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Chen KC, Lee SF, Lin SW, Xie JS, Chang YH, Yiin LM, Hsieh CJ. Associations between residential proximity to agricultural land use as pesticides exposure and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:33253-33263. [PMID: 36478559 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used globally. Due to their widespread use, exposure to pesticides is of concern. In addition to occupational exposure, residential exposure during pesticide application is a concern for those living in or near agricultural areas. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use and birth outcomes. The association between residential proximity to agricultural land use as pesticide exposure and birth outcomes was explored in a birth cohort including 283 pregnant women from a medical center in Hualien during 2013-2016. In the third trimester, we collected demographic information and the residential addresses of pregnant women via structured questionnaires. After delivery, newborn birth weight, gestational age, and head circumference were collected from medical records. Maternal residential address during pregnancy was collected for geospatial mapping. The percentages of farmland area within circular buffers of different sizes were applied to estimate pesticide exposure. Associations between residential proximity to agricultural land use as pesticide exposure and birth outcomes were analyzed by multiple linear regression analyses. A significantly smaller head circumference was associated with agricultural farmland located within 400 m (β = - 0.51 [95% CI, - 0.99, - 0.03], P = 0.037) and 500 m (β = - 0.67 [95% CI, - 1.14, - 0.19], P = 0.006) radii of residences in the tertile 2 group. A significantly smaller head circumference was also associated with dry farming area within 400 m (β = - 0.70 [95% CI, - 1.17, - 0.24], P = 0.003) and 500 m (β = - 0.81 [95% CI, - 1.27, - 0.34], P = 0.001) radii of residences in the tertile 2 group. The multivariate linear regression analyses did not show any significant association between residential farmland area and birth weight or gestational age. In conclusion, residential proximity to agricultural land use as pesticide exposure was associated with negative infant birth outcomes, especially a small head circumference. In the future, agricultural land use information could be combined with biological samples to more accurately assess exposure in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuna-Chun Chen
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Fang Lee
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan
| | - Shyang-Woei Lin
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shan Xie
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Ming Yiin
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No.701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd, Hualien City, Hualien County, 970, Taiwan.
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Algharably EA, Di Consiglio E, Testai E, Pistollato F, Bal-Price A, Najjar A, Kreutz R, Gundert-Remy U. Prediction of in vivo prenatal chlorpyrifos exposure leading to developmental neurotoxicity in humans based on in vitro toxicity data by quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136174. [PMID: 36959852 PMCID: PMC10027916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Epidemiological studies in children suggested that in utero exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate insecticide, may cause developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). We applied quantitative in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) based on in vitro concentration and non-choline esterase-dependent effects data combined with Benchmark dose (BMD) modelling to predict oral maternal CPF exposure during pregnancy leading to fetal brain effect concentration. By comparing the results with data from epidemiological studies, we evaluated the contribution of the in vitro endpoints to the mode of action (MoA) for CPF-induced DNT. Methods: A maternal-fetal PBK model built in PK-Sim® was used to perform QIVIVE predicting CPF concentrations in a pregnant women population at 15 weeks of gestation from cell lysate concentrations obtained in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells undergoing differentiation towards neurons and glia exposed to CPF for 14 days. The in vitro concentration and effect data were used to perform BMD modelling. Results: The upper BMD was converted into maternal doses which ranged from 3.21 to 271 mg/kg bw/day. Maternal CPF blood levels from epidemiological studies reporting DNT findings in their children were used to estimate oral CPF exposure during pregnancy using the PBK model. It ranged from 0.11 to 140 μg/kg bw/day. Discussion: The effective daily intake doses predicted from the in vitro model were several orders of magnitude higher than exposures estimated from epidemiological studies to induce developmental non-cholinergic neurotoxic responses, which were captured by the analyzed in vitro test battery. These were also higher than the in vivo LOEC for cholinergic effects. Therefore, the quantitative predictive value of the investigated non-choline esterase-dependent effects, although possibly relevant for other chemicals, may not adequately represent potential key events in the MoA for CPF-associated DNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engi Abdelhady Algharably
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Engi Abdelhady Algharably,
| | - Emma Di Consiglio
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Center (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bliznashka L, Roy A, Jaacks LM. Pesticide exposure and child growth in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114230. [PMID: 36087771 PMCID: PMC7614514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), pesticides are widely used in agricultural and residential settings. Little is known about how pesticides affect child growth. OBJECTIVES To systematically review and synthesise the evidence on the associations between pesticide exposure and adverse birth outcomes and/or impaired postnatal growth in children up to 5 years of age in LMICs. METHODS We searched 10 databases from inception through November 2021. We included cohort and cross-sectional studies investigating associations between self-reported or measured prenatal or postnatal pesticide exposure and child growth (postnatal child linear/ponderal growth, and/or birth outcomes). Two researchers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed certainty using GRADE. The protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42021292919). RESULTS Of 939 records retrieved, 31 studies met inclusion criteria (11 cohort, 20 cross-sectional). All studies assessed prenatal exposure. Twenty-four studies reported on birth weight. Four found positive associations with organochlorines (0.01-0.25 standardised mean difference (SMD)) and two found negative associations (-0.009 SMD to -55 g). Negative associations with organophosphates (-170 g, n = 1) and pyrethroids (-97 to -233 g, n = 2) were also documented. Two (out of 15) studies reporting on birth length found positive associations with organochlorines (0.21-0.25 SMD) and one found negative associations (-0.25 to -0.32 SMD). Organophosphate exposure was negatively associated with birth length (-0.37 cm, n = 1). Organophosphate exposure was also associated with higher risk/prevalence of low birth weight (2 out of nine studies) and preterm birth (2 out of six studies). Certainty of the evidence was "very low" for all outcomes. CONCLUSION The limited literature from LMICs shows inconclusive associations between prenatal pesticide exposure, child growth, and birth outcomes. Studies with accurate quantitative data on exposure to commonly used pesticides in LMICs using consistent methodologies in comparable populations are needed to better understand how pesticides influence child growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Bliznashka
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Robertson Building, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Aditi Roy
- Centre for Environmental Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Plot No. 47, Sector 44, Institutional Area Gurugram, 122002, India
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Robertson Building, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Organophosphate Insecticide Toxicity in Neural Development, Cognition, Behaviour and Degeneration: Insights from Zebrafish. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040049. [PMID: 36412643 PMCID: PMC9680476 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are used to eliminate agricultural threats posed by insects, through inhibition of the neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These potent neurotoxins are extremely efficacious in insect elimination, and as such, are the preferred agricultural insecticides worldwide. Despite their efficacy, however, estimates indicate that only 0.1% of organophosphates reach their desired target. Moreover, multiple studies have shown that OP exposure in both humans and animals can lead to aberrations in embryonic development, defects in childhood neurocognition, and substantial contribution to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Motor Neurone Disease. Here, we review the current state of knowledge pertaining to organophosphate exposure on both embryonic development and/or subsequent neurological consequences on behaviour, paying particular attention to data gleaned using an excellent animal model, the zebrafish (Danio rerio).
