1
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Szachniewicz MM, van den Eeden SJF, van Meijgaarden KE, Franken KLMC, van Veen S, Geluk A, Bouwstra JA, Ottenhoff THM. Cationic pH-sensitive liposome-based subunit tuberculosis vaccine induces protection in mice challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 203:114437. [PMID: 39122053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) has been and still is a global emergency for centuries. Prevention of disease through vaccination would have a major impact on disease prevalence, but the only available current vaccine, BCG, has insufficient impact. In this article, a novel subunit vaccine against TB was developed, using the Ag85B-ESAT6-Rv2034 fusion antigen, two adjuvants - CpG and MPLA, and a cationic pH-sensitive liposome as a delivery system, representing a new TB vaccine delivery strategy not previously reported for TB. In vitro in human dendritic cells (DCs), the adjuvanted formulation induced a significant increase in the production of (innate) cytokines and chemokines compared to the liposome without additional adjuvants. In vivo, the new vaccine administrated subcutaneously significantly reduced Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacterial load in the lungs and spleens of mice, significantly outperforming results from mice vaccinated with the antigen mixed with adjuvants without liposomes. In-depth analysis underpinned the vaccine's effectiveness in terms of its capacity to induce polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, both considered essential for controlling Mtb infection. Also noteworthy was the differential abundance of various CD69+ B-cell subpopulations, which included IL17-A-producing B-cells. The vaccine stimulated robust antigen-specific antibody titers, further extending its potential as a novel protective agent against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Szachniewicz
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands.
| | - S J F van den Eeden
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands
| | - K E van Meijgaarden
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands
| | - K L M C Franken
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands
| | - S van Veen
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands
| | - A Geluk
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands
| | - J A Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - T H M Ottenhoff
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), the Netherlands
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Shulman M, Mathew T, Trivedi A, Gholizadeh A, Colcord C, Wiley R, Allen KS, Thangam L, Voss K, Abbyad P. Stepwise Isolation of Diverse Metabolic Cell Populations Using Sorting by Interfacial Tension (SIFT). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.23.612740. [PMID: 39386539 PMCID: PMC11463469 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.23.612740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
We present here a passive and label-free droplet microfluidic platform to sort cells stepwise by lactate and proton secretion from glycolysis. A technology developed in our lab, Sorting by Interfacial Tension (SIFT), sorts droplets containing single cells into two populations based on pH by using interfacial tension. Cellular glycolysis lowers the pH of droplets through proton secretion, enabling passive selection based on interfacial tension and hence single-cell glycolysis. The SIFT technique is expanded here by exploiting the dynamic droplet acidification from surfactant adsorption that leads to a concurrent increase in interfacial tension. This allows multiple microfabricated rails at different downstream positions to isolate cells with distinct glycolytic levels. The device is used to correlate sorted cells with three levels of glycolysis with a conventional surface marker for T-cell activation. As glycolysis is associated with both disease and cell state, this technology facilitates the sorting and analysis of crucial cell subpopulations for applications in oncology, immunology and immunotherapy.
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3
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Miyahara A, Umeki A, Sato K, Nomura T, Yamamoto H, Miyasaka T, Tanno D, Matsumoto I, Zong T, Kagesawa T, Oniyama A, Kawamura K, Yuan X, Yokoyama R, Kitai Y, Kanno E, Tanno H, Hara H, Yamasaki S, Saijo S, Iwakura Y, Ishii K, Kawakami K. Innate phase production of IFN-γ by memory and effector T cells expressing early activation marker CD69 during infection with Cryptococcus deneoformans in the lungs. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0002424. [PMID: 38700335 PMCID: PMC11237684 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00024-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus deneoformans is a yeast-type fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients and evades phagocytic cell elimination through an escape mechanism. Memory T (Tm) cells play a central role in preventing the reactivation of this fungal pathogen. Among these cells, tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells quickly respond to locally invaded pathogens. This study analyzes the kinetics of effector T (Teff) cells and Tm cells in the lungs after cryptococcal infection. Emphasis is placed on the kinetics and cytokine expression of TRM cells in the early phase of infection. CD4+ Tm cells exhibited a rapid increase by day 3, peaked at day 7, and then either maintained their levels or exhibited a slight decrease until day 56. In contrast, CD8+ Tm cells reached their peak on day 3 and thereafter decreased up to day 56 post-infection. These Tm cells were predominantly composed of CD69+ TRM cells and CD69+ CD103+ TRM cells. Disruption of the CARD9 gene resulted in reduced accumulation of these TRM cells and diminished interferon (IFN) -γ expression in TRM cells. TRM cells were derived from T cells with T cell receptors non-specific to ovalbumin in OT-II mice during cryptococcal infection. In addition, TRM cells exhibited varied behavior in different tissues. These results underscore the importance of T cells, which produce IFN-γ in the lungs during the early stage of infection, in providing early protection against cryptococcal infection through CARD9 signaling.
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Grants
- 18H02851, 21H02965 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 19K17920, 21K16314 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP19jm0210073, JP20jm0210073, JP21jm0210073 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- ID-014 MSD Life Science Foundation, Public Interest Incorporated Foundation (SD Life Science Foundation)
- 20-02, 21-04 medical mycology research center, chiba university
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Miyahara
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Aya Umeki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ko Sato
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nomura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyasaka
- Center for Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daiki Tanno
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikumi Matsumoto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tong Zong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kagesawa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akiho Oniyama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kotone Kawamura
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Xiaoliang Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rin Yokoyama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Emi Kanno
- Department of Translational Science for Nursing, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanno
- Department of Translational Science for Nursing, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kawakami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Mycology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Li Y, Gu Y, Yang P, Wang Y, Yu X, Li Y, Jin Z, Xu L. CD69 is a Promising Immunotherapy and Prognosis Prediction Target in Cancer. Immunotargets Ther 2024; 13:1-14. [PMID: 38223406 PMCID: PMC10787557 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s439969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy utilizing T cells that attack tumors is a promising strategy for treatment, but immune suppressive T cell subsets, such as regulatory T cell (Treg), and immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), can suppress the intensity of a T cell immune reaction and thereby impair tumor clearance. Cluster of differentiation 69 (CD69), known as an early leukocyte activation marker, can be used as a measure or early marker of T cell activation. In recent years, the functions of CD69 in the regulation of Treg/Th17 (T helper cell 17) differentiation and in the tissue retention of T cells have attracted considerable interest. These functions are related to the role of CD69 in immune suppression in tumor environments (TME). In this review, we first summarized current perspectives in the biological function of CD69 and demonstrated that CD69 acts as a regulator of T cell activation, differentiation, retention, and exhaustion. Then, we discussed recent advances in understanding of CD69 deficiency and anti-CD69 antibody administration and shed light on the value of targeting on CD69 for cancer immunotherapy and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Gu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengyue Yang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xibao Yu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyi Jin
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Dong F, Ping P, Wang SQ, Ma Y, Chen XF. Identification and validation of CCL2 as a potential biomarker relevant to mast cell infiltration in the testicular immune microenvironment of spermatogenic dysfunction. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:94. [PMID: 37221631 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenic dysfunction is an important cause of azoospermia. Numerous studies have focused on germ-cell-related genes that lead to spermatogenic impairment. However, based on the immune-privileged characteristics of the testis, the relationship of immune genes, immune cells or immune microenvironment with spermatogenic dysfunction has rarely been reported. RESULTS Using integrated methods including single-cell RNA-seq, microarray data, clinical data analyses and histological/pathological staining, we found that testicular mast cell infiltration levels were significantly negatively related to spermatogenic function. We next identified a functional testicular immune biomarker, CCL2, and externally validated that testicular CCL2 was significantly upregulated in spermatogenic dysfunctional testes and was negatively correlated with Johnsen scores (JS) and testicular volumes. We also demonstrated that CCL2 levels showed a significant positive correlation with testicular mast cell infiltration levels. Moreover, we showed myoid cells and Leydig cells were two of the important sources of testicular CCL2 in spermatogenic dysfunction. Mechanistically, we drew a potential "myoid/Leydig cells-CCL2-ACKR1-endothelial cells-SELE-CD44-mast cells" network of somatic cell-cell communications in the testicular microenvironment, which might play roles in spermatogenic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed CCL2-relevant changes in the testicular immune microenvironment in spermatogenic dysfunction, providing new evidence for the role of immunological factors in azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Dong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ping
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Qi Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiang-Feng Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai, 200135, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai, China.
