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Nicu C, Jackson J, Shahmalak A, Pople J, Ansell D, Paus R. Adiponectin negatively regulates pigmentation, Wnt/β-catenin and HGF/c-Met signalling within human scalp hair follicles ex vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:603-612. [PMID: 34854998 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin reportedly stimulates proliferation and elongation of human scalp hair follicles (HFs) ex vivo. In the current study, we investigated how adiponectin oligomers produced by perifollicular dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT), a potent source of adiponectin isoforms, influence human HF proliferation and pigmentation. To do so, we treated microdissected, organ-cultured HFs in the presence or absence of dWAT with a recombinant human adiponectin oligomer mix, or inhibited dWAT-derived adiponectin using a neutralizing antibody. Multiplex qPCR (Fluidigm) revealed that adiponectin oligomers downregulated pigmentation genes KITLG, PMEL and TYRP1 and Wnt genes AXIN2, LEF1 and WNT10B. In situ hybridization showed that adiponectin downregulated AXIN2 and LEF1, and up-regulated DKK1 within the dermal papilla (DP), a highly unusual transcriptional profile for a putative hair growth-promoting agent. Adiponectin oligomers also downregulated protein expression of the HGF receptor c-Met within the matrix and DP. However, adiponectin did not alter hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation within 48 h ex vivo, irrespective of the presence/absence of dWAT; HF pigmentation (Masson-Fontana histochemistry, tyrosinase activity) was also unchanged. In contrast, neutralizing adiponectin isoforms within HF + dWAT increased proliferation, melanin content and tyrosinase activity but resulted in fewer melanocytes and melanocytic dendrites, as assessed by gp100 immunostaining. These seemingly contradictory effects suggest that adiponectin exerts complex effects upon human HF biology, likely in parallel with the pro-pigmentation effects of dWAT- and DP-derived HGF. Our data suggest that dWAT-derived ratios of adiponectin isoforms and the cleaved, globular version of adiponectin may in fact determine how adiponectin impacts upon follicular pigmentation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nicu
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Jenny Pople
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, UK
| | - David Ansell
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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Mechanisms contributing to adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in obesity. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1155-1193. [PMID: 35084674 PMCID: PMC8793096 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing amount of epidemiological data from multiple countries indicate an increased prevalence of obesity, more importantly central obesity, among hospitalized subjects with COVID-19. This suggests that obesity is a major factor contributing to adverse outcome of the disease. As it is a metabolic disorder with dysregulated immune and endocrine function, it is logical that dysfunctional metabolism contributes to the mechanisms behind obesity being a risk factor for adverse outcome in COVID-19. Emerging data suggest that in obese subjects, (a) the molecular mechanisms of viral entry and spread mediated through ACE2 receptor, a multifunctional host cell protein which links to cellular homeostasis mechanisms, are affected. This includes perturbation of the physiological renin-angiotensin system pathway causing pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic challenges (b) existent metabolic overload and ER stress-induced UPR pathway make obese subjects vulnerable to severe COVID-19, (c) host cell response is altered involving reprogramming of metabolism and epigenetic mechanisms involving microRNAs in line with changes in obesity, and (d) adiposopathy with altered endocrine, adipokine, and cytokine profile contributes to altered immune cell metabolism, systemic inflammation, and vascular endothelial dysfunction, exacerbating COVID-19 pathology. In this review, we have examined the available literature on the underlying mechanisms contributing to obesity being a risk for adverse outcome in COVID-19.
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that obesity is strongly and independently associated with adverse outcomes of COVID-19, including death. By combining emerging knowledge of the pathological processes involved in COVID-19 with insights into the mechanisms underlying the adverse health consequences of obesity, we present some hypotheses regarding the deleterious impact of obesity on the course of COVID-19. These hypotheses are testable and could guide therapeutic and preventive interventions. As obesity is now almost ubiquitous and no vaccine for COVID-19 is currently available, even a modest reduction in the impact of obesity on mortality and morbidity from this viral infection could have profound consequences for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam M Lockhart
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Magaña Gomez JA, Moreno-Mascareño D, Angulo Rojo CE, de la Peña GD. Association of Total and High Molecular Weight Adiponectin with Components of Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Children. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:180-188. [PMID: 31552725 PMCID: PMC7291397 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood obesity linked to metabolic alterations, tend to appear simultaneously with altered adipocytokines, suggesting a role in pathogenetic development. Low circulating level of total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin have been associated with components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and could represent an independent risk factor with potential use as a biomarker. To examine the prevalence of MetS in Mexican school children and to investigate the association of total and HMW adiponectin levels with biochemical parameters related to MetS. METHODS The study included a population of boys and girls, from 8 to 11 years old. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated according to weight and MetS status. A correlation analysis was fitted to establish an association between adiponectin concentrations and metabolic indicators. RESULTS One-hundred and fifty five children participated (59.4% females) from 8-11 years of age. The prevalence of MetS was of 10.3%. Impaired biochemical parameters, including total and HMW adiponectin, were associated with obesity. The adiponectin level was significantly lower in MetS than in non-MetS subjects (4.5 vs. 5.4 μg/mL). Total- but not HMW adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with blood pressure, fasting insulin, fasting blood sugar and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance. CONCLUSION In young children, the total adiponectin level is associated with impaired biochemical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism and could be an excellent early predictor of metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Magaña Gomez
- Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Escuela de Nutrición y Gastronomía, Sinaloa, México,* Address for Correspondence: Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Escuela de Nutrición y Gastronomía, Sinaloa, México Phone: +52 667 7535454 E-mail:
| | | | - Carla E. Angulo Rojo
- Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Sinaloa, México
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da Silva CDC, Zambon MP, Vasques ACJ, Camilo DF, De Bernardi Rodrigues AM, Antonio MÂRDGM, Dâmaso AR, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Campos RMDS, Geloneze B. Homeostatic model assessment of adiponectin (HOMA-Adiponectin) as a surrogate measure of insulin resistance in adolescents: Comparison with the hyperglycaemic clamp and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214081. [PMID: 30908521 PMCID: PMC6433366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on adults have reported inverse association between the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of adiponectin (HOMA-Adiponectin) and the insulin resistance assessed by the glucose clamp technique. To our knowledge, in the pediatric population this association has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between the HOMA-Adiponectin and the insulin resistance assessed by the glucose clamp technique in adolescents, and to compare the accuracy of HOMA-Adiponectin and HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for identifying insulin resistance. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 56 adolescents (aged 10-18 years). Insulin resistance was assessed using the HOMA-IR, HOMA-Adiponectin and the hyperglycaemic clamp technique. The clamp-derived insulin sensitivity index, HOMA-Adiponectin, and HOMA-IR were log-transformed to get closer to a normal distribution before analysis. RESULTS In the multivariable linear regression analysis controlling for sex and Tanner stage, HOMA-Adiponectin was inversely associated with the clamp-derived insulin sensitivity index (unstandardized coefficient [B] = -0.441; P < 0.001). After additional adjustment for waist circumference-to-height ratio, this association remained significant (B = -0.349; P = < 0.001). Similar results were observed when HOMA-IR replaced HOMA-Adiponectin in the model (B = -1.049 and B = -0.968 after additional adjustment for waist circumference-to-height ratio); all P < 0.001. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for predicting insulin resistance was 0.712 (P = 0.02) for HOMA-Adiponectin and 0.859 (P < 0.0001) HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS The HOMA-Adiponectin was independently associated with insulin resistance and exhibited a good discriminatory power for predicting it. However, it did not show superiority over HOMA-IR in the diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleliani de Cassia da Silva
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes (Limed), Gastroenterological Diagnosis and Research Center (Gastrocentro), University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana Porto Zambon
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes (Limed), Gastroenterological Diagnosis and Research Center (Gastrocentro), University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniella Fernandes Camilo
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes (Limed), Gastroenterological Diagnosis and Research Center (Gastrocentro), University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria De Bernardi Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes (Limed), Gastroenterological Diagnosis and Research Center (Gastrocentro), University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University Center Our Lady of Patronage, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Ângela Reis de Góes Monteiro Antonio
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Raimunda Dâmaso
- Postgraduate Program of Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo - Unifesp, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo - Unifesp, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo - Unifesp, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel Munhoz da Silveira Campos
- Department of Physiotherapy, Therapeutic Resources Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Geloneze
- Laboratory of Investigation on Metabolism and Diabetes (Limed), Gastroenterological Diagnosis and Research Center (Gastrocentro), University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Umbilical Cord SFRP5 Levels of Term Newborns in Relation to Normal and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030595. [PMID: 30704061 PMCID: PMC6387116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the new adipokines, secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is considered to prevent obesity and insulin resistance. The umbilical cord SFRP5 levels have not yet been investigated. The main aim of the study was to investigate whether the umbilical cord SFRP5 concentrations are altered in term neonates born to mothers with excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG). Two groups of subjects were selected depending on their gestational weight gain, i.e. 28 controls and 38 patients with EGWG. Umbilical cord and maternal serum SFRP5 levels were lower in the EGWG group. Umbilical cord SFRP5 concentrations were directly associated with the maternal serum SFRP5, hemoglobin A1c and lean tissue index, umbilical cord leptin levels, as well as newborns’ anthropometric measurements in the EGWG subjects. In multiple linear regression models performed in all the study participants, umbilical cord SFRP5 concentrations depended positively on the maternal serum SFRP5, ghrelin, and leptin levels and negatively on the umbilical cord ghrelin levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and gestational weight gain. EGWG is associated with disturbances in SFRP5 concentrations. Obstetricians and midwives should pay attention to nutrition and weight management during pregnancy.