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Potential protective effects of chrysin against immunotoxicity induced by diazinon. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15578. [PMID: 36114367 PMCID: PMC9481545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute intoxication with diazinon (DZN) as a pesticide causes mortality and morbidity annually. This study shows the impact of sub-acute toxicity of DZN 20 mg/kg and the protective activities of chrysin (CH) as a flavone under the flavonoids family (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) were assessed on BALB/c mouse immune system. The changes in morphological and functional properties of the immune system on thymus, spleen and liver histopathology, sub-populations of T lymphocytes, cytokines levels, transcription factors, complement function, phagocytosis, specific and total antibody productions were considered. The histopathological effects of DZN on the spleen and thymus were not significant, but the liver was damaged remarkably. In the presence of CH, the toxic effect of DZN is suppressed. DZN significantly decreased the number of whole blood TCD4+, TCD8+ and NK cells and suppressed the phagocytosis, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to sheep red blood cell (SRBC). Furthermore, it suppressed specific anti-SRBC-Ab, total IgG and IgM production, T-bet expression, and IFN-γ production. In contrast, DZN did not significantly affect complement function and the number of NK cells, TCD4+ and TCD8+ splenocytes. However, it potentiated the expression of GATA-3, ROR-γt and FOXP3 gene expression and consequently produced IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-β in whole blood. CH not only significantly increased the variables mentioned above at 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg but also could overcome the toxic effects of DZN on whole blood lymphocyte sub-populations and specific and total Ab production in 25 and 50 mg/kg concentrations, phagocytosis and DTH responses in 50 mg/kg, and modulation of the transcription factors and cytokine production, mainly in 25 and 50 mg/kg. In conclusion, DZN in sub-acute doses could remarkably deteriorate immune responses. However, CH can overcome the toxic effects of DZN on the immune components and functions of the immune system.
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Sarailoo M, Afshari S, Asghariazar V, Safarzadeh E, Dadkhah M. Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegenerative Diseases Development Associated with Organophosphate Pesticides Exposure: a Review Study. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1624-1643. [PMID: 36066747 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A significant body of literature emphasizes the role of insecticide, particularly organophosphates (OPs), as the major environmental factor in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to study the relationship between OP insecticide exposure, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disease development. Human populations, especially in developing countries, are frequently exposed to OPs due to their extensive applications. The involvement of various signaling pathways in OP neurotoxicity are reported, but the OP-induced cognitive impairment and link between OP exposure and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases are not clearly understood. In the present review, we have therefore aimed to come to new conclusions which may help to find protective and preventive strategies against OP neurotoxicity and may establish a possible link between organophosphate exposure, cognitive impairment, and OP-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss the findings obtained from animal and human research providing some support for OP-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sarailoo
- Students Research Committee, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Salva Afshari
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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7
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Shimonovich M, Pearce A, Thomson H, Katikireddi SV. Causal assessment in evidence synthesis: A methodological review of reviews. Res Synth Methods 2022; 13:405-423. [PMID: 35560730 PMCID: PMC9543433 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In fields (such as population health) where randomised trials are often lacking, systematic reviews (SRs) can harness diversity in study design, settings and populations to assess the evidence for a putative causal relationship. SRs may incorporate causal assessment approaches (CAAs), sometimes called 'causal reviews', but there is currently no consensus on how these should be conducted. We conducted a methodological review of self-identifying 'causal reviews' within the field of population health to establish: (1) which CAAs are used; (2) differences in how CAAs are implemented; (3) how methods were modified to incorporate causal assessment in SRs. Three databases were searched and two independent reviewers selected reviews for inclusion. Data were extracted using a standardised form and summarised using tabulation and narratively. Fifty-three reviews incorporated CAAs: 46/53 applied Bradford Hill (BH) viewpoints/criteria, with the remainder taking alternative approaches: Medical Research Council guidance on natural experiments (2/53, 3.8%); realist reviews (2/53, 3.8%); horizontal SRs (1/53, 1.9%); 'sign test' of causal mechanisms (1/53, 1.9%); and a causal cascade model (1/53, 1.9%). Though most SRs incorporated BH, there was variation in application and transparency. There was considerable overlap across the CAAs, with a trade-off between breadth (BH viewpoints considered a greater range of causal characteristics) and depth (many alternative CAAs focused on one viewpoint). Improved transparency in the implementation of CAA in SRs in needed to ensure their validity and allow robust assessments of causality within evidence synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Shimonovich
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Anna Pearce
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Hilary Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Heindel JJ, Howard S, Agay-Shay K, Arrebola JP, Audouze K, Babin PJ, Barouki R, Bansal A, Blanc E, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Chevalier N, Choudhury M, Collier D, Connolly L, Coumoul X, Garruti G, Gilbertson M, Hoepner LA, Holloway AC, Howell G, Kassotis CD, Kay MK, Kim MJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Legrand A, Li Z, Le Mentec H, Lind L, Monica Lind P, Lustig RH, Martin-Chouly C, Munic Kos V, Podechard N, Roepke TA, Sargis RM, Starling A, Tomlinson CR, Touma C, Vondracek J, Vom Saal F, Blumberg B. Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115015. [PMID: 35395240 PMCID: PMC9124454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with both genetic and environmental components. The prevailing view is that obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure caused by overeating and insufficient exercise. We describe another environmental element that can alter the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure: obesogens. Obesogens are a subset of environmental chemicals that act as endocrine disruptors affecting metabolic endpoints. The obesogen hypothesis posits that exposure to endocrine disruptors and other chemicals can alter the development and function of the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and brain, thus changing the set point for control of metabolism. Obesogens can determine how much food is needed to maintain homeostasis and thereby increase the susceptibility to obesity. The most sensitive time for obesogen action is in utero and early childhood, in part via epigenetic programming that can be transmitted to future generations. This review explores the evidence supporting the obesogen hypothesis and highlights knowledge gaps that have prevented widespread acceptance as a contributor to the obesity pandemic. Critically, the obesogen hypothesis changes the narrative from curing obesity to preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA.
