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Kontowicz E, Moreno-Madriñan M, Clarke Z, Ragland D, Beauvais W. Risk assessment of influenza transmission between workers and pigs on US indoor hog growing units. Prev Vet Med 2024; 230:106232. [PMID: 39053175 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
On pig farms ample opportunity exists for pig-to-human and human-to-pig (cross-species) influenza transmission. The purpose of this study was to assess the risks of cross-species influenza transmission within an indoor pig grower unit in the United States and to prioritize data gaps. Using the World Organization for Animal Health risk assessment framework we evaluated influenza transmission across two risk pathways: 1. What is the likelihood that based on current conditions on a single typical hog grower-finisher facility in the Midwest (US), during a single production cycle, at least one hog becomes infected with an influenza virus associated with swine (either H1N1, H3N2, or H1N2) [step 1a] and that at least one worker becomes infected as a result [step 1b] and that the worker develops symptoms [step 1c]? And 2. What is the likelihood that, based on current conditions on a single typical hog grower-finisher facility in the Midwest (US), during a single production cycle, at least one worker becomes infected with an influenza virus associated with people (either H1N1, H3N2, or H1N2) [step 2a] and that at least one pig becomes infected as a result [step 2b] and that the pig(s) develop(s) symptoms [step 2c]? Semi-quantitative probability and uncertainty assessments were based on literature review including passive and active influenza surveillance data. We assumed a typical pig-grower farm has capacity for 4,000 pigs, two workers, and minimal influenza control measures. Probability and uncertainty categories were assessed for each risk step and the combined risk pathway. The combined risk assessment for risk pathway one was estimated to be Very Low for H1N1 and H1N2 with an overall High level of uncertainty. The combined risk assessment for risk pathway two was estimated to be Extremely Low for H1N1 and H3N2 with a High degree of uncertainty. Scenario analyses in which influenza control measures were assumed to be implemented separately (implementing vaccinating sows, mass vaccinating incoming pigs or improved personal protective equipment adherence) showed no reduction in the combined risk category. When implementing three influenza control methods altogether, the combined risk could be reduced to Extremely Low for risk pathway one and remained Extremely Low for risk pathway two. This work highlights that multiple influenza control methods are needed to reduce the risks of inter-species influenza transmission on swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Max Moreno-Madriñan
- Global Health Program, DePauw University, Greencastle 46135, Indiana; Department of Global Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202, Indiana
| | - Zenobya Clarke
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Darryl Ragland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana
| | - Wendy Beauvais
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette 47907, Indiana.
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2
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Goldberg Z, Linder AG, Miller LN, Sorrell EM. Wastewater Collection and Sequencing as a Proactive Approach to Utilizing Threat Agnostic Biological Defense. Health Secur 2024; 22:11-15. [PMID: 37856169 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zev Goldberg
- Zev Goldberg, MSc, was a 2022-2023 Griffin Fellow; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander G Linder
- Alexander G. Linder, MSc, is Junior Scientists; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren N Miller
- Lauren N. Miller, MSc, is Junior Scientists; Elizabeth R. Griffin Program, Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Erin M Sorrell
- Erin M. Sorrell, PhD, MSc, is a Senior Scholar, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, and an Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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3
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Wang M, Li H, Liu S, Ge L, Muhmood A, Liu D, Gan F, Liu Y, Chen X, Huang K. Lipopolysaccharide aggravates canine influenza a (H3N2) virus infection and lung damage via mTOR/autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113597. [PMID: 36596444 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (H3N2) accounts for the majority of influenza worldwide and continues to challenge human health. Disturbance in the gut microbiota caused by many diseases leads to increased production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS induces sepsis and conditions associated with local or systemic inflammation. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the potential impact of LPS on influenza A (H3N2) infection and the potential mechanism. Hence, in this study we used canine influenza A (H3N2) virus (CIV) as a model of influenza A virus to investigate the effect of low-dose of LPS on CIV replication and lung damage and explore the underlying mechanism in mice and A549 and HPAEpiC cells. The results showed that LPS (25 μg/kg) increased CIV infection and lung damage in mice, as indicated by pulmonary virus titer, viral NP levels, lung index, and pulmonary histopathology. LPS (1 μg/ml) also increased CIV replication in A549 cells as indicated by the above same parameters. Furthermore, low doses of LPS reduced CIV-induced p-mTOR protein expression and enhanced CIV-induced autophagy-related mRNA/protein expressions in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the use of the mTOR activator, MHY1485, reversed CIV-induced autophagy and CIV replication in A549 and HPAEpiC cells, respectively. siATG5 alleviated CIV replication exacerbated by LPS in the two lines. In conclusion, LPS aggravates CIV infection and lung damage via mTOR/autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haolei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Azhar Muhmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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4
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Kontowicz E, Moreno-Madriñan M, Ragland D, Beauvais W. A stochastic compartmental model to simulate intra- and inter-species influenza transmission in an indoor swine farm. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278495. [PMID: 37141248 PMCID: PMC10159208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Common in swine production worldwide, influenza causes significant clinical disease and potential transmission to the workforce. Swine vaccines are not universally used in swine production, due to their limited efficacy because of continuously evolving influenza viruses. We evaluated the effects of vaccination, isolation of infected pigs, and changes to workforce routine (ensuring workers moved from younger pig batches to older pig batches). A Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model was used to simulate stochastic influenza transmission during a single production cycle on an indoor hog growing unit containing 4000 pigs and two workers. The absence of control practices resulted in 3,957 pigs [0-3971] being infected and a 0.61 probability of workforce infection. Assuming incoming pigs had maternal-derived antibodies (MDAs), but no control measures were applied, the total number of infected pigs reduced to 1 [0-3958] and the probability of workforce infection was 0.25. Mass vaccination (40% efficacious) of incoming pigs also reduced the total number of infected pigs to 2362 [0-2374] or 0 [0-2364] in pigs assumed to not have MDAs and have MDAs, respectively. Changing the worker routine by starting with younger to older pig batches, reduced the number of infected pigs to 996 [0-1977] and the probability of workforce infection (0.22) in pigs without MDAs. In pigs with MDAs the total number of infected pigs was reduced to 0 [0-994] and the probability of workforce infection was 0.06. All other control practices alone, showed little improvement in reducing total infected pigs and the probability of workforce infection. Combining all control strategies reduced the total number of infected pigs to 0 or 1 with a minimal probability of workforce infection (<0.0002-0.01). These findings suggest that non-pharmaceutical interventions can reduce the impact of influenza on swine production and workers when efficacious vaccines are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kontowicz
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Max Moreno-Madriñan
- Global Health Program, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana
- Department of Global Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Darryl Ragland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Wendy Beauvais
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
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5
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Li C, Culhane MR, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Galina Pantoja L, Jansen ML, Torremorell M. Vaccination decreases the risk of influenza A virus reassortment but not genetic variation in pigs. eLife 2022; 11:78618. [PMID: 36052992 PMCID: PMC9439680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination is broadly used in North American swine breeding herds, managing swine influenza is challenging primarily due to the continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) and the ability of the virus to transmit among vaccinated pigs. Studies that have simultaneously assessed the impact of vaccination on the emergence of IAV reassortment and genetic variation in pigs are limited. Here, we directly sequenced 28 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains, and characterized 202 individual viral plaques recovered from 13 BALF samples. We identified 54 reassortant viruses that were grouped in 17 single and 16 mixed genotypes. Notably, we found that prime-boost vaccinated pigs had less reassortant viruses than nonvaccinated pigs, likely due to a reduction in the number of days pigs were co-infected with both challenge viruses. However, direct sequencing from BALF samples revealed limited impact of vaccination on viral variant frequency, evolutionary rates, and nucleotide diversity in any IAV coding regions. Overall, our results highlight the value of IAV vaccination not only at limiting virus replication in pigs but also at protecting public health by restricting the generation of novel reassortants with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential. Swine influenza A viruses cause severe illness among pigs and financial losses on pig farms worldwide. These viruses can also infect humans and have caused deadly human pandemics in the past. Influenza A viruses are dangerous because viruses can be transferred between humans, birds and pigs. These co-infections can allow the viruses to swap genetic material. Viral genetic exchanges can result in new virus strains that are more dangerous or that can infect other types of animals more easily. Farmers vaccinate their pigs to control the swine influenza A virus. The vaccines are regularly updated to match circulating virus strains. But the virus evolves rapidly to escape vaccine-induced immunity, and infections are common even in vaccinated pigs. Learning about how vaccination affects the evolution of influenza A viruses in pigs could help scientists prevent outbreaks on pig farms and avoid spillover pandemics in humans. Li et al. show that influenza A viruses are less likely to swap genetic material in vaccinated and boosted pigs than in unvaccinated animals. In the experiments, Li et al. collected swine influenza A samples from the lungs of pigs that had received different vaccination protocols. Next, Li et al. used next-generation sequencing to identify new mutations in the virus or genetic swaps among different strains. In pigs infected with both the H1N1 and H3N2 strains of influenza, the two viruses began trading genes within a week. But less genetic mixing occurred in vaccinated and boosted pigs because they spent less time infected with both viruses than in unvaccinated pigs. The vaccination status of the pig did not have much effect on how many new mutations occurred in the viruses. The experiments show that vaccinating and boosting pigs against influenza A viruses may protect against genetic swapping among influenza viruses. If future studies on pig farms confirm the results, the information gleaned from the study could help scientists improve farm vaccine protocols to further reduce influenza risks to animals and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Marie R Culhane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
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6
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Raynor PC, Adesina A, Aboubakr HA, Yang M, Torremorell M, Goyal SM. Comparison of samplers collecting airborne influenza viruses: 1. Primarily impingers and cyclones. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244977. [PMID: 33507951 PMCID: PMC7842955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers must be able to measure concentrations, sizes, and infectivity of virus-containing particles in animal agriculture facilities to know how far infectious virus-containing particles may travel through air, where they may deposit in the human or animal respiratory tract, and the most effective ways to limit exposures to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of impinger and cyclone aerosol or bioaerosol samplers to determine approaches most suitable for detecting and measuring concentrations of virus-containing particles in air. Six impinger/cyclone air samplers, a filter-based sampler, and a cascade impactor were used in separate tests to collect artificially generated aerosols of MS2 bacteriophage and swine and avian influenza viruses. Quantification of infectious MS2 coliphage was carried out using a double agar layer procedure. The influenza viruses were titrated in cell cultures to determine quantities of infectious virus. Viral RNA was extracted and used for quantitative real time RT-PCR, to provide total virus concentrations for all three viruses. The amounts of virus recovered and the measured airborne virus concentrations were calculated and compared among the samplers. Not surprisingly, high flow rate samplers generally collected greater quantities of virus than low flow samplers. However, low flow rate samplers generally measured higher, and likely more accurate, airborne concentrations of Infectious virus and viral RNA than high flow samplers. To assess airborne viruses in the field, a two-sampler approach may work well. A suitable high flow sampler may provide low limits of detection to determine if any virus is present in the air. If virus is detected, a suitable lower flow sampler may measure airborne virus concentrations accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Raynor
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Adepeju Adesina
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hamada A. Aboubakr
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - My Yang
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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7