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Cao L, Boston A, Jegede O, Newman HA, Harrison SH, Newman RH, Ongeri EM. Inflammation and Kidney Injury in Diabetic African American Men. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:5359635. [PMID: 30868076 PMCID: PMC6379843 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5359635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans are disproportionately burdened by diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of DKD in this population. The goal of the current study was to determine the association between specific inflammation markers and kidney injury in diabetic African American men. To this end, we recruited diabetic patients either with (n = 20) or without (n = 87) diagnosed kidney disease along with age-matched nondiabetic controls (n = 81). Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (UACRs) and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were used for biochemical assessment of kidney function. We then measured plasma and urinary levels of seven inflammatory markers, including adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Plasma levels of TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were significantly higher in diabetics with macroalbuminuria compared to nondiabetic controls and diabetics with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. Likewise, urinary levels of ICAM-1 were higher in diabetics with macroalbuminuria compared to the other groups. Indeed, urinary ICAM-1, plasma TNF-α, and adiponectin had moderate positive correlations with UACR while plasma TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels were strongly correlated with kidney injury, indicated by multiple biomarkers of kidney injury. In contrast, though plasma CRP was elevated in diabetic subjects relative to nondiabetic controls, its levels did not correlate with kidney injury. Together, these data suggest that inflammation, particularly that mediated by the TNF-α/NF-κB signaling axis, may play a role in the pathogenesis of DKD in African American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Ava Boston
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Olugbemiga Jegede
- Cone Health Community Health and Wellness Center, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Heather A. Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Scott H. Harrison
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Robert H. Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Elimelda Moige Ongeri
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Serbis A, Giapros V, Challa A, Chaliasos N, Siomou E. Elevated 1-hour post-load plasma glucose identifies obese youth with abnormal glucose metabolism and an unfavourable inflammatory profile. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 89:757-764. [PMID: 30229983 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adults with plasma glucose levels at one hour (1h-GL) ≥8.6 mmol/L during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and present an unfavourable cardiometabolic and inflammatory profile, but relevant data on children are scarce. OBJECTIVE To investigate if elevated 1h-GL during OGTT in obese children and adolescents is associated with insulin resistance and specific pro-inflammatory biomarkers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study group comprised 88 obese children who attended the Outpatient Pediatric Clinic of our Hospital between January and December 2016. Children were divided into two groups according to 1h-GL during an OGTT: group 1 (n = 57) consisted of those with 1h-GL <8.6 mmol/L and group 2 (n = 31) of those with 1h-GL ≥8.6 mmol/L. Arterial blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) z-scores were measured in all participants. Specific insulin resistance (IR) indices, that is HOMA-IR, Matsuda index and Cederholm insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were calculated. Further, pro-inflammatory biomarkers that have been correlated with obesity complications, namely adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and interleukin (IL)-6 together with lipid levels were measured in all participants. Logistic regression analysis was used. RESULTS Children in group 2 had higher insulin (15.5 ± 6.4 vs 10.9 ± 4.8 μU/mL), HOMA-IR (3.41 ± 1.4 vs 2.34 ± 1.05) and lower Matsuda index [4.7 (3.1) vs 18.4 (17) median plus IQR] and Cederholm ISI (38 ± 6 vs 56 ± 11), than children in group 1 (all P < 0.001). They also had higher visfatin (15.4 ± 5.2 vs 10.1 ± 7 ng/mL), and IL-6 [12.5 (6.7) vs 4.8 (4.4) pg/mL], and lower adiponectin (5.9 ± 3.4 vs 11.8 ± 4.7 μg/mL) than children in group 1 (all P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that these differences between the two groups were independent of age, sex, Tanner stage, BMI and WC z-scores. CONCLUSIONS In obese children, 1h-GL ≥8.6 mmol/L during an OGTT is correlated with worsened IR, and an unfavourable metabolic and inflammatory profile. Thus, 1h-GL could be used as an additional marker to identify obese children and adolescents at increased risk of developing obesity complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Serbis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasileios Giapros
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna Challa
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Chaliasos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Siomou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Barton JC, Barton JC, Acton RT. Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical and Laboratory Associations in African Americans Without Diabetes in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:267-273. [PMID: 29851359 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine associations with insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in African Americans. METHODS We studied African American adults without diabetes in a postscreening examination. Participants included Cases: transferrin saturation (TS) >50% and serum ferritin (SF) >300 μg/L (M), and TS >45% and SF >200 μg/L (F), regardless of HFE genotype; and Controls: TS/SF 25th to 75th percentiles and HFE wt/wt (wild type). We excluded participants with fasting <8 h; fasting glucose >126 mg/dL; hepatitis B or C; cirrhosis; pregnancy; or incomplete datasets. We analyzed age; sex; Case/Control; body mass index (BMI); systolic and diastolic blood pressures; neutrophils; lymphocytes; alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; elevated C-reactive protein (CRP >0.5 mg/L); TS; and SF. We computed homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) using fasting serum glucose and insulin, and defined IR as HOMA-IR fourth quartile (≥2.42). RESULTS There were 312 Cases and 86 Controls (56.3% men). Ninety-one percent had HFE wt/wt. None had HFE p.C282Y. A significant increasing trend across HOMA-IR quartiles was observed for BMI only. Multivariable regression on HOMA-IR revealed significant positive associations: age; BMI; lymphocytes; SF; and CRP >0.5 mg/L; and significant negative associations: neutrophils and TS. Logistic regression on IR revealed BMI [odds ratio (OR) 1.3 (95% confidence interval 1.2-1.4)] and CRP >0.5 mg/L [OR 2.7 (1.2-6.3)]. Fourteen participants (3.5%) had MetS. Logistic regression on MetS revealed one association: IR [OR 7.4 (2.1-25.2)]. CONCLUSIONS In African Americans without diabetes, IR was associated with BMI and CRP >0.5 mg/L, after adjustment for other variables. MetS was associated with IR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Barton
- 1 Southern Iron Disorders Center , Birmingham, Alabama.,2 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Ronald T Acton
- 1 Southern Iron Disorders Center , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Abraham PA, Attipoe S, Kazman JB, Zeno SA, Poth M, Deuster PA. Role of plasma adiponectin /C-reactive protein ratio in obesity and type 2 diabetes among African Americans. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:99-107. [PMID: 29026382 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension and T2D. Objective(s): We examined relations between fasting plasma adiponectin (ADIP), C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and markers of T2D in African Americans (AA). METHODS Fasting plasma ADIP, CRP, Insulin (IN), HOMA-IR, lipid profiles, body fat percent (%BF), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure measures were determined in AA women (W: n=77) and men (M: n=34). Participants were classified into: 1) Normal fasting glucose (FG) and Normal %BF; 2) Normal FG and High %BF; and 3) High FG. RESULTS Compared to men, women had significantly higher mean ADIP (W: 31.4±2.9 vs. M: 18.0±4.4 ng/L), CRP (W: 3.2±0.3 vs. M: 2.0±0.5 mg/L), %BF (W: 41.2±0.9 vs. M: 27.2±1.3), and BMI (W: 32.3±0.7 vs. M: 29.2±1.1 kg/m2). Women with normal FG and %BF had significantly higher ADIP (64.0±6.0) and lower CRP (1.3±0.6) concentrations than normal FG/ high %BF (ADIP: 37.0±5.0 and CRP: 3.1 ±0.5) and high FG (ADIP: 15.1±4.1 and CRP: 4.0 ± 0.5) groups. Women with high ADIP to CRP ratio had favorable metabolic and anthropometric profiles. CONCLUSION Low ADIP and high CRP are associated with excessive %BF and FG in AA women. ADIP/CRP, may be useful for detecting metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Anna Abraham
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine (MEM) Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS) 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 (PA, SA, JK, SZ, PD)
| | - Selasi Attipoe
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine (MEM) Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS) 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 (PA, SA, JK, SZ, PD)
| | - Josh B Kazman
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine (MEM) Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS) 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 (PA, SA, JK, SZ, PD)
| | - Stacey Anne Zeno
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine (MEM) Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS) 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 (PA, SA, JK, SZ, PD)
| | - Merrily Poth
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine (MEM) Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS) 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 (PA, SA, JK, SZ, PD)
| | - Patricia Anne Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine (MEM) Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS) 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 (PA, SA, JK, SZ, PD)
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Arslanian S, El Ghormli L, Bacha F, Caprio S, Goland R, Haymond MW, Levitsky L, Nadeau KJ, White NH, Willi SM. Adiponectin, Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Treatment Failure Rates in TODAY. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:85-93. [PMID: 27803118 PMCID: PMC5180463 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study demonstrated that glycemic failure rates in the three treatments combined-metformin plus rosiglitazone, metformin alone, and metformin plus lifestyle-were higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; 52.8%) versus non-Hispanic whites (NHW; 36.6%) and Hispanics (H; 45.0%). Moreover, metformin alone was less effective in NHB versus NHW versus H youth. This study describes treatment-associated changes in adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function over time among the three racial/ethnic groups to understand potential mechanism(s) responsible for this racial/ethnic disparity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS TODAY participants underwent periodic oral glucose tolerance tests to determine insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oral disposition index (oDI), with measurements of total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMWA). RESULTS At baseline NHB had significantly lower HMWA than NHW and H and exhibited a significantly smaller increase (17.3% vs. 33.7% vs. 29.9%, respectively) during the first 6 months overall. Increases in HMWA were associated with reductions in glycemic failure in the three racial/ethnic groups combined (hazard ratio 0.61, P < 0.0001) and in each race/ethnicity separately. Over time, HMWA was significantly lower in those who failed versus did not fail treatment, irrespective of race/ethnicity. There were no differences in treatment-associated temporal changes in insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oDI among the three racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS HMWA is a reliable biomarker of treatment response in youth with type 2 diabetes. The diminutive treatment-associated increase in HMWA in NHB (∼50% lower) compared with NHW and H may explain the observed racial/ethnic disparity with higher therapeutic failure rates in NHB in TODAY.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laure El Ghormli
- Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Fida Bacha
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Morey W Haymond
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Neil H White
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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12
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Ohman-Hanson RA, Cree-Green M, Kelsey MM, Bessesen DH, Sharp TA, Pyle L, Pereira RI, Nadeau KJ. Ethnic and Sex Differences in Adiponectin: From Childhood to Adulthood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:4808-4815. [PMID: 27603898 PMCID: PMC5155686 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes are increasing, particularly in Hispanic (H) vs non-Hispanic White (NHW) populations. Adiponectin has a known role in IR, and therefore, understanding ethnic and sex-specific behavior of adiponectin across the lifespan is of clinical significance. OBJECTIVE To compare ethnic and sex differences in adiponectin, independent of body mass index, across the lifespan and relationship to IR. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Primary care, referral center. PATIENTS A total of 187 NHW and 117 H participants (8-57 y) without diabetes. Life stage: pre-/early puberty (Tanner 1/2), midpubertal (Tanner 3/4), late pubertal (Tanner 5, <21 years), and adult (Tanner 5, ≥21). INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Fasting adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and revised homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS Adiponectin was significantly inversely correlated with revised homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Regarding puberty, adiponectin trended downward in late puberty, but only males were significantly lower in adulthood. By sex, adiponectin was lower in adult males vs females of both ethnicities. Regarding ethnicity, H adults of both sexes had lower adiponectin than NHW adults. Of note, in NHW females, adiponectin trended highest in adulthood, whereas in H females, adiponectin fell in late puberty and remained lower in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin inversely correlated with IR, trended down in late puberty, and was lowest in adult males. H adults of both sexes had lower adiponectin than NHW adults, and H females followed a more "male pattern," lacking the rebound in adiponectin seen in NHW females after puberty. These data suggest that adiponectin, independent of body mass index, may relate to the greater cardiometabolic risk seen in H populations and in particular H females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Ohman-Hanson
