequences of heterogeneity within and between different diabetes types. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2040-2048. [PMID: 32894314 PMCID: PMC8498993 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular methods and the ability to share large population-based datasets are uncovering heterogeneity within diabetes types, and some commonalities between types. Within type 1 diabetes, endotypes have been discovered based on demographic (e.g. age at diagnosis, race/ethnicity), genetic, immunological, histopathological, metabolic and/or clinical course characteristics, with implications for disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In type 2 diabetes, the relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction are heterogeneous and relate to demographics, genetics and clinical characteristics, with substantial interaction from environmental exposures. Investigators have proposed approaches that vary from simple to complex in combining these data to identify type 2 diabetes clusters relevant to prognosis and treatment. Advances in pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics are also improving treatment. Monogenic diabetes is a prime example of how understanding heterogeneity within diabetes types can lead to precision medicine, since phenotype and treatment are affected by which gene is mutated. Heterogeneity also blurs the classic distinctions between diabetes types, and has led to the definition of additional categories, such as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, type 1.5 diabetes and ketosis-prone diabetes. Furthermore, monogenic diabetes shares many features with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which make diagnosis difficult. These challenges to the current classification framework in adult and paediatric diabetes require new approaches. The 'palette model' and the 'threshold hypothesis' can be combined to help explain the heterogeneity within and between diabetes types. Leveraging such approaches for therapeutic benefit will be an important next step for precision medicine in diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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MESH Headings
- Age of Onset
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Gene-Environment Interaction
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Health Services Accessibility
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/therapy
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Insulin Resistance
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults/genetics
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults/immunology
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults/metabolism
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Redondo
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, MWT 10th floor, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | - Richard Oram
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zhao K, Li R, Wu X, Zhao Y, Wang T, Zheng Z, Zeng S, Ding X, Nie H. Clinical features in 52 patients with COVID-19 who have increased leukocyte count: a retrospective analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2279-2287. [PMID: 32651736 PMCID: PMC7351641 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have showed that a proportion of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) presented elevated leukocyte count. Clinical data about these patients is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the clinical findings of patients with COVID-19 who have increased leukocyte at admission. We retrospectively collected the clinical data on the 52 patients who have increased leukocyte count at admission from the 619 patients with confirmed COVID-19 who had pneumonia with abnormal features on chest CT scan in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University in Wuhan, China, from February 3 to March 3, 2020. The mean age of the 52 patients with increased leukocyte count was 64.7 (SD 11.4) years, 32 (61.5%) were men and 47 (90.4%) had fever. Compared with the patients with non-increased leukocyte count, the patients with increased leukocyte count were significantly older (P < 0.01), were more likely to have underlying chronic diseases (P < 0.01), more likely to develop critically illness (P < 0.01), more likely to admit to an ICU (P < 0.01), more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (P < 0.01), had higher rate of death (P < 0.01) and the blood levels of neutrophil count and the serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6 were significantly increased, (P < 0.01). The older patients with COVID-19 who had underlying chronic disorders are more likely to develop leukocytosis. These patients are more likely to develop critical illness, with a high admission to an ICU and a high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaochang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ruiyun Li
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhishui Zheng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Shaolin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xuhong Ding
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Hanxiang Nie
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Buzzetti R, Zampetti S, Pozzilli P. Impact of obesity on the increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1009-1013. [PMID: 32157790 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Published estimates of the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children in the last decade varies between 2% and 4% per annum. If this trend continued, the disease incidence would double in the next 20 years. The risk of developing T1D is determined by a complex interaction between multiple genes (mainly human leukocyte antigens) and environmental factors. Notwithstanding that genetic susceptibility represents a relevant element in T1D risk, genetics alone cannot explain the increase in incidence. Various environmental factors have been suggested as potential triggers for T1D, including several viruses and the hygiene hypothesis; however, none of these seems to explain the large increase in T1D incidence observed over the last decades. Several studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of childhood/adolescence overweight and obesity has risen during the past 30 years in T1D. Currently, at diagnosis, the majority of patients with T1D have normal or elevated body weight and ~50% of patients with longstanding T1D are either overweight or obese. The growing prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence offers a plausible explanation for the increase in T1D incidence observed in recent decades. Possible mechanisms of the enhancement of β-cell autoimmunity by obesity include: a) insulin resistance-induced β-cell secretory demand triggering autoimmunity through cytokine release, neo-epitope antigen formation and increase in β-cell apoptosis, and b) obesity-induced low-grade inflammation with pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by locally infiltrating macrophages, which contribute to the presentation by islet cells of autoantigens generally not accessible to T cells. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the control of body weight can prevent or delay the current and continuing rise in T1D incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Zampetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Immunobiology, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Zhang XM, Wang YZ, Tong JD, Ning XC, Zhou FQ, Yang XH, Jin HM. Pyruvate alleviates high glucose-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in HK-2 cells. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:827-834. [PMID: 32150786 PMCID: PMC7193158 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a critical role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We previously demonstrated that pyruvate (Pyr)‐enriched oral rehydration solution improved glucometabolic disorders and ameliorated DN outcome in db/db mice. Here, we investigated the effects of Pyr on high glucose‐induced ER stress and apoptosis in HK‐2 cells. Our results suggest that high glucose can induce reactive oxygen species production, apoptosis and ER stress in HK‐2 cells, and that Pyr treatment can ameliorate these effects and restore the expression of key proteins involved in ER stress. Thus, Pyr may have potential for the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of clinical DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Dong Tong
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Chao Ning
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | | | - Xiu Hong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Min Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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