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Lorbach JN, Fitzgerald T, Nolan C, Nolting JM, Treanor JJ, Topham DJ, Bowman AS. Gaps in Serologic Immunity against Contemporary Swine-Origin Influenza A Viruses among Healthy Individuals in the United States. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010127. [PMID: 33477472 PMCID: PMC7830885 DOI: 10.3390/v13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A Viruses (IAV) in domestic swine (IAV-S) are associated with sporadic zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface. Previous pandemic IAVs originated from animals, which emphasizes the importance of characterizing human immunity against the increasingly diverse IAV-S. We analyzed serum samples from healthy human donors (n = 153) using hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay to assess existing serologic protection against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolated from swine in the United States (n = 11). Age-specific seroprotection rates (SPR), which are the proportion of individuals with HAI ≥ 1:40, corresponded with lower or moderate pandemic risk classifications for the multiple IAV-S examined (one H1-δ1, one H1-δ2, three H3-IVA, one H3-IVB, one H3-IVF). Individuals born between 2004 and 2013 had SPRs of 0% for the five classified H3 subtype IAV-S, indicating youth may be particularly predisposed to infection with these viruses. Expansion of existing immunologic gaps over time could increase likelihood of future IAV-S spillover to humans and facilitate subsequent sustained human-to-human transmission resulting in disease outbreaks with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N. Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - Theresa Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Carolyn Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
| | - John J. Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA;
| | - David J. Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14627, USA; (T.F.); (C.N.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.N.L.); (J.M.N.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lauterbach SE, Nelson SW, Martin AM, Spurck MM, Mathys DA, Mollenkopf DF, Nolting JM, Wittum TE, Bowman AS. Adoption of recommended hand hygiene practices to limit zoonotic disease transmission at agricultural fairs. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105116. [PMID: 32768662 PMCID: PMC7494593 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rapid transmission and spread of infectious pathogens are enhanced by the agricultural fair environment, where large numbers of livestock and people from numerous backgrounds congregate for several days. The transmission of influenza A virus and zoonotic enteric pathogens to fairgoers is a considerable risk and has occurred several times over the past decade. In an effort to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission in these settings, public health guidelines and recommendations including hand sanitation stations have been implemented. While hand hygiene recommendations to prevent the spread of zoonotic disease are well communicated, it is hypothesized that the adoption of these recommendations by agricultural fairs and fairgoers is low. To test this hypothesis, hand hygiene data collected from 658 agricultural fairs between 2012 and 2019 was analyzed to determine frequency and function of hand sanitation stations at the fairs, as well as utilization of educational signage. In addition, an observational study was performed to calculate the proportion of fairgoers who use hand sanitation stations at the fair. Lastly, samples were taken from working hand sanitation stations present at the exits of livestock barns and tested for the presence of influenza A virus and antimicrobial resistant coliform bacteria. Hand sanitation stations were present at most fairs (77.4 %) as recommended, but only 142 out of 2021 (7.0 %) visitors were observed using the stations. Health risk signage was displayed at more than half of fairs while the proper wash procedure was displayed at less than half. No influenza A virus was detected on any of the hand sanitation stations, however antimicrobial resistant coliform bacteria were recovered from 75.5 % of the sampled hand sanitation stations. Fairs should employ educational material along with functional hand sanitation stations in order to promote hand hygiene at fairs. Stations should be maintained and cleaned often to ensure effectiveness, as hand hygiene continues to be recommended to fairgoers when exiting animal barns to reduce zoonotic disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lauterbach
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Alison M Martin
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Michele M Spurck
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Dimitria A Mathys
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Dixie F Mollenkopf
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas E Wittum
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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9
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Complete Coding Sequence of a Swine Influenza A Variant (H3N2) Virus Isolated in the Republic of Korea in 2017. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/7/e01355-19. [PMID: 32054707 PMCID: PMC7019062 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01355-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of human infection with a swine influenza A virus variant have been reported in the United States, and since 2011, H3N2 variant viruses have also been regularly isolated from swine in the Republic of Korea. Here, we genetically characterized an influenza A H3N2 isolate (A/swine/P17-4/2017). BLASTN analysis of the 8 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide similarity (97.0 to 99.0%) to porcine strains circulating in the Republic of Korea and the United States. Specifically, we found a high degree of similarity in the nucleotide matrix gene to those of recent isolates from North Carolina. Cases of human infection with a swine influenza A virus variant have been reported in the United States, and since 2011, H3N2 variant viruses have also been regularly isolated from swine in the Republic of Korea. Here, we genetically characterized an influenza A H3N2 isolate (A/swine/P17-4/2017). BLASTN analysis of the 8 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide similarity (97.0 to 99.0%) to porcine strains circulating in the Republic of Korea and the United States. Specifically, we found a high degree of similarity in the nucleotide matrix gene to those of recent isolates from North Carolina. Therefore, continuous epidemiological surveillance is necessary to monitor the variation and evolution of influenza A viruses.
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10
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Nirmala J, Bender JB, Lynfield R, Yang M, Rene Culhane M, Nelson MI, Sreevatsan S, Torremorell M. Genetic diversity of influenza A viruses circulating in pigs between winter and summer in a Minnesota live animal market. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:243-250. [PMID: 31868300 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been little surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in swine at live animal markets, particularly in the United States. To address this gap, we conducted active surveillance of IAVs in pigs, the air, and the environment during a summer and winter season in a live animal market in St. Paul, Minnesota, that had been epidemiologically associated with swine-origin influenza cases in humans previously. High rates of IAV were detected by PCR in swine lungs and oral fluids during both summer and winter seasons. Rates of IAV detection by PCR in the air were similar during summer and winter, although rates of successful virus isolation in the air were lower during summer than in winter (26% and 67%, respectively). H3N2 was the most prevalent subtype in both seasons, followed by H1N2. Genetically diverse viruses with multiple gene constellations were isolated from both winter and summer, with a total of 19 distinct genotypes identified. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of all eight segments of 40 virus isolates from summer and 122 isolates from winter revealed that the summer and winter isolates were genetically distinct, indicating IAVs are not maintained in the market, but rather are re-introduced, likely from commercial swine. These findings highlight the extent of IAV genetic diversity circulating in swine in live animal markets, even during summer months, and the ongoing risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jeff B Bender
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota State Health Department, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - My Yang
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Marie Rene Culhane
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Martha Irene Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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11
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Lauterbach SE, Nelson SW, Robinson ME, Lorbach JN, Nolting JM, Bowman AS. Assessing exhibition swine as potential disseminators of infectious disease through the detection of five respiratory pathogens at agricultural exhibitions. Vet Res 2019; 50:63. [PMID: 31533860 PMCID: PMC6749708 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread geographic movement and extensive comingling of exhibition swine facilitates the spread and transmission of infectious pathogens. Nasal samples were collected from 2862 pigs at 102 exhibitions and tested for five pathogens. At least one pathogen was molecularly detected in pigs at 63 (61.8%) exhibitions. Influenza A virus was most prevalent and was detected in 498 (17.4%) samples. Influenza D virus was detected in two (0.07%) samples. More than one pathogen was detected in 165 (5.8%) samples. Influenza A virus remains a top threat to animal and human health, but other pathogens may be disseminated through the exhibition swine population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lauterbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Meghann E Robinson
- Health Science District, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Josh N Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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12
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Stewart RJ, Rossow J, Eckel S, Bidol S, Ballew G, Signs K, Conover JT, Burns E, Bresee JS, Fry AM, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Text-Based Illness Monitoring for Detection of Novel Influenza A Virus Infections During an Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Outbreak in Michigan, 2016: Surveillance and Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2019; 5:e10842. [PMID: 31025948 PMCID: PMC6658270 DOI: 10.2196/10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid reporting of human infections with novel influenza A viruses accelerates detection of viruses with pandemic potential and implementation of an effective public health response. After detection of human infections with influenza A (H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses associated with agricultural fairs during August 2016, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services worked with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to identify infections with variant influenza viruses using a text-based illness monitoring system. Objective To enhance detection of influenza infections using text-based monitoring and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the system for use in future outbreaks of novel influenza viruses. Methods During an outbreak of H3N2v virus infections among agricultural fair attendees, we deployed a text-illness monitoring (TIM) system to conduct active illness surveillance among households of youth who exhibited swine at fairs. We selected all fairs with suspected H3N2v virus infections. For fairs without suspected infections, we selected only those fairs that met predefined criteria. Eligible respondents were identified and recruited through email outreach and/or on-site meetings at fairs. During the fairs and for 10 days after selected fairs, enrolled households received daily, automated text-messages inquiring about illness; reports of illness were investigated by local health departments. To understand the feasibility and acceptability of the system, we monitored enrollment and trends in participation and distributed a Web-based survey to households of exhibitors from five fairs. Results Among an estimated 500 households with a member who exhibited swine at one of nine selected fairs, representatives of 87 (17.4%) households were enrolled, representing 392 household members. Among fairs that were ongoing when the TIM system was deployed, the number of respondents peaked at 54 on the third day of the fair and then steadily declined throughout the rest of the monitoring period; 19 out of 87 household representatives (22%) responded through the end of the 10-day monitoring period. We detected 2 H3N2v virus infections using the TIM system, which represents 17% (2/12) of all H3N2v virus infections detected during this outbreak in Michigan. Of the 70 survey respondents, 16 (23%) had participated in the TIM system. A total of 73% (11/15) participated because it was recommended by fair coordinators and 80% (12/15) said they would participate again. Conclusions Using a text-message system, we monitored for illness among a large number of individuals and households and detected H3N2v virus infections through active surveillance. Text-based illness monitoring systems are useful for detecting novel influenza virus infections when active monitoring is necessary. Participant retention and testing of persons reporting illness are critical elements for system improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J Stewart
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John Rossow
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Seth Eckel
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sally Bidol
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Grant Ballew
- Compliant Campaign, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Kimberly Signs
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Erin Burns
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph S Bresee
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matthew Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Virus survival and fitness when multiple genotypes and subtypes of influenza A viruses exist and circulate in swine. Virology 2019; 532:30-38. [PMID: 31003122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance in Midwest USA and isolated 100 SIVs including endemic and reassortant H1 and H3 viruses with 2009 pandemic H1N1 genes. To determine virus evolution when different genotypes and subtypes of influenza A viruses circulating in the same swine herd, a virus survival experiment was conducted in pigs mimicking field situations. Five different SIVs were used to infect five pigs individually, then two groups of sentinel pigs were introduced to investigate virus transmission. Results showed that each virus replicated efficiently in lungs of each infected pig, but only reassortant H3N2 and H1N2v viruses transmitted to the primary contact pigs. Interestingly, the parental H1N2v was the majority of virus detected in the second group of sentinel pigs. These data indicate that the H1N2v seems to be more viable in swine herds than other SIV genotypes, and reassortment can enhance viral fitness and transmission.