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, USA
| | - Keren Agay-Shay
- Health and Environment Research (HER) Lab, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Juan P Arrebola
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Karine Audouze
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, Paris France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Etienne Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40402, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cote d'Azur, Cote d'Azur, France
| | - Mahua Choudhury
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David Collier
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Lisa Connolly
- The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, T3S, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Gilbertson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Lori A Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Alison C Holloway
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamilton, Ontario, CA, USA
| | - George Howell
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mathew K Kay
- College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Langouet
- Univ Rennes, INSERM EHESP, IRSET UMR_5S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Zhuorui Li
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Lars Lind
- Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Normand Podechard
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il 60612, USA
| | - Anne Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Charbel Touma
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | - Jan Vondracek
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Liu Z, Chen D, Lyu B, Wu Z, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Occurrence of Phenylpyrazole and Diamide Insecticides in Lactating Women and Their Health Risks for Infants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4467-4474. [PMID: 35357189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the exposure of infants to phenylpyrazole and diamide insecticides during lactation, we collected 3467 breast milk samples of lactating women from 100 cities of 24 provinces in China and prepared 100 pooled samples together city-by-city. Among phenylpyrazole insecticides, fipronil and its metabolites (63-100%) were widely detected in breast milk, with total detection concentrations ranging from 178 to 2947 ng/L (median: 921 ng/L). Among diamide insecticides, chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide were detected in breast milk, but their detection frequencies (20-85%) and concentration levels (nondetected to 89.9 ng/L) were far lower than those of total fipronils. The average estimated daily intake of infants exposed to total fipronils through breast milk is 209 ng/kg-bw/day by upper-bound scenario evaluation, which is higher than the acceptable daily intake (200 ng/kg-bw/day). This study indicates that infants have far higher exposure levels to fipronil than adults, while exposure levels to other types of phenylpyrazoles and diamide insecticides are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Food Safety, Nanchang Inspection and Testing Center, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zeming Wu
- iPhenome Biotechnology (Yun Pu Kang) Inc., Dalian 116085, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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Liu F, Lei T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He Y. A BCNO QDs-MnO 2 nanosheets based fluorescence "off-on-off" and colorimetric sensor with smartphone detector for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339026. [PMID: 34625266 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, boron carbon oxynitride quantum dots (BCNO QDs) were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal process of ethanolamine and boric acid. BCNO QDs exhibited blue fluorescence with the optimal excitation/emission fluorescence peak at 335 and 420 nm, respectively. As an efficient fluorescence quencher, manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets can effectively quench the fluorescence of BCNO QDs via the inner filter effect (IFE). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ATCh) to produce thiocholine (TCh). TCh can reductively degrade MnO2 nanosheets to generate Mn2+, thereby recovering the fluorescence of BCNO QDs. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) can inhibit the activity of AChE enzymes, thereby preventing the production of TCh and the decomposition of MnO2 nanosheets, resulting in the fluorescence "turn-off". Therefore, the concentration of OPs can be detected by measuring the fluorescence intensity change of AChE-ATCh-MnO2-BCNO-QDs system. Under optimal experimental conditions, the dynamic detection range of paraoxon is 0.1-250 ng mL-1, and the detection limit is 0.03 ng mL-1. Meanwhile, the reaction system also showed concentration-dependent visual color changes from colorless to brownish. Furthermore, we prepared a portable BCNO QDs test paper. By using a smartphone to identify the RGB values of the reaction solution and the corresponding test paper, we carried out the digital image chromaticity analysis, which can shorten the detection time and reduce the detection cost, and provide an effective solution for the rapid detection of OPs on site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Yu He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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11
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Nuseir KQ, Tahaineh L, Al-Mehaisen LM, Al-Kuran O, Ayoub NM, Mukattash TL, Al-Rawi N. Organophosphate pesticide exposure prenatally influence on pregnancy outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:4841-4846. [PMID: 33522334 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1869719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are widely used worldwide. The effect of OP exposure during pregnancy on the offspring is inconsistent in the current literature. Moreover, similar studies in the Middle East are lacking. PURPOSE To examine the effects of OP exposure in utero on the outcome of pregnancies in an agricultural region in Jordan. METHOD A prospective study, employing a questionnaire to collect women demographic data. Hospital records were collected for newborns' birth data. In addition, urine samples during the third trimester were collected from pregnant women and then analyzed for six OP metabolites to measure exposure. RESULTS One of the metabolites, DEDTP, was negatively correlated with gestational age and Apgar scores 1 and 5. There were no other significant associations. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to OP during pregnancy is not highly associated with any negative anthropometric characteristics of the newborns; it is probably offset by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Q Nuseir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Linda Tahaineh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Oqba Al-Kuran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Naseer Al-Rawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman Al Ahliyya University, Amman, Jordan
