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Woolweaver AB, Abu Khalaf N, Espelage DL, Zhou Z, Reynoso Marmolejos R, Calnan M, Mirsen R. Outcomes Associated with Adolescent Dating and Sexual Violence Victimization: A Systematic Review of School-Based Literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:2781-2796. [PMID: 38265028 PMCID: PMC11370199 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241226618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Dating and sexual violence (DSV) is a common occurrence among school aged youth and has been associated with numerous harmful long-term outcomes. The goal of this article is to better understand the range of outcomes associated with DSV during youth and adolescence. This systematic review consists of 28 school-based studies from 20 journals discussing outcomes of youth experiences of DSV. Results demonstrate significant associations between DSV victimization and mental health symptoms, substance use, sexual health, academic, and social outcomes. To better understand this issue, this article recommends that schools offer additional training for staff on recognizing DSV. Additionally, improved research is needed in this area including surveys that are inclusive of diverse student identities and include more comprehensive measures of DSV, and additional research on DSV explicitly focused on minoritized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ziyi Zhou
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Mary Calnan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Rachel Mirsen
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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Williams JR, Alam IZ, Ranapurwala SI. Trajectories and correlates of opioid prescription receipt among patients experiencing interpersonal violence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273846. [PMID: 36083884 PMCID: PMC9462725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal violence increases vulnerability to the deleterious effects of opioid use. Increased opioid prescription receipt is a major contributor to the opioid crisis; however, our understanding of prescription patterns and risk factors among those with a history of interpersonal violence remains elusive. This study sought to identify 5-year longitudinal patterns of opioid prescription receipt among patients experiencing interpersonal violence within a large healthcare system and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with prescription patterns. This secondary analysis examined electronic health record data from January 2004–August 2019 for a cohort of patients (N = 1,587) referred for interpersonal violence services. Latent class growth analysis was used to estimate trajectories of opioid prescription receipt over a 5-year period. Standardized differences were calculated to assess variation in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between classes. Our cohort had a high prevalence of prescription opioid receipt (73.3%) and underlying co-morbidities, including chronic pain (54.6%), substance use disorders (39.0%), and mental health diagnoses (76.9%). Six prescription opioid receipt classes emerged, characterized by probability of any prescription opioid receipt at the start and end of the study period (high, medium, low, never) and change in probability over time (increasing, decreasing, stable). Classes with the highest probability of prescription opioids also had the highest proportions of males, chronic pain diagnoses, substance use disorders, and mental health diagnoses. Black, non-Hispanic and Hispanic patients were more likely to be in low or no prescription opioid receipt classes. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring for synergistic co-morbidities when providing pain management and offering treatment that is trauma-informed, destigmatizing, and integrated into routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Williams
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ishrat Z. Alam
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shabbar I. Ranapurwala
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Mintz S, Ingram KM, Milliken A, Kuehl T, Espelage DL. Longitudinal Associations Between Sexual Victimization and Substance Misuse Among High School Youth in Colorado. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP4415-NP4438. [PMID: 32954914 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520959628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are consistently high rates of sexual victimization and substance misuse among youth in the United States. Although there is a known relation between sexual victimization and substance use, there is a gap in the research regarding the magnitude and temporality of these associations. This study examined whether latent classes of sexual victimization and help-seeking attitudes longitudinally predict intentions of future substance misuse 7-10 months later. Students from nine Colorado high schools (N = 533; M = age 16 years) completed surveys across two consecutive school semesters. Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of students who experienced at least one form of sexual victimization (e.g., sexual harassment, unwanted sexual contact) according to 13 sexual victimization items, and level of positive attitudes regarding help-seeking for sexual victimization. Classes were compared on demographic characteristics and for distal outcomes of likelihood of future substance misuse (cigarettes, alcohol, cannabis, prescription drugs, and electronic vaping products) using latent class regression, controlling for previous intentions to use. At Time 1, four classes of sexual victimization were identified with two main classes for comparison: low odds of experiencing sexual victimization (60.1% of sample) and high odds of endorsing all forms of sexual victimization (7.7% of sample). The high sexual victimization class had higher proportions of male and transgender students, compared to other classes. At Time 2 (7-10 months later), students in the high sexual victimization class reported a significantly greater likelihood of future cigarette (p = .017) and prescription drug misuse (p = .007) when compared to the low sexual victimization class. There was no evidence that having higher positive attitudes towards help-seeking resulted in lower intentions to use substances in the future. These findings highlight that addressing sexual violence in prevention programming may have crossover effects of reducing substance misuse and other forms of violence among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Mintz
- Violence and Injury Prevention, Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Anne Milliken
- Violence and Injury Prevention, Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Tomei Kuehl
- Violence and Injury Prevention, Mental Health Promotion Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States