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14
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Daly RF, House J, Stanek D, Stobierski MG. Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2017. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 251:1268-1292. [PMID: 29154705 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.11.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lauterbach SE, Nelson SN, Nolting JM, Trujillo JD, Richt JA, Bowman AS. Evaluation of a Field-Deployable Insulated Isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction Nucleic Acid Analyzer for Influenza A Virus Detection at Swine Exhibitions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:212-216. [PMID: 30183529 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of influenza A virus (IAV) at swine exhibitions, where zoonotic transmission has occurred, can allow exhibition officials to quickly implement mitigation strategies and reduce public health risk. While laboratory diagnostic methods using PCR exist, pen-side detection of IAV can reduce lag time between sample collection and results. Portable insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) has been used for point-of-care pathogen detection in veterinary medicine. This study compared laboratory methods of real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) to RT-iiPCR to determine the potential effectiveness of RT-iiPCR for detection of IAV in swine in the field. Two methods of extraction (magnetic bead and spin-column) and the two PCR platforms were used in a crossover study design to detect IAV in nasal wipes of 150 individual swine from one exhibition. Magnetic bead extraction is considered the laboratory gold standard while spin-column purification is considered the field-deployable method. IAV RNA was detected in 17 samples using Mag/rRT-PCR (reference assay) and 16 samples using Mag/RT-iiPCR (Sensitivity-S 76.5%), whereas only 14 samples using Spin/rRT-PCR (S 88.2%) and 12 samples using Spin/RT-iiPCR (field method) (S 58.8%) were positive, demonstrating a reduction in detection of viral RNA using column purification. There is moderate agreement (Cohen's kappa = 0.6575) between Mag/rRT-PCR and Spin/RT-iiPCR. There is good agreement between both PCR assays when using the same method of extraction (Mag: Cohen's kappa = 0.8203, Spin: Cohen's kappa = 0.7642). RT-iiPCR requires testing of 10 more samples than the rRT-PCR to detect disease at the 95% confidence level in a population of 300 animals with a disease prevalence of 20%. In conclusion, although there is some reduction in sensitivity, RT-iiPCR used in conjunction with spin-column purification is an acceptable method of IAV in swine detection at exhibitions where it may help reduce lag time and allow for rapid control of an IAV outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lauterbach
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah N Nelson
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- 2 Diagnostic Medicine Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jürgen A Richt
- 2 Diagnostic Medicine Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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16
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Bourret V. Avian influenza viruses in pigs: An overview. Vet J 2018; 239:7-14. [PMID: 30197112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews important aspects of infection of pigs with avian influenza viruses. Wild waterfowl are the main reservoir for influenza A viruses; other species, such as pigs, can be infected, but most avian strains are imperfectly adapted to replication and transmission in such new hosts. However, some avian-to-porcine host jumps have resulted in the emergence of stable swine influenza virus lineages, with major consequences for both animal and human health. Different categories of factors are involved in these cross-species adaptations, both epidemiological (relating to host-host interactions) and virological (relating to host-virus interactions). An understanding of the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to pigs has benefited from a number of recent studies, but more research is warranted to fully appreciate the key molecular and epidemiological factors involved in this intriguing viral host jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bourret
- Université de Montpellier, CEFE, Campus CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
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17
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Lauterbach SE, Wright CM, Zentkovich MM, Nelson SW, Lorbach JN, Bliss NT, Nolting JM, Pierson RM, King MD, Bowman AS. Detection of influenza A virus from agricultural fair environment: Air and surfaces. Prev Vet Med 2018; 153:24-29. [PMID: 29653731 PMCID: PMC8611410 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural fairs facilitate an environment conducive to the spread of influenza A virus with large numbers of pigs from various different locales comingling for several days (5-8 days). Fairs are also associated with zoonotic transmission of influenza A virus as humans have unrestricted contact with potentially infected swine throughout the fair's duration. Since 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported 468 cases of variant influenza A virus, with most cases having had exposure to swine at agricultural fairs. Many mechanisms have been proposed as potential direct and indirect routes of transmission that may be enhancing intra- and inter-species transmission of influenza A virus at fairs. This study examines airborne respiratory droplets and portable animal-care items as potential routes of transmission that may be contributing to enhanced viral spread throughout the swine barn and the resulting variant cases of influenza A. Air samples were taken from inside swine barns at 25 fairs between the years 2013 and 2014. Influenza A virus was detected molecularly in 11 of 59 (18.6%) air samples, representing 4 of the 25 fairs. Viable H1N1 virus, matching virus recovered from swine at the fair, was recovered from the air at one fair in 2013. During the summer of 2016, 75 of 400 (18.8%) surface samples tested positive for molecular presence of influenza A virus and represented 10 of 20 fairs. Seven viral isolates collected from four fairs were recovered from the surfaces. Whole genome sequences of the viruses recovered from the surfaces are >99% identical to the viruses recovered from individual pigs at each respective fair. The detection and recovery of influenza A virus from both the air and surfaces found within the swine barn at agricultural fairs provide evidence for potential viral transmission through these routes, which may contribute to both intra- and inter-species transmission, threatening public health. These findings reinforce the need for new and improved mitigation strategies at agricultural fairs in order to reduce the risk to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lauterbach
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Courtney M Wright
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Michele M Zentkovich
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Joshua N Lorbach
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Nola T Bliss
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Raymond M Pierson
- Northrop Grumman ES Homeland Defense Group, 7055 Troy Hill Drive S#300, Elkridge, MD, 21075, USA.
| | - Maria D King
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, 333 Spence Street, MS 2117, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
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18
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Environmental surfaces used in entry-day corralling likely contribute to the spread of influenza A virus in swine at agricultural fairs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e10. [PMID: 28223682 PMCID: PMC5322325 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Houghton R, Ellis J, Galiano M, Clark TW, Wyllie S. Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequencing delineate nosocomial influenza outbreaks with accuracy equivalent to whole genome sequencing. J Infect 2017; 74:377-384. [PMID: 28104386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) sequencing in an apparent cross-site influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in renal transplant and haemodialysis patients, confirmed with whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS Isolates were sequenced from influenza positive individuals. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using HA and NA sequencing and subsequently WGS. Sequence data was analysed to determine genetic relatedness of viruses obtained from inpatient and outpatient cohorts and compared with epidemiological outbreak information. RESULTS There were 6 patient cases of influenza in the inpatient renal ward cohort (associated with 3 deaths) and 9 patient cases in the outpatient haemodialysis unit cohort (no deaths). WGS confirmed clustered transmission of two genetically different influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains initially identified by analysis of HA and NA genes. WGS took longer, and in this case was not required to determine whether or not the two seemingly linked outbreaks were related. CONCLUSION Rapid sequencing of HA and NA genes may be sufficient to aid early influenza outbreak investigation making it appealing for future outbreak investigation. However, as next generation sequencing becomes cheaper and more widely available and bioinformatics software is now freely accessible next generation whole genome analysis may increasingly become a valuable tool for real-time Influenza outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Houghton
- Department of Infection, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Public Health England Laboratory, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Joanna Ellis
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Monica Galiano
- Respiratory Virus Unit, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Tristan W Clark
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton and NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sarah Wyllie
- Microbiology Department, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, England, PO6 3LY, UK
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20
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Amino Acids in Hemagglutinin Antigenic Site B Determine Antigenic and Receptor Binding Differences between A(H3N2)v and Ancestral Seasonal H3N2 Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01512-16. [PMID: 27807224 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01512-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A H3N2 variant [A(H3N2)v] viruses, which have caused human infections in the United States in recent years, originated from human seasonal H3N2 viruses that were introduced into North American swine in the mid-1990s, but they are antigenically distinct from both the ancestral and current circulating H3N2 strains. A reference A(H3N2)v virus, A/Minnesota/11/2010 (MN/10), and a seasonal H3N2 strain, A/Beijing/32/1992 (BJ/92), were chosen to determine the molecular basis for the antigenic difference between A(H3N2)v and the ancestral viruses. Viruses containing wild-type and mutant MN/10 or BJ/92 hemagglutinins (HAs) were constructed and probed for reactivity with ferret antisera against MN/10 and BJ/92 in hemagglutination inhibition assays. Among the amino acids that differ between the MN/10 and BJ/92 HAs, those in antigenic site A had little impact on the antigenic phenotype. Within antigenic site B, mutations at residues 156, 158, 189, and 193 of MN/10 HA to those in BJ/92 switched the MN/10 antigenic phenotype to that of BJ/92. Mutations at residues 156, 157, 158, 189, and 193 of BJ/92 HA to amino acids present in MN/10 were necessary for BJ/92 to become antigenically similar to MN/10. The HA amino acid substitutions responsible for switching the antigenic phenotype also impacted HA binding to sialyl receptors that are usually present in the human respiratory tract. Our study demonstrates that antigenic site B residues play a critical role in determining both the unique antigenic phenotype and receptor specificity of A(H3N2)v viruses, a finding that may facilitate future surveillance and risk assessment of novel influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Influenza A H3N2 variant [A(H3N2)v] viruses have caused hundreds of human infections in multiple states in the United States since 2009. Most cases have been children who had contact with swine in agricultural fairs. These viruses originated from human seasonal H3N2 viruses that were introduced into the U.S. swine population in the mid-1990s, but they are different from both these ancestral viruses and current circulating human seasonal H3N2 strains in terms of their antigenic characteristics as measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. In this study, we identified amino acids in antigenic site B of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) that explain the antigenic difference between A(H3N2)v and the ancestral H3N2 strains. These amino acid mutations also alter binding to minor human-type glycans, suggesting that host adaptation may contribute to the selection of antigenically distinct H3N2 variants which pose a threat to public health.