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12
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Guardia-Escote L, Blanco J, Basaure P, Biosca-Brull J, Verkaik-Schakel RN, Cabré M, Peris-Sampedro F, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Plösch T, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. Sex and Exposure to Postnatal Chlorpyrifos Influence the Epigenetics of Feeding-Related Genes in a Transgenic APOE Mouse Model: Long-Term Implications on Body Weight after a High-Fat Diet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010184. [PMID: 33383760 PMCID: PMC7795072 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to toxicants and diet can interact with an individual's genetics and produce long-lasting metabolic adaptations. The different isoforms of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) are an important source of variability in metabolic disorders and influence the response to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). We aimed to study the epigenetic regulation on feeding control genes and the influence of postnatal CPF exposure, APOE genotype, and sex, and how these modifications impact on the metabolic response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Both male and female apoE3- and apoE4-TR mice were exposed to CPF on postnatal days 10-15. The DNA methylation pattern of proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y, leptin receptor, and insulin-like growth factor 2 was studied in the hypothalamus. At adulthood, the mice were given a HFD for eight weeks. The results highlight the importance of sex in the epigenetic regulation and the implication of CPF treatment and APOE genotype. The body weight progression exhibited sex-dimorphic differences, apoE4-TR males being the most susceptible to the effects induced by CPF and HFD. Overall, these results underscore the pivotal role of sex, APOE genotype, and developmental exposure to CPF on subsequent metabolic disturbances later in life and show that sex is a key variable in epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Guardia-Escote
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.G.-E.); (J.B.); (P.B.); (J.B.-B.); (M.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Jordi Blanco
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.G.-E.); (J.B.); (P.B.); (J.B.-B.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Pia Basaure
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.G.-E.); (J.B.); (P.B.); (J.B.-B.); (M.C.)
| | - Judit Biosca-Brull
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.G.-E.); (J.B.); (P.B.); (J.B.-B.); (M.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain;
| | - Rikst Nynke Verkaik-Schakel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.N.V.-S.); (T.P.)
| | - Maria Cabré
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.G.-E.); (J.B.); (P.B.); (J.B.-B.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fiona Peris-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Cristian Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University-ceiA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Santed
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Center (CEINSA), Almeria University-ceiA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain; (C.P.-F.); (F.S.-S.)
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (R.N.V.-S.); (T.P.)
| | - José L. Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (L.G.-E.); (J.B.); (P.B.); (J.B.-B.); (M.C.)
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ramírez-Santana M, Zúñiga-Venegas L, Corral S, Roeleveld N, Groenewoud H, Van der Velden K, Scheepers PTJ, Pancetti F. Reduced neurobehavioral functioning in agricultural workers and rural inhabitants exposed to pesticides in northern Chile and its association with blood biomarkers inhibition. Environ Health 2020; 19:84. [PMID: 32698901 PMCID: PMC7374955 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous biomonitoring studies have shown that people in the rural population of Coquimbo, the major agricultural area in northern Chile are being occupationally and environmentally exposed to organophosphate/carbamate (OP/CB) pesticides. Given their harmful effects, this study had two aims; first, to evaluate the effect of cumulative or chronic exposure to OP/CB pesticides on the neurobehavioral performance of agricultural workers and rural inhabitants; second, to determine if changes in the neurobehavioral performance are associated to changes in blood biomarkers of OP/CB pesticides during the spray season, when exposure is higher. METHODS For the first aim, a cross sectional study of neurobehavioral performance in adult volunteers (men and women, 18-50 years-old, right-handed) was carried out in the pre-spray season. Sampling was done by convenience and a questionnaire was used to categorize participants depending on their level of chronic exposure, as either: occupationally exposed (OE, n = 87), environmentally exposed (EE, n = 81), or non-exposed controls or reference group (RG, n = 100). A neurobehavioral test battery consisting of 21 tests to measure cognitive, motor and emotional state was applied. For the second aim, neurobehavioral measures were taken a second time from EE and OE groups during the spray season, and their exposure corroborated by blood-based biomarker inhibition. RESULTS Lower neurobehavioral performance was observed in the pre-spray evaluation of EE and OE groups compared to the non-exposed, OE being the worst performing group. Seasonal exposure impaired performance in both exposure groups on all tests except those on attention and mood. Data modeling of the basal (pre-spray) measurements showed that the level of exposure was the best predictor of performance. During spraying, inhibition of BChE activity in the EE group was the best predictor of low performance in tests measuring logical, auditory and visual memory, inhibitory control of cognitive interference, constructional and planning abilities, executive functions, and motor speed and coordination. CONCLUSION Long-term occupational or environmental exposure to pesticides caused impairment in neurobehavioral functioning, which worsened during the spraying season, mainly in EE. BChE inhibition was the best predictor for seasonal neurobehavioral changes in EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departemento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Liliana Zúñiga-Venegas
- Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados de Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Neuropsicología y Neurociencias Cognitivas (CINPSI), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Sebastián Corral
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Psiquiatría Translacional, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Groenewoud
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Koos Van der Velden
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floria Pancetti
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1780000, Coquimbo, Chile.