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Marazziti D, Palermo S, Arone A, Massa L, Parra E, Simoncini M, Martucci L, Beatino MF, Pozza A. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:275-300. [PMID: 36949315 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, much focus has been given to the possible role of inflammatory and immunologic alterations in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and some related conditions, such as pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Although the matter is intriguing, the available data are still controversial and/or limited. Therefore, the aim of this chapter was at reviewing and commenting on the literature on possible dysfunctions of inflammatory and immune system processes in OCD, PANDAS, and TS.This narrative review was carried out through searching PubMed and Google Scholar for English language papers from January 1985 to December 31, 2021.The data gathered up to now would suggest that the mechanisms involved might be heterogeneous according to the age of the patients and the disorder examined. Indeed, PANDAS seem more related to infections triggering autoimmunity not necessarily following group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection, as supposed in the past. Autoimmunity seems also important in TS, if coupled with an individual vulnerability that can be genetic and/or environmental. The data in adult OCD, albeit scattered and sometimes obtained in small samples of patients, would indicate that immune system and inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of the disorder. However, it is still unclear to conclude whether they are primary or secondary phenomena.In conclusion, taken together, the current findings pave that way towards novel and promising domains to explore the pathophysiology of OCD and related disorders, as well towards the development of innovative therapeutic strategy beyond current pharmacological paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences - UniCamillus, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Palermo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Massa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Parra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marly Simoncini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Martucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Beatino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Pozza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Indino S, Borzi C, Moscheni C, Sartori P, De Cecco L, Bernardo G, Le Noci V, Arnaboldi F, Triulzi T, Sozzi G, Tagliabue E, Sfondrini L, Gagliano N, Moro M, Sommariva M. The Educational Program of Macrophages toward a Hyperprogressive Disease-Related Phenotype Is Orchestrated by Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415802. [PMID: 36555441 PMCID: PMC9779478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperprogressive disease (HPD), an aggressive acceleration of tumor growth, was observed in a group of cancer patients treated with anti-PD1/PDL1 antibodies. The presence of a peculiar macrophage subset in the tumor microenvironment is reported to be a sort of "immunological prerequisite" for HPD development. These macrophages possess a unique phenotype that it is not clear how they acquire. We hypothesized that certain malignant cells may promote the induction of an "HPD-related" phenotype in macrophages. Bone-marrow-derived macrophages were exposed to the conditioned medium of five non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Macrophage phenotype was analyzed by microarray gene expression profile and real-time PCR. We found that human NSCLC cell lines, reported as undergoing HPD-like tumor growth in immunodeficient mice, polarized macrophages towards a peculiar pro-inflammatory phenotype sharing both M1 and M2 features. Lipid-based factors contained in cancer cell-conditioned medium induced the over-expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of innate immune receptor signaling pathways. We also determined that tumor-derived Extracellular Vesicles represent the main components involved in the observed macrophage re-education program. The present study might represent the starting point for the future development of diagnostic tools to identify potential hyperprogressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Indino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Borzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. B. Grassi, 74, L.I.T.A. Vialba, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sartori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarla Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentino Le Noci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Arnaboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Triulzi
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sozzi
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Sfondrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Moro
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250315401
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Nah J, Seong RH. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates the cytolytic effector function of exhausted CD8 T cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9346. [PMID: 36427304 PMCID: PMC9699681 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic inflammatory responses against viral infections and cancer are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. In particular, CD8 T cells with cytolytic effector function have been recently identified among the exhausted CD8 T cell subsets. However, the regulation of their differentiation and function remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a critical regulator of the exhaustion process, promoting the cytolytic effector function of exhausted CD8 T cells. KLF4-expressing CD8 T cells in exhaustion contexts showed the features of transitory effector CD8 T cells. Enforced KLF4 expression increased CD8 T cell differentiation into transitory effector subsets and enhanced their antitumor immunity. We further demonstrated that KLF4 also showed a capacity of reinvigorating exhausted CD8 T cells. Last, high KLF4 expression was positively correlated with a favorable prognosis in human patients with cancer. Our study highlights the potential impacts of KLF4 on CD8 T cell exhaustion and antitumor immune therapy.
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Delic M, Boeswald V, Goepfert K, Pabst P, Moehler M. In vitro Characterization of Enhanced Human Immune Responses by GM-CSF Encoding HSV-1-Induced Melanoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1291-1307. [PMID: 36310770 PMCID: PMC9606445 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s350136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the innate and adaptive immune response against melanoma cells after JS-1 (wild-type herpes simplex virus 1, wt HSV-1) or Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) infection and evaluated the antitumoral efficacy in human melanoma cells. We analyzed the putative synergistic biological and immunological effects of JS-1 or T-VEC combined with cytostatic drugs in human tumor and immune cells. T-VEC is a genetically modified strain of HSV-1. Genetic modifications (insertion of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene) were made to attenuate the virus and increase selectivity for cancer cells. In addition to the direct oncolytic effect, we investigated the immune stimulatory effects of T-VEC by comparing it with JS-1. JS-1 is identical T-VEC except for the inserted GM-CSF gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the effects of T-VEC and JS-1 with cytostatic drugs in human tumor-immune cell coculture experiments. After coculture, the surface markers CD80, CD83 and CD86 were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and GM-CSF, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Furthermore, we analyzed the potential of the viruses to induce T cell activation, measured on the basis of CD4, CD8 and CD69. Analysis of these markers and cytokines allows for conclusions to be drawn concerning the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the immunostimulatory effects of the treatment. RESULTS We documented increased activation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes after infection by both HSV-1 strains and treatment with cytostatic drugs without significant differences between T-VEC and JS-1. CONCLUSION We demonstrated an immune response as a result of infection with both viruses, but T-VEC was in vitro not stronger than JS-1. The immunostimulatory effects of the viruses could be partially increased by chemotherapy, providing a rationale for future preclinical studies designed to explore T-VEC in combined regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Delic
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany,Correspondence: Maike Delic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany, Tel +49 6131 179803, Fax +49 6131 179657, Email
| | - Veronika Boeswald
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katrin Goepfert
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Pabst
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Mainz, Germany
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10
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Koyaman-Nasu R, Wang Y, Hasegawa I, Endo Y, Nakayama T, Kimura MY. The cellular and molecular basis of CD69 function in anti-tumor immunity. Int Immunol 2022; 34:555-561. [PMID: 35689672 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes our immune system to attack cancer cells and is an extremely promising strategy for cancer treatment. Although immune-checkpoint blockade, such as anti-PD-1 antibody (Ab), has demonstrated significant enhancement of anti-tumor immunity and has induced notable clinical outcomes, its response rates remain low, and adverse effects are always a matter of concern; therefore, new targets for cancer immunotherapy are always desired. In this situation, new concepts are needed to fuel the investigation of new target molecules for cancer immunotherapy. We propose that CD69 is one such target molecule. CD69 is known to be an activation marker of leukocytes and is also considered a crucial regulator of various immune responses through its interacting proteins. CD69 promotes T cell retention in lymphoid tissues via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) internalization and also plays roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders through interacting with its functional ligands Myl9/12 (myosin light chains 9, 12a and 12b). In anti-tumor immunity, CD69 is known to be expressed on T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). We revealed that CD69 negatively regulates the effector function of intratumoral T cells and importantly controls the 'exhaustion' of CD8 T cells. In addition, we and others showed that either CD69 deficiency or the administration of anti-CD69 monoclonal antibody enhances anti-tumor immunity. Thus, CD69 is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Koyaman-Nasu
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yangsong Wang
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ichita Hasegawa
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Endo
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Experimental Immunology, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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11
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Du Z, Huang Z, Chen X, Jiang G, Peng Y, Feng W, Huang N. Modified dendritic cell-derived exosomes activate both NK cells and T cells through the NKG2D/NKG2D-L pathway to kill CML cells with or without T315I mutation. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:36. [PMID: 35672796 PMCID: PMC9172178 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have achieved quite spectacular advances in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but disease progression and drug resistance that related to the T315I mutation, remain major obstacles. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) induce NK cell immunity, but have yet to achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy. An approach to potentiate antitumor immunity by inducing both NK- and T-cell activation is urgently needed. Retinoic acid early inducible-1γ (RAE-1γ), a major ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), plays an important role in NK-cell and T-lymphocyte responses. We generated RAE-1γ enriched CML-specific Dex (CML-RAE-1γ-Dex) from dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysates of RAE-1γ-expressing CML cells or T315I-mutant CML cells, aiming to simultaneously activate NK cells and T lymphocytes. METHODS We generated novel CML-RAE-1γ-Dex vaccines, which expressed RAE-1γ, and were loaded with CML tumor cell lysates. NK cells or T lymphocytes were coincubated with CML-RAE-1γ-Dex vaccines. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the activation and proliferation of these immune cells. Cytokine production and cytotoxicity toward CML cells with or without the T315I mutation were detected by ELISPOT, ELISA and LDH assays. CML models induced by BCR-ABL or BCR-ABLT315I were used to determine the immunological function of Dex in vivo. RESULTS Herein, CML-RAE-1γ-Dex were prepared. CML-RAE-1γ-Dex effectively enhanced the proliferation and effector functions of NK cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, which in turn produced strong anti-CML efficacy in vitro. Moreover, CML-RAE-1γ-Dex-based immunotherapy inhibited leukemogenesis and generated durable immunological memory in CML mouse models. Similar immune responses were also observed with imatinib-resistant CML cells carrying the T315I mutation. CONCLUSIONS This approach based on CML-RAE-1γ-Dex vaccines may be a promising strategy for CML treatment, especially for cases with the T315I mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanyun Du
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhenglan Huang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoyun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuhang Peng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated By Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ningshu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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12
