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Abdullah SR, Wan Mohd Zin RM, Azizul NH, Sulaiman NS, Khalid NM, Mohd Salim Mullahi Jahn RJ, Khalil MKN, Abu Seman N, Zainal Abidin NA, Ali A, Tan YZ, Omar A, Seman Z, Yahya A, Md Noh MF. The Effect of a Combined Intermittent Fasting Healthy Plate Intervention on Anthropometric Outcomes and Body Composition Among Adults With Overweight and Obesity: Nonrandomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e51542. [PMID: 38598283 PMCID: PMC11043932 DOI: 10.2196/51542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult obesity and overweight pose a substantial risk to global public health and are associated with various noncommunicable diseases. Although intermittent fasting (IF) is increasingly used as a relatively new dietary strategy for weight loss, the effectiveness of 2 days per week of dry fasting remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined dry IF and healthy plate (IFHP) and healthy plate (HP) intervention in improving anthropometric outcomes and body composition. METHODS This nonrandomized controlled trial involved 177 adults who were overweight and obese. Among them, 91 (51.4%) were allocated to the IFHP group and 86 (48.6%) were allocated to the HP group. The overall study duration was 6 months (October 2020 to March 2021). The intervention was divided into 2 phases: supervised (3 months) and unsupervised (3 months). The data were collected at baseline, after the supervised phase (month 3), and after the unsupervised phase (month 6). Anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference) and body composition (body fat percentage, body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, and visceral fat area) data were measured at all 3 data collection points. Sociodemographic data were obtained using a questionnaire at baseline. RESULTS Most participants were female (147/177, 83.1%) and Malay (141/177, 79.7%). After 3 months, there were significant reductions in weight (difference -1.68; P<.001), BMI (difference -0.62; P<.001), body fat percentage (difference -0.921; P<.001), body fat mass (difference -1.28; P<.001), and visceral fat area (difference -4.227; P=.008) in the IFHP group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the HP group. Compared to baseline, participants in the IFHP group showed a significant decrease in weight (difference -1.428; P=.003), BMI (difference -0.522; P=.005), body fat percentage (difference -1.591; P<.001), body fat mass (difference -1.501; P<.001), visceral fat area (difference -7.130; P<.001), waist circumference (difference -2.304; P=.001), and hip circumference (difference -1.908; P=.002) at month 6. During the unsupervised phase, waist (IFHP difference -3.206; P<.001, HP difference -2.675; P=.004) and hip (IFHP difference -2.443; P<.001; HP difference -2.896; P<.001) circumferences were significantly reduced in both groups (P<.01), whereas skeletal muscle mass (difference 0.208; P=.04) and visceral fat area (difference -2.903; P=.003) were significantly improved in the IFHP group only. No significant difference in the between-group comparison was detected throughout the intervention (all P>.05). CONCLUSIONS A combined IFHP intervention was effective in improving anthropometric outcomes and body composition in adults with overweight and obesity. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/33801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazana Rifham Abdullah
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Ruziana Mona Wan Mohd Zin
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hayati Azizul
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suffia Sulaiman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Mustafa Khalid
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Roshan Jahn Mohd Salim Mullahi Jahn
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Khairul Nazrin Khalil
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Abu Seman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azlin Zainal Abidin
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Azizan Ali
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - You Zhuan Tan
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Azahadi Omar
- Sector for Biostatistic and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Zamtira Seman
- Sector for Biostatistic and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Abqariyah Yahya
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Yao K, Su H, Cui K, Gao Y, Xu D, Wang Q, Ha Z, Zhang T, Chen S, Liu T. Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus regular diet on fat loss in overweight and obese middle-aged and elderly people without metabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100165. [PMID: 38308923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the number of adults aged over 40 with obesity increases dramatically, intermittent fasting interventions (IF) may help them to lose fat and weight. This systematic review investigated the most recent research on the effects of intermittent fasting and a regular diet on body composition and lipids in adults aged over 40 with obesity without the metabolic disease. DATA SOURCES Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on IF on adults aged over 40 with obesity were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, China Knowledge Network (CNKI), VIP database, Wanfang database with the experimental group using IF and the control group using a regular diet. Revman was used for meta-analysis. Effect sizes are expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). STUDY SELECTION A total of 9 articles of randomised controlled trials that met the requirements were screened for inclusion. Studies typically lasted 2-6 weeks. The experimental population was aged 42-66 years, with a BMI range of 25.7-35 kg/m2. SYNTHESIS A total of 9 RCTs were included. meta-analysis showed that body weight (MD: -2.05 kg; 95% CI (-3.84, -0.27); p = 0.02), BMI (MD: -0.73 kg/m2; 95% CI (-1.05, -0.41); p < 0.001), fat mass (MD: -2.14 kg; 95% CI (-3.81, 0.47); p = 0.01), and TG (MD = -0.32 mmol/L, 95% CI (-0.50, -0.15, p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. No significant reduction in lean body mass (MD: -0.31 kg; 95% CI (-0.96, 0.34); p = 0.35). CONCLUSION IF had a reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, and TG in adults aged over 40 with obesity without metabolic disease compared to RD, and IF did not cause a significant decrease in lean body mass, which suggests healthy and effective fat loss. However, more long-term and high-quality trials are needed to reach definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Su
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Kaiyin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhitong Ha
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China; The School of Sports Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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James DL, Hawley NA, Mohr AE, Hermer J, Ofori E, Yu F, Sears DD. Impact of Intermittent Fasting and/or Caloric Restriction on Aging-Related Outcomes in Adults: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024; 16:316. [PMID: 38276554 PMCID: PMC10820472 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) and caloric restriction (CR) are dietary strategies to prevent and attenuate obesity associated with conditions and aging-related outcomes. This scoping review examined the cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcome differences between IF and CR interventions among adults. We applied a systematic approach to scope published randomized controlled trials (databases: PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from inception through August 2023. The initial search provided 389 unique articles which were critically appraised. Thirty articles met the eligibility criteria for inclusion: 12 were IF, 10 were CR, and 8 were combined IF and CR interventions. IF and CR were associated with weight loss; however, IF studies tended to report greater adherence compared with CR. Overall, IF and CR were equivalently effective across cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcomes. Our findings suggest that IF has health benefits in a variety of conditions and may be better accepted and tolerated than CR, but more comparative research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara L. James
- Edson College of Nursing and Healthcare Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Nanako A. Hawley
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA;
| | - Alex E. Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (E.O.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Janice Hermer
- Arizona State University Library, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Edward Ofori
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (E.O.); (D.D.S.)
| | - Fang Yu
- Edson College of Nursing and Healthcare Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Dorothy D. Sears
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.E.M.); (E.O.); (D.D.S.)