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14
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Lumsden EW, McCowan L, Pescrille JD, Fawcett WP, Chen H, Albuquerque EX, Mamczarz J, Pereira EFR. Learning and memory retention deficits in prepubertal guinea pigs prenatally exposed to low levels of the organophosphorus insecticide malathion. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 81:106914. [PMID: 32652103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High doses of malathion, an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide ubiquitously used in agriculture, residential settings, and public health programs worldwide, induce a well-defined toxidrome that results from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, prenatal exposures to malathion levels that are below the threshold for AChE inhibition have been associated with increased risks of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability comorbidity. The present study tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposures to a non-AChE-inhibiting dose of malathion are causally related to sex-biased cognitive deficits later in life in a precocial species. To this end, pregnant guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with malathion (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (peanut oil, 0.5 ml/kg) once daily between approximate gestational days 53 and 63. This malathion dose regimen caused no significant AChE inhibition in the brain or blood of dams and offspring and had no significant effect on the postnatal growth of the offspring. Around postnatal day 30, locomotor activity and habituation, a form of non-associative learning, were comparable between malathion- and peanut oil-exposed offspring. However, in the Morris water maze, malathion-exposed offspring presented significant sex-dependent spatial learning deficits in addition to memory impairments. These results are far-reaching as they indicate that: (i) malathion is a developmental neurotoxicant and (ii) AChE inhibition is not an adequate biomarker to derive safety limits of malathion exposures during gestation. Continued studies are necessary to identify the time and dose dependence of the developmental neurotoxicity of malathion and the mechanisms underlying the detrimental effects of this insecticide in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Lillian McCowan
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Joseph D Pescrille
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Hegang Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America.
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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15
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Dourson M, Gadagbui B, Onyema C, McGinnis P. A commentary on some epidemiology data for chlorpyrifos. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 113:104616. [PMID: 32119975 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive animal and human studies on chlorpyrifos (CPF) point to changes in a blood enzyme as its first biological effect, and governments and health groups around the world have used this effect in the determination of its safe dose. Preventing this first biological effect, referred to in risk assessment parlance as the critical effect, is part and parcel of chemical regulation in general and of CFP specifically. Rauh et al. (2011), one of the published studies from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH), reported evidence of deficits in Working Memory Index and Full-Scale IQ in children at 7 years old as a function of prenatal CPF exposures that are much lower than levels causing cholinesterase inhibition. Since the raw data on which Rauh et. al. (2011) publicly-funded (in part) findings were based have not been made available despite repeated requests, we show extracted data in Fig. 1A and 1E of Rauh et al. (2011), and plotted these extracted data as response versus log dose, a common risk assessment approach. Surprisingly, a significant portion of the data stated to be available in Rauh et al. (2011) were not found in these published figures, perhaps due to data point overlay. However, the reported associations of chlorpyrifos levels with Working Memory and Full Scale IQ were also not replicated in our analysis due perhaps to this missing data. Multiple requests were made to Rauh et al. (2011) for access to data from this, in part, publicly funded study, so that confirmation could be attempted. This general lack of data and inconsistency with cholinergic responses in other researches raises concerns about the lack of data transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dourson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 1250 Ohio Pike, Suite 197, Amelia, OH, 45102, United States.
| | - Bernard Gadagbui
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 1250 Ohio Pike, Suite 197, Amelia, OH, 45102, United States.
| | - Chijioke Onyema
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 1250 Ohio Pike, Suite 197, Amelia, OH, 45102, United States.
| | - Patricia McGinnis
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 1250 Ohio Pike, Suite 197, Amelia, OH, 45102, United States.