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Jia A, Yang X, Zou B, Li J, Wang Y, Ma R, Li J, Yao Y. Saikosaponins: A Review of Structures and Pharmacological Activities. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221094908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix Bupleuri is a traditional medicine widely used in China and other Asian countries. Phytochemistry and pharmacology study reveal that saikosaponins(SSs) are the main bioactive compounds in Radix Bupleuri. SSs are complex compounds composed of triterpene aglycone and carbohydrate part containing 1-13 monosaccharides, which can be divided into seven types based on their structural characteristics. Many different kinds of SSs have been isolated from plants of Bupleurum L. SSs show a variety of biological activities, such as central nervous system protection, liver protection, antivirus, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, hormone-like effects, and immune regulation functions. Due to their broad activity and favorable safety profile, SSs attract an increasing amount of attention in recent years. In this review, the structures of 86 SSs are summarized based on the different aglycones due to the diverse structures of saikosaponin(SS). The pharmacological effects and related mechanism of SSs are thoroughly reviewed, and perspectives for future research are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Jia
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xinhe Yang
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yefeng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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13
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Gu K, Wang T, Peng L, Zhao Y. FIP-fve Stimulates Cell Proliferation and Enhances IL-2 Release by Activating MAP2K3/p38α (MAPK14) Signaling Pathway in Jurkat E6-1 Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:881924. [PMID: 35614983 PMCID: PMC9125247 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.881924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FIP-fve, a fungal fruiting body protein from Flammulina velutipes, has potential immunomodulatory properties. Here, we investigated the immunomodulation mechanism of FIP-fve in Jurkat E6-1 cells by conducting a cell viability assay and IL-2 release assay. Kinase inhibitors experiment and proteomics analysis were also involved in the mechanism study. It was found that FIP-fve stimulated cell proliferation and enhanced IL-2 secretion in a dose-dependent manner in Jurkat E6-1 cells. Unbiased high-throughput proteomics analysis showed that 4 T cell immune activation markers, including ZAP-70, CD69, CD82, and KIF23, were upregulated in response to FIP-fve treatment. Further pathway analysis indicated that MAP2K3/p38 pathway-related proteins, including MAP2K, p38, ELK, AATF, FOS, and JUN-B, were unregulated. In addition, losmapimod (p38 inhibitor) and gossypetin (MAP2K3 inhibitor) inhibited FIP-fve enhanced cell proliferation and IL-2 release in Jurkat E6-1 cells. Our results demonstrate that FIP-fve stimulates cell proliferation and enhances IL-2 secretion through MAP2K3/p38α activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Gu
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Peng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueliang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yueliang Zhao, ;
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14
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Huber SC, de Lima Montalvão SA, Sachetto Z, Santos Duarte Lana JF, Annichino-Bizzacchi JM. Characterization of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) and its biological effects in patients with Behçet's Disease. Regen Ther 2021; 18:339-346. [PMID: 34584910 PMCID: PMC8441104 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Behçet's disease (BD) is an immune-mediated chronic systemic vasculitis, characterized by clinical manifestations that include: mucocutaneous ulcers, ocular involvement, immunological alterations, vascular and neurological implications. The available treatments present limitations such as high cost and side effects, and the search for a low-cost biological treatment with immunomodulatory potential becomes of great value. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) has some characteristics that indicate a possible use as an immunomodulator due to the wide range of secreted cytokines, especially through the participation of TGF-β1 in the differentiation of T regulatory cells (Treg). This study aimed to characterize the PRP poor in leukocytes (P-PRP) of patients with BD and active ulcers and to evaluate its effects as an immunomodulator through a subcutaneous application. METHODS We selected patients with a diagnosis of BD, with a low dose of prednisone and with no central nervous system or ocular involvement. Platelet and leukocyte count and quantification of 17 cytokines were evaluated in P-PRP. The effects of P-PRP were evaluated by cell frequency of TCD4 +, TCD8 +, Treg, natural killer (NK), and activated NK, as well as by the cytokine profile in patient's plasma, and the clinical manifestations through score and questionnaire. Also, it was evaluated the number and timing of oral ulcer closure. PRP was used as an adjuvant, with 9 applications of 3 mL, over 6 months, with a follow-up of one year. RESULTS The results using PRP showed adequate values and no significant inter-and intra-individual variations. The systemic evaluations during the use of PRP showed significant alterations, characterized by the increase in Treg cell frequency (p = 0.0416) and a decrease in activated NK cells (p = 0.0010). However, no clinical correlation was observed through score analysis. The most relevant clinical data was the decrease in the closing time of ulcers throughout the application period. CONCLUSION In a pilot study with BD patients, P-PRP promoted an anti-inflammatory profile characterized by increased Treg cells and decreased activated NK cells and alterations in cytokines. A clinical improvement was observed with a decrease in the number and time of closure of oral ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Cares Huber
- Department of Medical Physiopathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Zoraida Sachetto
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil
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15
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Bonnevaux H, Guerif S, Albrecht J, Jouannot E, De Gallier T, Beil C, Lange C, Leuschner WD, Schneider M, Lemoine C, Caron A, Amara C, Barrière C, Siavellis J, Bardet V, Luna E, Agrawal P, Drake DR, Rao E, Wonerow P, Carrez C, Blanc V, Hsu K, Wiederschain D, Fraenkel PG, Virone-Oddos A. Pre-clinical development of a novel CD3-CD123 bispecific T-cell engager using cross-over dual-variable domain (CODV) format for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1945803. [PMID: 34484869 PMCID: PMC8409758 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1945803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are needed for effective treatment of AML. In the relapsed setting, prognosis is very poor despite salvage treatment with chemotherapy. Evidence suggests that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) cause relapse. The cell surface receptor CD123 is highly expressed in blast cells and LSCs from AML patients and is a potential therapeutic target. CD123 cross-over dual-variable domain T-cell engager (CD123-CODV-TCE) is a bispecific antibody with an innovative format. One arm targets the CD3εδ subunit of T-cell co-receptors on the surface of T cells, while the other targets CD123 on malignant cells, leading to cell-specific cytotoxic activity. Here, we describe the preclinical activity of CD123-CODV-TCE. CD123-CODV-TCE effectively binds to human and cynomolgus monkey CD3 and CD123 and is a highly potent T-cell engager. It mediates T-cell activation and T-cell-directed killing of AML cells in vitro. In vivo, CD123-CODV-TCE suppresses AML tumor growth in leukemia xenograft mouse models, where it achieves an effective half-life of 3.2 days, which is a significantly longer half-life compared to other bispecific antibodies with no associated Fc fragment. The in vitro safety profile is as expected for compounds with similar modes of action. These results suggest that CD123-CODV-TCE may be a promising therapy for patients with relapsed/refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bonnevaux
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephane Guerif
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jana Albrecht
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erwan Jouannot
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thibaud De Gallier
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Beil
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Lange
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wulf Dirk Leuschner
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marion Schneider
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cendrine Lemoine
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anne Caron
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Céline Amara
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cédric Barrière
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justine Siavellis
- Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Ile De France Ouest, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bardet
- Hopitaux Universitaires Paris Ile De France Ouest, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Wonerow
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chantal Carrez
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Véronique Blanc
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl Hsu
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dmitri Wiederschain
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paula G Fraenkel
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angéla Virone-Oddos
- Sanofi R&D, Vitry-sur-Seine, France; Frankfurt, Germany; and Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Methot JL, Zhou H, McGowan MA, Anthony NJ, Christopher M, Garcia Y, Achab A, Lipford K, Trotter BW, Altman MD, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, Li C, Alves S, Chappell CP, Jain R, Mangado R, Pinheiro E, Williams SMG, Goldenblatt P, Hill A, Shaffer L, Chen D, Tong V, McLeod RL, Lee HH, Yu H, Shah S, Katz JD. Projected Dose Optimization of Amino- and Hydroxypyrrolidine Purine PI3Kδ Immunomodulators. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5137-5156. [PMID: 33797901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The approvals of idelalisib and duvelisib have validated PI3Kδ inhibitors for the treatment for hematological malignancies driven by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our program led to the identification of structurally distinct heterocycloalkyl purine inhibitors with excellent isoform and kinome selectivity; however, they had high projected human doses. Improved ligand contacts gave potency enhancements, while replacement of metabolic liabilities led to extended half-lives in preclinical species, affording PI3Kδ inhibitors with low once-daily predicted human doses. Treatment of C57BL/6-Foxp3-GDL reporter mice with 30 and 100 mg/kg/day of 3c (MSD-496486311) led to a 70% reduction in Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells as observed through bioluminescence imaging with luciferin, consistent with the role of PI3K/AKT signaling in Treg cell proliferation. As a model for allergic rhinitis and asthma, treatment of ovalbumin-challenged Brown Norway rats with 0.3 to 30 mg/kg/day of 3c gave a dose-dependent reduction in pulmonary bronchoalveolar lavage inflammation eosinophil cell count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey L Methot
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Meredeth A McGowan
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Neville John Anthony
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Matthew Christopher
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Yudith Garcia
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Abdelghani Achab
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Kathryn Lipford
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Benjamin Wesley Trotter
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Michael D Altman
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Chaomin Li
- Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Stephen Alves
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Craig P Chappell
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Renu Jain
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Ruban Mangado
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Elaine Pinheiro
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Sybill M G Williams
- Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Peter Goldenblatt
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Armetta Hill
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Lynsey Shaffer
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Vincent Tong
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Robbie L McLeod
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Sanjiv Shah
- In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
| | - Jason D Katz
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 United States
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17
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Kasimsetty S, Hawkes A, DeWolf SE, Welch A, McKay DB. Blockade of T cell activation induced by the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 is bypassed by TLR2 signals. Transpl Immunol 2021; 65:101348. [PMID: 33706865 PMCID: PMC10425202 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger adaptive inflammatory responses and as such are attractive targets for therapeutic manipulation of inflammation. In order to develop effective therapies however we need to understand the complexities of PRR signaling and clarify how individual PRRs contribute to an inflammatory response in a given cell type. Data from our lab and others have shown that cross-talk occurs between different PRR family members that directs T cell responses to a particular stimuli. It is well-established that the cell surface toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) provides a potent costimulatory signal for TCR-stimulated T cell activation. We have shown that signaling through the intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (Nod1 and Nod2) also provides important signals for T cell activation, and that when both Nod1 and Nod 2 are deleted stimulated T cells undergo activation-induced cell death. This study found that TLR2 costimulation could bypass the defect induced by the simultaneous absence of Nods1 and 2 in both antibody- and antigen-stimulated T cells. Since blocking one set of PRR-mediated responses can be overcome by signaling through another PRR family member, then effective therapeutic immune blockade strategies will likely require a multi-pronged approach in order to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Kasimsetty
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alana Hawkes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Sean E DeWolf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Alexander Welch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America.