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Pieper C, Kaistha FTH, Schroeer S, Borgert M, Michalsen A, Mayer-Berger W. InterVFast-effectiveness and acceptance of intermittent fasting in cardiac rehabilitation patients: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:32. [PMID: 38195578 PMCID: PMC10775558 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on intermittent fasting has shown that it can improve a variety of health outcomes, including blood sugar control, blood lipid levels and blood pressure. Only few studies document longer periods of fasting, especially in rehabilitation participants. Cardiac inpatient rehabilitation follows a multidisciplinary approach including change of health behaviour to reduce patients' risk of future cardiovascular events. To date, evidence suggests that intermittent fasting can be an effective way to improve health and well-being, but more research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects and factors that promote the implementation. Therefore, the aim of the ongoing InterVFast trial is to investigate the effectiveness of intermittent fasting amongst cardiac rehabilitation patients after 4-week inpatient rehabilitation as well as 3 and 12 months subsequently including patients' perspective. METHODS This single-centre randomized controlled trial evaluates the effectiveness of the InterVFast intervention in weight loss (primary outcome). We also examine patients' acceptance and the effect on relevant outcomes as blood glucose and triglyceride levels, cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Weight, blood samples and clinical data are collected as part of the initial and final examination during inpatient rehabilitation. During inpatient rehabilitation, participants daily note fasting intervals and meals eaten as well as practicability in a fasting diary. In addition, interviews about perceived advantages and disadvantages and acceptance are carried out with the participants in the IG. A standardized follow-up examination (weight, blood samples) will be carried out by the family doctor after 3 and 12 months (t2 and t3). DISCUSSION Compared to other weight-loss intervention studies, our study addresses patients with coronary heart disease and includes patients' acceptance as well as long-term maintenance. It is hypothesized that participation in the InterVfast intervention will improve relevant health outcomes in a sample of cardiac rehabilitation patients and thus constitute a behavioural prevention strategy to reduce the risk of future cardiac events and improve overall health and quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov DRKS00023983. Registered on February 17, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pieper
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Florian Tim Hitesh Kaistha
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schroeer
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Borgert
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Michalsen
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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AbuShihab K, Obaideen K, Alameddine M, Alkurd RAF, Khraiwesh HM, Mohammad Y, Abdelrahim DN, Madkour MI, Faris ME. Reflection on Ramadan Fasting Research Related to Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being): A Bibliometric Analysis. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10943-023-01955-9. [PMID: 38110843 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a large body of research on Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) and health in Muslim communities, that can offer insights to promote the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), which encompasses good health and well-being. Based on recent bibliometric evidence, we hypothesized that RIF research is highly relevant to SDG 3, particularly Targets 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, and 3.5. Therefore, this bibliometric study quantified RIF literature supporting SDG 3 and associated targets over the past seven decades and explored themes and trends. All types of research articles were extracted from the Scopus database from inception to March 2022. Microsoft Excel, Biblioshiny, and VOSviewer were used to qualitatively and quantitatively examine RIF research trends supporting SDG 3 and associated targets. We identified 1729 relevant articles. The number of publications notably increased since 1986, with a dramatic increase in 2019-2020. RIF research predominantly supported Target 3.4 (reducing risk for non-communicable diseases), with research hotspots being diabetes, diabetes medications, pregnancy, physiology, metabolic diseases, and obesity and metabolism. This target was also the most commonly supported by dedicated authors and institutions publishing on RIF, whereas other SDG 3 targets were negligibly addressed in comparison. Our comprehensive bibliometric analysis of RIF literature showed growing support for SDG 3 through positive contributions to half of the SDG 3 targets, although Target 3.4 received the most attention. We also identified knowledge gaps that may shape further research directions on RIF and promote the achievement of SDG 3 in Muslim communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia AbuShihab
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), Sharjah University, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Obaideen
- Sustainable Engineering Asset Management Research Group, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamad Alameddine
- Department of Health Service Administration, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Refat Ahmad Fawzi Alkurd
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Husam M Khraiwesh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa' Applied University, Salt, Jordan
| | - Yara Mohammad
- College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dana N Abdelrahim
- Health Promotion Research Group, Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), Sharjah University, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed I Madkour
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - MoezAlIslam E Faris
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Kodela P, Okeke M, Guntuku S, Lingamsetty SSP, Slonovschi E. Management of Hypertension With Non-pharmacological Interventions: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43022. [PMID: 37674940 PMCID: PMC10478605 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a condition that affects nearly half of the adult population in the United States. HTN is the elevation of blood pressure (BP) 130/80 mm Hg or higher. Untreated high blood pressure may increase the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other serious complications. BP over 180/120 mm Hg with end-organ damage is called a hypertensive emergency. Despite advancements in medicine and treatment options, the global burden of HTN has been increasing due to the advancing age of the population and an increasing prevalence of obesity. Non-pharmacological management of HTN has gained prominence worldwide due to its additional benefits and positive impact on the overall health of individuals, having almost no side effects and reducing the financial burden of medication expenses. This article has compiled studies like systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials and reviewed the role of non-pharmacological management of HTN, including lifestyle modifications like exercise, weight loss, dietary interventions like dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet, low sodium diet, limiting alcohol consumption, smoking cessation and stress management to help control blood pressure. However, non-pharmacological interventions should be initiated in an early phase, and for proper management of HTN, we may need to include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This article explored and integrated various studies to highlight the role of non-pharmacological interventions to manage HTN. We also examined the need for more research studies for strategies to alleviate morbidity and mortality associated with HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Kodela
- Internal Medicine, Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Vijayapura, IND
| | - Monalisa Okeke
- Internal Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | - Eduard Slonovschi
- Surgery, Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie Iuliu Haţieganu Facultatea de Medicină, Cluj-Napoca, ROU
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Eglseer D, Traxler M, Embacher S, Reiter L, Schoufour JD, Weijs PJ, Voortman T, Boirie Y, Cruz-Jentoft A, Bauer S. Nutrition and exercise interventions to improve body composition for persons with overweight or obesity near retirement age: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:516-538. [PMID: 37028708 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retirement phase is an opportunity to integrate healthy (nutrition/exercise) habits into daily life. We conducted this systematic review to assess which nutrition and exercise interventions most effectively improve body composition (fat/muscle mass), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in persons with obesity/overweight near retirement age (ages 55-70). We conducted a systematic review and network-meta-analysis (NMA) of randomised controlled trials, searching four databases from their inception up to 12 July 2022. The NMA was based on a random effects model, pooled mean differences, standardised mean differences, their 95% confidence intervals, and correlations with multi-arm studies. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. 92 studies were included, 66 of which with 4957 participants could be used for the NMA. Identified interventions were clustered into 12 groups: no intervention, energy restriction (i.e. 500-1000 kcal), energy restriction plus high protein (HP) intake (1.1-1.7 g/kg/body weight), intermittent fasting, mixed exercise (aerobic and resistance), resistance training (RT), aerobic training (AT), HP plus RT, energy restriction plus HP plus exercise, energy restriction plus RT, energy restriction plus AT, and energy restriction plus mixed exercise (ME). Intervention durations ranged from 8 weeks to 6 months. Body fat was reduced with energy restriction plus any exercise or plus HP intake. Energy restriction alone was less effective and tended to decrease muscle mass. Muscle mass was only significantly increased with ME. All other interventions including exercise effectively preserved muscle mass. A BMI and/or WC decrease was achieved with all interventions except AT/RT alone or RT plus HP. Overall, the most effective strategy for nearly all outcomes was combining energy restriction with RT or ME and HP. Healthcare professionals involved in the management of persons with obesity need to be aware that an energy-restricted diet alone may contribute to sarcopenic obesity in persons near retirement age. This network meta-analysis is registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/as CRD42021276465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Eglseer
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Nursing Science, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Mariella Traxler
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Nursing Science, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefan Embacher
- Medical University of Graz, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Auenbruggerplatz 2, 8036 Graz.
| | - Lea Reiter
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Nursing Science, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josje D Schoufour
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerhuis, Dokter Meurerlaan 8, 1067 SM Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter Jm Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerhuis, Dokter Meurerlaan 8, 1067 SM Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, P.O. Box 176700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Yves Boirie
- University Clermont Auvergne, Human Nutrition Unit, INRA, CRNH Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Nutrition Department, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Alfonso Cruz-Jentoft
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Spain, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo, 28034 Madrid.
| | - Silvia Bauer
- Medical University of Graz, Institute of Nursing Science, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Grande de França NA, Rolland Y, Guyonnet S, de Souto Barreto P. The role of dietary strategies in the modulation of hallmarks of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101908. [PMID: 36905962 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The hallmarks of aging constitute an interconnected network of basic mechanisms that modulate aging and can be modulated by lifestyle factors, including dietary strategies. This narrative review aimed to summarize the evidence on promoting dietary restriction or adherence to specific dietary patterns on hallmarks of aging. Studies with preclinical models or humans were considered. Dietary restriction (DR), usually operationalized as a reduction in caloric intake, is the main strategy applied to study the axis diet-hallmarks of aging. DR has been shown to modulate mainly genomic instability, loss of proteostasis, deregulating nutrient sensing, cellular senescence, and altered intercellular communication. Much less evidence exists on the role of dietary patterns, with most of the studies evaluating the Mediterranean Diet and other similar plant-based diets, and the ketogenic diet. Potential benefits are described in genomic instability, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered intercellular communication. Given the predominant place of food in human life, it is imperative to determine the impact of nutritional strategies on the modulation of lifespan and healthspan, considering applicability, long-term adherence, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Grande de França
- Gérontopôle of Toulouse, Institute on Aging, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France.