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Megan M Kelsey
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Teresa A Sharp
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Laura Pyle
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rocio I Pereira
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Pediatric Endocrinology (R.O.-H., M.C.-G., M.M.K., K.J.N.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Endocrinology (D.H.B., R.I.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Northern Colorado (T.A.S.), Greeley, Colorado 80639; Department of Pediatrics (L.P.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics (L.P.), Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Hasson BR, Apovian C, Istfan N. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Function: Relationship to Racial Disparities in Type 2 Diabetes among African Americans versus Caucasians. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:241-9. [PMID: 26627219 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both biological and sociocultural factors have been implicated in the well-documented racial disparity in incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) between African Americans (AA) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW). This review examines the extent to which biological differences in glucose metabolism, specifically insulin resistance and beta cell function (BCF), contribute to this disparity. The majority of available data suggests that AA are more insulin resistant and have upregulated BCF compared to NHW. Increasing evidence implicates high insulin secretion as a cause rather than consequence of T2D; therefore, upregulated BCF in AA may specifically confer increased risk of T2D in this cohort. Racial disparities in the metabolic characteristics of T2D have direct implications for the treatment and health consequences of this disease; therefore, future research is needed to determine whether strategies to reduce insulin secretion in AA may prevent or delay T2D and lessen racial health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Hasson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Caroline Apovian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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14
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Rider JR, Fiorentino M, Kelly R, Gerke T, Jordahl K, Sinnott JA, Giovannucci EL, Loda M, Mucci LA, Finn S. Tumor expression of adiponectin receptor 2 and lethal prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:639-47. [PMID: 25863129 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) in aggressive prostate cancer we used immunohistochemistry to characterize AdipoR2 protein expression in tumor tissue for 866 men with prostate cancer from the Physicians' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. AdipoR2 tumor expression was not associated with measures of obesity, pathological tumor stage or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis. However, AdipoR2 expression was positively associated with proliferation as measured by Ki-67 expression quartiles (P-trend < 0.0001), with expression of fatty acid synthase (P-trend = 0.001), and with two measures of angiogenesis (P-trend < 0.1). An inverse association was observed with apoptosis as assessed by the TUNEL assay (P-trend = 0.006). Using Cox proportional hazards regression and controlling for age at diagnosis, Gleason score, year of diagnosis category, cohort and baseline BMI, we identified a statistically significant trend for the association between quartile of AdipoR2 expression and lethal prostate cancer (P-trend = 0.02). The hazard ratio for lethal prostate cancer for the two highest quartiles, as compared to the two lowest quartiles, of AdipoR2 expression was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-3.0). Results were similar when additionally controlling for categories of PSA at diagnosis and Ki-67 expression quartiles. These results strengthen the evidence for the role of AdipoR2 in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Rider
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachel Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Travis Gerke
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Kristina Jordahl
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jennifer A Sinnott
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
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15
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Takemoto K, Deckelbaum RJ, Saito I, Likitmaskul S, Morandi A, Pinelli L, Ishii E, Kida K, Abdalla M. Adiponectin/resistin levels and insulin resistance in children: a four country comparison study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015; 2015:2. [PMID: 25904939 PMCID: PMC4406215 DOI: 10.1186/1687-9856-2015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background There are few reports on the effects of ethnicity or gender in the association between adipocytokines and insulin resistance in children of different ages. This study assessed associations between serum concentrations of adiponectin/resistin and parameters of insulin resistance in children from 4 different countries. Methods A total of 2,290 children were analyzed in this study; each was from one of 4 different countries (Japan, Thailand, Italy and USA), and grouped according to age (8–11 years old in Group 1 and 12–15 years old in Group 2). Results Adioponectin was higher in female than in male children, and in Group 1 than in Group 2. Generally, adiponectin was lower in Asian as compared to Italian and American children. These tendencies remained even after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) or waist circumstance (WC). Among older children (Group 2), resistin was higher in female than in male children. Significant correlations by non-parametric univariate correlation coefficients and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were found between adiponectin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and fasting serum insulin levels in young Japanese, Italian, and American female children(p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, respectively). Correlations between serum adiponectin and HOMA-IR were also found among older male Italian, American, and Thai children (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). In multiple regression analysis by forced entry method, adiponectin correlated with HOMA-IR in Italian and American male children, and in all older female children regardless of country of origin. There was no correlation between resistin and markers of insulin resistance in children from any of the countries. Conclusions We conclude that serum adiponectin concentrations are lower in Asian as compared to Italian and American children, and that adiponectin but not resistin contributes to differences in markers for insulin resistance in children from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takemoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Richard J Deckelbaum
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Isao Saito
- Basic Nursing and Health Science, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Supawadee Likitmaskul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anita Morandi
- Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, U.L.S.S. 20 and University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pinelli
- Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, U.L.S.S. 20 and University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Kaichi Kida
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295 Japan
| | - Marwah Abdalla
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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Balanced duo of anti-inflammatory SFRP5 and proinflammatory WNT5A in children. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:793-7. [PMID: 24603290 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is an adipokine protecting against obesity-related insulin resistance and diabetes. SFRP5 binds to wingless type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration site family member 5A (WNT5A) to improve insulin sensitivity. We performed the first study of SFRP5 and WNT5A simultaneously in children. METHODS Prepubertal children (n = 342) were assessed for circulating SFRP5 (all subjects) and circulating WNT5A (210 subjects), and associations were sought with metabolic markers. In conditioned media of adipose tissue explants from 12 additional children, SFRP5 and WNT5A were studied further. RESULTS The concentrations of SFRP5 and WNT5A correlated positively in serum and in conditioned media (all P < 0.001). Lower level of circulating SFRP5 (lowest quartile) was associated with higher BMI (15% increase, P < 0.0001) and lower level of high-molecular-weight adiponectin (26% decrease, P = 0.002). Circulating WNT5A related closely with insulin resistance assessed by the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and hepatic markers (alanine transaminase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase), particularly in children with lower circulating SFRP5 levels (all P < 0.004). CONCLUSION SFRP5 and WNT5A comprise a balanced duo that may regulate metabolic homeostasis in prepubertal children.
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Aldhoon-Hainerová I, Zamrazilová H, Dušátková L, Sedláčková B, Hlavatý P, Hill M, Hampl R, Kunešová M, Hainer V. Glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance: prevalence, gender differences and predictors in adolescents. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:100. [PMID: 25419241 PMCID: PMC4240882 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence, due to transient pubertal insulin resistance (IR), is associated with a higher risk for disturbances of glucose metabolism. The aim of our study was 1) to investigate the prevalence of disturbances of glucose metabolism, 2) to define gender specific homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) thresholds associated with increased cardiometabolic risks and 3) to provide predictors of HOMA-IR. METHODS The studied cohort consisted of Czech adolescents aged 13.0-17.9 years: 1,518 individuals of general population and three studied groups according weight category (615 normal weight, 230 overweight and 683 obese). The prevalence of IR, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes was assessed. Risky HOMA-IR thresholds based on components of metabolic syndrome were investigated. HOMA-IR prediction was calculated taking into account age, blood pressure, multiple anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters. RESULTS In general population cohort, the prevalence of IFG and type 2 diabetes was 7.0% and <0.5%, respectively. Boys regardless of weight presented significantly higher levels of blood glucose and higher prevalence of IFG than girls. Obese boys were found more insulin resistant than obese girls. HOMA-IR thresholds of 3.6 for girls and 4.4 for boys were associated with increased cardiometabolic risks. For both genders, the model of HOMA-IR prediction was composed of age, BMI, ratio of free triiodthyronine to free thyroxine, gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and levels of triglycerides and sex hormone-binding globulin. CONCLUSIONS The type 2 diabetes in adolescents, including those who were obese, was rarely diagnosed. Obese adolescent boys were at greater risk for IR and for IFG than obese girls. In adolescence, thresholds of HOMA-IR in contrast to predictors were found gender specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Aldhoon-Hainerová
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
- />Department of Pediatrics and Center for Research of Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Šrobárova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zamrazilová
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Dušátková
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
- />Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Sedláčková
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
- />Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hlavatý
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hampl
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kunešová
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hainer
- />Institute of Endocrinology, Obesity Management Center, Národní 8, 116 94 Prague 1, Czech Republic
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Fitness and adiposity are independently associated with cardiometabolic risk in youth. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:261698. [PMID: 23984329 PMCID: PMC3747435 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. The purpose of the study was to examine the independent associations of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with clustered cardiometabolic risk. Methods. A cross-sectional sample of 192 adolescents (118 boys), aged 14–16 years, was recruited from a South Lanarkshire school in the West of Scotland. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured, and blood samples were taken. The 20 m multistage fitness test was the indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). A clustered cardiometabolic risk score was constructed from HDL-C (inverted), LDL-C, HOMA, systolic blood pressure, and triglycerides. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were also measured and examined relative to the clustered cardiometabolic risk score, CRF, and adiposity. Results. Although significant, partial correlations between BMI and waist circumference (WC) and both CRF and adiponectin were negative and weak to moderate, while correlations between the BMI and WC and CRP were positive but weak to moderate. Weak to moderate negative associations were also evident for adiponectin with CRP, IL-6, and clustered cardiometabolic risk. WC was positively associated while CRF was negatively associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk. With the additional adjustment for either WC or CRF, the independent associations with cardiometabolic risk persisted. Conclusion. WC and CRF are independently associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk in Scottish adolescents.