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18
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Kovács KG, Mácsik-Valent B, Matkó J, Bajtay Z, Erdei A. Revisiting the Coreceptor Function of Complement Receptor Type 2 (CR2, CD21); Coengagement With the B-Cell Receptor Inhibits the Activation, Proliferation, and Antibody Production of Human B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620427. [PMID: 33868238 PMCID: PMC8047317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive coreceptor function of complement receptor type 2 [CR2 (CD21)] on B cells is generally accepted, although its role in the enhancement of antibody production had only been proven in mice. The importance of this phenomenon prompted reinvestigation of the functional consequences of coclustering CD21 and the B cell receptor (BCR) on primary human cells. We found that, at non-stimulatory concentrations of anti-IgG/A/M, coclustering the BCR and CR2 enhanced the Ca2+ response, while activation marker expression, cytokine production, proliferation, and antibody production were all inhibited upon the coengagement of CR2 and BCR on human B cells. Thus, the “textbook dogma” claiming that C3d acts as an adjuvant to enhance humoral immunity is relevant only to mice and not to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf G Kovács
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Krechetova LV, Vanko LV, Vtorushina VV, Nikolaeva MA, Inviyaeva EV, Tetruashvili NK. [Significance of evaluation of CD69 expression by peripheral blood lymphocytes for predicting pregnancy outcome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 66:477-484. [PMID: 33372906 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206606477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize phenotypically peripheral blood T- and NK lymphocytes expressing an early marker of activation, CD69, and assess the significance of CD69 expression for predicting pregnancy outcome in women with idiopathic reccurent pregnancy loss (IRP) before and after immunocytotherapy (ICT). The study group consisted of 36 patients with IRP who became pregnant after pre-gestational allimmunization, in 30 patients the pregnancy was prolonged to the full term and ended with the birth of a viable baby, in 6 - it was terminated before 12 weeks of gestation. In the control group, 15 fertile women outside pregnancy and 11 women at 12 weeks of physiological pregnancy were examined. Assessment of the CD69 expression in women with prolonged pregnancy revealed the absence of significant differences with the control group in the content and proportion of activated lymphocytes (CD69+). In women with aborted pregnancy after pre-gestational ICT, an increase in the number of almost all analyzed lymphocyte subpopulations responding to the activation stimulus, with a clear tendency to increase the proportion of activated T- but not NK-lymphocytes was found. At 5-6 weeks, the proportion of activated lymphocytes among a subpopulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+/CD3+CD8+CD69+) in these women was significantly higher than in women with prolonged pregnancy, which confirms the leading role of effector cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in rejection reactions. Thus, the studies showed the promise of evaluating the expression of the early activation marker CD69 as an additional laboratory criterion for the personable appointment of immunocytotherapy to women with a common reccurent pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Krechetova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Vanko
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Vtorushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Nikolaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Inviyaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N K Tetruashvili
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Krechetova LV, Vanko LV, Vtorushina VV, Nikolaeva MA, Inviyaeva EV, Tetruashvili NK. Lymphocyte Activation in the Development of Immune Tolerance in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:583-593. [PMID: 32571188 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Association between lymphocyte activation and formation of immune tolerance, as well as pregnancy outcome, in the case of immunocytotherapy (ICT) was studied in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (IRPL). The content and phenotypic characteristics of activated T lymphocytes and NK cells were investigated in the peripheral blood of IRPL patients with different pregnancy outcomes (pregnancy prolongation to the full term and habitual miscarriage). The fraction of activated cells in the subpopulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+/CD3+CD8+CD69+) before ICT was significantly lower in women who lost the pregnancy. After ICT, the fraction of these cells during weeks 5-6 of pregnancy in woman with miscarriage was higher than in women with pregnancy prolonged to the full-term. Excessive content of activated cytotoxic lymphocytes can be a mechanism underlying impaired maternal immunotolerance to fetal alloantigens, which is a leading factor of early pregnancy loss. The obtained data confirm the involvement of activated Th17 cells and FOXP3+ Treg cells in the formation of tolerance to paternal antigens of the fetus. Comparison of the decrease in the fraction of CD4+CD25highRORγt+ lymphocytes at the early gestation period (5-6 weeks) and significant upregulation of the IL-17 production by in vitro stimulated whole blood cells in women with miscarriage with the same parameters in women with prolonged pregnancy suggested an imbalance between pro-inflammatory Th17 cells and Treg cells. No such imbalance in the content effector T lymphocytes was observed in women with the full-term pregnancy. Taken together, our data indicate an important role of gestational activation of lymphocytes in the formation of maternal immune response to fetal alloantigens necessary for the prolongation of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Krechetova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - L V Vanko
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - V V Vtorushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M A Nikolaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - E V Inviyaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - N K Tetruashvili
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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21
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Hsu CJ, Wong LC, Lee WT. Immunological Dysfunction in Tourette Syndrome and Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020853. [PMID: 33467014 PMCID: PMC7839977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tic disorder and Tourette syndrome are common childhood-onset neurological diseases. However, the pathophysiology underlying these disorders is unclear, and most studies have focused on the disinhibition of the corticostriatal–thalamocortical circuit. An autoimmune dysfunction has been proposed in the pathogenetic mechanism of Tourette syndrome and related neuropsychiatric disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is based on evidence from animal model studies and clinical findings. Herein, we review and give an update on the clinical characteristics, clinical evidence, and genetic studies in vitro as well as animal studies regarding immune dysfunction in Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Lee-Chin Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71545); Fax: +886-2-2314-7450
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22
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Methot JL, Achab A, Christopher M, Zhou H, McGowan MA, Trotter BW, Fradera X, Lesburg CA, Goldenblatt P, Hill A, Chen D, Otte KM, Augustin M, Shah S, Katz JD. Optimization of Versatile Oxindoles as Selective PI3Kδ Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2461-2469. [PMID: 33335668 PMCID: PMC7734802 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3,3-disubstituted oxindole moiety is a versatile and rigid three-dimensionally shaped scaffold. When engineered with a purine hinge-binding core, exceptionally selective PI3Kδ kinase inhibitors were discovered by exploiting small differences in isoform selectivity pockets. Crystal structures of early lead 2f bound to PI3Kδ and PI3Kα helped rationalize the high selectivity observed with 2f. By attenuating the lypophilicity and metabolic liabilities of an oxindole moiety, we improved the preclinical species PK and solubility and reduced adenosine uptake activity. The excellent potency and kinome selectivity of 7-azaoxindole 4d and spirooxindole 5d, together with a low plasma clearance and good half-life in rat and dog, supported a low once-daily predicted human dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey L. Methot
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Abdelghani Achab
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew Christopher
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Meredeth A. McGowan
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - B. Wesley Trotter
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles A. Lesburg
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter Goldenblatt
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Armetta Hill
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karin M. Otte
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Sanjiv Shah
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jason D. Katz
- Discovery Chemistry, Computational and Structural Chemistry, In Vitro Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck
& Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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23
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Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Delic D, Gerovska D, Wunderlich F. Protective Vaccination Reshapes Hepatic Response to Blood-Stage Malaria of Genes Preferentially Expressed by NK Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040677. [PMID: 33202767 PMCID: PMC7712122 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in the liver as first-line post infectionem (p.i.) effectors against blood-stage malaria and their responsiveness to protective vaccination is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effect of vaccination on NK cell-associated genes induced in the liver by blood-stage malaria of Plasmodium chabaudi. Female Balb/c mice were vaccinated at weeks 3 and 1 before being infected with 106P. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes. Genes preferentially expressed by NK cells were investigated in livers of vaccination-protected and non-protected mice on days 0, 1, 4, 8, and 11 p.i. using microarrays, qRT-PCR, and chromosome landscape analysis. Blood-stage malaria induces expression of specific genes in the liver at different phases of infection, i.e., Itga1 in expanding liver-resident NK (lrNK) cells, Itga2 in immigrating conventional NK (cNK) cells; Eomes and Tbx21 encoding transcription factors; Ncr1, Tnfsf10, Prf1, Gzma, Gzmb, Gzmc, Gzmm, and Gzmk encoding cytolytic effectors; natural killer gene complex (NKC)-localized genes encoding the NK cell receptors KLRG1, KLRK1, KLRAs1, 2, 5, 7, KLRD1, KLRC1, KLRC3, as well as the three receptors KLRB1A, KLRB1C, KLRB1F and their potential ligands CLEC2D and CLEC2I. Vaccination enhances this malaria-induced expression of genes, but impairs Gzmm expression, accelerates decline of Tnfsf10 and Clec2d expression, whereas it accelerates increased expression of Clec2i, taking a very similar time course as that of genes encoding plasma membrane proteins of erythroblasts, whose malaria-induced extramedullary generation in the liver is known to be accelerated by vaccination. Collectively, vaccination reshapes the response of the liver NK cell compartment to blood-stage malaria. Particularly, the malaria-induced expansion of lrNK cells peaking on day 4 p.i. is highly significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced by enhanced immigration of peripheral cNK cells, and KLRB1F:CLEC2I interactions between NK cells and erythroid cells facilitate extramedullary erythroblastosis in the liver, thus critically contributing to vaccination-induced survival of otherwise lethal blood-stage malaria of P. chabaudi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- TransBioNet Thematic Network of Excellence for Transitional Bioinformatics, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Denis Delic
- Boeringer Ingelheim Pharma, 88400 Biberach, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.J.A.-B.); (D.D.); Tel.: +34-943006108 (M.J.A.-B.); +49-735154143839 (D.D.)