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle of Toulouse, Institute on Aging, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; Maintain Aging Researchteam, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gérontopôle of Toulouse, Institute on Aging, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; Maintain Aging Researchteam, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle of Toulouse, Institute on Aging, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France; Maintain Aging Researchteam, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Altashina MV, Ivannikova EV, Troshina EA. Intermittent fasting: endocrine aspects: A review. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:1182-1187. [DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.10.201906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of overweight and obese people makes the search for new effective ways to reduce body weight extremely urgent. Recently, intermittent fasting has received a lot of attention, as a dietary protocol, presumably effective in reducing body weight. Despite the large number of studies, the effects of intermittent fasting on the human body are controversial, since studies differ in dietary options, design, and often have a small sample size. In this review of the literature, the authors cite the results of studies of the effectiveness of intermittent fasting in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and high risks of developing cardiovascular diseases.
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Witjaksono F, Prafiantini E, Rahmawati A. Effect of intermittent fasting 5:2 on body composition and nutritional intake among employees with obesity in Jakarta: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:323. [PMID: 36224641 PMCID: PMC9559012 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the effect of intermittent fasting 5:2 on body composition in employees with obesity in Jakarta. Results Fifty participants were included; 25 were allocated to the fasting group and 25 to the control group. There was no significant change in fat mass, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, and BMI (p > 0.05). Significant in-group changes were observed in body weight (p = 0.023) and BMI (p = 0.018) in the fasting group. Dietary intake was similar before and during the intervention. The reduction in macronutrient intake resulted in a statistically significant difference in carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake in the two groups (p < 0.05). Intermittent fasting 5:2 results in weight loss but does not affect fat mass and fat-free mass reductions. None of the between-group differences were clinically relevant. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov with ID: NCT04319133 registered on 24 March 2020. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-06209-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiastuti Witjaksono
- Departement of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Erfi Prafiantini
- Departement of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anni Rahmawati
- Departement of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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11
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Ooi TC, Meramat A, Rajab NF, Shahar S, Sharif R. Antioxidant Potential, DNA Damage, Inflammation, Glycemic Control and Lipid Metabolism Alteration: A Mediation Analysis of Islamic Sunnah Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Function among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:272-281. [PMID: 35297471 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1757-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the relationship between oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and metabolic biomarkers as the mediating factor between Islamic Sunnah intermittent fasting (IF) practice and cognitive function among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). DESIGN This study was a 36 months prospective cohort study. SETTING Community-dwelling older participants recruited through a stratified random sampling method from four states representing Malaysia's central, north-west, northeast and southern regions. PARTICIPANTS Ninety-nine Malay Muslim older adults (n= 99) aged 60 and above with MCI and no known critical illnesses were included in the current analysis. The participants were divided into regularly practicing IF (r-IF), irregularly practicing IF (i-IF) and not practicing IF (n-IF) groups. MEASUREMENTS Fasting venous blood was collected and used to determine the levels of oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers. Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span and Digit symbol were used to evaluate the cognitive function. Then, the mediation analysis was conducted using a multistep regression model to determine the mediating role of various biomarkers between IF practice and cognitive function. RESULTS When comparing the r-IF and n-IF groups, higher SOD activity, lower DNA damage (percentage of DNA in tail), lower CRP levels and higher HDL-cholesterol levels established partial mediation while lower insulin levels established complete mediation between IF practice and better cognitive function. Meanwhile, when comparing the r-IF and i-IF groups, higher SOD activity and lower CRP levels completely mediated the effects of IF practice on better cognitive function. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that changes in antioxidant function, DNA damage, inflammation and a limited set of metabolic biomarkers (insulin and HDL cholesterol) may mediate improvements in cognitive function among older participants with MCI who practice Islamic Sunnah IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Ooi
- Razinah Sharif, Address: Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia, Telephone: +603-9289 7459, Email address:
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12
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Gu L, Fu R, Hong J, Ni H, Yu K, Lou H. Effects of Intermittent Fasting in Human Compared to a Non-intervention Diet and Caloric Restriction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:871682. [PMID: 35586738 PMCID: PMC9108547 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.871682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The popularity of applying intermittent fasting (IF) has increased as more and more people are trying to avoid or alleviate obesity and metabolic disease. This study aimed to systematically explore the effects of various IF in humans. Methods The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to IF vs. non-intervention diet or caloric restriction (CR) were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library database, and Embase. Extraction outcomes included, but were not limited to, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, and triglyceride (TG). Results This study includes 43 RCTs with 2,483 participants. The intervention time was at least 1 month, and the median intervention time was 3 months. Contrasting results between IF and non-intervention diet showed that participants had lower weight (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.09–2.12, p = 0.03) and BMI after IF (WMD = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.08–0.68, p = 0.01). The WC of participants after IF decreased significantly compared with the non-intervention diet (WMD = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.06–1.99, p = 0.04). IF regulated fat mass (FM) more effectively than non-intervention diet (WMD = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.17–1.31, p = 0.01). The fat-free mass of people after IF was higher (WMD = −0.73, 95% CI: (−1.45)–(−0.02), p = 0.05). There was no difference in fasting blood glucose concentrations between participants in the after IF and non-intervention diet groups. The results of insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR, though, indicated that IF was significantly more beneficial than non-intervention diet (standard mean difference (SMD) = −0.21, 95% CI: 0.02–0.40, p = 0.03, and WMD = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.04–0.65, p = 0.03, respectively). Cholesterol and TG concentrations in participants after IF were also lower than that after a nonintervention diet (SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09–0.35, p = 0.001 and SMD = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.00–0.26, p = 0.05, respectively). IF outcomes did not differ from CR except for reduced WC. Conclusion Intermittent fasting was more beneficial in reducing body weight, WC, and FM without affecting lean mass compared to the non-intervention diet. IF also effectively improved insulin resistance and blood lipid conditions compared with non-intervention diets. However, IF showed less benefit over CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Gu
- Department of General Surgery, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaze Hong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haixiang Ni
- The Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kepin Yu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhuji People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
- *Correspondence: Haiying Lou
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13
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Vasim I, Majeed CN, DeBoer MD. Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030631. [PMID: 35276989 PMCID: PMC8839325 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the ongoing strain that the obesity epidemic has placed on public health outcomes, new and effective approaches to weight control are needed. One approach to improving weight and metabolic outcomes is intermittent fasting, which consists of multiple different timing schedules for temporary food avoidance, including alternate-day fasting, other similar full-day fasting patterns, and time-restricted feeding (where the day’s food is consumed over a 6-h period, allowing for 18 h of fasting). These feeding schedules have favorable metabolic effects by intermittently inducing the metabolism of fatty acids to ketones. The regimens overall lead to a decrease in weight and have been linked to improvements in dyslipidemia and blood pressure. While more research is needed on longer-term outcomes and this approach should be avoided in particular health conditions, intermittent fasting should be considered as an option for individuals who have a pattern of unhealthy weight gain using standard eating patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzah Vasim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hospital Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Chaudry N. Majeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Mark D. DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 01-434-924-5956; Fax: 01-434-924-9181
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14