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Hobden KL, Thurston WE, McVey GL, Senn CY. An Evaluation of Strategies Used to Maximize Intervention Fidelity in a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 22:960-970. [PMID: 33864584 PMCID: PMC8458165 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe and evaluate the strategies used to maximize intervention fidelity in a randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of a sexual assault resistance intervention. The EAAA program was based on the best available theory and evidence on how women can successfully resist sexual coercion from male acquaintances. Extensive protocols for hiring, training, and supervising facilitators were established a priori. Detailed intervention manuals were developed that clearly described program goals, learning objectives, core elements, troubleshooting tips, sections that must be delivered verbatim, adaptations that could be made if necessary, and the ideal and minimum dose. Program sessions were audio-recorded, and a subsample of recordings were scored for adherence to the manuals using detailed Intervention Fidelity Checklists (IFC) developed specifically for this research. The Gearing et al. (2011) Comprehensive Intervention Fidelity Guide (CFIG) was employed retrospectively to provide objectivity to our analysis and help identify what we did well and what we could have done better. The SARE (Sexual Assault Resistance Education) Trial received high scores (38 out of 44 (86%) from each of the first two authors on the CFIG, suggesting a high level of intervention fidelity. Although a potential for bias on the part of the two raters was an obvious limitation, as was our neglection to include measures of implementation receipt, which Gearing et al. (2011) recommended, our analysis underscores the utility in employing methods recommended to enhance intervention fidelity when developing and evaluating evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Hobden
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| | - Wilfreda E Thurston
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gail L McVey
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charlene Y Senn
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
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Johnson ME, Zaidi F. Sex differences in the effects of physical and sexual abuse on the odds of past 30-day opioid misuse among Florida justice-involved children. ADDICTION RESEARCH & THEORY 2021; 29:479-489. [PMID: 35035335 PMCID: PMC8758115 DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2021.1891414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Opioid misuse is a severe threat to justice-involved children and adolescents. Identifying risk factors and sex differences is critical to design accurate risk assessments and person-centered interventions. Stress theory and research posit that abuse may be linked to opioid misuse, and the consequences may be harsher for females. The study tests the hypothesis that physical and sexual abuse will individually and cumulatively increase the risk for opioid misuse, and females will have a higher risk than males. METHODS A statewide sample of 79,960 justice-involved children in Florida were examined. Opioid misuse, illicit and non-medical use, was measured by urine analysis or self-disclosure within the past-30 days. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed. Marginal effects were estimated to investigate the interaction between abuse and sex. RESULTS Over 2000 youth met the criteria for opioid misuse. One-third of female opioid users experienced both physical and sexual abuse. Compared to those with no history of physical or sexual abuse, those who were physically abused had 43% higher odds of opioid misuse, those who were sexually abuse had 78% higher odds, and those who experienced both had twice as high odds of opioid misuse. The individual and combined effects of these abuse types were higher for females. For example, female youth who were sexually abused had 2.7-times higher odds of opioid misuse than males who were sexually abused. CONCLUSION Intervention efforts can be improved by integrating physical and sexual abuse into risk assessments and tailoring assessments by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah E. Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Farwah Zaidi
- The Study of Teen Opioid Misuse and Prevention Laboratory, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kelley-Quon LI, Kirkpatrick MG, Ricca RL, Baird R, Harbaugh CM, Brady A, Garrett P, Wills H, Argo J, Diefenbach KA, Henry MCW, Sola JE, Mahdi EM, Goldin AB, St Peter SD, Downard CD, Azarow KS, Shields T, Kim E. Guidelines for Opioid Prescribing in Children and Adolescents After Surgery: An Expert Panel Opinion. JAMA Surg 2021; 156:76-90. [PMID: 33175130 PMCID: PMC8995055 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Opioids are frequently prescribed to children and adolescents after surgery. Prescription opioid misuse is associated with high-risk behavior in youth. Evidence-based guidelines for opioid prescribing practices in children are lacking. OBJECTIVE To assemble a multidisciplinary team of health care experts and leaders in opioid stewardship, review current literature regarding opioid use and risks unique to pediatric populations, and develop a broad framework for evidence-based opioid prescribing guidelines for children who require surgery. EVIDENCE REVIEW Reviews of relevant literature were performed including all English-language articles published from January 1, 1988, to February 28, 2019, found via searches of the PubMed (MEDLINE), CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Pediatric was defined as children younger than 18 years. Animal and experimental studies, case reports, review articles, and editorials were excluded. Selected articles were graded using tools from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine 2011 levels of evidence. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument was applied throughout guideline creation. Consensus was determined using a modified Delphi technique. FINDINGS Overall, 14 574 articles were screened for inclusion, with 217 unique articles included for qualitative synthesis. Twenty guideline statements were generated from a 2-day in-person meeting and subsequently reviewed, edited, and endorsed externally by pediatric surgical specialists, the American Pediatric Surgery Association Board of Governors, the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Surgery Executive Committee, and the American College of Surgeons Board of Regents. Review of the literature and guideline statements underscored 3 primary themes: (1) health care professionals caring for children who require surgery must recognize the risks of opioid misuse associated with prescription opioids, (2) nonopioid analgesic use should be optimized in the perioperative period, and (3) patient and family education regarding perioperative pain management and safe opioid use practices must occur both before and after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These are the first opioid-prescribing guidelines to address the unique needs of children who require surgery. Health care professionals caring for children and adolescents in the perioperative period should optimize pain management and minimize risks associated with opioid use by engaging patients and families in opioid stewardship efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine I Kelley-Quon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Robert L Ricca