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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24
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Welch JL, Kaufman TM, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Semen exosomes inhibit HIV infection and HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokine production independent of the activation state of primary lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:695-709. [PMID: 31665815 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV infection. However, the effect of SE on cell activation and inflammation remains unknown. We characterized the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-uninfected and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-infected (HIV+) subjects to SE. Quiescent PBMCs or T-cell receptor (TCR)-activated PBMCs from HIV- and HIV+ donors were stimulated with SE in the presence/absence of ex vivo HIV infection. In HIV-infected PBMCs, SE did not reactivate HIV, did not induce lymphoblast development, nor increase CD69+/CD25+ numbers. Furthermore, SE inhibited de novo HIV infection without altering cell activation. SE also asynchronously downregulated HIV-inducible IL1β, IL8, and TNFα and upregulated CXCL10. These data suggest that SE inhibits HIV infection and production of HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokines while preserving lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kaufman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, NY, USA
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25
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Feng S, Xiong C, Wang S, Guo Z, Gu G. Semisynthetic Glycoconjugate Vaccines To Elicit T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 3. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1423-1432. [PMID: 31126171 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 (ST3) is one of the main pneumococcal strains that can cause severe invasive diseases, but its current vaccines are relatively inefficient. To develop more effective ST3 vaccines, tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugates of the synthetic penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octasaccharide analogs of ST3 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were systematically studied. These conjugates, especially those of penta- and hexasaccharides, were demonstrated to induce extremely robust T cell-dependent immune responses in mouse. Various studies also revealed that the induced antibodies could recognize ST3 CPS and mediate in vitro opsonophagocytic killing of ST3 cells. It was proved ultimately that immunization with the hexasaccharide-TT conjugate could completely protect mice from ST3-caused infection and lung damage and significantly elongate mouse survival. It was proposed that this conjugate functions through the help of CD4+ T cells and via promoting Th cell differentiation into carbohydrate antigen-specific Th2 cells to establish humoral immunity. In conclusion, ST3 CPS hexasaccharide-TT was identified as a particularly promising ST3 vaccine candidate worthy of further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Feng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Chenghe Xiong
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Subo Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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26
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Moghbeli M. Genetics of recurrent pregnancy loss among Iranian population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e891. [PMID: 31364314 PMCID: PMC6732315 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most common reproductive disorders which is defined as the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage before 24 weeks of gestation and is observed among 1%–5% of women. Methods Various factors are associated with RPL such as immunological disorders, maternal age, obesity, alcohol, chromosomal abnormality, endocrine disorders, and uterine abnormalities. About half of the RPL cases are related with chromosomal abnormalities. Therefore, RPL genetic tests are mainly limited to karyotyping. However, there is a significant proportion of RPL cases without any chromosomal abnormalities that can be related to the single‐gene aberrations. Therefore, it is required to prepare a diagnostic panel of genetic markers besides karyotyping. Results In the present review, we have summarized all the significant reported genes until now which are associated with RPL among Iranian women. We categorized all the reported genes based on their cellular and molecular functions in order to determine the molecular bases of RPL in this population. Conclusion This review paves the way of introducing a population‐based diagnostic panel of genetic markers for the first time among Iranian RPL cases. Moreover, this review clarifies the genetic and molecular bases of RPL in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Methot JL, Zhou H, Kattar SD, McGowan MA, Wilson K, Garcia Y, Deng Y, Altman M, Fradera X, Lesburg C, Fischmann T, Li C, Alves S, Shah S, Fernandez R, Goldenblatt P, Hill A, Shaffer L, Chen D, Tong V, McLeod RL, Yu H, Bass A, Kemper R, Gatto NT, LaFranco-Scheuch L, Trotter BW, Guzi T, Katz JD. Structure Overhaul Affords a Potent Purine PI3Kδ Inhibitor with Improved Tolerability. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4370-4382. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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28
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Taenia solium glutathione transferase fraction activates macrophages and favors the development of Th1-type response. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181132. [PMID: 30538171 PMCID: PMC6340957 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) transferase (GST) is an essential enzyme in cestodes for the detoxification of xenobiotics. In Taenia solium, two GSTs (Ts25GST and Ts26GST kDa) were isolated as a fraction (SGSTF) by GSH-Sepharose-4B. Both are located on the tegument. Immunization assays with SGSTF reduced up to 90% of the parasitic load in a murine model of cysticercosis. It prompted us to investigate how SGSTF induces this protective immune response. To test it, we exposed peritoneal macrophages to SGSTF for 24 h; such exposure favored the production of IL-12, TNF, and IL-10 as well as the expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 inducible (Nos2) and CD86, but did not induce the expression of chitinase-like 3 (Chil3). Confocal microscopy showed that the macrophages internalize the SGSTF which co-localized after 1 h with MHC-II in their plasma membranes. Macrophages exposed to SGSTF and co-cultured with anti-CD3 pre-activated T CD4+ cells, enhanced the proliferation of CD4+ cells, induced high interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion, and elevated the expression of CD25 and CD69, molecules associated with cell activation. Similar assay using T CD4+ cells from DO11.10 mice and ovalbumin (OVA) peptide+SGSTF as stimuli, showed enhanced cell proliferation and OVA-specific IFN-γ secretion. These data are in-line with those indicating that the P1, P5, and P6 peptides of Schistosoma japonicum 28GST highly promote T-cell proliferation and Th1 response in vitro. We found that such peptides are also present on Ts25GST and Ts26GST. It suggests that SGSTF activates peritoneal macrophages to a classically activated-like phenotype, and that these macrophages induce the differentiation of T CD4+ cells toward a Th1-type response.
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29
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Azargoon A, Mirrasouli Y, Shokrollahi Barough M, Barati M, Kokhaei P. The State of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxicity in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Unexplained Infertility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2019; 13:12-17. [PMID: 30644239 PMCID: PMC6334012 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2019.5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of peripheral natural killer (pNK) cells, as a screening test in women with recur-
rent pregnancy loss (RPL) and unexplained infertility, is still a matter for discussion. The purpose of this study was to
compare the percentage of circulating CD56+NK cells, CD69 and perforin markers between women with unexplained
infertility and RPL with the healthy control group. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, the percentage of CD56+NK cells and activation markers (CD69
and perforin levels) in the peripheral blood were measured in 25 women with unexplained infertility, 24 women with
idiopathic RPL and 26 women from the healthy control group, using specific monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. Results The percentage of CD56+NK cells was significantly higher in patients with infertility in comparison with
the healthy control group (P=0.007). There were not significant differences either in the total number of CD56+cells
between the RPL group and the control group (P=0.2) or between the RPL group and the infertile group (P=0.36).
The percentage of CD69+lymphocytes in RPL group was significantly higher than in the infertility group (P=0.004).
There was a statistically significant difference in Perforin levels between RLP and control (P=0.001) as well as RPL
and infertile (P=0.002) groups. Conclusion An increased percentage of CD56+NK cells in patients with unexplained infertility, an elevated expression
of CD69 on NK cells in patients with RPL and infertility and a high level of perforin on CD56+cells in the RPL group
might be considered as immunological risk factors in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Azargoon
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Infertility, Amir-AL-Momenin Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Yasaman Mirrasouli
- Department of Infertility, Amir-AL-Momenin Hospital, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Shokrollahi Barough
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Immunotherapy and Regenerative Medicine Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Electronic Address: .,Immune and Gene therapy Lab, CCK, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Avila-Calderón ED, Otero-Olarra JE, Flores-Romo L, Peralta H, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Morales-García MR, Calderón-Amador J, Medina-Chávez O, Donis-Maturano L, Ruiz-Palma MDS, Contreras-Rodríguez A. The Outer Membrane Vesicles of Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC ® 7966 TM: A Proteomic Analysis and Effect on Host Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2765. [PMID: 30519218 PMCID: PMC6250952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) into the extracellular environment. OMVs have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, however, information related with the composition of Aeromonas hydrophila OMVs is missing. In this study we analyzed the composition of purified OMVs from A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM by proteomics. Also we studied the effect of OMVs on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Vesicles were grown in agar plates and then purified through ultracentrifugation steps. Purified vesicles showed an average diameter of 90-170 nm. Moreover, 211 unique proteins were found in OMVs from A. hydrophila; some of them are well-known as virulence factors such as: haemolysin Ahh1, RtxA toxin, extracellular lipase, HcpA protein, among others. OMVs from A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM induced lymphocyte activation and apoptosis in monocytes, as well as over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This work contributed to the knowledge of the composition of the vesicles of A. hydrophila ATCC® 7966TM and their interaction with the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Daniel Avila-Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Erick Otero-Olarra
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Peralta
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariotes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Juana Calderón-Amador
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Olin Medina-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - María del Socorro Ruiz-Palma
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- División Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, Tecámac, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ollig J, Kloubert V, Taylor KM, Rink L. B cell activation and proliferation increase intracellular zinc levels. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:72-79. [PMID: 30448545 PMCID: PMC6372723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc ions serve as second messengers in major cellular pathways, including the regulation pathways of proliferation and their proper regulation is necessary for homeostasis and a healthy organism. Accordingly, expression of zinc transporters can be altered in various cancer cell lines and is often involved in producing elevated intracellular zinc levels. In this study, human B cells were infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) to generate immortalized cells, which revealed traits of tumor cells, such as high proliferation rates and an extended lifespan. These cells showed differentially altered zinc transporter expression with ZIP7 RNA and protein expression being especially increased as well as a corresponding increased phosphorylation of ZIP7 in EBV-transformed B cells. Accordingly, free zinc levels were elevated within these cells. To prove whether the observed changes resulted from immortalization or rather high proliferation, free zinc levels in in vitro activated B cells and in freshly isolated B cells expressing the activation marker CD69 were determined. Here, comparatively increased zinc levels were found, suggesting that activation and proliferation, but not immortalization, act as crucial factors for the elevation of intracellular free zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ollig
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Kloubert
