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Abdelshafy AM, Mahmoud AR, Abdelrahman TM, Mustafa MA, Atta OM, Abdelmegiud MH, Al-Asmari F. Biodegradation of chemical contamination by lactic acid bacteria: A biological tool for food safety. Food Chem 2024; 460:140732. [PMID: 39106807 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Chemical pollutants such as mycotoxins and pesticides exert harmful effects on human health such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer. Several strategies were applied for food decontamination, including physicochemical and biological strategies. The present review comprehensively discussed the recent efforts related to the biodegradation of eight food chemical contaminants, including mycotoxins, acrylamide, biogenic amines, N-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenol A, pesticides, and heavy metals by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Biological detoxification by LAB such as Lactobacillus is a promising approach to remove the risks related to the presence of chemical and environmental pollutants in foodstuffs. It is a safe, efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost strategy to remove hazardous compounds. LAB can directly decrease these chemical pollutants by degradation or adsorption. Also, it can indirectly reduce the content of these pollutants by reducing their precursors. Hence, LAB can contribute to reducing chemical pollutants in contaminated foods and enhance food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asem M Abdelshafy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University - Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Rashad Mahmoud
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University - Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Talat M Abdelrahman
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mustafa Abdelmoneim Mustafa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University - Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Omar Mohammad Atta
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud H Abdelmegiud
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University - Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt.
| | - Fahad Al-Asmari
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Zahir A, Khan IA, Nasim M, Azizi MN, Azi F. Food process contaminants: formation, occurrence, risk assessment and mitigation strategies - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:1242-1274. [PMID: 39038046 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2381210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Thermal treatment of food can lead to the formation of potentially harmful chemicals, known as process contaminants. These are adventitious contaminants that are formed in food during processing and preparation. Various food processing techniques, such as heating, drying, grilling, and fermentation, can generate hazardous chemicals such as acrylamide (AA), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), furan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), monochloropropane diols (MCPD) and their esters (MCPDE) which can be detrimental to human health. Despite efforts to prevent the formation of these compounds during processing, eliminating them is often challenging due to their unknown formation mechanisms. It is critical to identify the potential harm to human health in processed food and understand the mechanisms by which harmful compounds form during processing, as prolonged exposure to these toxic compounds can lead to health problems. Various mitigation strategies, such as the use of diverse pre- and post-processing treatments, product reformulation, additives, variable process conditions, and novel integrated processing techniques, have been proposed to control these food hazards. In this review, we summarize the formation and occurrence, the potential for harm to human health produced by process contaminants in food, and potential mitigation strategies to minimize their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadullah Zahir
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences & Technology University, Kandahar, Afghanistan
| | - Iftikhar Ali Khan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maazullah Nasim
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mohammad Naeem Azizi
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Pre-Clinic, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences & Technology University, Kandahar, Afghanistan
| | - Fidelis Azi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong, China
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3
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González A, Fullaondo A, Odriozola I, Odriozola A. Microbiota and other detrimental metabolites in colorectal cancer. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 112:309-365. [PMID: 39396839 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence demonstrates that gut microbiota plays an essential role in the onset and development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanisms by which these microorganisms contribute to cancer development are complex and far from completely clarified. Specifically, the impact of gut microbiota-derived metabolites on CRC is undeniable, exerting both protective and detrimental effects. This paper examines the effects and mechanisms by which important bacterial metabolites exert detrimental effects associated with increased risk of CRC. Metabolites considered include heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heme iron, secondary bile acids, ethanol, and aromatic amines. It is necessary to delve deeper into the mechanisms of action of these metabolites in CRC and identify the microbiota members involved in their production. Furthermore, since diet is the main factor capable of modifying the intestinal microbiota, conducting studies that include detailed descriptions of dietary interventions is crucial. All this knowledge is essential for developing precision nutrition strategies to optimise a protective intestinal microbiota against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana González
- Hologenomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology, and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Asier Fullaondo
- Hologenomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology, and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Spain
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Health Department of Basque Government, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adrian Odriozola
- Hologenomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology, and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, Spain.
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4
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Liu G, Wu Y, Xu X, Xu X, Liang L, Zhang J, Wen C, Li Y, He X, Xu X, Liu X. The relationship between the deterioration of frying oil and the generation of hazards during frying. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39321345 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2406513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Deep-fat frying gives food a desirable color and flavor but inevitably leads to oil deterioration and production of hazards. In this study, the simultaneous generation of multiple hazards under different frying conditions was investigated, the deterioration of frying oil was evaluated, and finally, their correlation was analyzed. The results showed that as the temperature of frying chicken wings increased from 150 to 190 °C, the levels of acrylamide (AA), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the oil also increased proportionally. At 190 °C, the fried potato oil contained the highest AA content of 2.60 mg·kg-1, while the content of HCAs and PAHs was the highest in fried chicken wings oil, with values of 5.06 μg·kg-1 and 5.18 μg·kg-1, respectively. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was detected only in fried potato oil. Oil quality deteriorated gradually with increasing frying temperature and heating time, as indicated by increased acid value, carbonyl value, and levels of total polar compounds. Overall, the results indicated hazards were positively correlated with oil deterioration, suggesting that oil deterioration contributed to the generation of hazards. This work links hazards and oil deterioration, which is crucial for improving the quality and safety of fried foods, while reducing negative environmental impacts, and achieving clean production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxin Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chaoting Wen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Youdong Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xudong He
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Inbaraj BS, Lai YW, Chen BH. Analysis and Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Canned Minced Chicken and Pork during Processing. Molecules 2024; 29:4372. [PMID: 39339367 PMCID: PMC11433863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent important toxic compounds formed in meat products during processing. This study aims to analyze 22 PAHs by QuEChERS coupled with GC-MS/MS in canned minced chicken and pork during processing. After marinating raw minced chicken and pork separately with a standard flavoring formula used for canning meat in Taiwan, they were subjected to different processing conditions including stir-frying, degassing and sterilizing at 115 °C/60 min (low-temperature-long-time, LTLT) and 125 °C/25 min (high-temperature-short-time, HTST). The quantitation of PAHs in these meat products revealed the formation of only three PAHs including acenaphthylene (AcPy), acenaphthene (AcP) and pyrene (Pyr) in canned minced chicken and pork during processing with no significant difference in total PAHs between the meat types. Analysis of PAH precursors showed the presence of benzaldehyde at the highest level, followed by 2-cyclohexene-1-one and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal in canned minced chicken and pork, suggesting PAH formation through the reaction of benzaldehyde with linoleic acid degradation products and of 2-cyclohexene-1-one with C4 compounds through the Diels-Alder reaction, as well as the reaction of trans,trans-2,4-decadienal with 2-butene. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the largest proportion in LTLT-sterilized chicken/pork, followed by HTST-sterilized chicken/pork and raw chicken/pork, and their levels did not show a high impact on PAH formation, probably due to an insufficient heating temperature and length of time. A two-factorial analysis suggested that PAH formation was not significantly affected by the sterilization condition or meat type. Principal component analysis corroborated the observed results implying the formation of PAHs in canned minced chicken/pork under different processing conditions with an insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between them, with the individual PAH content following the order of Pyr > AcPy > AcP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan; (B.S.I.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Yu-Wen Lai
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan; (B.S.I.); (Y.-W.L.)
| | - Bing-Huei Chen
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan; (B.S.I.); (Y.-W.L.)