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21
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Sikkema RS, Freidl GS, de Bruin E, Koopmans M. Weighing serological evidence of human exposure to animal influenza viruses - a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30388. [PMID: 27874827 PMCID: PMC5114483 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.44.30388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Assessing influenza A virus strains circulating in animals and their potential to cross the species barrier and cause human infections is important to improve human influenza surveillance and preparedness. We reviewed studies describing serological evidence of human exposure to animal influenza viruses. Comparing serological data is difficult due to a lack of standardisation in study designs and in laboratory methods used in published reports. Therefore, we designed a scoring system to assess and weigh specificity of obtained serology results in the selected articles. Many studies report reliable evidence of antibodies to swine influenza viruses among persons occupationally exposed to pigs. Most avian influenza studies target H5, H7 and H9 subtypes and most serological evidence of human exposure to avian influenza viruses is reported for these subtypes. Avian influenza studies receiving a low grade in this review often reported higher seroprevalences in humans compared with studies with a high grade. Official surveillance systems mainly focus on avian H5 and H7 viruses. Swine influenza viruses and avian subtypes other than H5 and H7 (emphasising H9) should be additionally included in official surveillance systems. Surveillance efforts should also be directed towards understudied geographical areas, such as Africa and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Saapke Sikkema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gudrun Stephanie Freidl
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Klous G, Huss A, Heederik DJ, Coutinho RA. Human-livestock contacts and their relationship to transmission of zoonotic pathogens, a systematic review of literature. One Health 2016; 2:65-76. [PMID: 28616478 PMCID: PMC5462650 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro-organisms transmitted from vertebrate animals - including livestock - to humans account for an estimated 60% of human pathogens. Micro-organisms can be transmitted through inhalation, ingestion, via conjunctiva or physical contact. Close contact with animals is crucial for transmission. The role of intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans for disease transmission is poorly understood. In this systematic review we aimed to summarise current knowledge regarding patterns of human-livestock contacts and their role in micro-organism transmission. METHODS We included peer-reviewed publications published between 1996 and 2014 in our systematic review if they reported on human-livestock contacts, human cases of livestock-related zoonotic diseases or serological epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in human samples. We extracted any information pertaining the type and intensity of human-livestock contacts and associated zoonoses. RESULTS 1522 papers were identified, 75 were included: 7 reported on incidental zoonoses after brief animal-human contacts (e.g. farm visits), 10 on environmental exposures and 15 on zoonoses in developing countries where backyard livestock keeping is still customary. 43 studies reported zoonotic risks in different occupations. Occupations at risk included veterinarians, culling personnel, slaughterhouse workers and farmers. For culling personnel, more hours exposed to livestock resulted in more frequent occurrence of transmission. Slaughterhouse workers in contact with live animals were more often positive for zoonotic micro-organisms compared to co-workers only exposed to carcasses. Overall, little information was available about the actual mode of micro-organism transmission. CONCLUSIONS Little is known about the intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans that result in micro-organism transmission. Studies performed in occupational settings provide some, but limited evidence of exposure response-like relationships for livestock-human contact and micro-organism transmission. Better understanding of contact patterns driving micro-organism transmission from animals to humans is needed to provide options for prevention and thus deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Klous
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J.J. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Coutinho
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Beato MS, Tassoni L, Milani A, Salviato A, Di Martino G, Mion M, Bonfanti L, Monne I, Watson SJ, Fusaro A. Circulation of multiple genotypes of H1N2 viruses in a swine farm in Italy over a two-month period. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:25-29. [PMID: 27771067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In August 2012 repeated respiratory outbreaks caused by swine influenza A virus (swIAV) were registered for a whole year in a breeding farm in northeast Italy that supplied piglets for fattening. The virus, initially characterized in the farm, was a reassortant Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (H1avN1) genotype, containing a haemagglutinin segment derived from the pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09) lineage. To control infection, a vaccination program using vaccines against the A(H1N1)pdm09, human-like H1N2 (H1huN2), human-like H3N2 (H3N2), and H1avN1 viruses was implemented in sows in November 2013. Vaccine efficacy was assessed by sampling nasal swabs for two months in 35-75 day-old piglets born from vaccinated sows. Complete genome sequencing of eight swIAV-positive nasal swabs collected longitudinally from piglets after the implementation of the vaccination program was conducted to investigate the virus characteristics. Over the two-month period, two different genotypes involving multiple reassortment events were detected. The unexpected circulation of multiple reassortant genotypes in such a short time highlights the complexity of the genetic diversity of swIAV and the need for a better surveillance plan, based on the combination of clinical signs, epidemiological data and whole genome characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serena Beato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Luca Tassoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Guido Di Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Monica Mion
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lebana Bonfanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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24
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Sonnberg S, Ducatez MF, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Rubrum A, Sharp B, Hall RJ, Peacey M, Huang S, Webby RJ. Pandemic Seasonal H1N1 Reassortants Recovered from Patient Material Display a Phenotype Similar to That of the Seasonal Parent. J Virol 2016; 90:7647-56. [PMID: 27279619 PMCID: PMC4988147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00772-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously shown that 11 patients became naturally coinfected with seasonal H1N1 (A/H1N1) and pandemic H1N1 (pdm/H1N1) during the Southern hemisphere winter of 2009 in New Zealand. Reassortment of influenza A viruses is readily observed during coinfection of host animals and in vitro; however, reports of reassortment occurring naturally in humans are rare. Using clinical specimen material, we show reassortment between the two coinfecting viruses occurred with high likelihood directly in one of the previously identified patients. Despite the lack of spread of these reassortants in the community, we did not find them to be attenuated in several model systems for viral replication and virus transmission: multistep growth curves in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells revealed no growth deficiency in six recovered reassortants compared to A/H1N1 and pdm/H1N1 isolates. Two reassortant viruses were assessed in ferrets and showed transmission to aerosol contacts. This study demonstrates that influenza virus reassortants can arise in naturally coinfected patients. IMPORTANCE Reassortment of influenza A viruses is an important driver of virus evolution, but little has been done to address humans as hosts for the generation of novel influenza viruses. We show here that multiple reassortant viruses were generated during natural coinfection of a patient with pandemic H1N1 (2009) and seasonal H1N1 influenza A viruses. Though apparently fit in model systems, these reassortants did not become established in the wider population, presumably due to herd immunity against their seasonal H1 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Peacey
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Webby
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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25
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Rainey JJ, Phelps T, Shi J. Mass Gatherings and Respiratory Disease Outbreaks in the United States - Should We Be Worried? Results from a Systematic Literature Review and Analysis of the National Outbreak Reporting System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160378. [PMID: 27536770 PMCID: PMC4990208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because mass gatherings create environments conducive for infectious disease transmission, public health officials may recommend postponing or canceling large gatherings during a moderate or severe pandemic. Despite these recommendations, limited empirical information exists on the frequency and characteristics of mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks occurring in the United States. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to identify articles about mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks occurring in the United States from 2005 to 2014. A standard form was used to abstract information from relevant articles identified from six medical, behavioral and social science literature databases. We also analyzed data from the National Outbreaks Reporting System (NORS), maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 2009, to estimate the frequency of mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks reported to the system. RESULTS We identified 21 published articles describing 72 mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks. Of these 72, 40 (56%) were associated with agriculture fairs and Influenza A H3N2v following probable swine exposure, and 25 (35%) with youth summer camps and pandemic Influenza A H1N1. Outbreaks of measles (n = 1) and mumps (n = 2) were linked to the international importation of disease. Between 2009 and 2013, 1,114 outbreaks were reported to NORS, including 96 respiratory disease outbreaks due to Legionella. None of these legionellosis outbreaks was linked to a mass gathering according to available data. CONCLUSION Mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks may be uncommon in the United States, but have been reported from fairs (zoonotic transmission) as well as at camps where participants have close social contact in communal housing. International importation can also be a contributing factor. NORS collects information on certain respiratory diseases and could serve as a platform to monitor mass gathering-related respiratory outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette J. Rainey
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tiffani Phelps
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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26