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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32
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Kimura MY, Hayashizaki K, Tokoyoda K, Takamura S, Motohashi S, Nakayama T. Crucial role for CD69 in allergic inflammatory responses: CD69-Myl9 system in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation. Immunol Rev 2018; 278:87-100. [PMID: 28658550 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD69 has been known as an early activation marker of lymphocytes; whereas, recent studies demonstrate that CD69 also has critical functions in immune responses. Early studies using human samples revealed the involvement of CD69 in various inflammatory diseases including asthma. Moreover, murine disease models using Cd69-/- mice and/or anti-CD69 antibody (Ab) treatment have revealed crucial roles for CD69 in inflammatory responses. However, it had not been clear how the CD69 molecule contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. We recently elucidated a novel mechanism, in which the interaction between CD69 and its ligands, myosin light chain 9, 12a and 12b (Myl9/12) play a critical role in the recruitment of activated T cells into the inflammatory lung. In this review, we first summarize CD69 function based on its structure and then introduce the evidence for the involvement of CD69 in human diseases and murine disease models. Then, we will describe how we discovered CD69 ligands, Myl9 and Myl12, and how the CD69-Myl9 system regulates airway inflammation. Finally, we will discuss possible therapeutic usages of the blocking Ab to the CD69-Myl9 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Y Kimura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Hayashizaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Tokoyoda
- Department of Osteoimmunology, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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33
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Muczynski KA, Leca N, Anderson AE, Kieran N, Anderson SK. Multicolor Flow Cytometry and Cytokine Analysis Provides Enhanced Information on Kidney Transplant Biopsies. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 3:956-969. [PMID: 29989006 PMCID: PMC6035131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current processing of renal biopsy samples provides limited information about immune mechanisms causing kidney injury and disease activity. We used flow cytometry with transplanted kidney biopsy samples to provide more information on the immune status of the kidney. Methods To enhance the information available from a biopsy, we developed a technique for reducing a fraction of a renal biopsy sample to single cells for multicolor flow cytometry and quantitation of secreted cytokines present within the biopsy sample. As proof of concept, we used our technique with transplant kidney biopsy samples to provide examples of clinically relevant immune information obtainable with cytometry. Results A ratio of CD8+ to CD4+ lymphocytes greater than or equal to 1.2 in transplanted allografts is associated with rejection, even before it is apparent by microscopy. Elevated numbers of CD45 leukocytes and higher levels of interleukin (IL)−6, IL-8, and IL-10 indicate more severe injury. Antibody binding to renal microvascular endothelial cells can be measured and corresponds to antibody-mediated forms of allograft rejection. Eculizumab binding to endothelial cells suggests complement activation, which may be independent of bound antibody. We compared intrarenal leukocyte subsets and activation states to those of peripheral blood from the same donor at the time of biopsy and found significant differences; thus the need for new techniques to evaluate immune responses within the kidney. Conclusion Assessment of leukocyte subsets, renal microvascular endothelial properties, and measurement of cytokines within a renal biopsy by flow cytometry enhance understanding of pathogenesis, indicate disease activity, and identify potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolae Leca
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arthur E Anderson
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Niamh Kieran
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan K Anderson
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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34
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Hines IN, Kremer M, Moore SM, Wheeler MD. Impaired T cell-mediated hepatitis in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-deficient mice. Biol Res 2018; 51:5. [PMID: 29448959 PMCID: PMC5815252 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a regulator of enzymes involved in β oxidation, has been reported to influence lymphocyte activation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PPARα plays a role in T cell-mediated hepatitis induced by Concanavalin A (ConA). METHODS Wild type (wt) or PPARα-deficient (PPARα-/-) mice were treated with ConA (15 mg/kg) by intravenous injection 0, 10 or 24 h prior to sacrifice and serum and tissue collection for analysis of tissue injury, cytokine response, T cell activation and characterization. RESULTS Ten and 24 h following ConA administration, wt mice had significant liver injury as demonstrated by serum transaminase levels, inflammatory cell infiltrate, hepatocyte apoptosis, and expression of several cytokines including interleukin 4 (IL4) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast, PPARα-/- mice were protected from ConA-induced liver injury with significant reductions in serum enzyme release, greatly reduced inflammatory cell infiltrate, hepatocellular apoptosis, and IFNγ expression, despite having similar levels of hepatic T cell activation and IL4 expression. This resistance to liver injury was correlated with reduced numbers of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells and their in vivo responsiveness to alpha-galactosylceramide. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of either wt or PPARα-/- splenocytes reconstituted ConA liver injury and cytokine production in lymphocyte-deficient, severe combined immunodeficient mice implicating PPARα within the liver, possibly through support of IL15 expression and/or suppression of IL12 production and not the lymphocyte as the key regulator of T cell activity and ConA-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that PPARα within the liver plays an important role in ConA-mediated liver injury through regulation of NKT cell recruitment and/or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian N. Hines
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 4165F, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Michael Kremer
- Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Sherri M. Moore
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 4165F, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Michael D. Wheeler
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 4165F, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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35
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Erokhina SA, Streltsova MA, Kanevskiy LM, Telford WG, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. HLA-DR + NK cells are mostly characterized by less mature phenotype and high functional activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:212-228. [PMID: 29363179 PMCID: PMC8063572 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NK cells change their phenotype and functional characteristics during activation. In this work, we searched for a relationship of HLA-DR expression with differentiation stages and functional activity of NK cells ex vivo and stimulated in vitro with IL-2 challenged with gene modified feeder K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL-21 (K562-mbIL21). This stimulation technique has been described for NK cell expansion in clinical use. We have observed that HLA-DR expression in freshly isolated circulating NK cells was mostly associated with less differentiated CD56bright CD57- cells, although in some individuals it could also be found in terminally differentiated CD57+ cells. Ex vivo HLA-DR+ NK cells possessed better capacity to produce IFN-γ in response to cytokine stimulation compared to their HLA-DR- counterparts. In vitro activation with IL-2 and K562-mbIL21 induces an increase in HLA-DR-positive NK cell proportion, again mostly among CD56bright CD57- NK cells. This happened in particular due to appearance of HLA-DR+ expression de novo in HLA-DR-negative cells. Acquired in vitro HLA-DR expression was associated with NK cell proliferation activity, more intense cytokine-induced IFN-γ production, increased degranulation toward feeder cells, and higher expression of CD86 and NKG2D. Thus, stimulation with IL-2/K562-mbIL21 causes a significant phenotype and functional shift during NK cell activation and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Erokhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - William G Telford
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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36
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Mangas-Losada A, García-García R, Urios A, Escudero-García D, Tosca J, Giner-Durán R, Serra MA, Montoliu C, Felipo V. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with expansion and activation of CD 4+CD28 -, Th22 and Tfh and B lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6683. [PMID: 28751644 PMCID: PMC5532287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation acts synergistically with hyperammonemia in inducing neurological alterations in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). We hypothesized that appearance of MHE would be associated to some specific qualitative change in peripheral inflammation. The aim of this work was to characterize the changes in peripheral inflammation associated to appearance of MHE. We analyzed it by immunophenotyping and cytokine profile analysis, in cirrhotic patients without or with MHE and controls. The main alterations associated specifically with MHE are: 1) increased activation of all subtypes of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, with the increased expression of CD69; 2) increased amount of CD4+CD28− T lymphocytes, associated with increased levels of CX3CL1 and of IL-15; 3) increased differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes to Th follicular and Th22; 4) increased activation of B lymphocytes and serum IgG. This study has identified some specific alterations of the immune system associated with appearance of the neurological alterations in MHE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Mangas-Losada
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Urios
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratory Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Joan Tosca
- Unidad de Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Valencia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Serra
- Unidad de Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Valencia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico. Instituto Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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37
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Jumat NR, Chong MY, Seman Z, Jamaluddin R, Wong NK, Abdullah M. Sexual Dimorphic Responses in Lymphocytes of Healthy Individuals after Carica papaya Consumption. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649252 PMCID: PMC5465248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune response is widely recognized, but few human studies have observed this distinction. Food with endo-immunomodulatory potential may reveal novel sex-biased in vivo interactions. Immunomodulatory effects of Carica papaya were compared between healthy male and female individuals. Volunteers were given fixed meals supplemented with papaya for 2 days. Changes in blood immune profiles and hormone levels were determined. In females, total natural killer (NK) cell percentages decreased (12.7 ± 4.4 vs 14.6 ± 5.8%, p = 0.018, n = 18) while B cells increased (15.2 ± 5.5 vs 14.5 ± 5.0, p = 0.037, n = 18) after papaya consumption. Increased 17β-estradiol (511.1 ± 579.7 vs 282.7 ± 165.0 pmol/l, p = 0.036, n = 9) observed in females may be crucial to this change. Differentiation markers (CD45RA, CD69, CD25) analyzed on lymphocytes showed naïve (CD45RA+) non-CD4+ lymphocytes were reduced in females (40.7 ± 8.1 vs 46.8 ± 5.4%, p = 0.012, n = 8) but not males. A general suppressive effect of papaya on CD69+ cells, and higher percentage of CD69+ populations in females and non-CD4 lymphocytes, may be relevant. CD107a+ NK cells were significantly increased in males (16.8 ± 7.0 vs 14.7 ± 4.8, p = 0.038, n = 9) but not females. Effect in females may be disrupted by the action of progesterone, which was significantly correlated with this population (R = 0.771, p = 0.025, n = 8) after papaya consumption. In males, total T helper cells were increased (33.4 ± 6.4 vs 32.4 ± 6.1%, p = 0.040, n = 15). Strong significant negative correlation between testosterone and CD25+CD4+ lymphocytes, may play a role in the lower total CD4+ T cells reported in males. Thus, dissimilar immune profiles were elicited in the sexes after papaya consumption and may have sex hormone influence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mun Yee Chong
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zainina Seman
- Hematology Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rosita Jamaluddin
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nyet Kui Wong
- Biotechnology Program, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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38