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404328, Taiwan
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6
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Ossai IC, Hamid FS, Aboudi-Mana SC, Hassan A. Ecotoxicological effects, human and animal health risks of pollution and exposure to waste engine oils: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:416. [PMID: 39240425 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Waste engine oils are hazardous waste oils originating from the transportation sector and industrial heavy-duty machinery operations. Improper handling, disposal, and miscellaneous misuses cause significant air, soil, sediments, surface water, and groundwater pollution. Occupational exposure by prolonged and repeated contact poses direct or indirect health risks, resulting in short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) toxicities. Soil pollution causes geotoxicity by disrupting the biocenosis and physicochemical properties of the soil, and phytotoxicity by impairing plant growth, physiology and metabolism. Surface water pollution impacts aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Air pollution from incineration causes the release of greenhouse gases creating global warming, noxious gases and particulate matter eliciting pulmonary disorders. The toxicity of waste engine oil is due to the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) composition, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, organometallic compounds, and toxic chemical additives. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ecotoxicological effects, human and animal health toxicology and exposure to waste engine oils. It highlights the properties and functions of engine oil and describes waste engine oil generation, disposal and recycling. It provides intensive evaluations and descriptions of the toxicokinetics, metabolism, routes of exposure and toxicosis in human and animal studies based on toxicological, epidemiological and experimental studies. It emphasises the preventive measures in occupational exposure and recommends risk-based remediation techniques to mitigate environmental pollution. The review will assist in understanding the potential risks of waste engine oil with significant consideration of the public health benefits and importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Chukwunonso Ossai
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Centre for Research in Waste Management, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Tetragram Bioresources Limited, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Fauziah Shahul Hamid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Waste Management, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suzanne Christine Aboudi-Mana
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Waste Management, Institute of Research Management and Monitoring, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Auwalu Hassan
- Centre for Research Excellence and Incubation Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abdidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abdidin, 21300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
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7
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Asadi Touranlou F, Hashemi M, Ghavami V, Tavakoly Sany SB. Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bread and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13411. [PMID: 39245919 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Although bread is the principal food in most countries, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be present and pose a potential risk to consumers. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive report on the concentration and health risks associated with PAHs in bread around the world. Various databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, were searched from their beginnings until December 2023 for this systematic review, which included 34 potentially relevant articles with data relating to 1057 bread samples. Utilizing a multilevel regression modeling approach, the study evaluated various factors such as fuel type, bread type, and geographical location. Following the initial evaluation, in 26.47% and 20.28% of all studies, the levels of Bap and PAH4 were higher than the permissible limit values, respectively. Based on the isomer ratios, 55.88% of the studies associated the presence of PAHs in bread samples with pyrogenic/coal combustion sources. According to the carcinogenic risk results, bread consumers in all studies have been exposed to moderate or high levels of carcinogenicity. The most significant risk levels are associated with the consumption of bread in Egypt, Kuwait, Iran, and India. Moreover, meta-regression analysis demonstrated significantly higher toxicity equivalent quotient and cancer risk mean values in bread baked using fossil fuels compared to other sources (p < .05). The high concentrations of PAHs, especially Benzo[a]pyrene, in bread pose a serious public health risk. Stringent regulations and monitoring are crucial to reduce contamination. Further research is necessary to develop safe processing methods to remove PAHs in bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Asadi Touranlou
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghavami
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany
- Department of Health, Safety, Environment Management, School of Health Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Chung SWC, Liu MPS, Wong KKC, Chan GYS. Dietary exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons of the Hong Kong population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:969-978. [PMID: 38976635 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2358509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and food. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives concluded 13 individual PAHs are carcinogenic and genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. Food is recognized as the main source of exposure to PAHs for adult non-smokers, which contributed to more than 90% of total exposure. In this study, 300 food samples were collected in Hong Kong, analysed the levels of 16 European Union priority PAHs, the dietary exposure to these PAHs by the local adult population from these food items, and the associated health risk. The most predominant detectable PAH was chrysene (CHR) (14.4%), followed by benzo[c]fluorene (11.2%), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) (10.6%) and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFA) (7.8%). The dietary exposures for average consumers of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and PAH4 (sum of BaP, CHR, BaA and BbFA) were 0.13-0.90 and 1.4-4.2 ng/kg bw/day respectively for lower and upper bound approaches. Cereal and its products contributed more than 50% to BaP and PAH4 for average consumers in a lower-bound approach. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used to assess the health risks of consumers. The calculated MOE values for both BaP and PAH4 of the average and high consumers (90th percentile) were >50,000, indicating a low concern for the health of the Hong Kong population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W C Chung
- Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Risk Assessment Section, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong, China
| | - Melissa P S Liu
- Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, 43/F Queensway Government Offices, Risk Assessment Section, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenny K C Wong
- Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, 4/F Public Health Laboratory Centre, Food Research Laboratory, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabriel Y S Chan
- Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, 4/F Public Health Laboratory Centre, Food Research Laboratory, Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Cheng YQ, Leible M, Rigling M, Weiss J, Zhang YY, Gibis M. Effects of potential key substances in woodchips smoldering smoke on the formation of heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Frankfurter sausages. Food Res Int 2024; 190:114633. [PMID: 38945584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The Frankfurter sausages smoked with beech, oak, and alder, respectively, were used to clarify the underlying impact of the smoke chemical composition on the levels of heterocyclic amines (HAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The result indicated that different wood types significantly affected the profiles of target substances in food matrices. The beech-smoked samples had lower contents of total free HAs (5.98-6.80 ng/g dry-weight-DW), PAH4 (3.31-3.83 ng/g DW), and PAH8 (10.0-10.8 ng/g DW), whereas the alder pyrolysis usually led to higher hazardous residues (8.26-9.19 ng/g DW of total free HAs, 4.24-6.60 ng/g DW of PAH4 and 14.1-23.3 ng/g DW of PAH8). In addition, the differences in smoke chemical composition were attributed to the different proportions of 15 key identified substances. Among them, two aldehydes (5-methyl-furfural & furfural) and two phenols (phenol & 5-hydroxymaltol) may have synergistic or competitive inhibitory effects on the formation of HAs and PAHs in smoked meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, 241000 Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China; Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Malte Leible
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Marina Rigling
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jochen Weiss
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Monika Gibis
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 21/25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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10
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Nsonwu-Anyanwu AC, Helal M, Khaked A, Eworo R, Usoro CAO, EL-Sikaily A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content of food, water and vegetables and associated cancer risk assessment in Southern Nigeria. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306418. [PMID: 39042616 PMCID: PMC11265677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of water (four surface water, six underground water (borehole water), seven sachet water), barbecued food and their fresh equivalents (barbecued beef, fish, plantain, pork, yam, chicken, chevon, potato, corn), oil (three palm oil, nine vegetable oil), and fresh vegetable samples (water leaf, bitter leaf, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, pumpkin, garlic, ginger, green leaf, Gnetum Africana, onion, pepper) were determined by GC-MS analysis. The current study also determined the estimated lifetime cancer risk from ingesting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated food. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of water, oil, vegetable, and food samples were within the United States Environmental Protection Agency/World Health Organization safe limits. The naphthalene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene levels in surface water were significantly higher than in borehole samples (P = 0.000, 0.047, 0.047). Vegetable oils had higher anthracene and chrysene compared to palm oil (P = 0.023 and 0.032). Significant variations were observed in levels of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene among the barbecued and fresh food samples (P <0.05). Barbecued pork, potato, and corn had significantly higher naphthalene compared to their fresh equivalents (P = 0.002, 0.017, and <0.001). Consumption of barbecued food and surface water may be associated with higher exposure risk to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which may predispose to increased cancer health risk. The current work explores in depth the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different dietary categories that pose direct risk to humans via direct consumption. These findings add knowledge to support future considerations for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Helal
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Azza Khaked
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raymond Eworo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Immunology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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11
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Maciejczyk M, Janoszka B, Szumska M, Pastuszka B, Waligóra S, Damasiewicz-Bodzek A, Nowak A, Tyrpień-Golder K. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Grilled Marshmallows. Molecules 2024; 29:3119. [PMID: 38999071 PMCID: PMC11243050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess potential health risks among children and adolescents consuming various grilled marshmallows using a survey and to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these food products. PAH analysis in grilled marshmallows included a dilution stage with deionized water and liquid-liquid extraction with cyclohexane and solid-phase extraction (SPE). PAH fractions were initially analyzed via high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and PAH concentrations were determined via gas chromatography with a tandem mass detector using the selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. This study on the consumption of grilled marshmallows was conducted among approximately 300 children and adolescents. The preliminary results indicated that "raw" marshmallows did not contain PAHs. However, the obtained data suggested the exposure of young people to carcinogenic PAHs from grilled marshmallows (63.5% of them consumed marshmallows). Carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was determined in all samples. The profile of PAH concentrations in the extracts isolated from various grilled types of marshmallows was similar (r2 > 0.8000), regardless of the grilling method. Compared to the white sugar confection, higher concentrations of PAHs were determined in multicolored marshmallows. The lack of social awareness about exposure to carcinogenic substances is alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Maciejczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Janoszka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szumska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beata Pastuszka
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sławomir Waligóra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Damasiewicz-Bodzek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
- Research and Implementation Center Silesia LabMed, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Tyrpień-Golder
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 19, 41-808 Katowice, Poland
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12
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Tavoosidana G, Abdolhosseini M, Mazaheri Y, Basaran B, Shavali-Gilani P, Sadighara P. The carcinogenic PAHs in breads, amount, analytical method and mitigation strategy, a systematic review study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1538. [PMID: 38849795 PMCID: PMC11157925 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bread is one of the most consumed foods all over the world. Several contaminants are identified in bread. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is one of these contaminants. This systematic study evaluates the amount of four carcinogenic PAHs (PAH4) in various types of breads. To conduct this study, a comprehensive search was carried out using keywords of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, PAH4, and bread, with no time limitations. 17 articles were selected and fully evaluated. The observed range of PAH4 concentrations in bread varied from non-detected (ND) to 20.66 µg/kg. In the sample preparation process for analysis, an ultrasonic bath was predominantly utilized. Most chromatographic methods are able to measure PAHs in food, but the GC-MS method has been used more. To mitigate PAH levels in bread, it is suggested to incorporate antioxidants during the bread-making process. Furthermore, the type of bread, the type of fuel used to bake the bread, the temperature and the cooking time were some of the factors affecting the amount of PAH. Restricting these factors could significantly reduce PAH content. Regarding the risk assessment conducted in the manuscript, it was determined that industrial breads are usually considered safe. However, some traditional breads may pose risks in terms of their potential PAH content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Tavoosidana