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia
| | - Robert Baird
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Ashley Brady
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Paula Garrett
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Hale Wills
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Surgery, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jonathan Argo
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Karen A Diefenbach
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Marion C W Henry
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson
| | - Juan E Sola
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Elaa M Mahdi
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Adam B Goldin
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Shawn D St Peter
- Department of Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Cynthia D Downard
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Hiram C. Polk Jr MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth S Azarow
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Tracy Shields
- Division of Library Services, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia
| | - Eugene Kim
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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7
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Austin AE, Short NA. Sexual Violence, Mental Health, and Prescription Opioid Use and Misuse. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:818-827. [PMID: 33220753 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research indicates that sexual violence is associated with prescription opioid use and misuse. However, this literature is limited by a lack of sex-specific analyses, an inability to establish temporality between experiences of sexual violence and prescription opioid outcomes, and little understanding of mechanisms underlying these associations. METHODS Data from Waves IV (2008) and V (2016-2018) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N=10,685) were analyzed in March 2020. The association of sexual violence with past 30-day prescription opioid use and misuse among women and men and mediation by depression and anxiety diagnoses were examined using generalized structural equation modeling. Temporality was established using self-reported age at the first experience of sexual violence and age at first depression and anxiety diagnoses. RESULTS Sexual violence was associated with an increased likelihood of prescription opioid use and misuse among women (OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.19, 2.39 for use; OR=1.18, 95% CI=0.95, 1.55 for misuse) and men (OR=2.37, 95% CI=1.37, 4.12 for use; OR=1.71, 95% CI=1.06, 2.75 for misuse). Among women, depression (p=0.0420) and anxiety (p=0.0450) diagnoses mediated the association with prescription opioid use, and anxiety diagnosis (p=0.0210) mediated the association with prescription opioid misuse. Among men, anxiety diagnosis (p=0.038) mediated the association with prescription opioid use, and depression diagnosis (p=0.0390) mediated the association with prescription opioid misuse. CONCLUSIONS Secondary prevention efforts focused on evidence-based, trauma-informed behavioral health treatment among survivors of sexual violence may prevent prescription opioid use and misuse as strategies for coping with the psychological impact of these traumatic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Austin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Nicole A Short
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Basile KC, Clayton HB, Rostad WL, Leemis RW. Sexual Violence Victimization of Youth and Health Risk Behaviors. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:570-579. [PMID: 32033854 PMCID: PMC7266035 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study assesses associations between past-12-month sexual violence victimization and recent health risk behaviors using a nationally representative sample of male and female high school students. It is hypothesized that sexual violence victimization will be associated with most of the negative health behaviors for both sexes. METHODS Data from the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a school-based cross-sectional survey of students in Grades 9-12, were used to assess associations between sexual violence victimization and 29 health risk behaviors in sex-stratified logistic regression models. Effect modification was also examined through sex X sexual violence victimization interactions within unstratified models. All models controlled for race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual identity. Data were analyzed in 2018. RESULTS Students who experienced sexual violence victimization were significantly more likely to report many health risk behaviors and experiences, such as substance use, injury, negative sexual health behaviors, feelings of sadness or hopelessness, suicidality, poor academic performance, and cognitive difficulties, and these associations were often stronger among male students (significant adjusted prevalence ratios ranged from 1.63 to 14.40 for male and 1.24 to 6.67 for female students). CONCLUSIONS Past-year sexual violence victimization was significantly related to various health risk behaviors, suggesting that efforts to prevent sexual violence may also be associated with decreases in poor health. Integrating violence, substance use, sexual, and other health risk prevention efforts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Basile
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Heather B Clayton
- National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Whitney L Rostad
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ruth W Leemis
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
Although recent spikes in overdose deaths are largely attributable to heroin and fentanyl, prescription opioids still account for a significant percentage of overdose deaths. Additionally, overdose deaths are not a problem solely for adults; roughly 8% of all overdose deaths occur in persons aged 15 to 24. In addition to identifying factors that increase risk for misuse and negative outcomes among adolescents, research must examine the causal mechanisms that link these factors to increased risk. Finally, the extant research must serve as the foundation for prevention/intervention strategies and identify treatments that are effective among adolescents with opioid use disorders.