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Bowman AS, Nolting JM, Workman JD, Cooper M, Fisher AE, Marsh B, Forshey T. The Inability to Screen Exhibition Swine for Influenza A Virus Using Body Temperature. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:34-9. [PMID: 25884907 PMCID: PMC4609228 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural fairs create an unconventional animal-human interface that has been associated with swine-to-human transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) in recent years. Early detection of IAV-infected pigs at agricultural fairs would allow veterinarians to better protect swine and human health during these swine exhibitions. This study assessed the use of swine body temperature measurement, recorded by infrared and rectal thermometers, as a practical method to detect IAV-infected swine at agricultural fairs. In our first objective, infrared thermometers were used to record the body surface temperature of 1,092 pigs at the time of IAV nasal swab collection at the end of the exhibition period of 55 agricultural fairs. IAV was recovered from 212 (19.4%) pigs, and the difference in mean infrared body temperature measurement of IAV-positive and IAV-negative pigs was 0.83°C. In a second objective, snout wipes were collected from 1,948 pigs immediately prior to the unloading of the animals at a single large swine exhibition. Concurrent to the snout wipe collection, owners took the rectal temperatures of his/her pigs. In this case, 47 (2.4%) pigs tested positive for IAV before they entered the swine barn. The mean rectal temperatures differed by only 0.19°C between IAV-positive and IAV-negative pigs. The low prevalence of IAV among the pigs upon entry to the fair in the second objective provides evidence that limiting intraspecies spread of IAV during the fairs will likely have significant impacts on the zoonotic transmission. However, in both objectives, the high degree of similarity in the body temperature measurements between the IAV-positive and IAV-negative pigs made it impossible to set a diagnostically meaningful cut point to differentiate IAV status of the individual animals. Unfortunately, body temperature measurement cannot be used to accurately screen exhibition swine for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Workman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Ohio State University Extension, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Cooper
- Indiana State Board of Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron E Fisher
- Indiana 4-H Youth Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bret Marsh
- Indiana State Board of Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tony Forshey
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
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27
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Bliss N, Nelson SW, Nolting JM, Bowman AS. Prevalence of Influenza A Virus in Exhibition Swine during Arrival at Agricultural Fairs. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:477-85. [PMID: 26750204 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exhibition swine at agricultural fairs provides a critical human-swine interface that allows for the bidirectional transmission of influenza A virus (IAV). Previous IAV surveillance at the end of fairs has resulted in frequent detection of IAV-infected swine; little is known, however, about the frequency with which swine arrive at fairs already infected with IAV. We investigated the IAV prevalence among exhibition swine entering fairs to better understand the epidemiology of IAV in this unique human-swine interface. In 2014, snout wipes were collected from 3547 swine during the first day of nine agricultural exhibitions in Indiana and Ohio. Samples were screened for IAV using rRT-PCR and positive samples were inoculated into cultured cells for virus isolation. The overall IAV prevalence detected among swine arriving at exhibitions was 5.3% (188/3547) via rRT-PCR and 1.5% (53/3547) via virus isolation, with IAV being detected and recovered from swine at 5 of the 9 exhibitions. Within the fairs with IAV-positive swine, the individual exhibition IAV prevalence ranged from 0.2% (1/523) to 34.4% (144/419) using rRT-PCR and 0.2% (1/523) to 10.3% (43/419) with virus isolation. Single IAV subtypes were detected at three of the fairs but subtype diversity was detected among the pigs at two fairs as both H1N1 and H3N2 were recovered from incoming swine. At two of the exhibitions, a temporal relationship was observed between the order of the individual swine in sampling and the associated IAV rRT-PCR results, indicating the fomite transmission of IAV through common contact surfaces may occur. With the knowledge that a small proportion of swine arrive at fairs shedding IAV, resources should be directed towards preventive strategies focused on limiting transmission during fairs to protect swine and humans during exhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bliss
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S W Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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28
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Alonso C, Raynor PC, Davies PR, Morrison RB, Torremorell M. Evaluation of an electrostatic particle ionization technology for decreasing airborne pathogens in pigs. AEROBIOLOGIA 2015; 32:405-419. [PMID: 27616810 PMCID: PMC4996881 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-015-9413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and Staphylococcus aureus are important swine pathogens capable of being transmitted via aerosols. The electrostatic particle ionization system (EPI) consists of a conductive line that emits negative ions that charge particles electrically resulting in the settling of airborne particles onto surfaces and potentially decreasing the risk of pathogen dissemination. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of the EPI system on the quantity and viability of IAV, PRRSV, PEDV and S. aureus in experimentally generated aerosols and in aerosols generated by infected animals. Efficiency at removing airborne particles was evaluated as a function of particle size (ranging from 0.4 to 10 µm), distance from the source of ions (1, 2 and 3 m) and relative air humidity (RH 30 vs. 70 %). Aerosols were sampled with the EPI system "off" and "on." Removal efficiency was significantly greater for all pathogens when the EPI line was the closest to the source of aerosols. There was a greater reduction for larger particles ranging between 3.3 and 9 µm, which varied by pathogen. Overall airborne pathogen reduction ranged between 0.5 and 1.9 logs. Viable pathogens were detected with the EPI system "on," but there was a trend to reducing the quantity of viable PRRSV and IAV. There was not a significant effect on the pathogens removal efficiency based on the RH conditions tested. In summary, distance to the source of ions, type of pathogen and particle size influenced the removal efficiency of the EPI system. The reduction in infectious agents in the air by the EPI technology could potentially decrease the microbial exposure for pigs and people in confinement livestock facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Alonso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Peter C. Raynor
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN USA
| | - Peter R. Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Robert B. Morrison
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
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29
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Nolting JM, Szablewski CM, Edwards JL, Nelson SW, Bowman AS. Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine. J Vis Exp 2015:e53313. [PMID: 26709840 DOI: 10.3791/53313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and new strains are continually emerging. Swine are able to be infected by diverse lineages of influenza A virus making them important hosts for the emergence and maintenance of novel influenza A virus strains. Sampling pigs in diverse settings such as commercial swine farms, agricultural fairs, and live animal markets is important to provide a comprehensive view of currently circulating IAV strains. The current gold-standard ante-mortem sampling technique (i.e. collection of nasal swabs) is labor intensive because it requires physical restraint of the pigs. Nasal wipes involve rubbing a piece of fabric across the snout of the pig with minimal to no restraint of the animal. The nasal wipe procedure is simple to perform and does not require personnel with professional veterinary or animal handling training. While slightly less sensitive than nasal swabs, virus detection and isolation rates are adequate to make nasal wipes a viable alternative for sampling individual pigs when low stress sampling methods are required. The proceeding protocol outlines the steps needed to collect a viable nasal wipe from an individual pig.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jody L Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University;
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30
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Choi MJ, Torremorell M, Bender JB, Smith K, Boxrud D, Ertl JR, Yang M, Suwannakarn K, Her D, Nguyen J, Uyeki TM, Levine M, Lindstrom S, Katz JM, Jhung M, Vetter S, Wong KK, Sreevatsan S, Lynfield R. Live Animal Markets in Minnesota: A Potential Source for Emergence of Novel Influenza A Viruses and Interspecies Transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1355-62. [PMID: 26223994 PMCID: PMC4599395 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live animal markets have been implicated in transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animals to people. We sought to characterize IAVs at 2 live animal markets in Minnesota to assess potential routes of occupational exposure and risk for interspecies transmission. METHODS We implemented surveillance for IAVs among employees, swine, and environment (air and surfaces) during a 12-week period (October 2012-January 2013) at 2 markets epidemiologically associated with persons with swine-origin IAV (variant) infections. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), viral culture, and whole-genome sequencing were performed on respiratory and environmental specimens, and serology on sera from employees at beginning and end of surveillance. RESULTS Nasal swabs from 11 of 17 (65%) employees tested positive for IAVs by rRT-PCR; 7 employees tested positive on multiple occasions and 1 employee reported influenza-like illness. Eleven of 15 (73%) employees had baseline hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers ≥40 to swine-origin IAVs, but only 1 demonstrated a 4-fold titer increase to both swine-origin and pandemic A/Mexico/4108/2009 IAVs. IAVs were isolated from swine (72/84), air (30/45), and pen railings (5/21). Whole-genome sequencing of 122 IAVs isolated from swine and environmental specimens revealed multiple strains and subtype codetections. Multiple gene segment exchanges among and within subtypes were observed, resulting in new genetic constellations and reassortant viruses. Genetic sequence similarities of 99%-100% among IAVs of 1 market customer and swine indicated interspecies transmission. CONCLUSIONS At markets where swine and persons are in close contact, swine-origin IAVs are prevalent and potentially provide conditions for novel IAV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Choi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Jeff B. Bender
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | - Jon R. Ertl
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - My Yang
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | | | - Min Levine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Michael Jhung
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Karen K. Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