- Molecular Medicine Department, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoreh Abdolhosseini
- Molecular Medicine Department, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeghaneh Mazaheri
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Burhan Basaran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, 53100, Turkey
| | - Parisa Shavali-Gilani
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Eck-Varanka B, Hubai K, Kováts N, Teke G. Biomonitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in domestic kitchens using commonly grown culinary herbs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2024; 22:295-303. [PMID: 38887758 PMCID: PMC11180055 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-024-00898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cooking is a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) emissions in indoor environments. A one-month biomonitoring study was carried out in previously selected rural Hungarian kitchens to evaluate cooking-related PAHs concentrations in 4 common kitchen vegetables such as basil, parsley, rocket and chives. The study had two mainobjectives: firstly, to follow PAHs accumulation pattern and to find out if this pattern can be associated with different cooking habits. Also, the usefulness of culinary herbs for indoor bioaccumulation studies was assessed. The 2-ring naphthalene was the dominant PAH in the majority of the samples, its concentrations were in the range of 25.4 µg/kg and 274 µg/kg, of 3-ring PAHs the prevalency of phenanthrene was observed, with highest concentration of 62 µg/kg. PAHs accumulation pattern in tested plants clearly indicated differences in cooking methods and cooking oils used in the selected households. Use of lard and animal fats in general resulted in the high concentrations of higher molecular weight (5- and 6-ring) PAHs, while olive oil usage could be associated with the emission of 2- and 3-ring PAHs. Culinary herbs, however, accumulated carcinogenic PAHs such as benzo[a]anthracene (highest concentration 11.9 µg/kg), benzo[b]fluoranthene (highest concentration 13.8 µg/kg) and chrysene (highest concentration 20.1 µg/kg) which might question their safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eck-Varanka
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Katalin Hubai
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd, 8184 Balatonfűzfő, Hungary
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14
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Gao J, Li X, Zheng Y, Qin Q, Chen D. Recent Advances in Sample Preparation and Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Detecting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Oils: 2010 to Present. Foods 2024; 13:1714. [PMID: 38890942 PMCID: PMC11171805 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered to be potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. For non-smoking populations, food is the main source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure. Due to their lipophilic nature, oils and fats rank among the food items with the highest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content. Consequently, the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils is critical for the promotion of human health. This paper reviews sample pretreatment methods, such as liquid-phase-based extraction methods, adsorbent-based extraction methods, and the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, combined with detection techniques like mass spectrometry and chromatography-based techniques for accurate quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils since 2010. An overview on the advances of the methods discussed herein, along with a commentary addition of current challenges and prospects, will guide researchers to focus on developing more effective detection methods and control measures to reduce the potential risks and hazards posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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15
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Ingegno M, Zianni R, Della Rovere I, Chiappinelli A, Nardelli V, Casamassima F, Calitri A, Quinto M, Nardiello D, Iammarino M. Development of a highly sensitive method based on QuEChERS and GC-MS/MS for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant foods. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1403541. [PMID: 38798769 PMCID: PMC11116592 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1403541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants that can be found in various food products, including those intended for infants. Due to their potential health risks, it is crucial to develop sensitive analytical methods for the accurate determination of PAHs in infant foods. This study describes the development and validation of a highly sensitive method for the quantification of European PAH markers, namely benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene, using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), in baby food samples. The first step was the optimization of the sample preparation procedure, performed using different methods based on the QuEChERS approach, also testing different extraction solvents. Several factors such as extraction efficiency, selectivity, and recovery were evaluated to choose the most effective procedure for sample preparation. Furthermore, the GC-MS/MS method was optimized, evaluating parameters such as linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness using spiked infant food samples. The method demonstrated excellent linearities with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999 over a wide concentration range, and limits of detection and limits of quantification in the range 0.019-0.036 μg/kg and 0.06-0.11 μg/kg, respectively. Extraction recoveries were between 73.1 and 110.7%, with relative standard deviations always lower than 8%. These findings are compliant with the indications of the European Commission (Reg. 836/2011). To assess the applicability of the method to official control activities, a survey was conducted on commercially available infant food products. Four markers were determined in commercial samples belonging to different food categories for infants and young children. The outcome of this monitoring showed that PAH contamination, in all samples, was below the quantification limits. In conclusion, the developed GC-MS/MS method provides a highly sensitive and reliable approach for the determination of PAHs in baby foods. The optimized sample preparation, instrumental parameters, and validation results ensure accurate quantification of 4 PAHs even at trace levels. This method could contribute to the assessment of PAH exposure in infants and it could support regulatory efforts to ensure the safety and quality of infant food products with regular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Ingegno
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosalia Zianni
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ines Della Rovere
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiappinelli
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valeria Nardelli
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Casamassima
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Calitri
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Iammarino
- Struttura Complessa di Chimica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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Naaz N, Pandey J. Spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment in the Ganga River: source diagnostics and health risk assessment on dietary exposure through a common carp fish Labeo rohita. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:196. [PMID: 38695954 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated spatial distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediments at four selected sites of the Ganga River. Also, we measured PAHs in muscle tissues of Rohu (Labeo rohita), the most common edible carp fish of the Ganga River and potential human health risk was addressed. Total concentration of PAHs (∑PAHs) in water was highest at Manika Site (1470.5 ng/L) followed by Knuj (630.0 ng/L) and lowest at Adpr (219.0 ng/L). A similar trend was observed for sediments with highest concentration of ∑PAHs at Manika (461.8 ng/g) and lowest at Adpr Site (94.59 ng/g). Among PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) showed highest concentration in both water and sediment. Of the eight major carcinogenic contributors (∑PAH8C), Indeno (1,2,3-C,D) pyrene (InP) did appear the most dominant component accounting for 42% to this group at Manika Site. Isomer ratios indicated vehicular emission and biomass combustion as major sources of PAHs. The ∑PAHs concentrations in fish tissue ranged from 117.8 to 758.0 ng/g (fresh weight basis) where low molecular weight PAHs assumed predominance (above 80%). The risk level in fish tissues appeared highest at Manika Site and site-wise differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ILCR (> 10-4) indicated carcinogenic risk in adults and children associated with BaP and DBahA at Manika Site and with BaP at Knuj Site. Overall, the concentrations exceeding permissible limit, carcinogenic potential and BaP equivalent all indicated carcinogenic risks associated with some individual PAHs. This merits attention because the Ganga River is a reservoir of fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Naaz
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jitendra Pandey
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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17
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Carranza ME, Elero HM, Hernández PJP, Veglia AV. Calixarenes and cyclodextrins as off- and on-fluorescence probes for carbazole. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2024; 12:025005. [PMID: 38467069 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ad326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the nitrogen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carbazole (CZL) were analyzed with native cyclodextrins (CD;α,β,γ); derivatizedCD(hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin,HPCD; methyl-β-cyclodextrin,MeCD) and p-sulfonated calixarenes (SCAn, with n = 6 and 8) macrocycles. The results showed a slight increase in the absorbance ofCZLwithCD, but the mixture ofCZLwithSCAshowed lower absorption than the sum of the individual spectra. Also, changes in fluorescence were observed by adding the macrocycles, quenching withSCA, and significant increases withCD. The higher fluorescence enhancement was withHPCDrationalized as a complex formation with 1:1 stoichiometry, with an average value for the association constant (KA) of (12 ± 1) x 102M-1, and a quantum yield ratio between the complexedCZLand freeCZL(ΦCZL-HPCD/ΦCZL) of (1.56 ± 0.02) at neutral pH and 25.0 °C. These increases in fluorescence were used as an on-fluorescence switch to develop a supramolecular analytical method forCZLin aqueous samples. The best analytical parameters were inHPCD(LOD = 1.41 ± 0.01 ng mL-1). The method was validated in aqueous samples of river and tap water with recoveries between 96%-104%. The proposed supramolecular method is quick, direct, selective and represents an alternative and low-cost analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías E Carranza
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo M Elero
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro J Peña Hernández
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia V Veglia
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), INFIQC, Córdoba, Argentina
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18
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Lin YJ, Liao PL, Wu YHS, Wang Y, Lin JT, Yang DJ. Evaluation of Appropriate Conditions for Efficient Simultaneous Determination of US EPA and EU Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Various Food Categories and Assessment of Their Consumption Risk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3113-3141. [PMID: 38290521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) conditions were optimized for efficient determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Union (EU) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the categories of grains, tuber & starchy vegetables, soy beans and products, fish & seafood, and poultry & meat, including raw materials and their corresponding products. The PAHs were analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with temperature-controlled fluorescence detection and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The established conditions had good accuracy, repeatability, and precision. Environmental pollution and processing methods influence the level of PAHs in samples. The low molecular weight PAHs were present in all raw materials, and processing increased high and low molecular weight PAHs in the products. The excess cancer risk for consumption of PAHs in cooked samples was mostly acceptable; a small number of samples might be of slight concern in certain age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University-Yangming Campus, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Lin Liao
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University-Yangming Campus, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Hsien Samuel Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University-Yangming Campus, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University-Yangming Campus, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jau-Tien Lin
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Deng-Jye Yang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University-Yangming Campus, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Nutrition and Master Program of Food and Drug Safety, China Medical University, 100, Sec. 1, Economic and Trade Road, Taichung 406040, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Road., Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Harrison DM, Chang WC, Lin HT. Using QuEChERS and HPLC Method to Monitor the Background Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Commercial Black Tea Leaves and Infusions in Taiwan. TOXICS 2024; 12:148. [PMID: 38393243 PMCID: PMC10893135 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Tea is an integral part of Taiwanese culture and is a popular drink as it contains many beneficial compounds. However, during the processing of tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may form. This study investigated the concentrations of PAH4 in different black tea leaves and tea infusions based on the origin of the tea. The samples were extracted using QuEChERS, while the content of PAH4 was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The content of PAH4 in the tea leaves ranged from 2.88 µg/kg to 218.2 µg/kg (dry weight), with the highest concentration being found in teas from Vietnam. The concentration of BaP ranged from ND to 47.92 µg/kg. The release of PAH4 from tea leaves to tea infusions was significantly low, with the highest transfer being 25.8%. In this study, all PAH4 compounds in commercial black tea leaves can be detected by QuEChERS extraction with a simple HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drewyan Minelly Harrison