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Mayes K, Elsayed Z, Alhazmi A, Waters M, Alkhatib SG, Roberts M, Song C, Peterson K, Chan V, Ailaney N, Malapati P, Blevins T, Lisnić B, Dumur CI, Landry JW. BPTF inhibits NK cell activity and the abundance of natural cytotoxicity receptor co-ligands. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64344-64357. [PMID: 28969075 PMCID: PMC5610007 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using syngeneic BALB/c mouse breast cancer models, we show that the chromatin remodeling subunit bromodomain PHD finger transcription factor (BPTF) suppresses natural killer (NK) cell antitumor activity in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In culture, BPTF suppresses direct natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) mediated NK cell cytolytic activity to mouse and human cancer cell lines, demonstrating conserved functions. Blocking mouse NCR1 in vivo rescues BPTF KD tumor weights, demonstrating its importance for the control of tumor growth. We discovered that BPTF occupies heparanase (Hpse) regulatory elements, activating its expression. Increased heparanase activity results in reduced cell surface abundance of the NCR co-ligands: heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Using gain and loss of function approaches we show that elevated heparanase levels suppress NK cell cytolytic activity to tumor cells in culture. These results suggest that BPTF activates heparanase expression, which in turn reduces cell surface HSPGs and NCR co-ligands, inhibiting NK cell activity. Furthermore, gene expression data from human breast cancer tumors shows that elevated BPTF expression correlates with reduced antitumor immune cell signatures, supporting conserved roles for BPTF in suppressing antitumor immunity. Conditional BPTF depletion in established mouse breast tumors enhances antitumor immunity, suggesting that inhibiting BPTF could provide a novel immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Mayes
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Zeinab Elsayed
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Aiman Alhazmi
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Michael Waters
- The Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Suehyb G Alkhatib
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Mark Roberts
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Carolyn Song
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Kristen Peterson
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Vivian Chan
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Nikhil Ailaney
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Pumoli Malapati
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Tana Blevins
- The Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- The Center for Proteomics and Department for Histology and Embryology, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Catherine I Dumur
- The Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Joseph W Landry
- The Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Montraveta A, Lee-Vergés E, Roldán J, Jiménez L, Cabezas S, Clot G, Pinyol M, Xargay-Torrent S, Rosich L, Arimany-Nardí C, Aymerich M, Villamor N, López-Guillermo A, Pérez-Galán P, Roué G, Pastor-Anglada M, Campo E, López-Guerra M, Colomer D. CD69 expression potentially predicts response to bendamustine and its modulation by ibrutinib or idelalisib enhances cytotoxic effect in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5507-20. [PMID: 26701728 PMCID: PMC4868702 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical responses to bendamustine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are highly heterogeneous and no specific markers to predict sensitivity to this drug have been reported. In order to identify biomarkers of response, we analyzed the in vitro activity of bendamustine and the gene expression profile in primary CLL cells. We observed that mRNA expression of CD69 (CD69) and ITGAM (CD11b) constitute the most powerful predictor of response to bendamustine. When we interrogated the predictive value of the corresponding cell surface proteins, the expression of the activation marker CD69 was the most reliable predictor of sensitivity to bendamustine. Importantly, a multivariate analysis revealed that the predictive value of CD69 expression was independent from other clinico-biological CLL features. We also showed that when CLL cells were co-cultured with distinct subtypes of stromal cells, an upregulation of CD69 was accompanied by a reduced sensitivity to bendamustine. In agreement with this, tumor cells derived from lymphoid tumor niches harbored higher CD69 expression and were less sensitive to bendamustine than their peripheral blood counterparts. Furthermore, pretreatment of CD69 high CLL cases with the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway inhibitors ibrutinib and idelalisib decreased CD69 levels and enhanced bendamustine cytotoxic effect. Collectively, our findings indicate that CD69 could be a predictor of bendamustine response in CLL patients and the combination of clinically-tested BCR signaling inhibitors with bendamustine may represent a promising strategy for bendamustine low responsive CLL cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Montraveta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eriong Lee-Vergés
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jocabed Roldán
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Cabezas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Clot
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Pinyol
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Xargay-Torrent
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Rosich
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Arimany-Nardí
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona and Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Aymerich
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Villamor
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Armando López-Guillermo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Galán
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona and Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Guerra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Metabolic pathways in T cell activation and lineage differentiation. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:514-524. [PMID: 27825556 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism support the concept that fundamental processes in T cell biology, such as TCR-mediated activation and T helper lineage differentiation, are closely linked to changes in the cellular metabolic programs. Although the major task of the intermediate metabolism is to provide the cell with a constant supply of energy and molecular precursors for the production of biomolecules, the dynamic regulation of metabolic pathways also plays an active role in shaping T cell responses. Key metabolic processes such as glycolysis, fatty acid and mitochondrial metabolism are now recognized as crucial players in T cell activation and differentiation, and their modulation can differentially affect the development of T helper cell lineages. In this review, we describe the diverse metabolic processes that T cells engage during their life cycle from naïve towards effector and memory T cells. We consider in particular how the cellular metabolism may actively support the function of T cells in their different states. Moreover, we discuss how molecular regulators such as mTOR or AMPK link environmental changes to adaptations in the cellular metabolism and elucidate the consequences on T cell differentiation and function.
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Sindbis Virus Can Exploit a Host Antiviral Protein To Evade Immune Surveillance. J Virol 2016; 90:10247-10258. [PMID: 27581990 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01487-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection induces production of type I interferons (IFNs), which stimulate the expression of a variety of antiviral factors to inhibit viral replication. To establish effective infection, viruses need to develop strategies to evade the immune responses. A neurovirulent Sindbis virus strain with neuroinvasive properties (SVNI) causes lethal encephalitis in mice, and its replication in cultured cells is inhibited by the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP), a host factor that specifically inhibits the replication of certain viruses by binding to the viral mRNAs, repressing the translation of target mRNA, and promoting the degradation of target mRNA. We report here that murine embryonic fibroblast cells from ZAP knockout mice supported more efficient SVNI replication than wild-type cells. SVNI infection of 10-day-old suckling mice led to reduced survival in the knockout mice. Unexpectedly, however, SVNI infection of 23-day-old weanling mice, whose immune system is more developed than that of the suckling mice, resulted in significantly improved survival in ZAP knockout mice. Further analyses revealed that in the weanling knockout mice, SVNI replicated more efficiently in lymphoid tissues at early times postinfection and induced higher levels of IFN production, which restricted viral spread to the central nervous system. Blocking IFN activity through the use of receptor-neutralizing antibodies rendered knockout mice more sensitive to SVNI infection than wild-type mice. These results uncover a mechanism by which SVNI exploits a host antiviral factor to evade innate immune surveillance. IMPORTANCE Sindbis virus, a prototypic member of the Alphavirus genus, has been used to study the pathogenesis of acute viral encephalitis in mice for many years. How the virus evades immune surveillance to establish effective infection is largely unknown. ZAP is a host antiviral factor that potently inhibits Sindbis virus replication in cell culture. We show here that infection of ZAP knockout suckling mice with an SVNI led to faster disease progression. However, SVNI infection of weanling mice led to slower disease progression in knockout mice. Further analyses revealed that in weanling knockout mice, SVNI replicated more efficiently in lymphoid tissues at early times postinfection and induced higher levels of interferon production, which restricted viral spread to the central nervous system. These results uncover a mechanism by which SVNI exploits a host antiviral factor to evade innate immune surveillance and allow enhanced neuroinvasion.
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Alam A, Puri N, Saxena RK. Uptake of poly-dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes and decline of functions in mouse NK cells undergoing activation. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:758-65. [PMID: 27416475 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1191562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of poly-dispersed acid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (AF-SWCNT) with NK cells undergoing activation was examined. Exposure to AF-SWCNT during NK activation in vitro by interleukin (IL)-2, and in vivo by Poly(I:C) significantly lowered cytotoxic activity generated against YAC-1 tumor cells. Recoveries of spleen NK1.1(+) cells as well as the activated subset of NK cells (NK1.1(+)CD69(+) cells) were significantly reduced by the AF-SWCNT exposure. The proportion of apoptotic NK cells (NK1.1(+) phosphatidylserine(+)) in the spleen cell preparations activated in vitro was also significantly elevated. Expression levels of CD107a [for assessing NK cell degranulation] as well as of FasL marker [mediating non-secretory pathway of NK cell killing] were significantly lower in cells exposed to AF-SWCNT during the activation phase. Intracellular levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the cells were also significantly reduced. Fluorescent AF-SWCNT (FAF-SWCNT) were internalized by the NK cells and uptake was significantly greater in activated cells. Confocal microscopy indicated the internalized FAF-SWCNT were localized to the cytoplasm of the NK cells. These results indicated that AF-SWCNT were internalized by NK cells and caused a general down-regulation of a variety of parameters associated with NK cell cytotoxicity and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Alam
- a School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India ;,b Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Niti Puri
- a School of Life Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajiv K Saxena
- b Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
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Habenicht LM, Albershardt TC, Iritani BM, Ruddell A. Distinct mechanisms of B and T lymphocyte accumulation generate tumor-draining lymph node hypertrophy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1204505. [PMID: 27622075 PMCID: PMC5007965 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1204505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) often enlarge in human cancer patients and in murine tumor models, due to lymphocyte accumulation and lymphatic sinus growth. B lymphocytes within TDLNs can drive lymph node hypertrophy in response to tumor growth, however little is known about the mechanisms directing the preferential accumulation of B lymphocytes relative to T cells in enlarging TDLNs. To define why B and T lymphocytes accumulate in TDLNs, we quantified lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, entry, and exit in TDLNs versus contralateral non-TDLNs (NTDLNs) in a footpad B16-F10 melanoma mouse model. B and T lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis were increased as the TDLNs enlarged, although relative rates were similar to those of NTDLNs. TDLN entry of B and T lymphocytes via high endothelial venules was also modestly increased in enlarged TDLNs. Strikingly, the egress of B cells was strongly reduced in TDLNs versus NTDLNs, while T cell egress was modestly decreased, indicating that regulation of lymphocyte exit from TDLNs is a major mechanism of preferential B lymphocyte accumulation. Surface sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) which binds S1P and signals lymphocyte egress, exhibited greater downregulation in B relative to T lymphocytes, consistent with preferential retention of B lymphocytes in TDLNs. TDLN lymphocytes did not activate surface CD69 expression, indicating a CD69-independent mechanism of downregulation of S1PR1. B and T cell trafficking via afferent lymphatics to enter TDLNs also increased, suggesting a pathway for accumulation of tumor-educated lymphocytes in TDLNs. These mechanisms regulating TDLN hypertrophy could provide new targets to manipulate lymphocyte responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Habenicht