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Votaw VR, Geyer R, Rieselbach MM, McHugh RK. The epidemiology of benzodiazepine misuse: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 200:95-114. [PMID: 31121495 PMCID: PMC6639084 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzodiazepine misuse is a growing public health problem, with increases in benzodiazepine-related overdose deaths and emergency room visits in recent years. However, relatively little attention has been paid to this emergent problem. We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on benzodiazepine misuse to identify key findings, limitations, and future directions for research. METHODS PubMed and PsychINFO databases were searched through February 2019 for peer-reviewed publications on benzodiazepine misuse (e.g., use without a prescription; at a higher frequency or dose than prescribed). Eligibility criteria included human studies that focused on the prevalence, trends, correlates, motives, patterns, sources, and consequences of benzodiazepine misuse. RESULTS The search identified 1970 publications, and 351 articles were eligible for data extraction and inclusion. In 2017, benzodiazepines and other tranquilizers were the third most commonly misused illicit or prescription drug in the U.S. (approximately 2.2% of the population). Worldwide rates of misuse appear to be similar to those reported in the U.S. Factors associated with misuse include other substance use, receipt of a benzodiazepine prescription, and psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Benzodiazepine misuse encompasses heterogeneous presentations of motives, patterns, and sources. Moreover, misuse is associated with myriad poor outcomes, including mortality, HIV/HCV risk behaviors, poor self-reported quality of life, criminality, and continued substance use during treatment. CONCLUSIONS Benzodiazepine misuse is a worldwide public health concern that is associated with a number of concerning consequences. Findings from the present review have implications for identifying subgroups who could benefit from prevention and treatment efforts, critical points for intervention, and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Votaw
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Corresponding author: Victoria R. Votaw, Clinical Psychology Ph.D. Student Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131,
| | - Rachel Geyer
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Maya M. Rieselbach
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - R. Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Gilmore AK, Walsh K, Frazier P, Ledray L, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS. Prescription Opioid Misuse After a Recent Sexual Assault: A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Video Intervention. Am J Addict 2019; 28:376-381. [PMID: 31242340 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prescription opioid (PO) misuse is increasing and is associated with overdose. Individuals who experienced a recent sexual assault are at risk for increased substance use, yet limited interventions target PO misuse after sexual assault. The current study examined the efficacy of video interventions on PO misuse after sexual assault. METHODS Adolescent girls and women (n = 154) were recruited in the context of a sexual assault medical forensic exam in the emergency department. Effects of a prevention of post-rape stress (PPRS) video and a pleasant imagery and relaxation instruction (PIRI) video were compared with treatment as usual (TAU) during a sexual assault medical forensic exam on PO misuse. Participants reported if they had used POs for non-medical purposes since the sexual assault at 1.5 month follow-up. RESULTS Results from a logistic regression analysis indicated that participants with a prior sexual assault were less likely to misuse prescription opioids 1.5 months after the assault in the PIRI condition compared with TAU. There were no main effects for video condition and no interactions for the PPRS condition on PO misuse. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Providing the PIRI video, or teaching other types of mindfulness or relaxation exercises, may be warranted as a secondary prevention for individuals during the sexual assault medical forensic exam for those with a prior sexual assault history. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This research provides an initial examination of the impact of mindfulness skills recently after traumatic event exposure on PO misuse. (Am J Addict 2019;28:376-381).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kate Walsh
- Department of Psychology, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY
| | - Patricia Frazier
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Ron Acierno
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Dean G Kilpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Heidi S Resnick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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12
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Ngo QM, Veliz PT, Kusunoki Y, Stein SF, Boyd CJ. Adolescent sexual violence: Prevalence, adolescent risks, and violence characteristics. Prev Med 2018; 116:68-74. [PMID: 30194960 PMCID: PMC6553641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate peer-to-peer sexual violence victimization and perpetration among male and female adolescents in a large, racially and economically diverse, community-based sample. Using cross-sectional data over a four-year period (2009-2013) from a regional sample of middle school and high school students in southeastern Michigan, we examined the prevalence and correlates of peer-to-peer sexual violence victimization and perpetration among adolescents. 33.9% of males and 53.5% of females reported sexual violence victimization, while 22.8% of males and 12.6% of females reported sexual violence perpetration. The majority of peer-to-peer sexual victimization and perpetration occurred by someone of the opposite sex, however, same-sex victimization and perpetration were not uncommon. Substance use, depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and conduct disorder were associated with peer-to-peer sexual violence (victimization or perpetration) for both males and females, with few differences in the patterns of associations by sex. These findings are an important step in better understanding the types of peer-to-peer sexual violence that adolescents experience and risk factors for both male and female youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen M Ngo
- Department of Emergency Medicine's Injury Prevention Center and the Institute for Research on Women and Gender at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Philip T Veliz
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 1136 Lane Hall, 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America.
| | - Yasamin Kusunoki
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership in the School of Nursing and the Institute for Social Research (ISR) at the University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America.
| | - Sara F Stein
- School of Social Work, the Department of Psychology and the Injury Prevention Center at the University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States of America.
| | - Carol J Boyd
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences in the School of Nursing and the Institute for Research on Women and Gender (IRWG) at the University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States of America.