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Yang F, Liu C, Liu X, Pan X, Li X, Tian L, Sun J, Yang S, Zhao R, An N, Yang X, Gao Y, Xing Y. Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Nutr 2021; 8:669325. [PMID: 34733872 PMCID: PMC8558421 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.669325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained attention as a promising diet for weight loss and dysmetabolic diseases management. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of IF on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). A systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, until October 2020. Randomized controlled trials that compared the IF intervention with a control group diet were included. Fourteen effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) using a fixed-effects model and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to the ones within control groups, participants exposed to the IF intervention reduced their body weight (WMD, −1.78 kg; 95% CI, −2.21 to −1.35; p <0.05), waist circumference (WMD, −1.19 cm; 95% CI, −1.8 to −0.57; p <0.05), fat mass (WMD, −1.26 kg; 95% CI, −1.57 to −0.95; p <0.05), body mass index (WMD, −0.58 kg/m2; 95% CI, −0.8 to −0.37; p <0.05), systolic blood pressure (WMD, −2.14 mmHg; 95% CI: −3.54 to −0.73; p <0.05), diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −1.38 mmHg, 95% CI, −2.35 to −0.41, p <0.05), fasting blood glucose (WMD: −0.053 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.105 to 0.001; p <0.05), fasting insulin (WMD, −0.8 mIU/L; 95% CI, −1.15 to −0.44; p <0.05), insulin resistance (WMD, −0.21; 95% CI, −0.36 to −0.05; p <0.05), total cholesterol (WMD, −0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.17 to −0.02; p <0.05), and triglycerides (WMD, −0.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.13 to −0.04; p <0.05). No effects were observed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or glycosylated hemoglobin. This meta-analysis supports the role of IF in improving the component composition of CMRFs, including weight, waist circumference, fat mass, BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance, compared to a control group diet. Further research on IF interventions should take into account long-term and well-designed administration to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiandu Pan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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James R, Dimopoulou O, Martin RM, Perks CM, Kelly C, Mathias L, Brugger S, Higgins JPT, Lewis SJ. Could Reducing Body Fatness Reduce the Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer via the Insulin Signalling Pathway? A Systematic Review of the Mechanistic Pathway. Metabolites 2021; 11:726. [PMID: 34822385 PMCID: PMC8625823 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is thought to increase the risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa), although the biological mechanism is currently unclear. Body fatness is positively associated with a diminished cellular response to insulin and biomarkers of insulin signalling have been positively associated with PCa risk. We carried out a two-pronged systematic review of (a) the effect of reducing body fatness on insulin biomarker levels and (b) the effect of insulin biomarkers on PCa risk, to determine whether a reduction in body fatness could reduce PCa risk via effects on the insulin signalling pathway. We identified seven eligible randomised controlled trials of interventions designed to reduce body fatness which measured insulin biomarkers as an outcome, and six eligible prospective observational studies of insulin biomarkers and PCa risk. We found some evidence that a reduction in body fatness improved insulin sensitivity although our confidence in this evidence was low based on GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations). We were unable to reach any conclusions on the effect of insulin sensitivity on PCa risk from the few studies included in our systematic review. A reduction in body fatness may reduce PCa risk via insulin signalling, but more high-quality evidence is needed before any conclusions can be reached regarding PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel James
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Olympia Dimopoulou
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Richard M. Martin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Claire M. Perks
- IGF & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK;
| | - Claire Kelly
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Louise Mathias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Stefan Brugger
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
| | - Julian P. T. Higgins
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sarah J. Lewis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; (R.J.); (O.D.); (R.M.M.); (C.K.); (L.M.); (S.B.); (J.P.T.H.)
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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16
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Abdullah SR, Azizul NH, Wan Mohd Zin RM, Sulaiman NS, Mustafa Khalid N, Mohd Salim Mullahi Jahn RJ, Khalil MKN, Abu Seman N, Zainal Abidin NA, Ali A, Tan YZ, Omar A, Johari MZ, Abdul Aziz NS, Baharudin A, Seman Z, Ibrahim Wong N, Md Rasip ML, Yusof HM, Md Noh MF. Cardiometabolic and Anthropometric Outcomes of Intermittent Fasting among Overweight and Obese Civil Servants in Malaysia (CAIFA): Study Protocol for A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 11:e33801. [PMID: 35930331 PMCID: PMC9496805 DOI: 10.2196/33801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity among adults are a growing global public health threat and an essential risk factor for various noncommunicable diseases. Although intermittent fasting is a generally new dietary approach to weight management that has been increasingly practiced worldwide, the effectiveness of 2 days per week dry fasting remains unclear. Objective The Cardiometabolic and Anthropometric Outcomes of Intermittent Fasting study aims to determine the cardiometabolic, anthropometric, dietary intake, and quality of life changes among civil servants with overweight and obesity, following combined intermittent fasting and healthy plate (IFHP) and healthy plate (HP) and explore the participants’ experiences. Methods We designed a mixed methods quasi-experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of the IFHP and HP methods among adults with overweight and obesity. A total of 177 participants were recruited for this study, of which 91 (51.4%) were allocated to the IFHP group and 86 (48.6%) to the HP group. The intervention comprised 2 phases: supervised (12 weeks) and unsupervised (12 weeks). Data collection was conducted at baseline, after the supervised phase (week 12), and after the unsupervised phase (week 24). Serum and whole blood samples were collected from each participant for analysis. Data on sociodemographic factors, quality of life, physical activity, and dietary intake were also obtained using questionnaires during data collection. Results Most of the participants were female (147/177, 83.1%) and Malay (141/177, 79.7%). The expected outcomes of this study are changes in body weight, body composition, quality of life, physical activity, dietary intake, and cardiometabolic parameters such as fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, fasting insulin, and lipid profile. Conclusions The Cardiometabolic and Anthropometric Outcomes of Intermittent Fasting study is a mixed methods study to evaluate the effectiveness of combined IFHP and HP interventions on cardiometabolic and anthropometric parameters and explore participants’ experiences throughout the study. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05034653; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05034653 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/33801
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazana Rifham Abdullah
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hayati Azizul
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruziana Mona Wan Mohd Zin
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Suffia Sulaiman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Mustafa Khalid
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roshan Jahn Mohd Salim Mullahi Jahn
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Khairul Nazrin Khalil
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhashimah Abu Seman
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azlin Zainal Abidin
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azizan Ali
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - You Zhuan Tan
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azahadi Omar
- Sector for Biostatistic and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Zabri Johari
- Institute for Health Behavioural Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Shahida Abdul Aziz
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azli Baharudin
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamtira Seman
- Sector for Biostatistic and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazizah Ibrahim Wong
- Sector for Biostatistic and Data Repository, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mona Lisa Md Rasip
- Occupational Safety and Health Unit, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Mohd Yusof
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Effects of long-term fasting and confinement on the cardiovascular activity. Med Biol Eng Comput 2021; 59:1901-1915. [PMID: 34370188 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-021-02380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasting has been demonstrated to improve health and slow aging in human and other species; however, its impact on the human body in the confined environment is still unclear. This work studies the effects of long-term fasting and confined environment on the cardiovascular activities of human via a 10-day fasting experiment with two groups of subjects being in confined (6 subjects) and unconfined (7 subjects) environments respectively and undergoing the same four-stage fasting/feeding process. It is found that the confinement has significant influences on the autonomic regulation to the heart rate during the fasting process by altering the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is manifested by the significant higher pNN50, rMSSD, and Ln-HF of heart rate variability (HRV) (p < 0.05) and slower heart rate (p < 0.01) in the confined group than that in the unconfined group. Furthermore, the long-term fasting induces a series of changes in both groups, including reduced level of serum sodium (p < 0.01), increased the serum calcium (p < 0.05), prolonged QTc intervals (p < 0.05), and reduced systolic blood pressures (p < 0.05). These effects are potentially negative to human health and therefore need to be treated with caution. Study of the effects of fasting and confinement on the cardiovascular activities.