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16
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Guardia-Escote L, Basaure P, Biosca-Brull J, Cabré M, Blanco J, Pérez-Fernández C, Sánchez-Santed F, Domingo JL, Colomina MT. APOE genotype and postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure modulate gut microbiota and cerebral short-chain fatty acids in preweaning mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:110872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Richardson RJ, Fink JK, Glynn P, Hufnagel RB, Makhaeva GF, Wijeyesakere SJ. Neuropathy target esterase (NTE/PNPLA6) and organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2020; 4:1-78. [PMID: 32518884 PMCID: PMC7271139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) with certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds produces OP compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), a distal degeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), thereby providing a powerful model for studying a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Axonopathies are important medical entities in their own right, but in addition, illnesses once considered primary neuronopathies are now thought to begin with axonal degeneration. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, conditional knockout of NTE in the mouse CNS produces vacuolation and other degenerative changes in large neurons in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, along with degeneration and swelling of axons in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. In humans, NTE mutations cause a variety of neurodegenerative conditions resulting in a range of deficits including spastic paraplegia and blindness. Mutations in the Drosophila NTE orthologue SwissCheese (SWS) produce neurodegeneration characterized by vacuolization that can be partially rescued by expression of wild-type human NTE, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for certain human neurological disorders. This chapter defines NTE and OPIDN, presents an overview of OP compounds, provides a rationale for NTE research, and traces the history of discovery of NTE and its relationship to OPIDN. It then briefly describes subsequent studies of NTE, including practical applications of the assay; aspects of its domain structure, subcellular localization, and tissue expression; abnormalities associated with NTE mutations, knockdown, and conventional or conditional knockout; and hypothetical models to help guide future research on elucidating the role of NTE in OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J. Richardson
- Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Corresponding author:
| | - John K. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Glynn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sanjeeva J. Wijeyesakere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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18
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APOE genetic background and sex confer different vulnerabilities to postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure and modulate the response to cholinergic drugs. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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19
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Czajka M, Matysiak-Kucharek M, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Sawicki K, Fal B, Drop B, Kruszewski M, Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Organophosphorus pesticides can influence the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes with concomitant metabolic changes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108685. [PMID: 31479978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use and the bioaccumulation of pesticides in the environment lead to the contamination of air, water, soil and agricultural resources. A huge body of evidence points to the association between the pesticide exposure and increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, e.g. cancer, birth defects, reproductive disorders, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, developmental disorders, metabolic disorders, chronic renal disorders or autoimmune diseases. Organophosphorus compounds are among the most widely used pesticides. A growing body of evidence is suggesting the potential interdependence between the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) exposure and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This article reviews the current literature to highlight the latest in vitro and in vivo evidences on the possible influence of OPs on obesity and T2DM development, as well as epidemiological evidence for the metabolic toxicity of OPs in humans. The article also draws attention to the influence of maternal OPs exposure on offspring. Summarized studies suggest that OPs exposure is associated with metabolic changes linked with obesity and T2DM indicated that such exposures may increase risk or vulnerability to other contributory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czajka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Matysiak-Kucharek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Berta Fal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland; Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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Tarazona S, Bernabeu E, Carmona H, Gómez-Giménez B, García-Planells J, Leonards PEG, Jung S, Conesa A, Felipo V, Llansola M. A Multiomics Study To Unravel the Effects of Developmental Exposure to Endosulfan in Rats: Molecular Explanation for Sex-Dependent Effects. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4264-4279. [PMID: 31464424 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low levels of environmental contaminants, including pesticides, induces neurodevelopmental toxicity. Environmental and food contaminants can reach the brain of the fetus, affecting brain development and leading to neurological dysfunction. The pesticide endosulfan is a persistent pollutant, and significant levels still remain detectable in the environment although its use is banned in some countries. In rats, endosulfan exposure during brain development alters motor activity, coordination, learning, and memory, even several months after uptake, and does so in a sex-dependent way. However, the molecular mechanisms driving these effects have not been studied in detail. In this work, we performed a multiomics study in cerebellum from rats exposed to endosulfan during embryonic development. Pregnant rats were orally exposed to a low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of endosulfan, daily, from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21. The progeny was evaluated for cognitive and motor functions at adulthood. Expression of messenger RNA and microRNA genes, as well as protein and metabolite levels, were measured on cerebellar samples from males and females. An integrative analysis was conducted to identify altered processes under endosulfan effect. Effects between males and females were compared. Pathways significantly altered by endosulfan exposure included the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, calcium signaling, the cGMP-PKG pathway, the inflammatory and immune system, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and GABA and taurine metabolism. Sex-dependent effects of endosulfan in the omics results that matched sex differences in cognitive and motor tests were found. These results shed light on the molecular basis of impaired neurodevelopment and contribute to the identification of new biomarkers of neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tarazona
- Department of Genomics of Gene Expression, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Bernabeu
- Department of Genomics of Gene Expression, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Héctor Carmona
- Department of Genomics of Gene Expression, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Gómez-Giménez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Planells
- IMEGEN, Instituto de Medicina Genómica, S.L. Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Pim E. G. Leonards
- Department of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Jung
- Proteome Sciences R&D GmbH & Co. KG, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
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21
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Roman P, Cardona D, Sempere L, Carvajal F. Microbiota and organophosphates. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:200-208. [PMID: 31560873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are important toxic compounds commonly used for a variety of purposes in agriculture, industry and household settings. Consumption of these compounds affects several central nervous system functions. Some of the most recognised consequences of organophosphate pesticide exposure in humans include neonatal developmental abnormalities, endocrine disruption, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and cancer. In addition, neurobehavioral and emotional deficits following OP exposure have been reported. It would be of great value to discover a therapeutic strategy which produces a protective effect against these neurotoxic compounds. Moreover, a growing body of preclinical data suggests that the microbiota may affect metabolism and neurotoxic outcomes through exposure to OPs. The human gut is colonised by a broad variety of microorganisms. This huge number of bacteria and other microorganisms which survive by colonising the gastrointestinal tract is defined as "gut microbiota". The gut microbiome plays a profound role in metabolic processing, energy production, immune and cognitive development and homeostasis. The effects are not only localized in the gut, but also influence many other organs, such as the brain through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Therefore, given the gut microbiota's key role in host homeostasis, this microbiota may be altered or modified temporarily by factors such as antibiotics, diet and toxins such as pesticides. The aim of this review is to examine scientific articles concerning the impact of microbiota in OP toxicity. Studies focussed on the possible contribution the microbiota has on variable host pharmacokinetic responses such as absorption and biotransformation of xenobiotics will be evaluated. Microbiome manipulation by antibiotic or probiotic administration and faecal transplantation are experimental approaches recently proposed as treatments for several diseases. Finally, microbiota manipulation as a possible therapeutic strategy in order to reduce OP toxicity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Roman
- Departamento de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Medicina, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain; Health Sciences Research Group (CTS-451), University of Almería, Spain
| | - Diana Cardona
- Departamento de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Medicina, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain; Research Center for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology BITAL, Universidad de Almería, Spain.