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Tang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan
- Department of Law, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan
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20
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Harrison DM, Chang WC, Lin HT. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan. TOXICS 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38393229 PMCID: PMC10892830 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds found in many foods and drinks, and there have been some concerns over these compounds due to their carcinogenic nature. This study evaluated the concentrations of PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF, and CHR) in different black tea infusions and drinks based on the origin of the tea. The release of PAH4 from tea leaves to tea infusions was significantly low, with the highest transfer being 25.81%. The mean concentrations of BaP and PAH4 in tea infusions were used to conduct a risk assessment for the Taiwanese population, which showed that the 19-65 age group had the highest estimated intake of PAH4 and BaP among all age groups. These results, however, also showed margin of exposure (MOE) values well above the benchmark of 10,000. This indicated that PAH exposure from black tea consumption for the Taiwanese population constitutes a low-level health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drewyan Minelly Harrison
- International Master Program of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Tang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Food Safety, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan
- Department of Law, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402-202, Taiwan
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21
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Sewor C, Eliason S, Jaakkola JJ, Amegah AK. Dietary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Consumption and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:16002. [PMID: 38241191 PMCID: PMC10798428 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is suggestive epidemiological evidence that maternal dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. We sought to summarize the available evidence on the effect of dietary PAH exposure on birth outcomes. METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched from inception up to November 2022. Studies were included if they were original articles, were conducted in a human population, assessed dietary PAH consumption, and investigated the relationship between dietary PAH consumption and any adverse birth outcomes. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. A random effects model was used to compute summary effect estimates in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Six observational studies (five prospective cohort studies, and one prevalence case-control study) were included. The included studies assessed dietary PAH exposure using dietary questionnaires. Information on the outcomes of interest was obtained from medical records. Three of the included studies were rated as good quality with the remaining three studies rated as fair quality. One study was considered as having low risk of bias for selection, information and confounding bias. Dietary PAH consumption was associated with 5.65 g [95% confidence interval (CI): - 16.36 , 5.06] and 0.04 cm (95% CI: - 0.08 , 0.01) reductions in birth weight and birth length, respectively, and an increase in head circumference [effect size ( ES ) = 0.001 ; 95% CI: - 0.003 , 0.005]. The CI of all the summary effect estimates, however, included the null value. In the sensitivity analysis that included only studies that assessed dietary PAH exposure as the primary exposure of interest, dietary PAH consumption was associated with much higher reductions in birth weight (ES = - 14.61 ; 95% CI: - 21.07 , - 8.15 ) and birth length (ES = - 0.06 ; 95% CI: - 0.1 , - 0.03 ). High statistical heterogeneity was observed in the birth weight and birth length analysis and in the head circumference sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION The body of epidemiological evidence suggests that maternal dietary PAH exposure is associated with reduced fetal growth, measured as birth weight and length. There was considerable heterogeneity in the measurement of PAH exposure among the included studies. Also, nonstandardized and validated dietary questionnaires were employed by a majority of the included studies with potential exposure misclassification. These issues are likely to impact the summary effect estimates computed and underscores the need for high-quality epidemiological studies with improved exposure assessment and adequate confounding control to strengthen the evidence base. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12922.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sewor
- Public Health Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sebastian Eliason
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jouni J.K. Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A. Kofi Amegah
- Public Health Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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22
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Banerjee S, Gupta N, Pramanik K, Gope M, GhoshThakur R, Karmakar A, Gogoi N, Hoque RR, Mandal NC, Balachandran S. Microbes and microbial strategies in carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons remediation: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1811-1840. [PMID: 38063960 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Degradation, detoxification, or removal of the omnipresent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the ecosphere as well as their prevention from entering into food chain has never appeared simple. In this context, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable solutions like microbe-mediated strategies have been adopted worldwide. With this connection, measures have been taken by multifarious modes of microbial remedial strategies, i.e., enzymatic degradation, biofilm and biosurfactant production, application of biochar-immobilized microbes, lactic acid bacteria, rhizospheric-phyllospheric-endophytic microorganisms, genetically engineered microorganisms, and bioelectrochemical techniques like microbial fuel cell. In this review, a nine-way directional approach which is based on the microbial resources reported over the last couple of decades has been described. Fungi were found to be the most dominant taxa among the CPAH-degrading microbial community constituting 52.2%, while bacteria, algae, and yeasts occupied 37.4%, 9.1%, and 1.3%, respectively. In addition to these, category-wise CPAH degrading efficiencies of each microbial taxon, consortium-based applications, CPAH degradation-related molecular tools, and factors affecting CPAH degradation are the other important aspects of this review in light of their appropriate selection and application in the PAH-contaminated environment for better human-health management in order to achieve a sustainable ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Banerjee
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Nitu Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Krishnendu Pramanik
- Microbiology and Microbial Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Botany, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Panchanan Nagar, Vivekananda Street, Cooch Behar, 736101, West Bengal, India
| | - Manash Gope
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Richik GhoshThakur
- Department of Environmental Studies, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Animesh Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Nayanmoni Gogoi
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Mandal
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India
| | - Srinivasan Balachandran
- Department of Environmental Studies, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, 731235, West Bengal, India.
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23
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Lan J, Wu S. Occurrence, Concentration and Toxicity of 54 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Butter during Storage. Foods 2023; 12:4393. [PMID: 38137197 PMCID: PMC10742937 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of highly carcinogenic compounds with a lipophilic nature. This study investigated the characterization of PAH24 contamination in twenty-one types of butter and five types of margarines using the QuEChERS pretreatment coupled with GC-QqQ-MS. Additionally, low-temperature storage experiments were conducted to explore the variations in oxidation index as well as the PAH levels. The results revealed that PAH24 concentrations in butter and margarine were 50.75-310.64 μg/kg and 47.66-118.62 μg/kg, respectively. The PAH4 level in one type of butter reached 11.24 μg/kg beyond the EU standards. Over 160 days of storage at 4 °C, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), and acidity significantly increased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content and carbonyl value (CGV) fluctuated. Concentrations of PAH24 and oxidized PAHs (OPAHs) experienced a notable reduction of 29.09% and 63.85%, respectively. The slow reduction in naphthalene (NaP) indicated the dynamic nature of PAHs during storage. However, the toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) decreased slightly from a range of 0.65-1.90 to 0.39-1.77, with no significant difference. This study contributes to the understanding of variations in PAHs during storage, which is of great significance for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China;
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24
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Ciecierska M, Dasiewicz K, Wołosiak R. Methods of Minimizing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content in Homogenized Smoked Meat Sausages Using Different Casings and Variants of Meat-Fat Raw Material. Foods 2023; 12:4120. [PMID: 38002178 PMCID: PMC10670568 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure food safety and protect human health, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in model smoked-pork meat products were examined to select which type of casing and variant of raw material contributes to minimizing the content of PAHs in the final products. The sausages were smoked in a steam smoke chamber with an external smoke generator. The determination of PAHs was performed using the QuEChERS-HPLC-FLD/DAD method. The analyzed products met the requirements of Commission Regulation (EU) No. 835/2011 on the maximum permissible levels of PAHs. Statistically higher sums of 19 PAHs, including 15 heavy and 4 marker PAHs, were stated in smoked sausages in natural and cellulose casings. Synthetic casings like collagen and polyamide exhibited better barriers against PAH contamination than cellulose and natural casings. For each type of casing, significantly higher concentrations of PAHs were found in the external parts of the products. An increase in the fat content of the raw material increased the levels of PAH contamination in the products, regardless of the casing. Therefore, in industrial practice, the selection of an appropriate type of casing and raw material with the lowest possible fat content can be an effective method for reducing PAH levels in the interior of smoked meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ciecierska
- Department of Food Technology and Evaluation, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.D.); (R.W.)
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25
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Adib F, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Nemati M, Farajzadeh MA, Mohebbi A, Alizadeh Nabil AA. Surfactant-enhanced air-agitation liquid-liquid microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oil using magnetic deep eutectic solvent prior to HPLC determination. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5655-5665. [PMID: 37855170 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an air-agitation liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was developed for the extraction of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oil samples. In this study, the extraction procedure was achieved using a new magnetic deep eutectic solvent as the extraction solvent, in which there was no need for centrifugation. To enhance the rate of extraction of the analytes from the samples, the method was promoted by the use of surfactant addition. The extracted analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. The influence of various parameters on the extraction efficiency was studied by response surface methodology using a central composite design. Under optimal conditions, linear calibration curves for the target analytes were achieved in the range of 0.43-250 ng g-1. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.04-0.13 and 0.13-0.43 ng g-1, respectively. The repeatability of the method in terms of intra- and inter-day precision was ≤4.7% and ≤6.7%, respectively. The extraction recovery of the method ranged from 75 to 88%. The obtained results show that the proposed method is efficient for the analysis of the target analytes in various oil samples without obvious matrix effects. Pyrene was found in olive oil at a concentration of 42 ng g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Adib
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahboob Nemati
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ali Mohebbi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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26
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Degen G, Engel K, Fowler PJ, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wright M, Benigni R, Boon P, Bolognesi C, Cordelli E, Chipman K, Sahlin U, Carfì M, Halamoda B, Mech A, Martino C, Multari S, Palaniappan V, Tard A, Mennes W. Scientific opinion on the renewal of the authorisation of proFagus Smoke R714 (SF-001) as a smoke flavouring Primary Product. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08363. [PMID: 38027451 PMCID: PMC10652307 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) was requested to evaluate the safety of the smoke flavouring Primary Product proFagus Smoke R714 (SF-001), for which a renewal application was submitted in accordance with Article 12(1) of Regulation (EC) No 2065/2003. This opinion refers to the assessment of data submitted on chemical characterisation, dietary exposure and genotoxicity of the Primary Product. ProFagus Smoke R714 is obtained by pyrolysis of beech and oak woods as main source materials. Based on the compositional data, the Panel noted that the identified and quantified proportion of the solvent-free fraction amounts to 39 weight (wt)%, thus the applied method does not meet the legal quality criterion that at least 50% of the solvent-free fraction shall be identified and quantified. At the maximum proposed use levels, dietary exposure estimates calculated with DietEx ranged from 0.7 to 10.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day at the mean and from 2.2 to 42.5 mg/kg bw per day at the 95th percentile. The Panel concluded that three components in the Primary Product raise a potential concern for genotoxicity. In addition, a potential concern for genotoxicity was identified for the unidentified part of the mixture. The Primary Product contains furan-2(5H)-one, for which a concern for genotoxicity was identified in vivo upon oral administration. Considering that the exposure estimates for this component are above the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) of 0.0025 μg/kg bw per day for DNA-reactive mutagens and/or carcinogens, the Panel concluded that the Primary Product raises concern with respect to genotoxicity.