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18
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Williamson E, Moore DR. A Muscle-Centric Perspective on Intermittent Fasting: A Suboptimal Dietary Strategy for Supporting Muscle Protein Remodeling and Muscle Mass? Front Nutr 2021; 8:640621. [PMID: 34179054 PMCID: PMC8219935 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.640621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle protein is constantly “turning over” through the breakdown of old/damaged proteins and the resynthesis of new functional proteins, the algebraic difference determining net muscle gain, maintenance, or loss. This turnover, which is sensitive to the nutritional environment, ultimately determines the mass, quality, and health of skeletal muscle over time. Intermittent fasting has become a topic of interest in the health community as an avenue to improve health and body composition primarily via caloric deficiency as well as enhanced lipolysis and fat oxidation secondary to attenuated daily insulin response. However, this approach belies the established anti-catabolic effect of insulin on skeletal muscle. More importantly, muscle protein synthesis, which is the primary regulated turnover variable in healthy humans, is stimulated by the consumption of dietary amino acids, a process that is saturated at a moderate protein intake. While limited research has explored the effect of intermittent fasting on muscle-related outcomes, we propose that infrequent meal feeding and periods of prolonged fasting characteristic of models of intermittent fasting may be counter-productive to optimizing muscle protein turnover and net muscle protein balance. The present commentary will discuss the regulation of muscle protein turnover across fasted and fed cycles and contrast it with studies exploring how dietary manipulation alters the partitioning of fat and lean body mass. It is our position that intermittent fasting likely represents a suboptimal dietary approach to remodel skeletal muscle, which could impact the ability to maintain or enhance muscle mass and quality, especially during periods of reduced energy availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Silva AM, Mendonca GV. Effects of Ramadan and Non-ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2021; 7:625240. [PMID: 33575269 PMCID: PMC7870696 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.625240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained popularity for body-composition improvement purposes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of Ramadan vs. non-Ramadan IF on parameters of body composition. We conducted a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed articles in three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (published until May 2020). Studies were selected if they included samples of adults (≥18 years), had an experimental or observational design, investigated any type of IF and included body composition outcomes. Meta-analytical procedures were conducted when feasible. Sixty-six articles met the eligibility criteria. We found that non-Ramadan IF is effective for decreasing body weight (−0.341 (95% CI [−0.584, −0.098], p = 0.006), body mass index (−0.699, 95% CI [−1.05, −0.347], p < 0.001), and absolute fat mass (−0.447, 95% CI [−0.673, −0.221], p < 0.001). When contrasting pre- post-intervention data on fat-free mass between treatments and controls, group-differences were non-significant (p > 0.05). Conversely, we observed a significant increase in fat-free mass when comparing pre- to post-intervention in a within design fashion (0.306, 95% CI [0.133, 0.48], p = 0.001). Finally, despite being accompanied by dehydration, Ramadan IF is effective in decreasing body weight (−0.353; 95% CI [−0.651, −0.054], p = 0.02) and relative fat mass (−0.533; 95% CI [−1.025, −0.04], p = 0.034). Ramadan IF seems to implicate some beneficial adaptations in weight management, although non-Ramadan IF appears to be more effective in improving overall body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal.,Nutrition Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Exercise and Health Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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20
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Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis - from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:589-610. [PMID: 33976384 PMCID: PMC8112476 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide, involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Targeting inflammatory pathways could therefore provide a promising new avenue to prevent and treat atherosclerosis. Indeed, clinical studies have now demonstrated unequivocally that modulation of inflammation can forestall the clinical complications of atherosclerosis. This progress pinpoints the need for preclinical investigations to refine strategies for combatting inflammation in the human disease. In this Review, we consider a gamut of attractive possibilities for modifying inflammation in atherosclerosis, including targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways such as the inflammasomes, inhibiting cytokines, manipulating adaptive immunity and promoting pro-resolution mechanisms. Along with lifestyle measures, pharmacological interventions to mute inflammation could complement traditional targets, such as lipids and hypertension, to make new inroads into the management of atherosclerotic risk.
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21
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Intermittent Fasting Enhanced the Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment by Inducing Biochemical and Metabolic changes: A 3-Year Progressive Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092644. [PMID: 32872655 PMCID: PMC7551340 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) refers to various dietary regimens that cycle between a period of non-fasting and a period of total fasting. This study aimed to determine the effects of IF on cognitive function among elderly individuals who practice IF who have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A total of 99 elderly subjects with MCI of Malay ethnicity without any terminal illness were recruited from a larger cohort study, LRGS TUA. The subjects were divided into three groups, comprising those who were regularly practicing IF (r-IF), irregularly practicing IF (i-IF), and non-fasters (n-IF). Upon 36 months of follow-up, more MCI subjects in the r-IF group reverted to successful aging with no cognitive impairment and diseases (24.3%) compared to those in i-IF (14.2%) and n-IF groups (3.7%). The r-IF group’s subjects exhibited significant increment in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduction in body weight, levels of insulin, fasting blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and DNA damage. Moreover, metabolomics analysis showed that IF may modulate cognitive function via various metabolite pathways, including the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, butanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. Overall, the MCI-afflicted older adults who practiced IF regularly had better cognitive scores and reverted to better cognitive function at 36 months follow-up.
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22
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Fatahi S, Nazary-Vannani A, Sohouli MH, Mokhtari Z, Kord-Varkaneh H, Moodi V, Tan SC, Low TY, Zanghelini F, Shidfar F. The effect of fasting and energy restricting diets on markers of glucose and insulin controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3383-3394. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1798350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Fatahi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nazary-Vannani
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mokhtari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition 12 Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vihan Moodi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fernando Zanghelini
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Hoddy KK, Marlatt KL, Çetinkaya H, Ravussin E. Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Health: From Religious Fast to Time-Restricted Feeding. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28 Suppl 1:S29-S37. [PMID: 32700827 PMCID: PMC7419159 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 to 15 years, intermittent fasting has emerged as an unconventional approach to reduce body weight and improve metabolic health beyond simple calorie restriction. In this review, we summarize findings related to Ramadan and Sunnah fasting. We then discuss the role of caloric restriction not only as an intervention for weight control, but importantly, as a strategy for healthy aging and longevity. Finally, we review the four most common intermittent fasting (IF) strategies used to date for weight management and to improve cardiometabolic health. Weight loss is common after IF but does not appear to be different than daily caloric restriction when compared directly. IF may also provide additional cardiometabolic benefit, such as insulin sensitization, that is independent from weight loss. While no specific fasting regimen stands out as superior at this time, there is indeed heterogeneity in responses to these different IF diets. This suggests that one dietary regimen may not be ideally suited for every individual. Future studies should consider strategies for tailoring dietary prescriptions, including IF, based on advanced phenotyping and genotyping prior to diet initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K. Hoddy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Kara L. Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Hatice Çetinkaya
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
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24
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Kirkham AA, Beka V, Prado CM. The effect of caloric restriction on blood pressure and cardiovascular function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:728-739. [PMID: 32675017 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Preclinical evidence suggests that caloric restriction is an effective therapy for a number of cardiovascular insults. Whether caloric restriction has cardio-protective effects in humans is not well understood. The aim was to systematically review and meta-analyze human randomized control trials (RCTs) testing the effect of caloric restriction on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular function. METHODS A systematic review was performed using Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL (up to June 2017) to search for RCTs of adults receiving a calorie-restricted intervention versus a control/standard diet. Random-effect meta-analyses were performed to calculate weighted mean difference and 95% CI. RESULTS Thirty-two RCTs with 1722 participants assessing BP (n = 29 studies), heart rate (n = 10), VO2peak (n = 8), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, n = 4), and endothelial function (n = 4) were included. Calorie-restricted interventions lasting 1-4 weeks had the largest effect on systolic (-5.5 mmHg, p < 0.001, 95% CI: -3.8, -7.1) and diastolic (-2.9 mmHg, p = 0.005, 95% CI: -5.0, -0.9) BP, but no effect on HR. Interventions lasting 1.5-6 months had similar effects on BP, and reduced HR (-4.4 beats/minute, p < 0.001, 95% CI: -6.1,-2.8). Relative VO2peak improved (1.8 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.2). There were also potential positive effects on MSNA and endothelial function. CONCLUSIONS The effect of 1-4 weeks of calorie restriction on BP was similar to that expected with medications, and larger than that reported for other lifestyle interventions or supplements. Cardiovascular risk could be further reduced by caloric restriction lasting up to six months to lower heart rate and improve VO2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Kirkham
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 2C9, Canada.