| | - Lluis Sempere
- NeuroCritical Care Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, IBIS/CSIC/University of Seville, Spain
| | - Francisca Carvajal
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Almería, La Cañada, 04120 Almería, Spain; Health Research Center, University of Almería, Spain
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22
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Naughton SX, Terry AV. Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology 2018; 408:101-112. [PMID: 30144465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The term organophosphate (OP) refers to a diverse group of chemicals that are found in hundreds of products worldwide. As pesticides, their most common use, OPs are clearly beneficial for agricultural productivity and the control of deadly vector-borne illnesses. However, as a consequence of their widespread use, OPs are now among the most common synthetic chemicals detected in the environment as well as in animal and human tissues. This is an increasing environmental concern because many OPs are highly toxic and both accidental and intentional exposures to OPs resulting in deleterious health effects have been documented for decades. Some of these deleterious health effects include a variety of long-term neurological and psychiatric disturbances including impairments in attention, memory, and other domains of cognition. Moreover, some chronic illnesses that manifest these symptoms such as Gulf War Illness and Aerotoxic Syndrome have (at least in part) been attributed to OP exposure. In addition to acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs may affect a number of additional targets that lead to oxidative stress, axonal transport deficits, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. Some of these targets could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this review is thus to: 1) describe the important uses of organophosphate (OP)-based compounds worldwide, 2) provide an overview of the various risks and toxicology associated with OP exposure, particularly long-term neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, 3) discuss mechanisms of OP toxicity beyond cholinesterase inhibition, 4) review potential therapeutic strategies to reverse the acute toxicity and long term deleterious effects of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.
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23
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Organophosphate Pesticide Urinary Metabolites Among Latino Immigrants: North Carolina Farmworkers and Non-farmworkers Compared. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:1079-1086. [PMID: 27820757 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis documents detections and concentrations of the six dialkylphosphate (DAP) urinary metabolite of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides among North Carolina Latino migrant farmworkers, with comparison to non-farmworker Latino immigrants. METHODS Participants provided up to four urine samples during the 2012 and 2013 agricultural seasons. Composite urine samples for each year were analyzed. RESULTS DAP urinary metabolite detections were similar in farmworkers and non-farmworker; for example, for 2012, 75.4% of farmworkers and 67.4% of non-farmworkers and, for 2013, 89.3% of farmworkers and 89.7% of non-farmworkers had dimethylthiophosphate detections. DAP geometric mean concentrations were high; for example, dimethylphosphate concentrations among farmworkers were 11.39 μg/g creatinine for 2012 and 4.49 μg/g creatinine for 2013, while they were 10.49 μg/g creatinine for 2012 and 1.97 μg/g creatinine for 2013 for non-farmworkers CONCLUSIONS:: Research to reduce pesticide exposure among Latino farmworkers and non-farmworkers is needed.
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24
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Mughal BB, Fini JB, Demeneix BA. Thyroid-disrupting chemicals and brain development: an update. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R160-R186. [PMID: 29572405 PMCID: PMC5890081 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review covers recent findings on the main categories of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals and their effects on brain development. We draw mostly on epidemiological and experimental data published in the last decade. For each chemical class considered, we deal with not only the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects but also briefly mention the main mechanisms by which the same chemicals could modify estrogen and/or androgen signalling, thereby exacerbating adverse effects on endocrine-dependent developmental programmes. Further, we emphasize recent data showing how maternal thyroid hormone signalling during early pregnancy affects not only offspring IQ, but also neurodevelopmental disease risk. These recent findings add to established knowledge on the crucial importance of iodine and thyroid hormone for optimal brain development. We propose that prenatal exposure to mixtures of thyroid hormone-disrupting chemicals provides a plausible biological mechanism contributing to current increases in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disease and IQ loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal B Mughal
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- CNRS/UMR7221Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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25
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Abstract
One of the major classes of pesticides is that of the organophosphates (OPs). Initial developments date back almost 2 centuries but it was only in the mid-1940s that OPs reached a prominent status as insecticides, a status that, albeit declining, is still ongoing. OPs are highly toxic to nontarget species including humans, the primary effects being an acute cholinergic toxicity (responsible for thousands of poisoning each year) and a delayed polyneuropathy. Several issues of current debate and investigation on the toxicology of OPs are discussed in this brief review. These include (1) possible additional targets of OPs, (2) OPs as developmental neurotoxicants, (3) OPs and neurodegenerative diseases, (4) OPs and the "aerotoxic syndrome," (5) OPs and the microbiome, and (6) OPs and cancer. Some of these issues have been debated and studied for some time, while others are newer, suggesting that the study of the toxicology of OPs will remain an important scientific and public health issue for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
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26
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Arcury TA, Laurienti PJ, Talton JW, Chen H, Howard TD, Barr DB, Mora DC, Quandt SA. Pesticide Urinary Metabolites Among Latina Farmworkers and Nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 60:e63-e71. [PMID: 29023343 PMCID: PMC5758422 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper compares detections and concentrations of pesticide urinary metabolites for Latina farmworkers and nonfarmworkers in North Carolina. METHODS Thirty-one farmworkers and 55 nonfarmworkers provided urine samples in 2012 and 2013. Urine samples were analyzed for detections and concentrations of organophosphate insecticide, bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide, and pyrethroid insecticide urinary metabolites. RESULTS Detections for several organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide urinary metabolites were present for substantial proportions of the farmworkers and nonfarmworkers. Concentrations for several of these metabolites were high. Farmworkers and nonfarmworkers were similar in detections and concentrations for the pesticide urinary metabolites included in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Participant pesticide exposure increases health risks for them and their children. Research needs to document pesticide exposure, its health effects, and ways to reduce it. Current information justifies policy development to reduce pesticide exposure in all communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Arcury
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul J. Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer W. Talton
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Genomics & Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dana C. Mora
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sara A. Quandt
- Center for Worker Health, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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27