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Azrad M, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Nagy TR. Racial differences in adiponectin and leptin in healthy premenopausal women. Endocrine 2013; 43:586-92. [PMID: 22983832 PMCID: PMC3541432 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to longitudinally investigate racial differences in serum adiponectin and leptin in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) women in the overweight and weight-reduced states. Sixty-two EA and 58 AA premenopausal women were weight reduced from body mass index (BMI) 27-30 kg/m(2) to BMI ≤ 24. Fasting serum adiponectin and leptin were determined; body composition and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively. In repeated-measure MANOVA, there was a significant race effect for IAAT and total fat mass; compared to AA women, EA women had higher IAAT and total fat mass (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.027, respectively). In the mixed-model for adiponectin that adjusted for IAAT, limb fat, and total fat, race was significantly associated with adiponectin (p = 0.046). AA women had significantly lower adjusted adiponectin compared to EA women at baseline [7.67 (6.85, 8.60) vs. 9.32 (8.34, 10.4) μg/ml, p < 0.05] and following weight loss [9.75 (8.70, 10.9) vs. 11.8 (10.6, 13.2) μg/ml, p < 0.05]. In a mixed-model for leptin that adjusted for insulin, estradiol, and fat mass, race was significantly associated with leptin (p < 0.0001). AA women had significantly higher adjusted leptin compared to EA women at baseline [24.7 (22.3, 27.4) vs. 19.9 (18.1, 21.8) ng/dl, p < 0.05] and following weight loss [11.7 (10.2, 13.3) vs. 8.48 (7.50, 9.57) ng/dl, p < 0.05]. Despite having a more favorable body fat distribution, AA women had lower adjusted adiponectin and higher leptin. Differences in body composition and fat distribution do not appear to be significant factors in explaining lower adiponectin and higher leptin in AA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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The relationships among total body fat, bone mineral content and bone marrow adipose tissue in early-pubertal girls. BONEKEY REPORTS 2013; 2:315. [PMID: 23951544 PMCID: PMC3722749 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the physiologic relevance of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) during growth may promote understanding of the bone-fat axis and confluence with metabolic factors. The objective of this pilot investigation was two-fold: (1) to evaluate the relationships among total body fat, bone mineral content (BMC) and femoral BMAT during childhood and underlying metabolic determinants and (2) to determine if the relationships differ by race. Participants included white and non-Hispanic black girls (n=59) ages 4–10 years. Femoral BMAT volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, BMC and body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Metabolic parameters were assessed in the fasted state. Total fat and BMC were positively associated with BMAT; however, simultaneous inclusion of BMC and body fat in the statistical model attenuated the association between BMC and BMAT. Differences in BMAT volume were observed, non-Hispanic black girls exhibiting marginally greater BMAT at age eight (P=0.05) and white girls exhibiting greater BMAT at age ten (P<0.001). Metabolic parameters conferred differential impact by race, such that, a positive association for BMAT and leptin (P=0.02) and adiponectin (P=0.002) in white girls while BMAT and insulin were inversely related in non-Hispanic black girls (P=0.008). Our findings revealed a positive relationship between BMAT, body fat and BMC, although body fat, respective to leptin, contributed partly to the relationship between BMAT and BMC. Despite large differences in total fat between non-Hispanic black and white, the relationship between BMAT and BMC was similar to white girls. However, this relationship appeared to be impacted through different mechanisms according to race.
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Gender differences in the association of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity with adiponectin in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23433085 PMCID: PMC3586352 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin, paradoxically reduced in obesity and with lower levels in African Americans (AA), modulates several cardiometabolic risk factors. Because abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), known to be reduced in AA, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compartments may confer differential metabolic risk profiles, we investigated the associations of VAT and SAT with serum adiponectin, separately by gender, with the hypothesis that VAT is more strongly inversely associated with adiponectin than SAT. METHODS Participants from the Jackson Heart Study, an ongoing cohort of AA (n = 2,799; 64% women; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) underwent computer tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes, and had stored serum specimens analyzed for adiponectin levels. These levels were examined by gender in relation to increments of VAT and SAT. RESULTS Compared to women, men had significantly lower mean levels of adiponectin (3.9 ± 3.0 μg/mL vs. 6.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL; p < 0.01) and mean volume of SAT (1,721 ± 803 cm(3) vs. 2,668 ± 968 cm(3); p < 0.01) but significantly higher mean volume of VAT (884 ± 416 cm(3) vs. 801 ± 363 cm(3); p < 0.01). Among women, a one standard deviation increment in VAT was inversely associated with adiponectin (β = - 0.13; p < 0.0001) after controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, education, pack-years of smoking and daily intake of alcohol. The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC. Among men, after the same multivariable adjustment, there was a direct association of SAT and adiponectin (β = 0.18; p = 0.002) that persisted when controlling for BMI and WC, supporting a beneficial effect of SAT. Insulin resistance mediated the association of SAT with adiponectin in women. CONCLUSION In African Americans, abdominal visceral adipose tissue had an inverse association with serum adiponectin concentrations only among women. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue appeared as a protective fat depot in men.
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Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Pankow JS, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, Moran A, Sinaiko AR. Development of associations among central adiposity, adiponectin and insulin sensitivity from adolescence to young adulthood. Diabet Med 2012; 29:1153-8. [PMID: 22672197 PMCID: PMC3418404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of central adiposity, serum adiponectin and clamp-derived insulin sensitivity in a single longitudinal cohort from early adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS The cohort was examined three times at mean ages 15 years (n = 308), 19 years (n = 218) and 22 years (n = 163). Insulin sensitivity was measured with the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Circulating adiponectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Computed tomography scans were used at mean age 22 to compute subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat volume. Partial Pearson correlations and linear regression were used to examine cross-sectional associations at each examination. RESULTS The moderate negative correlation between waist circumference and adiponectin was significant and essentially unchanged from mean age 15 (-0.32, P < 0.0001) to mean age 22 (-0.29, P < 0.002), whereas the negative correlation between waist circumference and insulin sensitivity and the positive correlation between adiponectin and insulin sensitivity increased steadily in magnitude to mean age 22 (-0.29, P = 0.0002; and 0.32, P < 0.0001, respectively). In regression models including both visceral and subcutaneous fat, only visceral fat was significantly associated with insulin sensitivity, while only subcutaneous fat was nearly significantly associated with adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the significant negative relationship between waist circumference and adiponectin predated the development of significant relationships between insulin sensitivity and both waist circumference and adiponectin. It also shows that adiponectin is more closely related to subcutaneous fat and insulin sensitivity is more closely related to visceral fat in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Ochiai H, Shirasawa T, Nishimura R, Morimoto A, Ohtsu T, Hoshino H, Tajima N, Kokaze A. High-molecular-weight adiponectin and anthropometric variables among elementary schoolchildren: a population-based cross-sectional study in Japan. BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:139. [PMID: 22937905 PMCID: PMC3478987 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies about the relationship between high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMW-adn) and anthropometric variables among population-based elementary schoolchildren have been too limited, especially in Japan, where blood collection is not usually performed in the annual health examination at elementary schools. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between HMW-adn and anthropometric variables (body mass index [BMI], percent body fat [%BF], waist circumference [WC], and waist-to-height ratio [WHtR]) among population-based elementary schoolchildren in Japan. Methods Subjects comprised all fourth-grade schoolchildren (9 or 10 years of age) in the town of Ina, Saitama Prefecture, Japan during 2005–2008 (N = 1675). After excluding 21 subjects because of refusal to participate or incomplete data, data from a total of 1654 subjects (846 boys and 808 girls) were analyzed. The height, weight, %BF, and WC of each subject were measured, while blood samples were drawn from the subjects to measure adiponectin levels (HMW-adn and total adiponectin). Childhood obesity was determined according to the age- and sex-specific cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Spearman’s correlation coefficients between adiponectin levels and anthropometric variables were calculated for each sex. Results The anthropometric variables were negatively correlated with HMW-adn in both boys and girls. Correlation coefficients of HMW-adn with anthropometric variables in the obesity group were consistently higher than those in the non-obesity group among both boys and girls. In addition, only WHtR was significantly correlated with HMW-adn regardless of sex and physique (obesity or non-obesity); the correlation coefficient was -0.386 among boys and -0.543 among girls in the obesity group, while it was -0.124 among boys and -0.081 among girls in the non-obesity group. Conclusions HMW-adn was negatively correlated with anthropometric variables, while the correlation coefficients of HMW-adn with anthropometric variables in the obesity group were consistently higher than those in the non-obesity group. Moreover, only WHtR was significantly associated with HMW-adn regardless of sex and physique. The results of this study suggested that it is useful to monitor WHtR as a surrogate for HMW-adn among elementary school students, especially obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ochiai
- Department of Public Health, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku 142-8555, Tokyo, Japan.
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Adiponectin, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease: emerging data on complex interactions. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:521-7. [PMID: 21336943 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, adiponectin has been a subject of interest in many fields of medicine. The effect of adiponectin in metabolism and inflammation has been described for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in animal studies and the general population, generally as a protective factor. Extensive literature pertaining to adult studies indicates that low adiponectin levels are associated with increased CVD morbidity and mortality in the general population and patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), however, despite an increased risk of poor cardiovascular outcomes, blood levels of adiponectin are actually higher than typical physiological levels. These unusual relationships question the protective role of elevated adiponectin in the milieu of CKD. This review summarizes the studies of adiponectin in the general pediatric population and its association with CVD risks in children and adults with CKD. Specific adiponectin values are generally avoided in this review, as there are no standardized normative values at this time - different assays with different "normal" cutoffs have been used and hence comparisons between studies would be invalid.