| | - Vanesa Beka
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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25
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Kord-Varkaneh H, Nazary-Vannani A, Mokhtari Z, Salehi-sahlabadi A, Rahmani J, Clark CCT, Fatahi S, Zanghelini F, Hekmatdoost A, Okunade K, Mirmiran P. The Influence of Fasting and Energy Restricting Diets on Blood Pressure in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:271-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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26
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Schwingshackl L, Zähringer J, Nitschke K, Torbahn G, Lohner S, Kühn T, Fontana L, Veronese N, Schmucker C, Meerpohl JJ. Impact of intermittent energy restriction on anthropometric outcomes and intermediate disease markers in patients with overweight and obesity: systematic review and meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1293-1304. [PMID: 32363896 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1757616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to investigate the effects of intermittent energy restriction (IER) on anthropometric outcomes and intermediate disease markers. A systematic literature search was conducted in three electronic databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if the intervention lasted ≥12 weeks and IER was compared with either continuous energy restriction (CER) or a usual diet. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed for eight outcomes. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Seventeen RCTs with 1328 participants were included. IER in comparison to a usual diet may reduce body weight (mean difference [MD]: -4.83 kg, 95%-CI: -5.46, -4.21; n = 6 RCTs), waist circumference (MD: -1.73 cm, 95%-CI: -3.69, 0.24; n = 2), fat mass (MD: -2.54 kg, 95%-CI: -3.78, -1.31; n = 6), triacylglycerols (MD: -0.20 mmol/L, 95%-CI: -0.38, -0.03; n = 5) and systolic blood pressure (MD: -6.11 mmHg, 95%-CI: -9.59, -2.64; n = 5). No effects were observed for LDL-cholesterol, fasting glucose, and glycosylated-hemoglobin. Both, IER and CER have similar effect on body weight (MD: -0.55 kg, 95%-CI: -1.01, -0.09; n = 13), and fat mass (MD: -0.66 kg, 95%-CI: -1.14, -0.19; n = 10), and all other outcomes. In conclusion, IER improves anthropometric outcomes and intermediate disease markers when compared to a usual diet. The effects of IER on weight loss are similar to weight loss achieved by CER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Zähringer
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Nitschke
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Torbahn
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Szimonetta Lohner
- Cochrane Hungary, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Faculty of Medicine and Health and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Venice, Italy
| | - Christine Schmucker
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Cochrane Germany, Cochrane Germany Foundation, Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Munhoz AC, Vilas-Boas EA, Panveloski-Costa AC, Leite JSM, Lucena CF, Riva P, Emilio H, Carpinelli AR. Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1029. [PMID: 32283715 PMCID: PMC7230500 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting is known to cause physiological changes in the endocrine pancreas, including decreased insulin secretion and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, there is no consensus about the long-term effects of intermittent fasting (IF), which can involve up to 24 hours of fasting interspersed with normal feeding days. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of alternate-day IF for 12 weeks in a developing and healthy organism. Female 30-day-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control, with free access to standard rodent chow; and IF, subjected to 24-hour fasts intercalated with 24-hours of free access to the same chow. Alternate-day IF decreased weight gain and food intake. Surprisingly, IF also elevated plasma insulin concentrations, both at baseline and after glucose administration collected during oGTT. After 12 weeks of dietary intervention, pancreatic islets displayed increased ROS production and apoptosis. Despite their lower body weight, IF animals had increased fat reserves and decreased muscle mass. Taken together, these findings suggest that alternate-day IF promote β -cell dysfunction, especially in developing animals. More long-term research is necessary to define the best IF protocol to reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Munhoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Eloisa Aparecida Vilas-Boas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Ana Carolina Panveloski-Costa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Jaqueline Santos Moreira Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Camila Ferraz Lucena
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Patrícia Riva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Henriette Emilio
- Department of General Biology, Ponta Grossa State University, 4748 General Carlos Cavalcanti avenue, Uvaranas, Parana, PR 84030-900, Brazil;
| | - Angelo R. Carpinelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
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28
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Meng H, Zhu L, Kord-Varkaneh H, O Santos H, Tinsley GM, Fu P. Effects of intermittent fasting and energy-restricted diets on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition 2020; 77:110801. [PMID: 32428841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review and meta-analysis has evaluated the cholesterol-lowering effects of intermittent fasting (IF) and energy-restricted diets (ERD) compared with control groups. The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of controlled clinical trials examining the influence of IF and ERD on lipid profiles. METHODS A systematic review of four independent databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) was performed to identify clinical trials reporting the effects of IF or ERD, relative to non-diet controls, on lipid profiles in humans. A random-effects model, employing the method of DerSimonian and Laird, was used to evaluate effect sizes, and results were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity between studies was calculated using Higgins I2, with values ≥50% considered to represent high heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the influence of intervention type, baseline lipid concentrations, degree of energy deficit, sex, health status, and intervention duration. RESULTS For the outcomes of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TG), there were 34, 33, 35, and 33 studies meeting all inclusion criteria, respectively. Overall, results from the random-effects model indicated that IF and ERD interventions resulted significant changes in TC (WMD, -6.93 mg/dL; 95% CI, -10.18 to -3.67; P < 0.001; I2 = 78.2%), LDL-C (WMD, -6.16 mg/dL; 95% CI, -8.42 to -3.90; P ˂ 0.001; I2 = 52%), and TG concentrations (WMD, -6.46 mg/dL; 95% CI, -10.64 to -2.27; P = 0.002; I2 = 61%). HDL-C concentrations did not change significantly after IF or ERD (WMD, 0.50 mg/dL; 95% CI, -0.69 to 1.70; P = 0.411; I2 = 80%). Subgroup analyses indicated potentially differential effects between subgroups for one or more lipid parameters in the majority of analyses. CONCLUSIONS Relative to a non-diet control, IF and ERD are effective for the improvement of circulating TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations, but have no meaningful effects on HDL-C concentration. These effects are influenced by several factors that may inform clinical practice and future research. The present results suggest that these dietary practices are a means of enhancing the lipid profile in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shadowless Hill Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shadowless Hill Road, Tianqiao District, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Zouhal H, Saeidi A, Salhi A, Li H, Essop MF, Laher I, Rhibi F, Amani-Shalamzari S, Ben Abderrahman A. Exercise Training and Fasting: Current Insights. Open Access J Sports Med 2020; 11:1-28. [PMID: 32021500 PMCID: PMC6983467 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s224919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting is defined as the abstinence from consuming food and/or beverages for different periods of time. Both traditional and modern healthcare systems recommend fasting as a therapeutic intervention for the management of several chronic, non-infectious diseases. Exercising during a fasting state increases lipolysis in adipose tissue while also stimulating peripheral fat oxidation, resulting in increased fat utilization and weight loss. A key focus of this review is to assess whether endurance training performed while fasting induces specific training adaptations, where increased fat oxidation improves long-term endurance levels. Fasting decreases body weight, lean body and fat content in both trained and untrained individuals. Several studies indicate a broader impact of fasting on metabolism, with effects on protein and glucose metabolism in sedentary and untrained subjects. However, there are conflicting data regarding the effects of fasting on glucose metabolism in highly trained athletes. The effects of fasting on physical performance indicators also remain unclear, with some reporting a decreased performance, while others found no significant effects. Differences in experimental design, severity of calorie restriction, duration, and participant characteristics could, at least in part, explain such discordant findings. Our review of the literature suggests that there is little evidence to support the notion of endurance training and fasting-mediated increases in fat oxidation, and we recommend that endurance athletes should avoid high intensity training while fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), University of Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amal Salhi
- Department of Medicine Physical and Functional Rehabilitation of the National Institute of Orthopedics "M.T. Kassab", Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fatma Rhibi
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), University of Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Sadegh Amani-Shalamzari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Yan S, Wang C, Zhao H, Pan Y, Wang H, Guo Y, Yao N, Li B, Cui W. Effects of fasting intervention regulating anthropometric and metabolic parameters in subjects with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2020; 11:3781-3799. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that fasting produces a potential effect in the prevention and treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumeng Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Changcong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Hantong Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yingan Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yinpei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Nan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting to Reduce Body Mass Index and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101645. [PMID: 31601019 PMCID: PMC6832593 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of an intermittent fasting diet (IFD) in the general population are still controversial. In this study, we aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of an IFD to reduce body mass index and glucose metabolism in the general population without diabetes mellitus. Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials that compared an IFD with a regular diet or a continuous calorie restriction diet. The effectiveness of an IFD was estimated by the weighted mean difference (WMD) for several variables associated with glucometabolic parameters including body mass index (BMI) and fasting glucose. The pooled mean differences of outcomes were calculated using a random effects model. From 2814 studies identified through a literature search, we finally selected 12 articles (545 participants). Compared with a control diet, an IFD was associated with a significant decline in BMI (WMD, −0.75 kg/m2; 95% CI, −1.44 to −0.06), fasting glucose level (WMD, −4.16 mg/dL; 95% CI, −6.92 to −1.40), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (WMD, −0.54; 95% CI, −1.05 to −0.03). Fat mass (WMD, −0.98 kg; 95% CI, −2.32 to 0.36) tended to decrease in the IFD group with a significant increase in adiponectin (WMD, 1008.9 ng/mL; 95% CI, 140.5 to 1877.3) and a decrease in leptin (WMD, −0.51 ng/mL; 95% CI, −0.77 to −0.24) levels. An IFD may provide a significant metabolic benefit by improving glycemic control, insulin resistance, and adipokine concentration with a reduction of BMI in adults.