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27
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Lin X, Lin L, Liao Z, Wu P, Yang C. Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine organisms from Shenzhen coastal waters and human health risk assessment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115498. [PMID: 37714076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the levels and composition of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine organisms from South China Sea and assessed their potential health risks. The results revealed that the pollution levels of total PAHs ranged from 3.56 to 392.21 ng/g dw. Notably, 4-ring PAHs constituted the predominant fraction (58.02 %) of the total PAHs, with pyrene being the most abundant congener across all species. Intriguingly, our findings suggested that consuming these organisms might pose a low non-cancer hazard. Nonetheless, benzo[a]pyrene was detected in most species, with levels ranging from non-detectable to 11.24 ng/g dw. The individual lifetime cancer risk levels associated with seafood consumption in studied regions ranged from 1.10 × 10-5 to 1.52 × 10-5, highlighting a potential cancer risk that warrants special attention. These findings emphasize the need to prioritize carcinogenic compounds over total PAHs and underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of PAH pollution in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Luanxun Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Zelong Liao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, PR China
| | - Chunxue Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China.
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28
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Li B, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Chai E. Research progress of different components of PM 2.5 and ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15965. [PMID: 37749193 PMCID: PMC10519985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 is a nonhomogeneous mixture of complex components produced from multiple sources, and different components of this mixture have different chemical and biological toxicities, which results in the fact that the toxicity and hazards of PM2.5 may vary even for the same mass of PM2.5. Previous studies on PM2.5 and ischemic stroke have reached different or even opposing conclusions, and considering the heterogeneity of PM2.5 has led researchers to focus on the health effects of specific PM2.5 components. However, due to the complexity of PM2.5 constituents, assessing the association between exposure to specific PM2.5 constituents and ischemic stroke presents significant challenges. Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes studies related to PM2.5 and its different components and ischemic stroke, aiming to understand the composition of PM2.5 and identify its harmful components, elucidate their relationship with ischemic stroke, and thus provide some insights and considerations for studying the biological mechanisms by which they affect ischemic stroke and for the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke associated with different components of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- First Clinical Medicine College, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Erqing Chai
- Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Gansu Provincial People's Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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29
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Goldbeck C, Grob K, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Binaglia M, Chipman JK. Update of the risk assessment of mineral oil hydrocarbons in food. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08215. [PMID: 37711880 PMCID: PMC10498375 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are composed of saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). Due to the complexity of the MOH composition, their complete chemical characterisation is not possible. MOSH accumulation is observed in various tissues, with species-specific differences. Formation of liver epithelioid lipogranulomas and inflammation, as well as increased liver and spleen weights, are observed in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. These effects are related to specific accumulation of wax components in the liver of F344 rats, which is not observed in SD rats or humans. The CONTAM Panel concluded that F344 rats are not an appropriate model for effects of MOSH with wax components. A NOAEL of 236 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, corresponding to the highest tested dose in F344 rats of a white mineral oil product virtually free of wax components, was selected as relevant reference point (RP). The highest dietary exposure to MOSH was estimated for the young population, with lower bound-upper bound (LB-UB) means and 95th percentiles of 0.085-0.126 and 0.157-0.212 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Considering a margin of exposure approach, the Panel concluded that the present dietary exposure to MOSH does not raise concern for human health for all age classes. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are associated with MOAH with three or more aromatic rings. For this subfraction, a surrogate RP of 0.49 mg/kg bw per day, calculated from data on eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was considered. The highest dietary exposure to MOAH was also in the young population, with LB-UB mean and 95th percentile estimations of 0.003-0.031 and 0.011-0.059 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Based on two scenarios on three or more ring MOAH contents in the diet and lacking toxicological information on effects of 1 and 2 ring MOAH, a possible concern for human health was raised.
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Lobsiger S, Märki L, Mallia S, Umbricht G, Sprecher H, Breitruck K, Obkircher M. Development of a novel certified reference material for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in whey protein powder. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5819-5832. [PMID: 37505237 PMCID: PMC10474187 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-based certified reference materials (CRMs) play a central role in the analysis of food contaminants for ensuring measurement accuracy and comparability, as they exhibit the same matrix effects during sample preparation and measurement as the food sample under investigation. However, the availability of such CRMs is still limited. This is also true for matrix CRMs containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), for which maximum levels in food are set in the EU by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 and in Switzerland by the regulation SR 817.022.15. Therefore, a whey protein powder-based certified reference material (WP-CBR001) was developed according to the requirements of ISO 17034 and the recommendations of ISO Guide 35:2017 containing the four PAHs benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), and chrysene (Chr). We show that the choice of solvent is of crucial importance to extract the PAHs completely from this matrix. Only polar and protic solvents such as methanol or water provided access for complete extraction of the PAHs. In contrast, nonpolar and polar aprotic solvents, such as n-hexane or ethyl acetate, exhibited only very low extraction efficiencies below 20%. The certified mass fractions and expanded uncertainties (k = 2) were (3.17 ± 0.32) µg/kg BaA, (4.18 ± 0.48) µg/kg BaP, (4.73 ± 0.49) µg/kg BbF, and (2.85 ± 0.33) µg/kg Chr. These values were verified by an interlaboratory comparison study and by the gravimetric mass fractions obtained from production data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lobsiger
- Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Lindenweg 50, 3003, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland.
| | - Lena Märki
- Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Lindenweg 50, 3003, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Mallia
- Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Lindenweg 50, 3003, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Umbricht
- Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Lindenweg 50, 3003, Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Sprecher
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (a Subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Industriestrasse 25, 9471, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Breitruck
- Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH (a Subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Industriestrasse 25, 9471, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Pvt Ltd (a subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Plot No-12, Bommasandra Jigani Link Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560099, India
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Zhang J, Tan LJ, Jung H, Jung J, Lee J, Lee G, Park S, Moon B, Choi K, Shin S. Association of smoking and dietary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:831-839. [PMID: 37019984 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that are potentially hazardous to human health. Dietary exposure is recognized as one of the major pathways of exposure to PAHs among humans. While some PAH exposures have been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the general population, most epidemiological studies are based on urinary metabolites of a few noncarcinogenic PAHs. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between estimates of dietary exposure to major carcinogenic PAHs and MetS in Korean adults. METHODS Multi-cycle Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) database (n = 16,015) and PAH measurement data from the total diet survey were employed to estimate daily PAH intake for each participating adult. After adjusting for potential confounders, multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between PAHs and MetS of the participating adults. RESULTS Benzo(a)pyrene exposure was associated with an increased risk of MetS in men (OR = 1.30; 95% Cl: 1.03-1.63; P-trend = 0.03). In women, however, only chrysene and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) were positively associated with an increased risk of MetS (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.48; P-trend = 0.0172). Among men, smokers were at an increased risk for MetS, regardless of whether they were exposed to low or high total PAHs and benzo(a)pyrene levels. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggested that PAHs are associated with the risk of MetS and MetS components in Korean adults. In particular, it was confirmed that smoking may influence the relationship between PAH exposure and MetS.Further prospective cohort studies are required to confirm the causal relationship between PAHs and MetS. IMPACT STATEMENT Epidemiological studies on PAH exposure are often hampered by a lack of reliable exposure estimates, as biomonitoring of urine does not capture exposure to more toxic PAHs. Using multi-cycle KNHANES data and the measurement data from a total diet survey of Korea, we could develop a personalized PAH intake estimate for each participating adult and assessed the association with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Juan Tan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseok Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - JiYun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Gowoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - BoKyung Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangah Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Aoudeh E, Oz E, Oz F. Effect of beef patties fortification with black garlic on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content and toxic potency. Food Chem 2023; 428:136763. [PMID: 37421662 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Nine different black garlic samples aged at varying temperatures and durations were added to the patties at 0.5% and 1% ratios and compared with raw garlic in terms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation. The results showed that black garlic caused a reduction in the patties' content of ∑PAH8 by 38.17% to 94.12% compared to raw garlic, with the highest reduction percent in the patties fortified with 1% black garlic aged at 70 °C for 45 days. Beef patties fortified with black garlic reduced human exposure to PAHs from beef patties (from 1.66E to 01 to 6.04E-02 ng-TEQBaP kg-1 bw per day). The negligible cancer risk associated with exposure to PAHs through the consumption of beef patties was confirmed by very low ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) values of 5.44E-14 and 4.75E-12. Finally, patty fortification with black garlic could be suggested as an effective way to reduce PAHs formation and exposure from patties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Aoudeh
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Emel Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye.