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31
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Decorte I, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Cay AB, De Regge N. Detection and Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Spiked Oral Fluid and Samples from Individually Housed, Experimentally Infected Pigs: Potential Role of Porcine Oral Fluid in Active Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Swine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139586. [PMID: 26431039 PMCID: PMC4592207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The lack of seasonality of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in combination with the capacity of swine to harbor a large number of co-circulating IAV lineages, resulting in the risk for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential, stress the importance of swIAV surveillance. To date, active surveillance of swIAV worldwide is barely done because of the short detection period in nasal swab samples. Therefore, more sensitive diagnostic methods to monitor circulating virus strains are requisite. Methods qRT-PCR and virus isolations were performed on oral fluid and nasal swabs collected from individually housed pigs that were infected sequentially with H1N1 and H3N2 swIAV strains. The same methods were also applied to oral fluid samples spiked with H1N1 to study the influence of conservation time and temperature on swIAV infectivity and detectability in porcine oral fluid. Results All swIAV infected animals were found qRT-PCR positive in both nasal swabs and oral fluid. However, swIAV could be detected for a longer period in oral fluid than in nasal swabs. Despite the high detectability of swIAV in oral fluid, virus isolation from oral fluid collected from infected pigs was rare. These results are supported by laboratory studies showing that the PCR detectability of swIAV remains unaltered during a 24 h incubation period in oral fluid, while swIAV infectivity drops dramatically immediately upon contact with oral fluid (3 log titer reduction) and gets lost after 24 h conservation in oral fluid at ambient temperature. Conclusions Our data indicate that porcine oral fluid has the potential to replace nasal swabs for molecular diagnostic purposes. The difficulty to isolate swIAV from oral fluid could pose a drawback for its use in active surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Decorte
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Avian virology and immunology, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Operational Direction Viral Diseases, Enzootic and (re)emerging diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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32
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Watson SJ, Langat P, Reid SM, Lam TTY, Cotten M, Kelly M, Van Reeth K, Qiu Y, Simon G, Bonin E, Foni E, Chiapponi C, Larsen L, Hjulsager C, Markowska-Daniel I, Urbaniak K, Dürrwald R, Schlegel M, Huovilainen A, Davidson I, Dán Á, Loeffen W, Edwards S, Bublot M, Vila T, Maldonado J, Valls L, Brown IH, Pybus OG, Kellam P. Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses Circulating within European Swine between 2009 and 2013. J Virol 2015; 89:9920-31. [PMID: 26202246 PMCID: PMC4577897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00840-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The emergence in humans of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus, a complex reassortant virus of swine origin, highlighted the importance of worldwide influenza virus surveillance in swine. To date, large-scale surveillance studies have been reported for southern China and North America, but such data have not yet been described for Europe. We report the first large-scale genomic characterization of 290 swine influenza viruses collected from 14 European countries between 2009 and 2013. A total of 23 distinct genotypes were identified, with the 7 most common comprising 82% of the incidence. Contrasting epidemiological dynamics were observed for two of these genotypes, H1huN2 and H3N2, with the former showing multiple long-lived geographically isolated lineages, while the latter had short-lived geographically diffuse lineages. At least 32 human-swine transmission events have resulted in A(H1N1)pdm09 becoming established at a mean frequency of 8% across European countries. Notably, swine in the United Kingdom have largely had a replacement of the endemic Eurasian avian virus-like ("avian-like") genotypes with A(H1N1)pdm09-derived genotypes. The high number of reassortant genotypes observed in European swine, combined with the identification of a genotype similar to the A(H3N2)v genotype in North America, underlines the importance of continued swine surveillance in Europe for the purposes of maintaining public health. This report further reveals that the emergences and drivers of virus evolution in swine differ at the global level. IMPORTANCE The influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus contains a reassortant genome with segments derived from separate virus lineages that evolved in different regions of the world. In particular, its neuraminidase and matrix segments were derived from the Eurasian avian virus-like ("avian-like") lineage that emerged in European swine in the 1970s. However, while large-scale genomic characterization of swine has been reported for southern China and North America, no equivalent study has yet been reported for Europe. Surveillance of swine herds across Europe between 2009 and 2013 revealed that the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus is established in European swine, increasing the number of circulating lineages in the region and increasing the possibility of the emergence of a genotype with human pandemic potential. It also has implications for veterinary health, making prevention through vaccination more challenging. The identification of a genotype similar to the A(H3N2)v genotype, causing zoonoses at North American agricultural fairs, underlines the importance of continued genomic characterization in European swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Watson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Pinky Langat
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Reid
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Cotten
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Kelly
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yu Qiu
- Laboratory of Virology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Simon
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emilie Bonin
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Ploufragan, France
| | - Emanuela Foni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Lars Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Hjulsager
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kinga Urbaniak
- Department of Swine Diseases, Panstwowy Instytut Weterynaryjny, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ádám Dán
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Willie Loeffen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Bublot
- Virology Department, Discovery Research, Merial, Lyon, France
| | - Thais Vila
- Virology Department, Discovery Research, Merial, Lyon, France
| | - Jaime Maldonado
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services DIAGNOS, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Gerona, Spain
| | - Laura Valls
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services DIAGNOS, Laboratorios HIPRA SA, Gerona, Spain
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Li YT, Ko HY, Lee CCD, Lai CY, Kao CL, Yang C, Wang WB, King CC. Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza H5N2 Viruses with Intra- and Inter-Duck Variations in Taiwan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133910. [PMID: 26263554 PMCID: PMC4532476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have frequently raised global concerns of emerging, interspecies-transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Waterfowl, the predominant reservoir of influenza viruses in nature, harbor precursors of different genetic lineages that have contributed to novel pandemic influenza viruses in the past. Methods Two duck influenza H5N2 viruses, DV518 and DV413, isolated through virological surveillance at a live-poultry market in Taiwan, showed phylogenetic relatedness but exhibited different replication capabilities in mammalian Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. This study characterizes the replication properties of the two duck H5N2 viruses and the determinants involved. Results The DV518 virus replicated more efficiently than DV413 in both MDCK and chicken DF1 cells. Interestingly, the infection of MDCK cells by DV518 formed heterogeneous plaques with great differences in size [large (L) and small (S)], and the two viral strains (p518-L and p518-S) obtained from plaque purification exhibited distinguishable replication kinetics in MDCK cells. Nonetheless, both plaque-purified DV518 strains still maintained their growth advantages over the plaque-purified p413 strain. Moreover, three amino acid substitutions in PA (P224S), PB2 (E72D), and M1 (A128T) were identified in intra-duck variations (p518-L vs p518-S), whereas other changes in HA (N170D), NA (I56T), and NP (Y289H) were present in inter-duck variations (DV518 vs DV413). Both p518-L and p518-S strains had the N170D substitution in HA, which might be related to their greater binding to MDCK cells. Additionally, polymerase activity assays on 293T cells demonstrated the role of vRNP in modulating the replication capability of the duck p518-L viruses in mammalian cells. Conclusion These results demonstrate that intra-host phenotypic variation occurs even within an individual duck. In view of recent human infections by low pathogenic AIVs, this study suggests possible determinants involved in the stepwise selection of virus variants from the duck influenza virus population which may facilitate inter-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tsun Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Chang-Chun David Lee
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Ching-Yu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan-Liang Kao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Chinglai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Won-Bo Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
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Bowman AS, Nelson SW, Page SL, Nolting JM, Killian ML, Sreevatsan S, Slemons RD. Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1472-80. [PMID: 25148572 PMCID: PMC4178388 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local health care providers should be alerted to the possibility of human infection with variant influenza A viruses, especially during fairs. Agricultural fairs provide an opportunity for bidirectional transmission of influenza A viruses. We sought to determine influenza A virus activity among swine at fairs in the United States. As part of an ongoing active influenza A virus surveillance project, nasal swab samples were collected from exhibition swine at 40 selected Ohio agricultural fairs during 2012. Influenza A(H3N2) virus was isolated from swine at 10 of the fairs. According to a concurrent public health investigation, 7 of the 10 fairs were epidemiologically linked to confirmed human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus. Comparison of genome sequences of the subtype H3N2 isolates recovered from humans and swine from each fair revealed nucleotide identities of >99.7%, confirming zoonotic transmission between swine and humans. All influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated in this study, regardless of host species or fair, were >99.5% identical, indicating that 1 virus strain was widely circulating among exhibition swine in Ohio during 2012.