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Burke RD, Todd SW, Lumsden E, Mullins RJ, Mamczarz J, Fawcett WP, Gullapalli RP, Randall WR, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:162-177. [PMID: 28791702 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest-control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well-defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short- and long-term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top-selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Spencer W Todd
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Randall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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28
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LaKind JS, Anthony LG, Goodman M. Review of reviews on exposures to synthetic organic chemicals and children's neurodevelopment: Methodological and interpretation challenges. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:390-422. [PMID: 28952888 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1370847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental epidemiology data are becoming increasingly important in public health decision making, which commonly incorporates a systematic review of multiple studies. This review addresses two fundamental questions: What is the quality of available reviews on associations between exposure to synthetic organic chemicals and neurodevelopmental outcomes? What is the value (e.g., quality and consistency) of the underlying literature? Published reviews on associations between synthetic organic environmental chemical exposures and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children were systematically evaluated. Seventy-four relevant reviews were identified, and these were evaluated with respect to four methodological characteristics: (1) systematic inclusion/exclusion criteria and reproducible methods for search and retrieval of studies; (2) structured evaluation of underlying data quality; (3) systematic assessment of consistency across specific exposure-outcome associations; and (4) evaluation of reporting/publication bias. None of the 74 reviews fully met the criteria for all four methodological characteristics. Only four reviews met two criteria, and six reviews fulfilled only one criterion. Perhaps more importantly, the higher quality reviews were not able to meet all of the criteria owing to the shortcomings of underlying studies, which lacked comparability in terms of specific research question of interest, overall design, exposure assessment, outcome ascertainment, and analytic methods. Thus, even the most thoughtful and rigorous review may be of limited value if the underlying literature includes investigations that address different hypotheses and are beset by methodological inconsistencies and limitations. Issues identified in this review of reviews illustrate considerable challenges that are facing assessments of epidemiological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S LaKind
- a LaKind Associates , LLC , Catonsville , MD 21228 , USA
- b Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD 21201 , USA
| | - Laura G Anthony
- c Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Health System , The George Washington University Medical Center , 15245 Shady Grove Road, Suite 350, Rockville , MD 20850 USA
| | - Michael Goodman
- d Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta , GA 30322 USA
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29
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Donald CE, Scott RP, Blaustein KL, Halbleib ML, Sarr M, Jepson PC, Anderson KA. Silicone wristbands detect individuals' pesticide exposures in West Africa. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160433. [PMID: 27853621 PMCID: PMC5108971 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We detected between 2 and 10 pesticides per person with novel sampling devices worn by 35 participants who were actively engaged in farming in Diender, Senegal. Participants were recruited to wear silicone wristbands for each of two separate periods of up to 5 days. Pesticide exposure profiles were highly individualized with only limited associations with demographic data. Using a 63-pesticide dual-column gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method, we detected pyrethoid insecticides most frequently, followed by organophosphate pesticides which have been linked to adverse health outcomes. This work provides the first report of individualized exposure profiles among smallholder farmers in West Africa, where logistical and practical constraints have prevented the use of more traditional approaches to exposure assessment in the past. The wristbands and associated analytical method enabled detection of a broad range of agricultural, domestic, legacy and current-use pesticides, including esfenvalerate, cypermethrin, lindane, DDT and chlorpyrifos. Participants reported the use of 13 pesticide active ingredients while wearing wristbands. All six of the pesticides that were both reportedly used and included in the analytical method were detected in at least one wristband. An additional 19 pesticide compounds were detected beyond those that were reported to be in use, highlighting the importance of measuring exposure in addition to collecting surveys and self-reported use records. The wristband method is a candidate for more widespread use in pesticide exposure and health monitoring, and in the development of evidence-based policies for human health protection in an area where food security concerns are likely to intensify agricultural production and pesticide use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E. Donald
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Kathy L. Blaustein
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, 2040 Cordley Hall, Corvallis OR 97330, USA
| | - Mary L. Halbleib
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, 2040 Cordley Hall, Corvallis OR 97330, USA
| | - Makhfousse Sarr
- United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 15 rue Calmette x Assane Ndoye, BP 3300 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Paul C. Jepson
- Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, 2040 Cordley Hall, Corvallis OR 97330, USA
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Food Safety and Environmental Stewardship Program, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
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30
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Helali I, Ferchichi S, Maaouia A, Aouni M, Harizi H. Modulation of macrophage functionality induced in vitro by chlorpyrifos and carbendazim pesticides. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:745-50. [PMID: 27429139 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1181124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is the first defense against pathogens; however, it is very sensitive and can be impacted on by agrochemicals such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides widely present in the environment. To understand how pesticides can affect immune cell function in vitro, this study investigated the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and carbendazim (CBZ), the most commonly used pesticides worldwide, on murine immune cell (i.e. macrophage) functions, including lysosomal enzyme activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) and nitric oxide (NO) production by isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. This study showed for the first time that CPF and CBZ dose-relatedly reduced macrophage lysosomal enzyme activity and LPS-induced production of IL-1β, TNFα and NO. In general, the effects caused by CPF appeared more pronounced than those by CBZ. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CPF and CBZ exhibited marked immunomodulatory effects and could act as potent immunosuppressive factors in vitro. This inhibition of macrophage pro-inflammatory function may be an integral part of the underlying mode of action related to pesticide-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Helali
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Saiida Ferchichi
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Amal Maaouia
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
| | - Hedi Harizi
- a Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Monastir University , Monastir , Tunisia
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