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Brian M Iritani
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alanna Ruddell
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Lin CR, Wei TYW, Tsai HY, Wu YT, Wu PY, Chen ST. Glycosylation-dependent interaction between CD69 and S100A8/S100A9 complex is required for regulatory T-cell differentiation. FASEB J 2015; 29:5006-17. [PMID: 26296369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD)69 is a leukocyte activation receptor involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and is positively selected in activated regulatory T (Treg) cells, implicating its role during Treg-cell differentiation. By RNA interference, we show that CD69 is not sufficient to support the conversion of CD4(+) naive T cells into Treg cells, whereas it does that of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) (P < 0.01), suggesting that a ligand-receptor interaction is required for CD69 function. Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identified the S100A8/S100A9 complex as the natural ligand of CD69 in hPBMCs. CD69 specifically associates with S100A8/S100A9 complex as confirmed by in vitro binding and competition assay, and the treatment of CD69 with peptide-N-glycosidase significantly abolishes such association. In agreement, the glycomics analysis determines the glycosylation site and the N-glycan composition of CD69, and terminal removal of sialic acid from that N-linked glycans reverses the generation of forkhead box P3-positive Treg cells (23.21%; P < 0.05). More specifically, we showed that CD69-S100A8/S100A9 association is required for the up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 resulting in inhibited signaling of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (36.54% increase upon CD69 silencing; P < 0.01). This might in turn support the secretion of key regulator TGF-β (∼ 3.28-fold decrease upon CD69 silencing; P < 0.05), leading to reduced production of IL-4 in hPBMCs. Our results demonstrate the functional and mechanistic interplays between CD69 and S100A8/S100A9 in supporting Treg-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ru Lin
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-You Wade Wei
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Tsai
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ta Wu
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Tein Chen
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Djurisic S, Skibsted L, Hviid TVF. A Phenotypic Analysis of Regulatory T Cells and Uterine NK Cells from First Trimester Pregnancies and Associations with HLA-G. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:427-44. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Djurisic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde); University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Lillian Skibsted
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde); Roskilde Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde); University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Denmark
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Sriram U, Haldar B, Cenna JM, Gofman L, Potula R. Methamphetamine mediates immune dysregulation in a murine model of chronic viral infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:793. [PMID: 26322025 PMCID: PMC4531300 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that not only affects the brain and cognitive functions but also greatly impacts the host immune system, rendering the body susceptible to infections and exacerbating the severity of disease. Although there is gathering evidence about METH abuse and increased incidence of HIV and other viral infections, not much is known about the effects on the immune system in a chronic viral infection setting. We have used the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) chronic mouse model of viral infection in a chronic METH environment and demonstrate that METH significantly increases CD3 marker on splenocytes and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression on T cells, a cell surface signaling molecule known to inhibit T cell function and cause exhaustion in a lymphoid organ. Many of these METH effects were more pronounced during early stage of infection, which are gradually attenuated during later stages of infection. An essential cytokine for T-lymphocyte homeostasis, Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in serum was prominently reduced in METH-exposed infected mice. In addition, the serum pro-inflammatory (TNF, IL12 p70, IL1β, IL-6, and KC-GRO) and Th2 (IL-2, IL-10, and IL-4) cytokine profiles were also altered in the presence of METH. Interestingly CXCR3, an inflammatory chemokine receptor, showed significant increase in the METH treated LCMV infected mice. Similarly, compared to only infected mice, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in METH exposed LCMV infected mice were up regulated. Collectively, our data suggest that METH alters systemic, peripheral immune responses and modulates key markers on T cells involved in pathogenesis of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bijayesh Haldar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Cenna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Larisa Gofman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raghava Potula
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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RNA Seq profiling reveals a novel expression pattern of TGF-β target genes in human blood eosinophils. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:1-10. [PMID: 26112417 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of TGF-β signaling in multiple cell types, little is known about the direct target genes of this pathway in human eosinophils. These cells constitute the major inflammatory component present in the sputum and lung of active asthmatics and their numbers correlate well with disease severity. During the transition from acute to chronic asthma, TGF-β levels rise several fold in the lung which drives fibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) and participate in airway and parenchymal remodeling. In this report, we use purified blood eosinophils from healthy donors and analyze baseline and TGF-β responsive genes by RNA Seq, and demonstrate that eosinophils (PBE) express 7981 protein-coding genes of which 178 genes are up-regulated and 199 genes are down-regulated by TGF-β. While 18 target genes have been previously associated with asthma and eosinophilic disorders, the vast majority have been implicated in cell death and survival, differentiation, and cellular function. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that 126 canonical pathways are activated by TGF-β including iNOS, TREM1, p53, IL-8 and IL-10 signaling. As TGF-β is an important cytokine for eosinophil function and survival, and pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, our results represent a significant step toward the identification of novel TGF-β responsive genes and provide a potential therapeutic opportunity by selectively targeting relevant genes and pathways.
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Krylova NV, Smolina TP, Leonova GN. Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction Between Human Immune Cells and Far Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strains. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:272-81. [PMID: 25695407 PMCID: PMC4486442 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have established that immune mechanisms are important in controlling tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, the interactions of different TBEV strains with cells of innate and adaptive immunity are not well understood. In this study, the ability of two Far Eastern subtype TBEV strains (Dal'negorsk and Primorye-183) with various degrees of pathogenicity for humans to modulate the expression of membrane molecules differently on human immune cells were investigated using a whole-blood flow cytometry-based assay. The whole-blood samples (from 10 healthy donors) were infected with TBEV strains and analyzed for the virus binding to the blood cells, as well as expression of adhesion (CD11b and ICAM-1) and activation (CD69, CD25, CD95) molecules on the surfaces of monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+) at selected times (3, 6, and 24 h post-infection). It was found that the highly pathogenic Dal'negorsk strain penetrated rapidly and was actively replicated in the blood cells, inducing downregulation of CD11b, ICAM-1, and CD69 on monocytes and a significant decrease of NK cells expressing CD69, CD25, CD95, and CD8 T-lymphocytes expressing CD69 compared with the mock-infected cells. The nonpathogenic Primorye-183 strain penetrated slowly and was replicated in the blood cells, but caused a significant increase in the adhesion and activation of molecule expression to trigger innate defense mechanisms and enable the rapid elimination of the virus from the organism. Thus, TBEV-induced activation or suppression of adhesion and activation receptors expression form an essential part of fundamental virus properties, that is, virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Krylova
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana P Smolina
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Galina N Leonova
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Zhang W, Wang L, Yang T, Liu Y, Chen X, Liu Q, Jia J, Ma G. Immunopotentiator-Loaded Polymeric Microparticles as Robust Adjuvant to Improve Vaccine Efficacy. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2837-50. [PMID: 26017300 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjuvants are required to ensure the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Incorporating molecular immunopotentiators within particles could overcome drawbacks of molecular adjuvants (such as solubility and toxicity), and improve adjuvanticity of particles, achieving stronger adjuvant activity. Aim of this study is to evaluate the adjuvanticity of immunopotentiator-loaded polymeric particles for subunit vaccine. METHODS PLGA microparticles (PMPs) and imiquimod (TLR-7 ligand)-loaded PLGA microparticles (IPMPs) were prepared by SPG premix membrane emulsification. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to their adjuvant activity, using ovalbumin and H5N1 influenza split vaccine as antigens. RESULTS Incorporating imiquimod into microparticles significantly improved the efficacy of PLGA microparticles in activating BMDCs and pMΦs, and antigen uptake by pMΦs was also promoted. IPMPs showed stronger adjuvanticity to augment OVA-specific immune responses than PMPs. IgG subclass profiles and cytokine secretion levels by splenocytes indicated that IPMPs elicited more Th1-polarized immune response, compared to PMPs. In vivo study using H5N1 influenza split vaccine as antigen also confirmed the effects of IPMPs on antigen-specific cellular immunity. CONCLUSIONS Considering adjuvanticity and safety profiles (PLGA and IMQ, both approved by FDA), we conclude that IMQ-loaded PLGA microparticles are promising robust adjuvant for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, PLA Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
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50
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Brown A. Understanding the MIND phenotype: macrophage/microglia inflammation in neurocognitive disorders related to human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:7. [PMID: 25852823 PMCID: PMC4385031 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue macrophages play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in most organs of the body including the brain where microglia represent the resident phagocytic cells of this compartment. The possibility of one day harnessing macrophage plasticity to treat or ameliorate disorders including obesity, cancer, organ damage, intestinal disorders, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease in which these cells play a role, is a very exciting prospect. Inflammatory signaling is required for regenerative repair, healing, and pathogen clearance functions. However, when the inflammatory response persists in a chronic fashion over an extended period of time, damage to neurons is followed by neuronal injury and dysfunction. Macrophages in the brain are heterogeneous arising from tissues during embryogenesis, and in the adult, from bone marrow derived monocytes that enter through the blood-brain-barrier. While much of our insight regarding macrophage functional subtypes has been garnered through elegant studies in mice, which are amenable to genetic manipulation, far less is known about such cells in human tissues, and particularly in the brain under normal, disease, or injurious conditions. In this regard, non-human primate models for human immunodeficiency virus have been extremely useful for understanding the contribution of bone marrow-derived monocytes in neurological disease and their interaction and impact on the activation state of resident microglia in the brain. This review will focus on what has been learned from the rhesus macaque models about the types of macrophages present in the brains of animals with encephalitis. In vitro studies, which have used human blood monocytes differentiated into macrophages to address the question of macrophage subsets in HIV infection will be highlighted. Recent insights on macrophage phenotype and persistent inflammation in the brain in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder from immunohistochemical studies on human autopsy tissue will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brown
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street/Meyer 6-181, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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