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Factors associated with poor socioeconomic status among Malaysian older adults: an analysis according to urban and rural settings. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:549. [PMID: 31196023 PMCID: PMC6565532 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poverty at old age is associated with poor dietary habit, nutritional status and higher rates of chronic diseases and psychosocial problems. However, there is limited information about this matter according to urban and rural settings. The aim of this study was to identify dietary, nutritional, physical and cognitive factors associated with poor socioeconomic status (SES) among older adults according to urban and rural settings in Malaysia. Methods An analysis was conducted among 2237 older adults who participated in a longitudinal study on aging (LRGS TUA). This study involved four states in Malaysia, with 49.4% from urban areas. Respondents were divided into three categories of SES based on percentile, stratified according to urban and rural settings. SES was measured using household income. Results The prevalence of low SES was higher among older adults in the rural area (50.6%) as compared to the urban area (49.4%). Factors associated with low SES among older adults in an urban setting were low dietary fibre intake (Adj OR:0.91),longer time for the Timed up and Go Test (Adj OR:1.09), greater disability (Adj OR:1.02), less frequent practice of caloric restriction (Adj OR:1.65), lower cognitive processing speed score (Adj OR:0.94) and lower protein intake (Adj OR:0.94). Whilst, among respondents from rural area, the factors associated with low SES were lack of dietary fibre intake (Adj OR:0.79), lower calf circumference (Adj OR: 0.91), lesser fresh fruits intake (Adj OR:0.91), greater disability (Adj OR:1.02) and having lower score in instrumental activities of daily living (Adj OR: 0.92). Conclusion Lower SES ismore prevalent in rural areas. Poor dietary intake, lower fitness and disability were common factors associated with low in SES, regardless of settings. Factors associated with low SES identifiedin both the urban and rural areas in our study may be useful inplanning strategies to combat low SES and its related problems among older adults.
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Intermittent Fasting in Cardiovascular Disorders-An Overview. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030673. [PMID: 30897855 PMCID: PMC6471315 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting is a form of time restricted eating (typically 16 h fasting and 8 h eating), which has gained popularity in recent years and shows promise as a possible new paradigm in the approach to weight loss and the reduction of inflammation, and has many potential long term health benefits. In this review, the authors will incorporate many aspects of fasting, mainly focusing on its effects on the cardiovascular system, involving atherosclerosis progression, benefits for diabetes mellitus type 2, lowering of blood pressure, and exploring other cardiovascular risk factors (such as lipid profile and inflammation).
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Oh M, Kim S, An KY, Min J, Yang HI, Lee J, Lee MK, Kim DI, Lee HS, Lee JW, Jeon JY. Effects of alternate day calorie restriction and exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: an exploratory randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1124. [PMID: 30219052 PMCID: PMC6139127 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recognized that alternate day calorie restriction (ADCR) or exercise has positive effects on cardio-metabolic risk factors. It is unclear whether the combined effect of ADCR and exercise (aerobic + resistance training) influences risk. We investigated effects of an 8-week ADCR and exercise program (aerobic + resistance training) on cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults. METHODS This study randomized 45 overweight or obese but healthy adults (F = 26, M = 19; aged about 32 to 40 years) into 4 groups: ADCR (n = 13), exercise (n = 10), exercise plus ADCR (n = 12), and control (n = 10) for 8 weeks. Body composition, blood lipids profile, and insulin resistance were measured. The intention to treat (ITT) method was used to analyze all participants that were randomized. RESULTS A total of 35 participants completed the trial (78%). Body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass and percent body fat were reduced in the exercise plus ADCR group (- 3.3 ± 2.4 kg, p < 0.01; - 1.3 ± 1.0 kg/m2, p < 0.01; - 4.1 ± 3.9 cm, p < 0.01; - 2.7 ± 2.0 kg, p < 0.01; - 2. 5 ± 2.2%, p < 0.01). Insulin, glucose, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance and triglyceride (- 2.9 ± 4.1 μIU/ml, p < 0.05; - 10.9 ± 16.9 mg/dl, p < 0.05; - 0.9 ± 1.3, p < 0.05; - 43.8 ± 41.9 mg/dl, p < 0.01) decreased in the exercise plus ADCR group only. CONCLUSIONS ADCR and exercise both proved to be beneficial, but the combined intervention was most effective at inducing beneficial changes in body weight, body composition, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and triglyceride in overweight and obese adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03652532 , Registered August 28, 2018, 'retrospectively registered'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Oh
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Sue Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Yong An
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Jihee Min
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Exercise Medicine Center for Cancer and Diabetes Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk In Yang
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Exercise Medicine Center for Cancer and Diabetes Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junga Lee
- Graduate School of Sport Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si, South Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Lee
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Exercise Medicine Center for Cancer and Diabetes Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Il Kim
- Department of Professional Therapy, Graduate School of Professional Therapy, Gachon University, Geonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Justin Y. Jeon
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Exercise Medicine Center for Cancer and Diabetes Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the underlying mechanisms and potential benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) from animal models and recent clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous variations of IF exist, and study protocols vary greatly in their interpretations of this weight loss trend. Most human IF studies result in minimal weight loss and marginal improvements in metabolic biomarkers, though outcomes vary. Some animal models have found that IF reduces oxidative stress, improves cognition, and delays aging. Additionally, IF has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes autophagy, and benefits the gut microbiome. The benefit-to-harm ratio varies by model, IF protocol, age at initiation, and duration. We provide an integrated perspective on potential benefits of IF as well as key areas for future investigation. In clinical trials, caloric restriction and IF result in similar degrees of weight loss and improvement in insulin sensitivity. Although these data suggest that IF may be a promising weight loss method, IF trials have been of moderate sample size and limited duration. More rigorous research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Catherine Stockman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Dylan Thomas
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Burke
- College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University Sargent College, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Caroline M Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, 720 Harrison Avenue, 8th Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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Tinsley GM, Horne BD. Intermittent fasting and cardiovascular disease: current evidence and unresolved questions. Future Cardiol 2018; 14:47-54. [DOI: 10.2217/fca-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting has produced a variety of beneficial health effects in animal models, although high-quality research in humans has been limited. This special report examines current evidences for intermittent fasting in humans, discusses issues that require further examination, and recommends new research that can improve the knowledge base in this emerging research area. While potentially useful for health improvement, intermittent fasting requires further study prior to widespread implementation for health purposes. Randomized, longer-term studies are needed to determine whether using intermittent fasting as a lifestyle rather than a diet is feasible and beneficial for the health of some members of the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA
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Seimon RV, Roekenes JA, Zibellini J, Zhu B, Gibson AA, Hills AP, Wood RE, King NA, Byrne NM, Sainsbury A. Do intermittent diets provide physiological benefits over continuous diets for weight loss? A systematic review of clinical trials. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 2:153-72. [PMID: 26384657 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy restriction induces physiological effects that hinder further weight loss. Thus, deliberate periods of energy balance during weight loss interventions may attenuate these adaptive responses to energy restriction and thereby increase the efficiency of weight loss (i.e. the amount of weight or fat lost per unit of energy deficit). To address this possibility, we systematically searched MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, PubMed and Cinahl and reviewed adaptive responses to energy restriction in 40 publications involving humans of any age or body mass index that had undergone a diet involving intermittent energy restriction, 12 with direct comparison to continuous energy restriction. Included publications needed to measure one or more of body weight, body mass index, or body composition before and at the end of energy restriction. 31 of the 40 publications involved 'intermittent fasting' of 1-7-day periods of severe energy restriction. While intermittent fasting appears to produce similar effects to continuous energy restriction to reduce body weight, fat mass, fat-free mass and improve glucose homeostasis, and may reduce appetite, it does not appear to attenuate other adaptive responses to energy restriction or improve weight loss efficiency, albeit most of the reviewed publications were not powered to assess these outcomes. Intermittent fasting thus represents a valid--albeit apparently not superior--option to continuous energy restriction for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika V Seimon
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica A Roekenes
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jessica Zibellini
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin Zhu
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Alice A Gibson
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hills
- Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Rachel E Wood
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Neil A King
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia.