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Li DH, Turner BC, Mustanski B, Phillips GL. Sexual orientation disparities in prescription drug misuse among a nationally representative sample of adolescents: Prevalence and correlates. Addict Behav 2018; 77:143-151. [PMID: 29017108 PMCID: PMC5701833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual minority adolescents (SMA) may be at disproportionate risk for misusing prescription psychotropic medications compared to their heterosexual peers. However, generalizable studies specific to this age group are lacking. The current study aimed to describe the prevalence of sexual orientation disparities in prescription drug misuse among a nationally representative sample of adolescents as well as to examine key correlates of misuse. METHOD Using data from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, we conducted stepwise multivariable weighted logistic regressions, sequentially controlling for demographics, experiences of victimization, mental health, and other illicit substance use. RESULTS Adjusting for grade and race/ethnicity, female SMA and gay and unsure males had significantly elevated odds of ever misusing a prescription drug compared to heterosexual adolescents (ORs from 1.7-2.5). Most sexual orientation disparities among females remained significant with the addition of victimization and mental health covariates but attenuated completely after controlling for other illicit drug use. The effect for unsure males attenuated when victimization variables were included, but the effect for gay males remained significant through the final model. Controlling for other illicit drug use, mental health variables remained significant correlates for females whereas only forced sex was significant for males. CONCLUSION These results suggest experiences of victimization and mental health partially account for the disparities in prescription drug misuse between SMA and heterosexual adolescents, and their effects may differ by sex. A combination of structural, individual coping, and universal drug prevention approaches should be used to make the largest impact on reducing these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Li
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
| | - Blair C Turner
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Gregory L Phillips
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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14
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Rougemont-Bücking A, Grazioli VS, Marmet S, Daeppen JB, Lemoine M, Gmel G, Studer J. Non-medical use of prescription drugs by young men: impact of potentially traumatic events and of social-environmental stressors. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9:1468706. [PMID: 29760868 PMCID: PMC5944370 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1468706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an increasing phenomenon associated with physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the effects of distinct forms of stress on NMUPD. Methods: Data from 5308 young adult men from the Swiss cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) were analysed regarding NMUPD of sleeping pills, tranquilizers, opioid analgesics, psychostimulants, and antidepressants. Various forms of stress (discrete, potentially traumatic events, recent and long-lasting social-environmental stressors) during the period preceding the NMUPD assessment were measured. Backward log-binomial regression was performed and risk ratios (RR) were calculated. Results: NMUPD was significantly associated with the cumulative number of potentially traumatic events (e.g. for opioid analgesics, RR = 1.92, p < .001), with problems within the family (e.g. for sleeping pills, RR = 2.45, p < .001), and the peer group (e.g. for tranquilizer use, RR = 2.34, p < .01). Factors describing family functioning in childhood showed very few significant associations. Sexual assault by acquaintances was associated only with use of sleeping pills (RR = 2.91, p p <.01); physical assault by acquaintances was not associated with NMUPD. Physical (e.g. for psychostimulants, RR = 2.01, p < .001) or sexual assaults (e.g. for antidepressants, RR = 4.64, p < .001) perpetrated outside the family context did show associations with several drug categories. Conclusion: NMUPD appears to be more consistently associated with discrete and potentially traumatic events and with recent social-environmental stressors than with long-lasting stressors due to family functioning during childhood and youth. Physical and sexual assaults perpetrated by strangers showed more associations with NMUPD than those perpetrated by a family member.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Rougemont-Bücking
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Chair of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Fribourg, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science (NMS), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Véronique S Grazioli
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Marmet
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Bernard Daeppen
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mélissa Lemoine
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Addiction Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Frenchay Campus, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Joseph Studer
- Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Jessell L, Mateu-Gelabert P, Guarino H, Vakharia SP, Syckes C, Goodbody E, Ruggles KV, Friedman S. Sexual Violence in the Context of Drug Use Among Young Adult Opioid Users in New York City. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2017; 32:2929-2954. [PMID: 26240068 PMCID: PMC4740284 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515596334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Drug and alcohol use have been associated with increased risk for sexual violence, but there is little research on sexual violence within the context of drug use among young adult opioid users. The current mixed-methods study explores young adult opioid users' sexual experiences in the context of their drug use. Forty-six New York City young adults (ages 18-32) who reported lifetime nonmedical use of prescription opioids (POs) completed in-depth, semistructured interviews, and 164 (ages 18-29) who reported heroin and/or nonmedical PO use in the past 30 days completed structured assessments that inquired about their drug use and sexual behavior and included questions specific to sexual violence. Participants reported frequent incidents of sexual violence experienced both personally and by their opioid using peers. Participants described sexual violence, including sexual assault, as occurring within a context characterized by victimization of users who were unconscious as a result of substance use, implicit and explicit exchanges of sex for drugs and/or money that increased risk for sexual violence, negative sexual perceptions ascribed to drug users, and participants' own internalized stigma. Recommendations to reduce sexual violence among young adult opioid users include education for users and service providers on the risk of involvement in sexual violence within drug using contexts and efforts to challenge perceptions of acceptability regarding sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Jessell