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Casazza K, Cardel M, Dulin-Keita A, Hanks LJ, Gower BA, Newton AL, Wallace S. Reduced carbohydrate diet to improve metabolic outcomes and decrease adiposity in obese peripubertal African American girls. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54:336-42. [PMID: 22067112 PMCID: PMC3288466 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31823df207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity prevalence among African American (AA) girls is higher than that in other groups. Because typical energy-restriction obesity treatment strategies have had limited success, alterations in macronutrient composition may effectively improve metabolic outcomes in this population and affect future body composition trajectories. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a moderately restricted carbohydrate (CHO) versus a standard CHO diet on weight/fat loss and metabolic parameters in overweight/obese AA girls ages 9 to 14 years. METHODS A total of 26 AA girls (ranging from 92nd body mass index percentile and above) were assigned to either a reduced- (SPEC: 42% energy from CHO, n = 12) or a standard- (STAN: 55% of energy from CHO, n = 14) CHO diet (protein held constant) for 16 weeks. All of the meals were provided and clinically tailored to meet the estimated energy requirements (resting energy expenditure × 1.2 in eucaloric phase and resting energy expenditure × 1.2 - 1000 kcal in energy deficit phase). The first 5 weeks encompassed a eucaloric phase evaluating metabolic changes in the absence of weight change. The subsequent 11 weeks were hypocaloric (1000 kcal/day deficit) to promote weight/fat loss. Meal tests were performed during the eucaloric phase for metabolic analyses. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate body composition. RESULTS Both groups experienced reductions in weight/adiposity, but the difference did not reach significance. The solid meal test indicated improved glucose/insulin homeostasis on the SPEC diet up to 3 hours postingestion. In addition, significantly lower triglycerides (P < 0.001) were observed on the SPEC diet. CONCLUSIONS Dietary CHO reduction favorably influences metabolic parameters but did not result in greater weight/fat loss relative to a standard diet in obese AA girls. Future research is needed to determine long-term effectiveness of a reduced CHO diet on glucose and insulin homeostasis and how it may apply to weight maintenance/fat loss during development alone and/or in combination with additional weight loss/metabolic improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Casazza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Xu L, Li M, Yin J, Cheng H, Yu M, Zhao X, Xiao X, Mi J. Change of Body Composition and Adipokines and Their Relationship with Insulin Resistance across Pubertal Development in Obese and Nonobese Chinese Children: The BCAMS Study. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:389108. [PMID: 23316228 PMCID: PMC3534211 DOI: 10.1155/2012/389108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A transient increase in insulin resistance (IR) is a component of puberty. We investigated the impact of body composition and adipokines on IR during puberty in Chinese children. This study included 3223 schoolchildren aged 6-18 years. IR was calculated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). We revealed that body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference increased gradually during puberty in both genders, while fat-mass percentage (FAT%) increased steadily only in girls. Change of leptin showed striking sexual dimorphisms: in girls leptin increased steadily during puberty, whereas in boys, after a transient rise at the beginning of puberty, leptin declined by Tanner staging even in those overweight or obese. Inversely, adiponectin level decreased significantly during puberty. In both genders, HOMA-IR started to increase at the beginning of puberty, peaked in the middle, and revised at late puberty in overweight/obesity boys while it stayed high till the end of puberty in girls and normal weight boys. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that leptin presented a stronger indicator of HOMA-IR than anthropometric measures during puberty. Our results demonstrated that gender-specific FAT% and leptin changed with pubertal development. Leptin emerged as a stronger predictor of IR than traditional anthropometric indices, suggesting a prominent role in the development of pubertal IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Endocrine Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ming Li
- Endocrine Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
- *Ming Li:
| | - Jinhua Yin
- Endocrine Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Endocrine Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Endocrine Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
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Lo MM, Salisbury S, Scherer PE, Furth SL, Warady BA, Mitsnefes MM. Serum adiponectin complexes and cardiovascular risk in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:2009-17. [PMID: 21553321 PMCID: PMC3366590 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-1906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the general population, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience increased total adiponectin levels despite an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin circulates as trimer, low molecular weight (LMW), and high molecular weight (HMW) complexes. The distribution and role of each subfraction in CKD is unknown. This cross-sectional analysis examined the association of serum adiponectin and its subfractions with known cardiovascular risk factors in 105 children (median age 12 years; 56% male) enrolled into the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study, an observational cohort study of children with CKD stage 2-4.HMW accounted for 46% of total adiponectin, followed by LMW (34%) and trimer (20%). In multivariable analysis, LMW was independently associated with iohexol glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p = 0.004) and was higher in pubertal versus prepubertal children (p = 0.005). HMW/LMW ratio was independently associated with age and iohexol GFR (all p < 0.001). Unexpectedly, systolic blood pressure was positively correlated with HMW (p = 0.01), and HMW/LMW ratio (p = 0.007) and inversely correlated with LMW (p = 0.009). Among subfractions, only LMW was significantly correlated with left ventricular mass (LVM) index (p = 0.05). In multivariable analysis, decreased LMW was independently associated with higher LVM index [β= -0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.50, -0.03, p=0.04) after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), age, and blood pressure.The higher total adiponectin levels in children with CKD are associated with higher HMW and lower LMW. This imbalance may be an important biomarker for increased cardiovascular risk despite higher levels of total adiponectin in children with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Lo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, MLC: 7022, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytokines produced by adipose tissue, including adiponectin, have been associated with metabolic abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp with plasma adiponectin and other adipokines in young adult African Americans. METHODS Participants were healthy African Americans. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, an oral glucose tolerance test and an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp were performed. Insulin sensitivity measurements were adjusted for percentage of fat mass. Plasma concentrations of adiponectin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assayed on plasma from fasting blood samples. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression models were fitted to assess the association between glucose sensitivity and cytokines. RESULTS In univariate analysis, there were statistically significant correlations of plasma adiponectin level (r = 0.19, P = 0.004), PAI-1 (r = -0.19, P = 0.020) and IL-6 (r = -0.24, P < 0.001) with measures of insulin sensitivity after adjustment for both fat mass and insulin clamp concentration. In multivariate analysis, adiponectin [geometric mean ratios (GMR) 1.15, P = 0.007], PAI-1 (GMR 0.998, P = 0.021) and body mass index (GMR 0.95, P < 0.001) were each independently associated with insulin sensitivity. For IL-6, there was no significant association with insulin sensitivity independent of obesity. CONCLUSION These data show a significant and independent positive correlation of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity. The relationship of IL-6 with insulin sensitivity seems to be dependent on adiposity.
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Abstract
There seems to be general agreement that the prevalence of obesity is increasing in the United States and that we are in the midst of an obesity epidemic. The disease-related implications of this epidemic have received an enormous amount of publicity in the popular media, but public awareness of the untoward effects of excess weight has not led to an effective approach to dealing with the dilemma. The gravity of the problem is accentuated in light of the report that only approximately 50% of physicians polled provided weight loss counseling. Given the importance of excess adiposity as increasing the risk of CVD, 2DM, and hypertension and the combination of an increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity and a health care system unprepared to deal with this situation, it is essential that considerable thought be given as to how to best address this dilemma. In this context, it must be emphasized that CVD, 2DM, and hypertension are characterized by resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal and that insulin resistance and the compensatory hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance have been shown to be independent predictors of all three clinical syndromes. It has also been apparent for many years that overweight/obese individuals tend to be insulin resistant and become more insulin sensitive with weight loss.25 In light of these observations, it seems reasonable to suggest that insulin resistance is the link between overweight/obesity and the adverse clinical syndromes related to excess adiposity. The evidence summarized in this review shows that the more overweight an individual, the more likely he or she is insulin resistant and at increased risk to develop all the abnormalities associated with this defect in insulin action. Not all overweight/obese individuals are insulin resistant, however, any more than all insulin resistant individuals are overweight/obese. More important, there is compelling evidence that CVD risk factors are present to a significantly greater degree in the subset of overweight/obese individuals that is also insulin resistant. Not surprisingly,we have also demonstrated that an improvement in CVD risk factors with weight loss occurs to a significantly greater degree in those overweight/obese individuals who are also insulin resistant at baseline. In view of the ineffectiveness of current clinical approaches to weight loss, it seems necessary to recognize that not all overweight/obese individuals are at equal risk to develop CVD and that it is clinically useful to identify those at highest risk. The simplest way to achieve this task seems to be focusing on the CVD risk factors that are highly associated with insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia. If this is done, then intense efforts at weight control can be brought to bear on those who not only need it the most but also have the most to gain by losing weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Reaven