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Tedder M, Shi L, Si M, Franco R, Chen L. eMindfulness Therapy-A Study on Efficacy of Blood Pressure and Stress Control Using Mindful Meditation and Eating Apps among People with High Blood Pressure. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 2:298-309. [PMID: 28930213 PMCID: PMC5456211 DOI: 10.3390/medicines2040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: With the increasing availability of Smartphones and wearable tracking devices, it is now feasible and affordable to apply such mobile devices to delivering mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and intermittent fasting (IF) to lower blood pressure, as traditional MBSR and IF incur the burden of commuting to the intervention sites for the patients. Our study will develop and scientifically evaluate an MBSR app, an IF app and an MBSR + IF app in terms of their effectiveness for lowering blood pressure. We will further explore the possible interaction effect (synergistic effect) between MBSR and IF intervention: will improved mindfulness enhance patients' adherence to the IF protocol? Methods: We will develop an MBSR app, an IF app, and an MBSR+IF app. We will then conduct an 8-week randomized controlled trial with a factorial design to evaluate the efficacy of these new apps, especially the interaction effect between MBSR and IF. Eligible individuals will be randomly assigned to Group 1 (MBSR app), Group 2 (IF app), Group 3 (MBSR + IF app) or Group 4 (usual care). Discussion: This will be the first attempt to explore the impact of mindfulness intervention on the adherence of a behavioral intervention. Nevertheless, our protocol is limited in that the effectiveness of intermittent fasting on lowering blood pressure has not been supported by large-sample randomized controlled trials. Thus if there is no significant effectiveness we cannot determine whether it is due to the intermittent fasting intervention itself or it is due to the limit of smartphone as a vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tedder
- Healthcare Genetics Program, School of Nursing, Clemson University, 500 Edwards Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, 500 Edwards Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Mei Si
- Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Regina Franco
- Center for Integrative Oncology & Survivorship, Greenville Health System, 900 W. Farris Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA.
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, 500 Edwards Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Tinsley GM, Gann JG, La Bounty PM. Intermittent Fasting Programs and Their Effects on Body Composition. Strength Cond J 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tinsley GM, La Bounty PM. Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:661-74. [PMID: 26374764 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting is a broad term that encompasses a variety of programs that manipulate the timing of eating occasions by utilizing short-term fasts in order to improve body composition and overall health. This review examines studies conducted on intermittent fasting programs to determine if they are effective at improving body composition and clinical health markers associated with disease. Intermittent fasting protocols can be grouped into alternate-day fasting, whole-day fasting, and time-restricted feeding. Alternate-day fasting trials of 3 to 12 weeks in duration appear to be effective at reducing body weight (≈3%-7%), body fat (≈3-5.5 kg), total cholesterol (≈10%-21%), and triglycerides (≈14%-42%) in normal-weight, overweight, and obese humans. Whole-day fasting trials lasting 12 to 24 weeks also reduce body weight (≈3%-9%) and body fat, and favorably improve blood lipids (≈5%-20% reduction in total cholesterol and ≈17%-50% reduction in triglycerides). Research on time-restricted feeding is limited, and clear conclusions cannot be made at present. Future studies should examine long-term effects of intermittent fasting and the potential synergistic effects of combining intermittent fasting with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Tinsley
- Correspondence: G.M. Tinsley is with the Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA. P.M. LaBounty is with the Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA.
| | - Paul M La Bounty
- Correspondence: G.M. Tinsley is with the Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA. P.M. LaBounty is with the Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
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41
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Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:464-70. [PMID: 26135345 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting, alternate-day fasting, and other forms of periodic caloric desistance are gaining popularity in the lay press and among animal research scientists. Whether clinical evidence exists for or is strong enough to support the use of such dietary regimens as health interventions is unclear. OBJECTIVE This review sought to identify rigorous, clinically relevant research studies that provide high-quality evidence that therapeutic fasting regimens are clinically beneficial to humans. DESIGN A systematic review of the published literature through January 2015 was performed by using sensitive search strategies to identify randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated the effects of fasting on either clinically relevant surrogate outcomes (e.g., weight, cholesterol) or actual clinical event endpoints [e.g., diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD)] and any other studies that evaluated the effects of fasting on clinical event outcomes. RESULTS Three randomized controlled clinical trials of fasting in humans were identified, and the results were published in 5 articles, all of which evaluated the effects of fasting on surrogate outcomes. Improvements in weight and other risk-related outcomes were found in the 3 trials. Two observational clinical outcomes studies in humans were found in which fasting was associated with a lower prevalence of CAD or diabetes diagnosis. No randomized controlled trials of fasting for clinical outcomes were identified. CONCLUSIONS Clinical research studies of fasting with robust designs and high levels of clinical evidence are sparse in the literature. Whereas the few randomized controlled trials and observational clinical outcomes studies support the existence of a health benefit from fasting, substantial further research in humans is needed before the use of fasting as a health intervention can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and Genetic Epidemiology Division and
| | - Joseph B Muhlestein
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeffrey L Anderson
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Leoni LAB, Fukushima AR, Rocha LY, Maifrino LBMM, Rodrigues B. Physical activity on endothelial and erectile dysfunction: a literature review. Aging Male 2014; 17:125-30. [PMID: 24894579 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2014.923836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and obesity were associated with imbalance in oxidative stress, leading to endothelial dysfunction. Such dysfunction is present in both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and erectile dysfunction (ED). ED is the persistent inability to achieve or sustain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance and is one of the first manifestations of endothelial damage in men with CVD risk factors. The purpose of this article is to review the results of studies involving physical activity, CVD, endothelial dysfunction and ED in order to verify its applicability for improving the health and quality of life of men with such disorders. There is consistent evidence that endothelial damage is intimately linked to ED, and this manifestation seems to be associated with the appearance CVDs. On the other hand, physical activity has been pointed out as an important clinical strategy in the prevention and treatment of CVDs and ED mainly associated with improvement of endothelial function. However, further experimental and clinical prospective investigations are needed to test the role of physical exercises in the modulation of endothelial function and their implications on erectile function and the appearance of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Antônio B Leoni
- Human Movement Laboratory, São Judas Tadeu University (USJT) , São Paulo , Brazil
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