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Greenbaum A, Quinn C, Bailer J, Su S, Havers F, Durand LO, Jiang V, Page S, Budd J, Shaw M, Biggerstaff M, de Fijter S, Smith K, Reed C, Epperson S, Brammer L, Feltz D, Sohner K, Ford J, Jain S, Gargiullo P, Weiss E, Burg P, DiOrio M, Fowler B, Finelli L, Jhung MA. Investigation of an Outbreak of Variant Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection Associated With an Agricultural Fair-Ohio, August 2012. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1592-9. [PMID: 25948864 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2012, one third of cases in a multistate outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus ([H3N2]v) infection occurred in Ohio. We conducted an investigation of (H3N2)v cases associated with agricultural Fair A in Ohio. METHODS We surveyed Fair A swine exhibitors and their household members. Confirmed cases had influenza-like illness (ILI) and a positive laboratory test for (H3N2)v, and probable cases had ILI. We calculated attack rates. We determined risk factors for infection, using multivariable log-binomial regression. RESULTS We identified 20 confirmed and 94 probable cases associated with Fair A. Among 114 cases, the median age was 10 years, there were no hospitalizations or deaths, and 82% had swine exposure. In the exhibitor household cohort of 359 persons (83 households), we identified 6 confirmed cases (2%) and 40 probable cases (11%). An age of <10 years was a significant risk factor (P < .01) for illness. One instance of likely human-to-human transmission was identified. CONCLUSIONS In this (H3N2)v outbreak, no evidence of sustained human-to-human (H3N2)v transmission was found. Our risk factor analysis contributed to the development of the recommendation that people at increased risk of influenza-associated complications, including children aged <5 years, avoid swine barns at fairs during the 2012 fair season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia Quinn
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Ohio Department of Health, Columbus
| | | | | | - Fiona Havers
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Influenza Division
| | - Lizette O Durand
- Epidemic Intelligence Service US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward Weiss
- Division of Applied Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pat Burg
- Butler County Health Department, Hamilton, Ohio
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Qiu Y, Muller CP, Van Reeth K. Lower seroreactivity to European than to North American H3N2 swine influenza viruses in humans, Luxembourg, 2010. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:25-33. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.13.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroreactivity to H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) was evaluated in serum samples collected from 843 people aged 0 to 100 years in 2010 in Luxembourg. Sera were analysed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN) assays targeting a European H3N2 SIV, a North American H3N2 variant of swine origin (H3N2v) and human seasonal H3N2 viruses isolated in 1975, 1995 and 2005. HI antibodies (titre?≥?10) against European H3N2 SIV were almost exclusively detected in those born before 1990, of whom 70% were seropositive. HI antibodies against H3N2v were predominantly found in those born before 2000, with 86% seropositive. Titres against the North American H3N2v were higher than against the European H3N2 SIV. VN patterns were similar, but with higher rates and titres. We also demonstrated lower seroreactivity to European H3N2 SIV than to North American H3N2v virus. Finally, we found a strong correlation between HI titres against the European H3N2 SIV and H3N2v and their respective human ancestors, A/Victoria/3/75 and A/Nanchang/933/95. This finding and the minimal contacts between humans and pigs in Luxembourg suggest that anti-SIV antibodies in human serum samples reflect serological cross-reactivity with historical human H3N2 viruses. Our findings help assess the pandemic risk of H3N2 SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg
| | - K Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bolton KJ, McCaw JM, Brown L, Jackson D, Kedzierska K, McVernon J. Prior population immunity reduces the expected impact of CTL-inducing vaccines for pandemic influenza control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120138. [PMID: 25811654 PMCID: PMC4374977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that trigger an influenza-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response may aid pandemic control by limiting the transmission of novel influenza A viruses (IAV). We consider interventions with hypothetical CTL-inducing vaccines in a range of epidemiologically plausible pandemic scenarios. We estimate the achievable reduction in the attack rate, and, by adopting a model linking epidemic progression to the emergence of IAV variants, the opportunity for antigenic drift. We demonstrate that CTL-inducing vaccines have limited utility for modifying population-level outcomes if influenza-specific T cells found widely in adults already suppress transmission and prove difficult to enhance. Administration of CTL-inducing vaccines that are efficacious in "influenza-experienced" and "influenza-naive" hosts can likely slow transmission sufficiently to mitigate a moderate IAV pandemic. However if neutralising cross-reactive antibody to an emerging IAV are common in influenza-experienced hosts, as for the swine-variant H3N2v, boosting CTL immunity may be ineffective at reducing population spread, indicating that CTL-inducing vaccines are best used against novel subtypes such as H7N9. Unless vaccines cannot readily suppress transmission from infected hosts with naive T cell pools, targeting influenza-naive hosts is preferable. Such strategies are of enhanced benefit if naive hosts are typically intensively mixing children and when a subset of experienced hosts have pre-existing neutralising cross-reactive antibody. We show that CTL-inducing vaccination campaigns may have greater power to suppress antigenic drift than previously suggested, and targeting adults may be the optimal strategy to achieve this when the vaccination campaign does not have the power to curtail the attack rate. Our results highlight the need to design interventions based on pre-existing cellular immunity and knowledge of the host determinants of vaccine efficacy, and provide a framework for assessing the performance requirements of high-impact CTL-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J. Bolton
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - James M. McCaw
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lorena Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Characterization of co-circulating swine influenza A viruses in North America and the identification of a novel H1 genetic clade with antigenic significance. Virus Res 2015; 201:24-31. [PMID: 25701742 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genetically and antigenically distinct hemagglutinin genes of the H1 and H3 influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes co-circulate in North American swine. This diversity has evolved by repeated transmission of IAVs from humans to swine and subsequent antigenic drift in swine. To understand the evolutionary dynamics of these diverse HA lineages in North American swine, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 1576 H1 and 607 H3 HA gene segments, as well as 834 N1 and 1293 N2 NA gene segments, and 2126 M gene segments. These data revealed yearly co-circulation of H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses, with three HA clades representing the majority of the HA sequences: of the H1 viruses, 42% were classified as H1δ1 and 40.6% were classified as H1γ; and of the H3 viruses 53% were classified as cluster IV-A H3N2. We detected a genetically distinct minor clade consisting of 37 H1 viruses isolated between 2003 and 2013, which we classified as H1γ-2. We estimated that this clade circulated in swine since approximately 1995, but it was not detected in swine until 2003. Though this clade only represents 1.07% of swine H1 sequences reported over the past 10 years, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays demonstrated that representatives of this clade of viruses are antigenically distinct, and, when measured using antigenic cartography, were as many as 7 antigenic units from other H1γ viruses. Therefore vaccines against the contemporary H1γ viruses are not likely to cross-protect against γ-2 viruses. The long-term circulation of these γ-2 viruses suggests that minor populations of viruses may be underreported in the national dataset given the long branch lengths and gaps in detections. The identification of these γ-2 viruses demonstrates the need for robust surveillance to capture the full diversity IAVs in swine in the USA and the importance of antigenic drift in the diversification and emergence of new antigenic variants in swine, which complicates vaccine design.
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Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7151803 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Grgić H, Costa M, Friendship RM, Carman S, Nagy É, Wideman G, Weese S, Poljak Z. Molecular characterization of H3N2 influenza A viruses isolated from Ontario swine in 2011 and 2012. Virol J 2014; 11:194. [PMID: 25416300 PMCID: PMC4245826 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data about molecular diversity of commonly circulating type A influenza viruses in Ontario swine are scarce. Yet, this information is essential for surveillance of animal and public health, vaccine updates, and for understanding virus evolution and its large-scale spread. Methods The study population consisted of 21 swine herds with clinical problems due to respiratory disease. Nasal swabs from individual pigs were collected and tested by virus isolation in MDCK cells and by rtRT-PCR. All eight segments of 10 H3N2 viruses were sequenced using high-throughput sequencing and molecularly characterized. Results Within-herd prevalence ranged between 2 and 100%. Structurally, Ontario H3N2 viruses could be classified into three different groups. Group 1 was the most similar to the original trH3N2 virus from 2005. Group 2 was the most similar to the Ontario turkey H3N2 isolates with PB1 and NS genes originating from trH3N2 virus and M, PB2, PA and NP genes originating from the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. All Group 3 internal genes were genetically related to A(H1N1)pdm09. Analysis of antigenic sites of HA1 showed that Group 1 had 8 aa changes within 4 antigenic sites, A(1), B(3), C(2) and E(2). The Group 2 viruses had 8 aa changes within 3 antigenic sites A(3), B(3) and C(2), while Group 3 viruses had 4 aa changes within 3 antigenic sites, B(1), D(1) and E(2), when compared to the cluster IV H3N2 virus [A/swine/Ontario/33853/2005/(H3N2)]. Conclusions The characterization of the Ontario H3N2 viruses clearly indicates reassortment of gene segments between the North American swine trH3N2 from cluster IV and the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-014-0194-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Grgić
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Marcio Costa
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Robert M Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Susy Carman
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 6R8, Canada.
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Greg Wideman
- South-West Ontario Veterinary Services, Stratford, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
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Amorim AR, Fornells LAMG, Reis FDC, Rezende DJ, Mendes GDS, Couceiro JNDSS, Santos NSDO. Influenza A virus infection of healthy piglets in an abattoir in Brazil: animal-human interface and risk for interspecies transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:548-53. [PMID: 23903968 PMCID: PMC3970599 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic influenza virus infections in pigs are frequent and the
lack of measures for controlling viral spread facilitates the circulation of
different virus strains between pigs. The goal of this study was to demonstrate
the circulation of influenza A virus strains among asymptomatic piglets in an
abattoir in Brazil and discuss the potential public health impacts. Tracheal
samples (n = 330) were collected from asymptomatic animals by a veterinarian
that also performed visual lung tissue examinations. No slaughtered animals
presented with any noticeable macroscopic signs of influenza infection following
examination of lung tissues. Samples were then analysed by reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction that resulted in the identification of
30 (9%) influenza A positive samples. The presence of asymptomatic pig
infections suggested that these animals could facilitate virus dissemination and
act as a source of infection for the herd, thereby enabling the emergence of
influenza outbreaks associated with significant economic losses. Furthermore,
the continuous exposure of the farm and abattoir workers to the virus increases
the risk for interspecies transmission. Monitoring measures of swine influenza
virus infections and vaccination and monitoring of employees for influenza
infection should also be considered. In addition regulatory agencies should
consider the public health ramifications regarding the potential zoonotic viral
transmission between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Ribeiro Amorim
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Gautret P, Gray GC, Charrel RN, Odezulu NG, Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla A, Memish ZA. Emerging viral respiratory tract infections--environmental risk factors and transmission. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:1113-1122. [PMID: 25189350 PMCID: PMC7106556 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of several novel viruses that cause respiratory tract infections in human beings, including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, an H7N9 influenza A virus in eastern China, a swine-like influenza H3N2 variant virus in the USA, and a human adenovirus 14p1 also in the USA. MERS-CoV and H7N9 viruses are still a major worldwide public health concern. The pathogenesis and mode of transmission of MERS-CoV and H7N9 influenza A virus are poorly understood, making it more difficult to implement intervention and preventive measures. A united and coordinated global response is needed to tackle emerging viruses that can cause fatal respiratory tract infections and to fill major gaps in the understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
| | - Gregory C Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Remi N Charrel
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR-D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" and IHU Méditerranée Infection, APHM Public Hospitals of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Nnanyelugo G Odezulu