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Pekmezci H, Basaran B. Dietary Heat-Treatment Contaminants Exposure and Cancer: A Case Study from Turkey. Foods 2023; 12:2320. [PMID: 37372531 PMCID: PMC10297194 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the 10-year dietary habits of patients diagnosed with cancer (n = 1155) were retrospectively analyzed, and the relationships between dietary (red meat, white meat, fish meat, French fries, bread, instant coffee, ready-to-drink coffee, Turkish coffee, and black tea) heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrylamide, and N-nitrosamine-based risk scores and cancer types were statistically evaluated. The foods with the highest and lowest mean dietary heat-treatment contaminant risk scores were red meat and ready-to-drink coffee, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the dietary heat-treatment contamination risk scores based on the cancer patients' demographic characteristics (sex, age, smoking, and body mass index) (p < 0.05). According to the cancer types, the systems with the highest and lowest dietary heat-treatment contaminant risk scores were determined as other (brain, thyroid, lymphatic malignancies, skin, oro- and hypopharynx, and hematology) and the reproductive (breast, uterus, and ovary) system, respectively. The relationship between instant coffee consumption and respiratory system cancer types, the frequency of consumption of French fries and urinary system cancer types and the consumption of meat products and gastrointestinal system cancer types were determined. It is thought that this study contains important findings regarding the relationship between dietary habits and cancer and will be a good source for other studies to be conducted in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Pekmezci
- Department of Elderly Care, Health Care Services Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Türkiye
| | - Burhan Basaran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Türkiye;
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Khalili F, Shariatifar N, Dehghani MH, Yaghmaeian K, Nodehi RN, Yaseri M, Moazzen M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in meat, poultry, fish and related product samples of Iran: a risk assessment study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2023; 21:215-224. [PMID: 37159744 PMCID: PMC10163182 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-023-00854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Meat, poultry, and seafood such as fish are a valuable source of protein, vitamins and minerals. Considering their high consumption in the human diet, it is necessary to study pollutants (such as PAHs) in them. This present study has focused on the PAHs level and probabilistic risk of health in meat, poultry, fish and related product samples by MSPE-GC/MS technique (magnetic solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The maximum mean of 16 PAH was detected in smoked fish samples (222.7 ± 13.2 μg/kg) and the minimum mean of 16 PAH was detected in chicken (juje) kebab (112.9 ± 7.2 µg/kg μg/kg). The maximum mean of 4PAHs was detected in tuna fish (23.7 ± 2.4 µg/kg) and the minimum mean of 4PAHs was seen in grilled chicken and sausage samples (non-detected). Our results showed the 4PAHs and B[a]P were lower than the EU (European Union) standard levels (these standard levels were 30 and 5 μg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the correlation among the type and concentrations of PAHs congeners was investigated through cluster analysis by heat map and principal component analysis. The 90th percentile ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) of PAH compounds in fish, poultry, meat and related products samples was 3.39E-06, which was lower than the maximum acceptable level of risk (10-4). Finally, the highest ILCR was related to hamburger (4.45E-06). Therefore, there is no risk in consuming these foods in Iran, but it is necessary to monitor PAHs concentration in different types of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Khalili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Moazzen
- Department of Food Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ololade IA, Alabi BA, Oladoja NA, Ololade OO, Apata AO. Occurrence and probabilistic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood and urine of auto-mechanics in Akure Metro, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:727. [PMID: 37227527 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study provides baseline data on the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in blood and urine samples of auto-mechanics, using Nigeria as a case study. Eighteen auto-mechanics participated in the study excluding two controls. The concentrations for the ΣPAHs across all participants (excluding control) ranged from 1.67 to 3.30 (2.17 ± 0.58) in blood with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) range of 7.61 to 10.76 (8.69 ± 1.00) in urine. The high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) dominated the PAH profile in both blood (≥ 92%) and urine (≥ 87%) across all locations. Dibenz(a)anthracene was the most distributed PAH, while acenaphthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were the least distributed. The dermal route constituted approximately 99% of the total chronic exposure, followed by ingestion, and the least via inhalation. The hazard index (HI) was below the safe thresholds (HI = 1), suggesting non-carcinogenic PAH effects. However, all the participants including control samples had carcinogenic risk (CR) values above the acceptable level of 10-6 in both blood and urine samples. The carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies were higher in urine than in blood. The results suggest less acute toxicity and more potential chronic effects. The computed elimination ratio (> 1) suggests low excretion in urine and a potentially harmful trend. Molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggest mixed PAH sources. The study revealed biomonitoring solely dependent on blood analysis may greatly underestimate health risks due to PAH exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide levels of PAHs in the blood and urine of Nigerian mechanics. Findings herein will support policymakers at all levels in re-focusing attention to the less prioritized professions that pre-disposes people to PAHs and other emerging pollutants in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ayodele Ololade
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
| | - Bosede Adenike Alabi
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja
- Hydrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, AkungbaAkoko, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaranti Olubunmi Ololade
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Oyewumi Apata
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
- Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, 1400 Farragut Street, Bremerton, WA, 98314, USA
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36
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Castel R, Tassistro V, Claeys-Bruno M, Malleret L, Orsière T. In Vitro Genotoxicity Evaluation of PAHs in Mixtures Using Experimental Design. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050470. [PMID: 37235284 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Settled dusts are sinks for environmental pollutants, including Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are ubiquitous, persistent, and carcinogenic. To assess their toxicity in mixtures, Toxic Equivalent Factors (TEFs) are routinely used and based on the hypothesis of additive effects, although PAH interactions may occur and remain an open issue. This study investigated genotoxic binary interaction effects for six PAHs in mixtures using two in vitro assays and estimated Genotoxic Equivalent Factors (GEFs) to roughly predict the genotoxicity of PAH in mixtures. The Design of the Experiment approach was used with the micronucleus assay for cytostasis and micronuclei frequency and the alkaline comet assay for DNA damage. GEFs were determined for each PAH independently and in a mixture. For the cytostasis endpoint, no PAHs interaction was noted. BbF and BaP had a synergistic effect on DNA damage. All the PAH interacted between them regarding chromosomal damage. Although the calculated GEFs were similar to the TEFs, the latter may underestimate the genotoxic potential of a PAH mixture. GEFs calculated for PAH alone were lower than GEFs for PAHs in mixtures; thus, mixtures induce greater DNA/chromosomal damage than expected. This research helps to advance the challenging issue of contaminant mixtures' effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Castel
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie, Aix Marseille University, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, 13005 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Virginie Tassistro
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie, Aix Marseille University, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Magalie Claeys-Bruno
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie, Aix Marseille University, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Laure Malleret
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thierry Orsière
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie, Aix Marseille University, Avignon University, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, FR ECCOREV, ITEM, 13005 Marseille, France
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Park J, Kim K, Ryu D, Whang JH, Mah JH. GC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2023; 28:3853. [PMID: 37175264 PMCID: PMC10179879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic organic contaminants that have a highly carcinogenic and mutagenic nature. This study aimed to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method to determine 8 PAHs in 51 herbal medicines (HMs) using gas chromatography (GC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Liquid--liquid extraction and florisil SPE cartridge purification were basically adopted for pretreatment. For the samples containing essential oil, starch grain, etc., N,N-dimethyl formamide/water mixture (9:1, v/v) was added in the extraction step. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions were newly obtained by the infusion of reference solutions of the targeted compounds at a concentration of 100 ng/mL into the GC-MS/MS system used in this study. The 51 items were classified according to whether or not they contained essential oil. Eight PAHs were not detected in 39 (8.3%) of the 459 samples monitored. The total content of 8 PAHs ranged from 0.45 μg/kg in Anemarrhenae Rhizoma to 270.94 μg/kg in Zingiberis Rhizoma. The average content of those ranged from 0.9 μg/kg in Araliae Continentalis Radix to 110.8 μg/kg in Coptidis Rhizoma Preparata cum Vinum. The results of this study prove that the proposed method is useful for determining 8 PAHs in HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwahaeng Park
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (K.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuyeob Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Dayoun Ryu
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Jin-Hee Whang
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Jae-Hyung Mah
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
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38
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da Costa DS, Albuquerque TG, Costa HS, Bragotto APA. Thermal Contaminants in Coffee Induced by Roasting: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5586. [PMID: 37107868 PMCID: PMC10138461 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Roasting is responsible for imparting the main characteristics to coffee, but the high temperatures used in the process can lead to the formation of several potentially toxic substances. Among them, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrylamide, furan and its derivative compounds, α-dicarbonyls and advanced glycation end products, 4-methylimidazole, and chloropropanols stand out. The objective of this review is to present a current and comprehensive overview of the chemical contaminants formed during coffee roasting, including a discussion of mitigation strategies reported in the literature to decrease the concentration of these toxicants. Although the formation of the contaminants occurs during the roasting step, knowledge of the coffee production chain as a whole is important to understand the main variables that will impact their concentrations in the different coffee products. The precursors and routes of formation are generally different for each contaminant, and the formed concentrations can be quite high for some substances. In addition, the study highlights several mitigation strategies related to decreasing the concentration of precursors, modifying process conditions and eliminating/degrading the formed contaminant. Many of these strategies show promising results, but there are still challenges to be overcome, since little information is available about advantages and disadvantages in relation to aspects such as costs, potential for application on an industrial scale and impacts on sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Silva da Costa
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária, R. Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Tânia Gonçalves Albuquerque
- Departamento de Alimentação e Nutrição, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares Costa
- Departamento de Alimentação e Nutrição, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana Pavesi Arisseto Bragotto
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária, R. Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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Biodegradation of organic compounds in the coal gangue by Bacillus sp. into humic acid. Biodegradation 2023; 34:125-138. [PMID: 36593315 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-022-10007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Coal gangue (CG), one of the world's largest industrial solid wastes produced during coal mining, is extremely difficult to be used owing to its combined contents of clay minerals and organic macromolecules. This study explored a novel process of degrading the harmful organic compounds in the CG into humic acid using a biological method characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental analyzer. The results reveal that adding selected Bacillus sp. to the CG for 40 days can increase the humic acid content by ~ 17 times, reaching 17338.17 mg/kg, which is also the best level for promoting plant growth. FTIR and XPS spectra show that the organic compounds in the CG transforms primarily from C=C to C=O, COOH, and O-H groups, indicating that the organic compounds are gradually oxidized and activated, improving the humic acid concentration of soil. In addition, Bacillus sp. decreases pH and benzo[a]pyrene contents, and increases the content of available nutrients. After microbial degradation, coal gangue can be turned into ecological restoration materials.