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk CVRC, Stanford Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Pereira RI, Wang CCL, Hosokawa P, Dickinson LM, Chonchol M, Krantz MJ, Steiner JF, Bessesen DH, Havranek EP, Long CS. Circulating adiponectin levels are lower in Latino versus non-Latino white patients at risk for cardiovascular disease, independent of adiposity measures. BMC Endocr Disord 2011; 11:13. [PMID: 21736747 PMCID: PMC3141565 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latinos in the United States have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than non-Latino whites, even after controlling for adiposity. Decreased adiponectin is associated with insulin resistance and predicts T2DM, and therefore may mediate this ethnic difference. We compared total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin in Latino versus white individuals, identified factors associated with adiponectin in each ethnic group, and measured the contribution of adiponectin to ethnic differences in insulin resistance. METHODS We utilized cross-sectional data from subjects in the Latinos Using Cardio Health Actions to reduce Risk study. Participants were Latino (n = 119) and non-Latino white (n = 60) men and women with hypertension and at least one other risk factor for CVD (age 61 ± 10 yrs, 49% with T2DM), seen at an integrated community health and hospital system in Denver, Colorado. Total and HMW adiponectin was measured by RIA and ELISA respectively. Fasting glucose and insulin were used to calculate the homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Variables independently associated with adiponectin levels were identified by linear regression analyses. Adiponectin's contribution to ethnic differences in insulin resistance was assessed in multivariate linear regression models of Latino ethnicity, with logHOMA-IR as a dependent variable, adjusting for possible confounders including age, gender, adiposity, and renal function. RESULTS Mean adiponectin levels were lower in Latino than white patients (beta estimates: -4.5 (-6.4, -2.5), p < 0.001 and -1.6 (-2.7, -0.5), p < 0.005 for total and HMW adiponectin), independent of age, gender, BMI/waist circumference, thiazolidinedione use, diabetes status, and renal function. An expected negative association between adiponectin and waist circumference was seen among women and non-Latino white men, but no relationship between these two variables was observed among Latino men. Ethnic differences in logHOMA-IR were no longer observed after controlling for adiponectin levels. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with CVD risk, total and HMW adiponectin is lower in Latinos, independent of adiposity and other known regulators of adiponectin. Ethnic differences in adiponectin regulation may exist and future research in this area is warranted. Adiponectin levels accounted for the observed variability in insulin resistance, suggesting a contribution of decreased adiponectin to insulin resistance in Latino populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio I Pereira
- Denver Health Medical Center, 660 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cecilia CL Wang
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1055 Clermont Street, Denver, CO 80220, USA
| | - Patrick Hosokawa
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - L Miriam Dickinson
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michel Chonchol
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mori J Krantz
- Denver Health Medical Center, 660 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - John F Steiner
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, P.O. Box 378066, Denver, CO 80237, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Denver Health Medical Center, 660 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, P.O. Box 6511, MS8106, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Edward P Havranek
- Denver Health Medical Center, 660 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Carlin S Long
- Denver Health Medical Center, 660 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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Wang H, Necheles J, Birne JS, Li Z, Xing H, Tang G, Christoffel KK, Brickman WJ, Zimmerman D, Wang X. Association of adipokines with blood pressure in rural Chinese adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 26:493-501. [PMID: 21716317 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that adipokines influence blood pressure (BP). Limited data exist in healthy adolescents, who are in a critical period for preventing the development of high BP. This study investigated the association of leptin, adiponectin and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) with BP in rural Chinese adolescents. This report included 1245 adolescents (average body mass index: 19.3 kg m(-2)) aged 13-21 years from an established twin cohort. We examined gender-specific associations between plasma adipokines and BP, with adjustment for measures of adiposity and insulin resistance (IR). We estimated the genetic contribution to adipokines using the twin design and Cholesky decomposition models. There was no correlation between leptin and adiponectin levels. Leptin was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in males and diastolic blood pressure in females, but the association disappeared after adjusting for adiposity and IR. LAR was positively associated with SBP (β(s.e.): 1.94(0.45)), P<0.01), adiponectin was negatively associated with SBP (β(s.e.): -2.18(0.63)), P<0.001) only in males, and such associations were independent of adiposity and IR. A test of gender × adiponectin interaction was significant (P=0.01). Heritability estimation showed that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to variance in adipokines. In these relatively lean Chinese adolescents, leptin was positively associated with BP in both genders, but was adiposity/IR dependent. Adiponectin was negatively associated with SBP in males, independent of adiposity/IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- The Mary Ann and J Milburn Smith Child Health Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Children's Memorial Hospital and Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Pyrzak B, Ruminska M, Popko K, Demkow U. Adiponectin as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Eur J Med Res 2011; 15 Suppl 2:147-51. [PMID: 21147643 PMCID: PMC4360280 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-15-s2-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has been increasing worldwide. As in adults, childhood obesity is closely related to hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance (IR) syndrome. Moreover, obese children have been found to be at increased risk of becoming obese adults. Obese children and adolescents tend to develop serious medical and psychosocial complications and also are at greater risk morbidity and mortality in adulthood. The molecular basis of the pathogenesis of obesity-linked disorders has not been fully elucidated. Adipose tissue serves not only as an energy storage organ, but also as an endocrine organ. It releases many factors with autocrine, paracrine and endocrine functions. Adipokines such as leptin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, adipsin, visfatin, and adiponectin are biologically active molecules produced by adipose tissue. They play a role in energy homeostasis, and in glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin level, unlike that of other adipocytokines, is decreased in obesity and increased after weight reduction. Adiponectin has been associated with both central obesity and increased visceral adipose tissue and it has anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and potent insulin-sensitizing (anti-diabetic) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pyrzak
- Department of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Cohen SS, Gammon MD, Signorello LB, North KE, Lange EM, Fowke JH, Hargreaves MK, Cai Q, Zheng W, Blot WJ, Matthews CE. Serum adiponectin in relation to body mass index and other correlates in black and white women. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:86-94. [PMID: 21109453 PMCID: PMC3018848 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adiponectin is a promising biomarker linking obesity and disease risk; however, limited data are available regarding adiponectin in black women among whom obesity is highly prevalent. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to assess racial differences and correlates of serum adiponectin measured in 996 black and 996 white women enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study through Community Health Centers in 12 southeastern states from 2002 to 2006. RESULTS Black subjects had significantly lower adiponectin levels than white subjects (median 10.9 vs 14.9 μg/mL, Wilcoxon p < .0001). Among black subjects, adiponectin was lower among overweight and obese women compared with healthy weight women but showed no clear decreasing trend with increasing severity of obesity; adjusted geometric means (95% confidence interval) were 15.0 [13.8-16.4], 11.5 [10.6-12.5], 9.7 [9.0-10.6], 11.4 [10.3-12.6], and 10.9 [9.5-12.6] μg/mL for body mass index [BMI] categories of 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, 35-39.9, and 40-45, p for trend <.0001). In contrast, among whites there was a monotonic reduction in adiponectin over increasing BMI (adjusted geometric means = 19.9 [18.3-21.7], 15.1 [13.9-16.4], 14.3 [13.2-15.5], 12.5 [11.2-13.9], and 11.0 [9.7-12.5] μg/mL, p for trend <.0001). BMI, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension were important correlates of adiponectin in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Among women, racial differences exist in both the magnitude and form of the adiponectin-BMI association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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Lawrence JC, Newcomer BR, Buchthal SD, Sirikul B, Oster RA, Hunter GR, Gower BA. Relationship of intramyocellular lipid to insulin sensitivity may differ with ethnicity in healthy girls and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:43-8. [PMID: 20559297 PMCID: PMC3204213 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is greater among African Americans (AA) vs. European Americans (EA), independent of obesity and lifestyle. We tested the hypothesis that intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) or extramycellular lipid (EMCL) would be associated with insulin sensitivity among healthy young women, and that the associations would differ with ethnic background. We also explored the hypothesis that adipokines and estradiol would be associated with muscle lipid content. Participants were 57 healthy, normoglycemic, women and girls mean age 26 (±10) years; mean BMI 27.3 (±4.8) kg/m²; 32 AA, 25 EA. Soleus IMCL and EMCL were assessed with ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); insulin sensitivity with an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling; body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) with computed tomography. Adiponectin, leptin, and estradiol were assessed in fasting sera. Analyses indicated that EMCL, but not IMCL, was greater in AA vs. EA (2.55 ± 0.16 vs. 1.98 ± 0.18 arbitrary units, respectively, P < 0.05; adjusted for total body fat). IMCL was associated with insulin sensitivity in EA (r = -0.54, P < 0.05, adjusted for total fat, IAAT, and age), but not AA (r = 0.16, P = 0.424). IMCL was inversely associated with adiponectin (r = -0.31, P < 0.05, adjusted for ethnicity, age, total fat, and IAAT). In conclusion, IMCL was a significant determinant of insulin sensitivity among healthy, young, EA but not AA women. Further research is needed to determine whether the component lipids of IMCL (e.g., diacylglycerol (DAG) or ceramide) are associated with insulin sensitivity in an ethnicity specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine C. Lawrence
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bradley R. Newcomer
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Steven D. Buchthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Bovorn Sirikul
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert A. Oster
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Smith LM, Yao-Borengasser A, Starks T, Tripputi M, Kern PA, Rasouli N. Insulin resistance in African-American and Caucasian women: differences in lipotoxicity, adipokines, and gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:4441-8. [PMID: 20591983 PMCID: PMC2936058 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested whether African-American (AA) women are different from Caucasian women in regard to lipotoxicity, adipokines, and gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle. DESIGN Insulin sensitivity (S(I)), plasma adipocytokine levels, intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), and the expression of candidate genes in adipose tissue and muscle were measured in AA and Caucasian women. SETTING This study was performed in an ambulatory general clinical research center. SUBJECTS Subjects were healthy, nondiabetic AA and Caucasian women. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of S(I), IMCL, plasma adiponectin, and the expression of candidate genes regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue and muscle. RESULTS AA had lower plasma adiponectin and IMCL when compared with Caucasian women with similar S(I). In sc adipose tissue (SAT), the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis including peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and lipin-1beta were also reduced in SAT of AA subjects (19%, P = 0.06, and 25%, P = 0.05, respectively). Similarly, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT 2), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1), and CD36 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in SAT by 19, 54, and 28% respectively (P < 0.01 for all) in AA compared with Caucasian women. Yet the expression of CD68 in SAT was similar in both ethnic groups. Gene expression studies in muscle revealed a 31% reduction in expression of AGPAT 2 and a 72% reduction in SCD1 genes in AA. CONCLUSION AA women demonstrated lower expression of several PPARgamma-responsive genes in adipose tissue, lower plasma adiponectin, and decreased IMCL levels as compared with Caucasians, which suggests that African-Americans may be protected from lipotoxicity. Together these data suggest significant ethnic differences in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance.