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Center, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Ziad A Memish
- WHO Collaborating Center for Mass Gathering Medicine Ministry of Health and Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gauger PC, Loving CL, Khurana S, Lorusso A, Perez DR, Kehrli ME, Roth JA, Golding H, Vincent AL. Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccine protects against A(H1N1)pdm09 heterologous challenge without vaccine associated enhanced respiratory disease. Virology 2014; 471-473:93-104. [PMID: 25461535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines may provide cross-protection against contemporary influenza A virus (IAV) in swine. Conversely, whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines have the potential risk of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) when challenged with IAV of substantial antigenic drift. A temperature sensitive, intranasal H1N2 LAIV was compared to wild type exposure (WT) and an intramuscular WIV vaccine in a model shown to induce VAERD. WIV vaccinated swine challenged with pandemic A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) were not protected from infection and demonstrated severe respiratory disease consistent with VAERD. Lung lesions were mild and challenge virus was not detected in the respiratory tract of LAIV vaccinates. High levels of post-vaccination IgG serum antibodies targeting the H1N1pdm09 HA2 stalk domain were exclusively detected in the WIV group and associated with increased H1N1pdm09 virus infectivity in MDCK cells. In contrast, infection-enhancing antibodies were not detected in the serum of LAIV vaccinates and VAERD was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Gauger
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Crystal L Loving
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Marcus E Kehrli
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - James A Roth
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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44
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Edwards JL, Nelson SW, Workman JD, Slemons RD, Szablewski CM, Nolting JM, Bowman AS. Utility of snout wipe samples for influenza A virus surveillance in exhibition swine populations. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:574-9. [PMID: 25043408 PMCID: PMC4161620 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks in humans and swine have resulted from commingling of large numbers of people and pigs at agricultural fairs in the United States. Current antemortem IAV surveillance strategies in swine require collecting nasal swabs, which entails restraining pigs with snares. Restraint is labor-intensive for samplers, stressful for pigs, and displeasing to onlookers because pigs often resist and vocalize. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the utility of snout wipes in exhibition swine as a method to make IAV surveillance efforts less intrusive, less labor-intensive, and more widely accepted among pig owners and exhibition officials. METHODS Three materials (rayon/polyester gauze, cotton gauze, and Swiffer(®) Sweeper dry cloths) were inoculated with IAV, and viral recoveries from these materials were quantified using qRT-PCR and TCID50 assays. In a field trial, paired cotton gauze snout wipes and gold standard polyester-tipped nasal swabs were collected from 553 pigs representing 29 agricultural fairs and the qualitative results of rRT-PCR and viral isolation were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Viral recoveries from potential snout wipe materials ranged from 0.26 to 1.59 log10 TCID50 /ml less than that of the positive control in which no substrate was included; rayon/polyester gauze performed significantly worse than the other materials. In the field, snout wipes and nasal swabs had high levels of agreement for both rRT-PCR detection and virus isolation. Although further investigation and refinement of the sampling method is needed, results indicate that snout wipes will facilitate convenient and undisruptive IAV surveillance in pigs at agricultural fairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
In the USA, infectious diseases continue to exact a substantial toll on health and health-care resources. Endemic diseases such as chronic hepatitis, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections affect millions of individuals and widen health disparities. Additional concerns include health-care-associated and foodborne infections--both of which have been targets of broad prevention efforts, with success in some areas, yet major challenges remain. Although substantial progress in reduction of the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases has been made, continued cases and outbreaks of these diseases persist, driven by various contributing factors. Worldwide, emerging and reemerging infections continue to challenge prevention and control strategies while the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance needs urgent action. An important priority for control of infectious disease is to ensure that scientific and technological advances in molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics are well integrated into public health. Broad and diverse partnerships across governments, health care, academia, and industry, and with the public, are essential to effectively reduce the burden of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima F Khabbaz
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Robin R Moseley
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Riley J Steiner
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Levitt
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beth P Bell
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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46
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Choi MJ, Morin CA, Scheftel J, Vetter SM, Smith K, Lynfield R. Variant Influenza Associated with Live Animal Markets, Minnesota. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:326-30. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Choi
- Minnesota Department of Health; St. Paul MN USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - C. A. Morin
- Minnesota Department of Health; St. Paul MN USA
| | - J. Scheftel
- Minnesota Department of Health; St. Paul MN USA
| | - S. M. Vetter
- Minnesota Department of Health Public Health Laboratory; St. Paul MN USA
| | - K. Smith
- Minnesota Department of Health; St. Paul MN USA
| | - R. Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health; St. Paul MN USA
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47
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Rabinowitz PM, Huang E, Paccha B, Vegso S, Gurzau A. Awareness and practices regarding zoonotic influenza prevention in Romanian swine workers. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 4:27-31. [PMID: 24224817 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine workers may play a key role in transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses. At the same time, little is known about the extent and effectiveness of influenza prevention programs for these at-risk workers. OBJECTIVES To characterize practices and attitudes regarding zoonotic influenza transmission among swine workers in Romania. METHODS We conducted a convenience survey of swine workers in Romania. The confidential survey included questions about awareness of zoonotic influenza risk, work tasks performed, flu vaccination status, and reported influenza-like illness. RESULTS A total of 103 workers at seven farms completed the survey. The percentage of workers reporting concern about either contracting influenza from pigs or giving influenza to pigs was 78% and 70%, respectively. Although 60% of workers reported having a sick-leave policy at work, only 7% of workers reported receiving seasonal influenza vaccination during the past flu season. Only 5% of the workers reported flu-like illness during the past year while 3% of workers reported that pigs appeared sick with influenza over the same time period. The majority of workers reported using protective overalls and rubber boots during swine work, with lower rates of use of gloves. Reported use of respiratory protection was rare, and use of any personal protective equipment did not differ when pigs appeared ill. CONCLUSIONS Despite awareness and concern regarding zoonotic influenza, Romanian swine workers report low rates of influenza vaccine or respiratory protection. As part of global pandemic influenza preparedness, enhanced prevention programs for swine workers should address such gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Rabinowitz
- Yale Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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48
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Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2013. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:1270-88. [PMID: 24134577 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.9.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Analysis of recombinant H7N9 wild-type and mutant viruses in pigs shows that the Q226L mutation in HA is important for transmission. J Virol 2014; 88:8153-65. [PMID: 24807722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00894-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fact that there have been more than 300 human infections with a novel avian H7N9 virus in China indicates that this emerging strain has pandemic potential. Furthermore, many of the H7N9 viruses circulating in animal reservoirs contain putative mammalian signatures in the HA and PB2 genes that are believed to be important in the adaptation of other avian strains to humans. To date, the definitive roles of these mammalian-signature substitutions in transmission and pathogenesis of H7N9 viruses remain unclear. To address this we analyzed the biological characteristics, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) virus and variants in vitro and in vivo using a synthetically created wild-type virus (rAnhui-WT) and two mutants (rAnhui-HA-226Q and rAnhui-PB2-627E). All three viruses replicated in lungs of intratracheally inoculated pigs, yet nasal shedding was limited. The rAnhui-WT and rAnhui-PB2-627E viruses were transmitted to contact animals. In contrast, the rAnhui-HA-226Q virus was not transmitted to sentinel pigs. Deep sequencing of viruses from the lungs of infected pigs identified substitutions arising in the viral population (e.g., PB2-T271A, PB2-D701N, HA-V195I, and PB2-E627K reversion) that may enhance viral replication in pigs. Collectively, the results demonstrate that critical mutations (i.e., HA-Q226L) enable the H7N9 viruses to be transmitted in a mammalian host and suggest that the myriad H7N9 genotypes circulating in avian species in China and closely related strains (e.g., H7N7) have the potential for further adaptation to human or other mammalian hosts (e.g., pigs), leading to strains capable of sustained human-to-human transmission. Importance: The genomes of the zoonotic avian H7N9 viruses emerging in China have mutations in critical genes (PB2-E627K and HA-Q226L) that may be important in their pandemic potential. This study shows that (i) HA-226L of zoonotic H7N9 strains is critical for binding the α-2,6-linked receptor and enables transmission in pigs; (ii) wild-type A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) shows modest replication, virulence, and transmissibility in pigs, suggesting that it is not well adapted to the mammalian host; and (iii) both wild-type and variant H7N9 viruses rapidly develop additional mammalian-signature mutations in pigs, indicating that they represent an important potential intermediate host. This is the first study analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific mutations within the HA and PB2 genes of the novel H7N9 viruses created by reverse genetics in an important mammalian host model. Finally, this study illustrates that loss-of-function mutations can be used to effectively identify residues critical to zoonosis/transmission.
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50
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Petridis D, Zarogoulidis P, Kallianos A, Kioumis I, Trakada G, Spyratos D, Papaiwannou A, Porpodis K, Huang H, Rapti A, Hohenforst-Schmidt W, Zarogoulidis K. Clinical differences between H3N2 and H1N1 influenza 2012 and lower respiratory tract infection found using a statistical classification approach. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:77-86. [PMID: 24532970 PMCID: PMC3923611 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s57429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 are two influenza waves that have been identified in past years. Methods Data from 77 inpatients from three tertiary hospitals were included and statistical analysis was performed in three different clusters. Results Thirty-four patients (44.2%) had respiratory distress upon admission, 31.2% had a smoking history or were active smokers, 37.7% manifested disease symptoms, and 7.8% were obese (body mass index >41). The mean age of patients was 51.1 years. Cough was the most common symptom observed in 77.9% of the patients, accompanied by sputum production (51.9%) and fatigue (42.9%). Hemoptysis and vomiting were rarely recorded in the patients (9.1% and 16.9%, respectively). Oseltamivir administration varied between 0 and 10 days, giving a mean value of 2.2 days. In particular, 19 patients received no drug, 31 patients received drug for only for 1 day, 19 patients for 5 days, and 8 patients from 2 to 10 days. Conclusion Clusters of symptoms can be used to identify different types of influenza and disease severity. Patients with vaccination had pneumonia, whereas patients without vaccination had influenza A. Patients more than 54.5 years old had H3N2 and patients less than 54.5 years had H1N1. White blood cell count values increased from normal to elevated in H3N2 patients but still remained abnormal in lower tract infection and H1N1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Petridis
- Department of Food Technology, Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece ; Department of Interventional Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ioannis Kioumis
- Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Trakada
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pneumonology, Medical School, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Spyratos
- Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Papaiwannou
- Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haidong Huang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Changhai Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Aggeliki Rapti
- 2nd Pulmonary Department, "Sotiria" Hospital for Chest Diseases, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department, "G Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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