- National Development & Research Institutes, Inc., New York, USA
| | | | - Honoria Guarino
- National Development & Research Institutes, Inc., New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kelly V. Ruggles
- National Development & Research Institutes, Inc., New York, USA
- New York University Medical Center, Department of Population Health, New York City, USA
| | - Sam Friedman
- National Development & Research Institutes, Inc., New York, USA
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16
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Senn CY, Eliasziw M, Hobden KL, Newby-Clark IR, Barata PC, Radtke HL, Thurston WE. Secondary and 2-Year Outcomes of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2017; 41:147-162. [PMID: 29503496 PMCID: PMC5821219 DOI: 10.1177/0361684317690119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the secondary outcomes and longevity of efficacy from a randomized controlled trial that evaluated a novel sexual assault resistance program designed for first-year women university students. Participants (N = 893) were randomly assigned to receive the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) program or a selection of brochures (control). Perception of personal risk, self-defense self-efficacy, and rape myth acceptance was assessed at baseline; 1-week postintervention; and 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month postrandomization. Risk detection was assessed at 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months. Sexual assault experience and knowledge of effective resistance strategies were assessed at all follow-ups. The EAAA program produced significant increases in women's perception of personal risk, self-defense self-efficacy, and knowledge of effective (forceful verbal and physical) resistance strategies; the program also produced decreases in general rape myth acceptance and woman blaming over the entire 24-month follow-up period. Risk detection was significantly improved for the intervention group at post-test. The program significantly reduced the risk of completed and attempted rape, attempted coercion, and nonconsensual sexual contact over the entire follow-up period, yielding reductions between 30% and 64% at 2 years. The EAAA program produces long-lasting changes in secondary outcomes and in the incidence of sexual assault experienced by women students. Universities can reduce the harm and the negative health consequences that young women experience as a result of campus sexual assault by implementing this program. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Y. Senn
- Department of Psychology/Women’s and Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Misha Eliasziw
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen L. Hobden
- Department of Psychology/Women’s and Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paula C. Barata
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - H. Lorraine Radtke
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Yantsides KE, Tracy MR, Skeer M. Non-medical use of prescription drugs and its association with heroin use among high school students. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2016; 22:102-107. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2016.1217089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Migdalia R. Tracy
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Public Health and Community Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margie Skeer
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Public Health and Community Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Cunningham RM, Chermack ST, Ehrlich PF, Carter PM, Booth BM, Blow FC, Barry KL, Walton MA. Alcohol Interventions Among Underage Drinkers in the ED: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e783-93. [PMID: 26347440 PMCID: PMC4586730 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the efficacy of emergency department (ED)-based brief interventions (BIs), delivered by a computer or therapist, with and without a post-ED session, on alcohol consumption and consequences over 12 months. METHODS Patients (ages 14-20 years) screening positive for risky drinking were randomized to: BI (n = 277), therapist BI (n = 278), or control (n = 281). After the 3-month follow-up, participants were randomized to receive a post-ED BI session or control. Incorporating motivational interviewing, the BIs addressed alcohol consumption and consequences, including driving under the influence (DUI), and alcohol-related injury, as well as other concomitant drug use. The computer BI was an offline, Facebook-styled program. RESULTS Among 4389 patients screened, 1054 patients reported risky drinking and 836 were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial. Regression models examined the main effects of the intervention conditions (versus control) and the interaction effects (ED condition × post-ED condition) on primary outcomes. The therapist and computer BIs significantly reduced consumption at 3 months, consequences at 3 and 12 months, and prescription drug use at 12 months; the computer BI reduced the frequency of DUI at 12 months; and the therapist BI reduced the frequency of alcohol-related injury at 12 months. The post-ED session reduced alcohol consequences at 6 months, benefiting those who had not received a BI in the ED. CONCLUSIONS A single-session BI, delivered by a computer or therapist in the ED, shows promise for underage drinkers. Findings for the fully automated stand-alone computer BI are particularly appealing given the ease of future implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education and,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen T. Chermack
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter F. Ehrlich
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, CS Mott Children’s Hospital, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Patrick M. Carter
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brenda M. Booth
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Frederic C. Blow
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristen L. Barry
- University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan;,University of Michigan Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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19