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40
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Santonen T, Mahiout S, Alvito P, Apel P, Bessems J, Bil W, Borges T, Bose-O'Reilly S, Buekers J, Cañas Portilla AI, Calvo AC, de Alba González M, Domínguez-Morueco N, López ME, Falnoga I, Gerofke A, Caballero MDCG, Horvat M, Huuskonen P, Kadikis N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Lange R, Louro H, Martins C, Meslin M, Niemann L, Díaz SP, Plichta V, Porras SP, Rousselle C, Scholten B, Silva MJ, Šlejkovec Z, Tratnik JS, Joksić AŠ, Tarazona JV, Uhl M, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Viegas S, Vinggaard AM, Woutersen M, Schoeters G. How to use human biomonitoring in chemical risk assessment: Methodological aspects, recommendations, and lessons learned from HBM4EU. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 249:114139. [PMID: 36870229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the aims of the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative, HBM4EU, was to provide examples of and good practices for the effective use of human biomonitoring (HBM) data in human health risk assessment (RA). The need for such information is pressing, as previous research has indicated that regulatory risk assessors generally lack knowledge and experience of the use of HBM data in RA. By recognising this gap in expertise, as well as the added value of incorporating HBM data into RA, this paper aims to support the integration of HBM into regulatory RA. Based on the work of the HBM4EU, we provide examples of different approaches to including HBM in RA and in estimations of the environmental burden of disease (EBoD), the benefits and pitfalls involved, information on the important methodological aspects to consider, and recommendations on how to overcome obstacles. The examples are derived from RAs or EBoD estimations made under the HBM4EU for the following HBM4EU priority substances: acrylamide, o-toluidine of the aniline family, aprotic solvents, arsenic, bisphenols, cadmium, diisocyanates, flame retardants, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], lead, mercury, mixture of per-/poly-fluorinated compounds, mixture of pesticides, mixture of phthalates, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the UV-filter benzophenone-3. Although the RA and EBoD work presented here is not intended to have direct regulatory implications, the results can be useful for raising awareness of possibly needed policy actions, as newly generated HBM data from HBM4EU on the current exposure of the EU population has been used in many RAs and EBoD estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jos Bessems
- VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Wieneke Bil
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Borges
- General-Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health, 1049-005, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stephan Bose-O'Reilly
- Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informations und Technology, Hall i.T., Austria
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | | | - Argelia Castaño Calvo
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antje Gerofke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; ToxOmics-Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthieu Meslin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lars Niemann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susana Pedraza Díaz
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Plichta
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Department Risk Assessment, Spargelfeldstraße 191, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Anses, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernice Scholten
- Research Group Risk Analysis for Products in Development, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific research (TNO), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal; ToxOmics-Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Jose V Tarazona
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susana Viegas
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Marjolijn Woutersen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO-Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Dept of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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Sumer G, Oz F. The Effect of Direct and Indirect Barbecue Cooking on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation and Beef Quality. Foods 2023; 12:1374. [PMID: 37048195 PMCID: PMC10093676 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, the effect of direct and indirect barbecue cooking processes, including different cooking degrees (medium and well done), on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and on certain quality parameters (water content, cooking loss, pH, lipid oxidation) of beef meat was examined. While no significant effect (p > 0.05) of the cooking method was detected on the water content, cooking loss, ∑PAH4 [the sum of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysen (Chry), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF)], and ∑PAH8 [the sum of BaP, BaA, Chry, benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (Bghip), and indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IncdP)] content, it was determined that it had a significant effect on pH (p < 0.05) and lipid oxidation (TBARS, p < 0.01). While the cooking degree did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the TBARS value, it had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the water content and pH value, and a very significant effect (p < 0.01) on the cooking loss. While BaA and BaP compounds were detected in all barbecued samples, the DahA compound could not be detected in any of the samples. Varying levels of BaA (up to 5.62 ng/g), Chry (up to 0.43 ng/g), BbF (LOD-..-LOQ), BkF (LOD-..-LOQ), BaP (up to 0.49 ng/g), BghiP (up to 0.82 ng/g), and IncdP (up to 4.99 ng/g) compounds were determined in the samples. While the ∑PAH4 contents varied between 0.71 and 6.35 ng/g, the ∑PAH8 contents varied between 1.12 and 11.34 ng/g. While the increase in cooking level did not affect the ∑PAH4 content, it caused a significant increase in the ∑PAH8 content. The highest BaP (0.49 ng/g), ∑PAH4 (6.35 ng/g), and ∑PAH8 (11.34 ng/g) contents were detected in the meat samples that were well cooked on the barbecue by the direct method. The results have proven that PAHs are formed at varying levels in both meat samples cooked on the barbecue by the direct method and the indirect method. On the other hand, it has been determined that even if 100 g of the meat with the highest BaP and ∑PAH4 content is eaten, the exposure amount remains far below the limit values specified for PAHs. However, paying close attention to the barbecue cooking process is still recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatih Oz
- Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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Wang Z, Ng K, Warner RD, Stockmann R, Fang Z. Application of cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings for quality and safety of deep-fried foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1418-1437. [PMID: 36717375 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive oil uptake and formation of carcinogens, such as acrylamide (AA), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), during deep-frying are a potential threat for food quality and safety. Cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings have been widely applied to deep-fried foods for reduction of oil uptake because of their barrier property to limit oil ingress, and their apparent inhibition of AA formation. Cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings have low negative impacts on sensory attributes of fried foods and are low cost, nontoxic, and nonallergenic. They also show great potential for reducing HCAs and PAHs in fried foods. The incorporation of nanoparticles improves mechanical and barrier properties of cellulose and chitosan coatings, which may also contribute to reducing carcinogens derived from deep-frying. Considering the potential for positive health outcomes, cellulose- and chitosan-based edible coatings could be a valuable method for the food industry to improve the quality and safety of deep-fried foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Dorothy Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Castle L, Di Consiglio E, Franz R, Hellwig N, Merkel S, Milana MR, Barthélémy E, Comandella D, Rivière G. Safety assessment of 'waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum-based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity' for use in food contact materials. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07761. [PMID: 36743686 PMCID: PMC9890528 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes and Processing Aids (CEP Panel) assessed the safety of the 'waxes, paraffinic, refined, derived from petroleum-based or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock, low viscosity' (FCM No. 93), for which the uses were requested to be extended for articles in contact with fatty foods. Migration from low-density polyethylene samples containing 1% w/w of a representative wax was tested in food simulants. In fatty food simulants, the migration of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) ≤ C35 was 142 mg/kg food, exceeding the overall migration limit for plastic FCM. Mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) with at least two rings are largely removed during the manufacturing process. Based on various lines of evidence, the Panel concluded that any concern for the potential presence of MOAH with two or more conjugated aromatic rings can be ruled out. Based on the genotoxicity studies and on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the substance does not raise a concern for genotoxicity. Available toxicokinetic data showed a limited accumulation of MOSH. No adverse effects were observed up to the highest tested dose of 9 g/kg body weight per day in a 90-day repeated oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The available results showed that FCM No. 93 is devoid of endocrine activity. The provided information on chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity was limited and inadequate to reach conclusions on these endpoints. Therefore, the CEP Panel concluded that under the intended and tested conditions of uses, the substance does not raise safety concern for the consumer if used to a level ensuring that its migration into food is no more than 5 mg/kg.