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Alikaşifoğlu A, Gönç EN, Özön ZA, Şen Y, Kandemir N. The relationship between serum adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leptin levels and insulin sensitivity in childhood and adolescent obesity: adiponectin is a marker of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2009; 1:233-9. [PMID: 21274300 PMCID: PMC3005745 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v1i5.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed (a) to investigate the relationship between the degree of obesity and serum adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leptin, insulin levels and the lipid profile; (b) to clarify the relationship between insulin resistance/glucose tolerance and adipocytokine levels; and (c) to investigate the value of adipocytokine levels as a marker of metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS We studied 151 obese children and adolescents (86 boys and 65 girls; mean age was 12.3±2.4 years). We defined obesity as a body-mass index (BMI) z-score more than 2 SD above the mean for age and sex. The control group consisted of 100 children (48 boys, 52 girls, mean age 12.4±2.5 years). Fasting glucose, insulin levels and lipid profiles were measured in all cases and controls after a 12-hour fast. Adiponectin, TNF-α, and leptin levels were measured in the subjects who participated in the adipocytokine branch of the study. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in all obese patients. Obese patients were grouped into three subgroups according to their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity assessment, and also according to whether they were grouped as MS or not. RESULTS Serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol, log triglyceride, insulin, leptin and TNF-α were higher, whereas HDL and square root adiponectin levels were lower in the obese group when compared with controls. Multiple regression analysis among BMI-z score, LDL, triglyceride, HOMA-IR, leptin and TNF-α as determinants of adiponectin revealed that BMI-z score was the only determinant for adiponectin (r:-0.45, p<0.0001). Adiponectin levels in hyperinsulinemic and impaired glucose tolerance groups (IGT) tended to be lower than in normoinsulinemic obese children, however, the difference was not significant. There was a weak negative correlation between adiponectin levels and increasing severity of insulin resistance (r=-0.23, p=0.005) in the groups of obese subjects. Mean serum adiponectin level in subjects with MS was lower than in subjects without MS (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of serum adiponectin levels might contribute to an early intervention in obese children with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Alikaşifoğlu
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - E. Nazlı Gönç
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Z. Alev Özön
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Şen
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurgün Kandemir
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Odden N, Henriksen T, Holter E, Grete Skar A, Tjade T, Mørkrid L. Serum Adiponectin Concentration Prior to Clinical Onset of Preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2009; 25:129-42. [PMID: 16867919 DOI: 10.1080/10641950600745475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses whether the adipokine adiponectin is a useful marker in pregnant women who subsequently develop preeclampsia (PE). METHODS A retrospective case-control study was conducted to measure the total serum levels of adiponectin, measured by radioimmunoassay kit, in serum samples stored in serological biobanks. RESULTS Total serum adiponectin concentrations between the groups were not significantly different (p = 0.22). There were no obvious clinical signs of the preeclamptic inflammatory process at the time when samples were drawn. CONCLUSION Using this design, total adiponectin appeared not be a useful pre-clinical marker of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Odden
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway.
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Sleep duration as a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:351-7. [PMID: 19362278 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the association between sleep duration and type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort, considering insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and secretion (acute insulin response [AIR]), two important diabetes risk factors. METHODS Among 900 diabetes-free persons, 146 developed incident type 2 diabetes. At baseline, sleep duration was assessed by self-report and S(I) and AIR by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, short sleep (<or=7 hours: odds ratio [OR] 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21-3.79 compared to 8 hours) was associated with increased odds of diabetes, adjusting for age, sex, glucose tolerance, clinical site, hypertension, family history of diabetes, smoking, education, and body mass index. Adjustment for S(I) and AIR did not affect short sleep (2.36; 1.11-5.00), but further attenuated the already non-significant association with long sleep (2.15; 0.50-9.30). In African Americans, an opposing pattern was observed, but none of the associations reached statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our study supports the role of short sleep as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in whites and Hispanics. While insulin sensitivity and secretion may explain previously reported associations of long sleep duration with diabetes risk, they do not seem to mediate the effects of short sleep on diabetes.
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Hyatt TC, Phadke RP, Hunter GR, Bush NC, Muñoz AJ, Gower BA. Insulin sensitivity in African-American and white women: association with inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:276-82. [PMID: 19039315 PMCID: PMC2748773 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whether the contribution of inflammation to risk for chronic metabolic disease differs with ethnicity is not known. The objective of this study was to determine: (i) whether ethnic differences exist in markers of inflammation and (ii) whether lower insulin sensitivity among African Americans vs. whites is due to greater inflammatory status. Subjects were African-American (n = 108) and white (n = 105) women, BMI 27-30 kg/m(2). Insulin sensitivity was assessed with intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal modeling; fat distribution with computed tomography; body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; markers of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR)-1, sTNFR-2, C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin (IL)-6) with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Whites had greater intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), insulin sensitivity, and concentrations of TNF-alpha, sTNFR-1, and sTNFR-2 than African Americans. Greater TNF-alpha in whites vs. African Americans was attributed to greater IAAT in whites. Among whites, but not African Americans, CRP was independently and inversely associated with insulin sensitivity, after adjusting for IAAT (r = -0.29 P < 0.05, and r = -0.13 P = 0.53, respectively). Insulin sensitivity remained lower in African Americans after adjusting for CRP (P < 0.001). In conclusion, greater IAAT among whites may be associated with greater inflammation. Insulin sensitivity was lower among African Americans, independent of obesity, fat distribution, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya C. Hyatt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Radhika P. Phadke
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nikki C. Bush
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - A. Julian Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Pankow JS, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, Moran AM, Sinaiko AR. Influence of waist on adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in adolescence. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:156-61. [PMID: 19107128 PMCID: PMC2862502 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that abdominal obesity leads to insulin resistance partly through decreased adiponectin. However, the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations among waist, adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity have not been examined in older adolescents. Non-Hispanic white and black children were recruited from the Minneapolis school district and underwent three examinations at mean ages 13, 15, and 19. Insulin sensitivity (measured using the gold-standard euglycemic clamp) and waist circumference were measured at all exams. Adiponectin was measured at mean ages 15 and 19. Partial correlations were used to examine associations among waist, adiponectin, and insulin sensitivity at mean age 15 (n = 308) and mean age 19 (n = 218). Longitudinal correlations and a longitudinal regression model were used to predict adiponectin and insulin sensitivity measured at ages 15 and 19, from age 13 waist and change in waist. At age 15, waist and adiponectin were significantly correlated (r = -0.32). At age 19, waist and adiponectin were significantly correlated (r = -0.36), as were waist and insulin sensitivity (r = -0.16). Both baseline waist and change in waist were significantly inversely associated with age 19 adiponectin but with age 19 insulin sensitivity only in men. In conclusion, in adolescents, the association between waist and adiponectin appears to develop several years before the association between waist and insulin sensitivity and there is a longitudinal association between waist and adiponectin. These results support the hypothesis that adiponectin may contribute to the association of waist and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Lara-Castro C, Doud EC, Tapia PC, Munoz AJ, Fernandez JR, Hunter GR, Gower BA, Garvey WT. Adiponectin multimers and metabolic syndrome traits: relative adiponectin resistance in African Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2616-23. [PMID: 18820653 PMCID: PMC2721223 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) tend to have lower total adiponectin levels compared to European Americans (EA); however, it is not known whether race affects adiponectin multimer distribution and their relationships to metabolic traits. We measured total adiponectin, high molecular weight (HMW), low molecular weight (LMW) (i.e., hexamer), and trimer adiponectin in 132 normoglycemic premenopausal women (75 AAs, 57 EAs), together with measures of total and abdominal fat, plasma lipids, insulin sensitivity (S(i)), and genetic admixture estimates. We found that lower total adiponectin in AAs was explained by reduced LMW, and trimer forms because levels of HMW did not differ between races. In EAs, HMW was highly correlated with multiple metabolic syndrome traits. In contrast, the LMW and trimer forms were most highly correlated with metabolic traits in AAs, including abdominal adiposity, lipids, and S(i). At similar levels of visceral adiposity, AAs exhibited significantly lower LMW adiponectin than EAs. Similarly, at comparable levels of HMW and LMW adiponectin, AAs were more insulin resistant than their EA counterparts. In conclusion, (i) serum adiponectin is lower in AAs predominantly as a result of reduced concentrations of LMW and trimers multimeric forms; (ii) LMW and trimer, not HMW, are most broadly correlated with metabolic traits in AAs. Thus, HMW adiponectin may exert less bioactivity in explaining the metabolic syndrome trait cluster in populations of predominant African genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lara-Castro
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Endothelial dysfunction in African-Americans. Int J Cardiol 2008; 132:157-72. [PMID: 19004510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The journey of atherosclerosis begins with endothelial dysfunction and culminates into its most fearful destination producing ischemia, myocardial infarction and death. The excess cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in African-Americans is one of the major public health problems. In this review, we discuss vascular endothelial dysfunction as a key element for excess cardiovascular disease burden in this target population. It can be logical window of future atherosclerotic outcomes, and further efforts should be made to detect it at the earliest in African American individuals even if they are appearing healthy as the therapeutic interventions if instituted early, might prevent the subsequent cardiac events.