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Kecojevic A, Wong CF, Corliss HL, Lankenau SE. Risk factors for high levels of prescription drug misuse and illicit drug use among substance-using young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 150:156-63. [PMID: 25772436 PMCID: PMC6368938 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited research has focused on prescription drug misuse among young men who have sex with men (YMSM), or investigated risk factors contributing to misuse. This study aims to investigate the relationship between multiple psychosocial risk factors (i.e., childhood abuse, discrimination, mental health distress) and prescription drug misuse among YMSM who are current substance users. METHODS YMSM (N=191) who reported prescription drug misuse in the past 6 months were recruited in Philadelphia between 2012 and 2013 to complete an anonymous survey assessing demographic information, substance use, and psychosocial factors. RESULTS High levels of childhood physical abuse and perceived stress were associated with higher opioid misuse, while high levels of depression were associated with lower misuse of opioids. Those with higher levels of perceived stress were more likely to report higher tranquilizer misuse, while those with more experiences of social homophobia/racism and higher levels of depression and somatization reported higher stimulant misuse. Regarding demographic correlates, older participants were more likely than younger participants to report higher opioid misuse, while racial minorities were less likely than White participants to report higher misuse of tranquilizers, stimulants, and illicit drug use. Bisexual/heterosexual/other identified participants were more likely than gay identified participants to report higher misuse of all three classes of prescription drugs. CONCLUSIONS Associations of risk factors with substance use among YMSM are complex and offer opportunities for additional research. Our findings show that prevention efforts must address substance use among YMSM in sync with psychosocial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kecojevic
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92123, United States.
| | - Carolyn F. Wong
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, Community, Health Outcomes and Intervention Research Program, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #30, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States,University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, United States
| | - Heather L. Corliss
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92123, United States
| | - Stephen E. Lankenau
- Drexel University School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Nesbitt Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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20
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Shehnaz SI, Agarwal AK, Khan N. A systematic review of self-medication practices among adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:467-83. [PMID: 25245937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to systematically review the global trends and factors influencing self-medication (SM) among adolescents. Databases (Medline/Pubmed, Ingenta, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Proquest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed research published between January 2000 and December 2013 on SM among adolescents aged 13-18 years. Articles were scrutinized for country of origin, sample size, recall period, prevalence rates and associations, influencing factors, medicines used, self-medicated health complaints, sources of drug information, recommendation and procurement, knowledge about medicines, and adverse drug reactions. One hundred and sixty-three publications met the inclusion criteria. SM prevalence ranged from 2% to 92% in different countries. The most frequently self-medicated over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines were analgesics and antibiotics, respectively. Headache, allergies, and fever were the most common self-medicated health complaints reported. Misuse of both over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines reflected a risky trend. Female gender, older age, maternal education, and familial practices were associated with SM among adolescents. The primary sources of drug information, recommendation, and procurement included pharmacists, parents, and friends. High-risk practices such as diversion of prescription medicines and utilization of previous prescriptions were also reported. Most studies revealed gaps in drug knowledge, although adolescents self-rated it as satisfactory. However, few adverse drug reactions were reported, probably because of lack of awareness about the potential harmful effects of medicines. Recommendations for "responsible SM" have been made to minimize the adverse effects of SM. Understanding the links between various factors promoting SM can be helpful in deriving strategies aimed at reducing drug-related health risks among adolescents. Moreover, these will aid in creating awareness among adolescents about the potential risks of using drugs without proper information and consultation. Studies need to be designed to assess the changing trend and identify new correlates of self-medication practices among adolescents, which pose fresh challenges to monitor the menace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ilyas Shehnaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Anoop Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelofer Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Snipes DJ, Green BA, Benotsch EG, Perrin PB. The Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs and Lifetime Experiences of Sexual Victimization Among College Men. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2014; 29:2482-2496. [PMID: 24488123 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513520229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) has been linked with many negative outcomes in previous studies. Recent literature has begun to examine the role of NMUPD among sexual victimization survivors. The present study examined the associations between NMUPD, recreational drug use, and experiences of sexual victimization among college men. Undergraduate men (n = 253) elected to take an online survey examining drug use and lifetime sexual victimization experiences. A total of 17% of the sample reported instances of being sexually victimized in their lifetime across four domains (being coerced, threatened, physically forced, or taken advantage of while incapacitated). Results indicate that, across all domains of sexual victimization, non-medical sedative use was robustly associated with sexual victimization in a multivariate model controlling for recreational drug use and demographics. No other non-medically used drug class (anxiolytics, pain medications, and stimulants) was associated with experiences of sexual victimization in the multivariate model. Results expand past literature by illustrating specific drug classes used by survivors of sexual victimization. Implications for interventions for male sexual victimization survivors are discussed.