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Sanguos CL, Suárez OL, Martínez-Carballo E, Couce ML. Postnatal exposure to organic pollutants in maternal milk in north-western Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120903. [PMID: 36549446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of postnatal exposure to organic pollutants is especially important for suckling infants during breastfeeding, a crucial perinatal growth period when organs and hormonal systems develop. We determined levels of 60 pollutants, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), pyrethroids (PYRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in 81 breast milk samples from breastfeeding mothers from Santiago de Compostela (north-western Spain). For most detected organic pollutants, levels were correlated with the season of milk sampling, maternal age at delivery, and place of residence. Dietary consumption habits (eggs, molluscs, and vegetable oils) were also correlated with OCP, OPP, PCB, PBDE and PYR levels. We also assessed the risk to infant health of exposure to organic pollutants in breast milk. PAHs, OCPs, OPPs, and PYRs accounted for almost 95% of the targeted organic pollutants in the samples analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López Sanguos
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olalla López Suárez
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Food and Health Omics, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, Ourense, 32004, Spain.
| | - María Luz Couce
- Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15704, Spain; Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Castrec J, Pillet M, Receveur J, Fontaine Q, Le Floch S, Churlaud C, Lejeune P, Gobert S, Thomas H, Marengo M. Active and passive biomonitoring of trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in small Mediterranean harbours. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114578. [PMID: 36645999 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollution particularly affects coastal ecosystems due to their proximity to anthropic sources. Among those environments, harbours are subjected to marine traffic but also to accidental and chronic pollution. These areas are thus exposed to complex mixtures of contaminants such as trace elements and organic contaminants which can impact marine species, habitats, and ecosystem services. The monitoring of these compounds is thus a crucial issue for assessment of environmental health. In this context, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the chemical contamination of harbours in Corsica (NW Mediterranean) by measuring the bioaccumulation of trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels, limpets, and sea cucumbers. The human health risks associated with seafood consumption were also assessed. Results reveal a relatively low contamination in the Corsican harbours studied compared to larger Mediterranean ports and suggest that the potential health risk for consumers eating seafood is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castrec
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France.
| | - Marion Pillet
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | | | - Quentin Fontaine
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | | | - Carine Churlaud
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMRi 7266, CNRS- La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Pierre Lejeune
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | - Sylvie Gobert
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France; Université de Liège, Centre MARE, Laboratoire d'Océanologie, Sart Tilman, B6c, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Hélène Thomas
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMRi 7266, CNRS- La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Michel Marengo
- Station de Recherches Sous-marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
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Cheng M, Tan Z, Zeng X, Liu Z, Liu P, Ali A, Qiu H, Jiang W, Qin H. Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seasoning Flour Products in Hunan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:963. [PMID: 36673717 PMCID: PMC9859540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Dietary intake is one of the significant exposure pathways of PAHs. In this study, gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to detect 16 priority PAHs listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in seasoning flour products distributed in Hunan Province. The consumption of seasoning flour products by the Hunan population was investigated by questionnaire. The results showed that the detection rate of PAHs in seasoning flour products in Hunan Province was 92.41%. Among them, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), and chrysene (CHR) were dominant. The total PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) contents of soggy seasoning flour product samples were higher than those of crisp samples and chewy samples. The total amount of PAHs in rod-shaped and flaky samples were higher than that in filamentous and granular samples. The margin of exposure (MOE) values of various seasoning flour products and all age groups (children, adolescents, and adults) was much more significant than 10,000. Moreover, the incremental lifetime of cancer risk (ILCR) values of all age groups were below 1 × 10-5. The above results indicate that PAHs in seasoning flour products have a relatively low health risk for the Hunan population. Still, it is recommended that susceptible populations (children, adolescents, etc.) should control their intake of flour products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Cheng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Xiwen Zeng
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Pingyu Liu
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Anwar Ali
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Huali Qiu
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Changsha County Comprehensive Testing Center, Changsha 410100, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
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Cattaneo I, Kalian AD, Di Nicola MR, Dujardin B, Levorato S, Mohimont L, Nathanail AV, Carnessechi E, Astuto MC, Tarazona JV, Kass GEN, Liem AKD, Robinson T, Manini P, Hogstrand C, Price PS, Dorne JLCM. Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals at the European Food Safety Authority: Principles, Guidance Documents, Applications and Future Challenges. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:40. [PMID: 36668860 PMCID: PMC9861867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health and animal health risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals use the same steps as single-substance risk assessment, namely problem formulation, exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterisation. The main unique feature of combined RA is the assessment of combined exposure, toxicity and risk. Recently, the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published two relevant guidance documents. The first one "Harmonised methodologies for the human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals" provides principles and explores methodologies for all steps of risk assessment together with a reporting table. This guidance supports also the default assumption that dose addition is applied for combined toxicity of the chemicals unless evidence for response addition or interactions (antagonism or synergism) is available. The second guidance document provides an account of the scientific criteria to group chemicals in assessment groups using hazard-driven criteria and prioritisation methods, i.e., exposure-driven and risk-based approaches. This manuscript describes such principles, provides a brief description of EFSA's guidance documents, examples of applications in the human health and animal health area and concludes with a discussion on future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cattaneo
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexander D. Kalian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matteo R. Di Nicola
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettin 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Dujardin
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Levorato
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Luc Mohimont
- Plant Health and Pesticide Residues Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexis V. Nathanail
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Carnessechi
- iDATA Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Astuto
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Jose V. Tarazona
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - George E. N. Kass
- Chief Scientist Office, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Antoine K. Djien Liem
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Tobin Robinson
- Plant Health and Pesticide Residues Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Feed and Contaminants Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul S. Price
- Retired United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 6408 Hoover Trail Road S.W., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA
| | - Jean Lou C. M. Dorne
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
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48
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Cho J, Barido FH, Kim HJ, Kwon JS, Kim HJ, Kim D, Hur SJ, Jang A. Effect of Extract of Perilla Leaves on the Quality Characteristics and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Charcoal Barbecued Pork Patty. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:139-156. [PMID: 36789195 PMCID: PMC9890369 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extracts from perilla leaves (PLE) on the quality attributes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in charcoal-barbecued pork patties. The PLE addition and doneness had no significant effect on the pH of pork patties (p>0.05). Regardless of the concentration, the PLE significantly lower malondialdehyde concentrations and reduced the CIE L*, CIE a*, and CIE b* when compared to control. The addition of 0.2% of PLE did not adversely affect the organoleptic properties of doneness of medium and well-done pork patties. Addition of PLE at 0.4% to medium-cooked pork patties had stronger suppressing effect on the formation of light PAHs compare to control (p<0.05), also adding it to well-done pork patties had the lowest concentration of 4 PAHs and 8 PAHs, and a total of 16 PAHs (p<0.05). Therefore, PLE at 0.4% can be used for suppressing the formation of PAHs and lipid oxidation in well-cooked pork patty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Research and Development,
Shinsegae Food, Seoul 04793, Korea
| | - Farouq Heidar Barido
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of
Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126,
Indonesia
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kwon
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Poultry Research Institute, National
Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sun-Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Aera Jang
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Alberghini L, Truant A, Santonicola S, Colavita G, Giaccone V. Microplastics in Fish and Fishery Products and Risks for Human Health: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:789. [PMID: 36613111 PMCID: PMC9819327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plastic waste has become a universally significant environmental problem. Ingestion of food and water contaminated with microplastics is the main route of human exposure. Fishery products are an important source of microplastics in the human diet. Once ingested, microplastics reach the gastrointestinal tract and can be absorbed causing oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and translocation to other tissues. Furthermore, microplastics can release chemical substances (organic and inorganic) present in their matrix or previously absorbed from the environment and act as carriers of microorganisms. Additives present in microplastics such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and potentially toxic elements can be harmful for humans. However, to date, the data we have are not sufficient to perform a reliable assessment of the risks to human health. Further studies on the toxicokinetics and toxicity of microplastics in humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Alberghini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Truant
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Santonicola
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Colavita
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Valerio Giaccone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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50
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Fang J, Wang D, Kramer NI, Rietjens IMCM, Boogaard PJ, Kamelia L. The role of receptor-mediated activities of 4- and 5-ring unsubstituted and methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in developmental toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 43:845-861. [PMID: 36585251 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) mediated activities of nine 4- and 5-ring unsubstituted and monomethylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a series of Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (CALUX) assays. The potential role of these aforementioned receptors in relation to the developmental toxicity of these PAHs was further assessed in the zebrafish embryotoxicity test (ZET). The results show that all nine tested PAHs were AhR agonists, benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and 8-methyl-benz[a]anthracene (8-MeBaA) were ER-α agonists, and none of the tested PAHs induced ER-α antagonistic or RAR (ant)agonistic activities. In the AhR CALUX assay, all the methylated PAHs showed higher potency (lower EC50) in activating the AhR than their respective unsubstituted PAHs, implying that the addition of a methyl substituent on the aromatic ring of PAHs could enhance their AhR-mediated activities. Co-exposure of zebrafish embryos with each individual PAH and an AhR antagonist (CH223191) counteracted the observed developmental retardations and embryo lethality to a certain extent, except for 8-methyl-benzo[a]pyrene (8-MeBaP). Co-exposure of zebrafish embryos with either of the two estrogenic PAHs (i.e., BaA and 8-MeBaA) and an ER-α antagonist (fulvestrant) neutralized embryo lethality induced by 50 μM BaA and the developmental retardations induced by 15 μM 8-MeBaA. Altogether, our findings suggest that the observed developmental retardations in zebrafish embryos by the PAH tested may partially be AhR- and/or ER-α-mediated, whereas the RAR seems not to be relevant for the PAH-induced developmental toxicity in the ZET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Danlei Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Boogaard
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Lenny Kamelia
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., The Hague, The Netherlands
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