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Higgins PB, Férnández JR, Garvey WT, Granger WM, Gower BA. Entero-insular axis and postprandial insulin differences in African American and European American children. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:1277-83. [PMID: 18996863 PMCID: PMC2785031 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have a greater insulin response after glucose challenge than do European Americans. Factors underlying this response are unknown. OBJECTIVE We determined the insulin, C-peptide, and incretin responses to a mixed macronutrient meal in African American and European American children. We hypothesized that 1) African Americans would have greater postprandial insulin and C-peptide responses, 2) African Americans would have higher incretin responses, and 3) the greater beta cell response among African Americans would be explained by greater incretin responses. DESIGN Subjects were 34 African American and 18 European American children. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were measured after the subjects consumed a liquid mixed meal. Insulin, C-peptide, and incretin responses were derived from the area under the curve (AUC) for minutes 0-30 (early response) and minutes 30-180 (late response) after meal ingestion. RESULTS The early insulin response was higher in African American (14,565 +/- 6840 pmol/L x 30 min) than in European American (7450 +/- 4077 pmol/L x 30 min; P < 0.01) children. Early C-peptide AUC did not differ by ethnicity (African Americans: 34.8 +/- 12.5; European Americans: 28.6 +/- 12.5 nmol/L x 30 min; P = 0.10). Early and late GLP-1 responses were lower in African Americans than in European Americans: 108.1 +/- 56.4 compared with 160.5 +/- 90.8 pmol/L x 30 min and 509.4 +/- 286.9 compared with 781.9 +/- 483.4 pmol/L x 150 min, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). The GIP response did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS The greater early insulin response in African Americans than in European Americans is not due to differences in circulating GLP-1 or GIP and may be due to lesser insulin clearance. Further research is needed to determine the physiologic implications of lower GLP-1 among African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Reaven GM. Insulin resistance: the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37:581-601, vii-viii. [PMID: 18775353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-mediated glucose disposal varies at least sixfold in apparently healthy individuals. The adverse effect of decreases in the level of physical fitness on insulin sensitivity is comparable to the untoward impact of excess adiposity, with each accounting for approximately 25% of the variability of insulin action. It is the loss of insulin sensitivity that explains why obese individuals are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease, but not all overweight/obese individuals are insulin resistant. At a clinical level, it is important to identify those overweight individuals who are also insulin resistant and to initiate the most intensive therapeutic effort in this subgroup. Finally, it appears that the adverse impact of overall obesity, as estimated by body mass index, is comparable to that of abdominal obesity, as quantified by waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Reaven
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk CVRC, Stanford Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure adiponectin serum levels in Greek children and adolescents and correlate them with body fat and insulin resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-six obese prepubertal children (19 M, 27 F) and 34 obese adolescents (17 M, 17 F) ages 9.33 +/- 1.57 and 13.6 +/- 1.42 years, respectively, and 43 matched control individuals were studied. Body mass index standard deviation score and percent body fat were measured by bioelectric impedance analysis. Fasting indices of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR and fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio) were calculated for all participants. Indices of insulin resistance derived from oral glucose tolerance tests were estimated in obese participants. Adiponectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS (MEAN +/- SD):: Adiponectin serum levels were significantly lower in obese participants than in nonobese participants (8.11 +/- 3.80 vs 11.81 +/- 4.98 microg/mL, P < 0.001), in obese children than in nonobese children (8.86 +/- 3.86 vs 13.08 +/- 5.48 microg/mL, P < 0.001), in obese adolescents than in nonobese adolescents (7.04 +/- 3.43 vs 10.47 +/- 4.10 microg/mL, P = 0.002), and in obese adolescent boys than in obese adolescent girls (5.87 +/- 3.52 vs 8.31 +/- 3.16 microg/mL, P = 0.042). There were significant correlations between adiponectin and age, body mass index, body mass index standard deviation score, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio. Adiponectin correlated with percent body fat after adjustment for sex. Adiponectin correlated significantly with several indices of insulin resistance, such as the areas under the curves for glucose and insulin, whole-body insulin sensitivity index, glucose 120', and insulin 30', in obese participants. CONCLUSIONS Adiponectin was significantly lower in obese participants than in nonobese participants in general, and it correlated significantly with fasting indices of insulin resistance and with indices derived from oral glucose tolerance tests. It is worthwhile to further investigate the option of applying a simple measurement of serum adiponectin as a screening tool before applying more time-consuming techniques in young obese individuals.
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47
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Wagner A, Simon C, Oujaa M, Platat C, Schweitzer B, Arveiler D. Adiponectin is associated with lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in French adolescents. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2008; 34:465-71. [PMID: 18684654 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The favourable relationship of adiponectin with the metabolic profile demonstrated in adults has been less studied in youths. The aim of this study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between adiponectin and various metabolic risk factors in 12-year-old adolescents. METHODS Subjects were participants in a randomized controlled study to promote physical activity (PA). Cross-sectional associations were assessed at entry in 2002 among 647 PA-exposed and control first-level students (49% male, 11.6+/-0.6 years of age). Longitudinal analyses involved 288 control students surveyed in 2002 and 2004. Baseline measurements included fasting serum adiponectin and anthropometric indices (body mass, waist size, body fat [BF] by bioimpedance), insulin concentration, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 (sTNF-alpha R1) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Analyses were performed with generalized linear mixed-effects models, taking into account correlations among adolescents in the same school. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, plasma adiponectin was inversely associated with obesity indices, especially waist size (P<10(-2)), HOMA (P<0.03), insulin (P<0.04), TG (P<10(-2)) and sTNF-alpha R1 (P<0.05), and positively related to HDL cholesterol (P<10(-4)), after adjusting for age, gender, sexual maturity, sports participation and adiposity when relevant. Longitudinally, a higher baseline adiponectin level was associated with a more favourable two-year change in TG (P<0.05), even after accounting for baseline TG, and two-year BF and insulin changes. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest a favourable relationship between adiponectin and both metabolic profile and subsequent changes in TG level in young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wagner
- Louis Pasteur University of Strasbourg, Medical Faculty, EA 1801, 67000 cedex Strasbourg, France
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Sharma K, RamachandraRao S, Qiu G, Usui HK, Zhu Y, Dunn SR, Ouedraogo R, Hough K, McCue P, Chan L, Falkner B, Goldstein BJ. Adiponectin regulates albuminuria and podocyte function in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1645-56. [PMID: 18431508 PMCID: PMC2323186 DOI: 10.1172/jci32691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased albuminuria is associated with obesity and diabetes and is a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. However, the link between early albuminuria and adiposity remains unclear. To determine whether adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, is a communication signal between adipocytes and the kidney, we performed studies in a cohort of patients at high risk for diabetes and kidney disease as well as in adiponectin-knockout (Ad(-/-)) mice. Albuminuria had a negative correlation with plasma adiponectin in obese patients, and Ad(-/-) mice exhibited increased albuminuria and fusion of podocyte foot processes. In cultured podocytes, adiponectin administration was associated with increased activity of AMPK, and both adiponectin and AMPK activation reduced podocyte permeability to albumin and podocyte dysfunction, as evidenced by zona occludens-1 translocation to the membrane. These effects seemed to be caused by reduction of oxidative stress, as adiponectin and AMPK activation both reduced protein levels of the NADPH oxidase Nox4 in podocytes. Ad(-/-) mice treated with adiponectin exhibited normalization of albuminuria, improvement of podocyte foot process effacement, increased glomerular AMPK activation, and reduced urinary and glomerular markers of oxidant stress. These results suggest that adiponectin is a key regulator of albuminuria, likely acting through the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidant stress in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sharma
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Satish RamachandraRao
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gang Qiu
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hitomi Kataoka Usui
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanqing Zhu
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen R. Dunn
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raogo Ouedraogo
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly Hough
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter McCue
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bonita Falkner
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barry J. Goldstein
- Translational Research in Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA.
Center for Novel Therapies in Kidney Disease, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Center for Hypertension, Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nakatani H, Hirose H, Yamamoto Y, Saito I, Itoh H. Significance of leptin and high-molecular weight adiponectin in the general population of Japanese male adolescents. Metabolism 2008; 57:157-62. [PMID: 18191043 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines play crucial roles in obesity-related insulin resistance in adults, but little is known in the general adolescent population. This study was designed to investigate the relationships between adipokines and metabolic parameters, the insulin resistance index, and proinflammatory cytokines in the general population of Japanese male adolescents. We studied 662 Japanese male high school students aged 16 to 17 years and 282 healthy Japanese male adults aged 30 to 61 years who received annual health checkups. High-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin levels were significantly lower in adolescents (4.18 +/- 2.24 microg/mL) than in adults (4.84 +/- 3.20 microg/mL), despite body mass index (BMI) being significantly lower in adolescents. The HMW adiponectin levels correlated negatively with BMI and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in adults. In adolescents, HMW adiponectin correlated negatively with BMI and waist circumference, but not with HOMA-IR or other metabolic parameters except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Leptin levels correlated positively with HOMA-IR, triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and negatively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol even after adjustment for BMI. These findings suggest that serum leptin is a more useful biomarker of fat accumulation-related insulin resistance, inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities than HMW adiponectin in the general population of male adolescents. The inverse correlation between adiponectin and insulin resistance may manifest in the later phase of obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakatani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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50
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Considine RV, Premkumar A, Reynolds JC, Sebring NG, Ricks M, Sumner AE. Adiponectin and leptin in African Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:428-34. [PMID: 18239655 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE African Americans (AAs) have less visceral and more subcutaneous fat than whites, thus the relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat and insulin sensitivity in AA may be different from that in whites. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Sixty-nine non-diabetic AA (37 men and 32 women), aged 33 +/- 1 year participated. The percent fat was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume by computerized tomography (CT), and insulin sensitivity by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). RESULTS VAT was greater in men (1,619 +/- 177 cm(3) vs. 1,022 +/- 149 cm(3); P = 0.01); women had a higher percentage of body fat (34.1 +/- 1.4 vs. 24.0 +/- 1.2; P < 0.0001), adiponectin (15.8 +/- 1.2 microg/ml vs. 10.4 +/- 0.8 microg/ml; P = 0.0004) and leptin (23.2 +/- 15.8 ng/ml vs. 9.2 +/- 7.2 ng/ml; P < 0.0001). SAT and HOMA did not differ because of the sex. Adiponectin negatively correlated with VAT (r = -0.41, P < 0.05) in men, and with VAT (r = -0.55, P < 0.01), and SAT (r = -0.35, P < 0.05) in women. Adiponectin negatively correlated with HOMA in men (r = -0.38, P < 0.05) and women (r = -0.44, P < 0.05). In multiple regression, sex (P = 0.02), HOMA (P = 0.03) and VAT (P = 0.003) were significant predictors of adiponectin (adj R (2) = 0.38, P < 0.0001). Leptin positively correlated with VAT, SAT, percent fat and HOMA in men (r = 0.79, r = 0.86, r = 0.89, and r = 0.53; P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.62, r = 0.75, r = 0.83, and r = 0.55; P < 0.01). In multiple regression VAT (P = 0.04), percent body fat (P < 0.0001) and sex (P = 0.01), but not HOMA were significant predictors of serum leptin (adj R (2)= 0.82, P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION The relationship of adiponectin and leptin to body fat content and distribution in AA is dependent on sex. Although VAT and insulin sensitivity are significant determinants of adiponectin, VAT and percent body fat determine leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Considine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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