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22
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Fotiou A, Kanavou E, Richardson C, Ploumpidis D, Kokkevi A. Misuse of prescription opioid analgesics among adolescents in Greece: The importance of peer use and past prescriptions. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/09687637.2014.899989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Mackey TK, Liang BA, Strathdee SA. Digital social media, youth, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs: the need for reform. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15:e143. [PMID: 23892156 PMCID: PMC3742396 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The tragic death of 18-year-old Ryan Haight highlighted the ethical, public health, and youth patient safety concerns posed by illicit online nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NUPM) sourcing, leading to a federal law in an effort to address this concern. Yet despite the tragedy and resulting law, the NUPM epidemic in the United States has continued to escalate and represents a dangerous and growing trend among youth and adolescents. A critical point of access associated with youth NUPM is the Internet. Internet use among this vulnerable patient group is ubiquitous and includes new, emerging, and rapidly developing technologies-particularly social media networking (eg, Facebook and Twitter). These unregulated technologies may pose a potential risk for enabling youth NUPM behavior. In order to address limitations of current regulations and promote online safety, we advocate for legislative reform to specifically address NUPM promotion via social media and other new online platforms. Using more comprehensive and modernized federal legislation that anticipates future online developments is critical in substantively addressing youth NUPM behavior occurring through the Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim K Mackey
- Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA, United States.
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24
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Young AM, Glover N, Havens JR. Nonmedical use of prescription medications among adolescents in the United States: a systematic review. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:6-17. [PMID: 22727071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to systematically summarize research on nonmedical use of prescription medications (NMUPM) among U.S. adolescents, with specific focus on scheduled medications falling into one of the following drug classes: pain relievers, stimulants, sedatives, or tranquilizers. METHODS Databases were searched for peer-reviewed primary quantitative research published between January 2000 and June 2011 on NMUPM among out-of-treatment U.S. adolescents aged 12-17 years (or age 18 if enrolled in high school). RESULTS Thirty publications met inclusion criteria. A total of 25 studies were represented; 15 involved nationally representative samples. The prevalence and correlates of NMUPM varied across studies and by drug class. Nonmedical use of pain relievers was more prevalent than for stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers. Female gender was generally associated with pain reliever use and, to a lesser degree, with tranquilizer use. White adolescents also appeared to have a higher prevalence of NMUPM, although there was some evidence to the contrary. Older age, illicit drug use, and delinquency were consistently associated with NMUPM across studies. CONCLUSIONS This review identified several areas for further research, including that of racially/ethnically diverse samples of adolescents, more focus on sedative and tranquilizer use, and longitudinal research to examine temporal patterns in NMUPM and other illicit drug use, delinquency, and substance abuse and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Young
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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25
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Young A, McCabe SE, Cranford JA, Ross-Durow P, Boyd CJ. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among adolescents: subtypes based on motivation for use. J Addict Dis 2012; 31:332-41. [PMID: 23244552 PMCID: PMC3531808 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2012.735564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to advance our understanding of nonmedical use of prescription medications by identifying the distinguishing characteristics of 2 subtypes of adolescent nonmedical users of prescription opioids that have been previously described. A Web-based, self-administered survey was completed by 2,597 7th-12th grade students. Sensation-seeking nonmedical users were best characterized by rule breaking and aggressive behaviors and possible substance dependence. Medical users and nonmedical self-treating users were best characterized by somatic complaints, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and history of sexual victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Young
- Institute for Research on Women & Gender, University of Michigan, 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sean Esteban McCabe
- Institute for Research on Women & Gender, University of Michigan, 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, 1111 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - James A. Cranford
- Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, 1111 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Paula Ross-Durow
- Institute for Research on Women & Gender, University of Michigan, 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carol J. Boyd
- Institute for Research on Women & Gender, University of Michigan, 204 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, 1111 E. Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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26
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Wolbring G. Hearing Beyond the Normal Enabled by Therapeutic Devices: The Role of the Recipient and the Hearing Profession. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2011; 6:607-616. [PMID: 24273624 PMCID: PMC3825540 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-011-9120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The time is near where ‘therapeutic’ bodily assistive devices, developed to mimic species-typical body structures in order to enable normative body functioning, will allow the wearer to outperform the species-typical body in various functions. Although such devices are developed for people that are seen to exhibit sub species-typical abilities, many ‘therapeutic enhancements’ might also be desired and used by people that exhibit species-typical body abilities. This paper presents the views of members of the World Federation of the Deaf on potential beyond species-typical abilities enabling therapeutic assistive devices (i.e. related to hearing). Survey respondents showed support for the development and uptake of beyond normal hearing enabling devices. The views of survey respondents as clients affect hearing-enabling professions (such as audiologist and speech pathologists). The paper analyzes what guidance code of ethics of hearing enabling professions give in regards to beyond normal hearing enabling devices. This paper suggests that people labeled impaired and the professions that serve them should more involved in the enhancement discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Wolbring
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Science, Program in Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, T2N4N1 Calgary, Alberta Canada
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