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Olaimat AN, Taybeh AO, Al-Nabulsi A, Al-Holy M, Hatmal MM, Alzyoud J, Aolymat I, Abughoush MH, Shahbaz H, Alzyoud A, Osaili T, Ayyash M, Coombs KM, Holley R. Common and Potential Emerging Foodborne Viruses: A Comprehensive Review. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:190. [PMID: 38398699 PMCID: PMC10890126 DOI: 10.3390/life14020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human viruses and viruses from animals can cause illnesses in humans after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Contamination may occur during preparation by infected food handlers, during food production because of unsuitably controlled working conditions, or following the consumption of animal-based foods contaminated by a zoonotic virus. This review discussed the recent information available on the general and clinical characteristics of viruses, viral foodborne outbreaks and control strategies to prevent the viral contamination of food products and water. Viruses are responsible for the greatest number of illnesses from outbreaks caused by food, and risk assessment experts regard them as a high food safety priority. This concern is well founded, since a significant increase in viral foodborne outbreaks has occurred over the past 20 years. Norovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus are the major common viruses associated with water or foodborne illness outbreaks. It is also suspected that many human viruses including Aichi virus, Nipah virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, H5N1 avian influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) also have the potential to be transmitted via food products. It is evident that the adoption of strict hygienic food processing measures from farm to table is required to prevent viruses from contaminating our food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Asma’ O. Taybeh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Anas Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
| | - Murad Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
| | - Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Jihad Alzyoud
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Iman Aolymat
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (J.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Mahmoud H. Abughoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (M.A.-H.); (M.H.A.)
- Science of Nutrition and Dietetics Program, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Anas Alzyoud
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (A.O.T.); (A.A.-N.); (T.O.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain 53000, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
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Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Tonetto P, De Nisi G, Ambruzzi AM, Biasini A, Profeti C, Gagliardi L, Salvatori G, Bertino E. Recommendations for the establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1-28. [PMID: 36892193 PMCID: PMC9997086 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, an increasing number of human milk banks (HMBs) collect donor human milk to feed preterm infants when their mother's milk is not available or not enough. Moreover, donor milk is a bridge to breastfeeding, with positive clinical and psychological advantages for both mother and infant. Italy, with 41 HMBs actively operating in 2022, has the highest number of HMBs in Europe. The process of human milk donation is complex, so activity of HMBs must be regulated according to well-established rules. The present recommendations have been prepared as a tool to standardize the organization, management, and procedures of HMBs operating in Italy and to determine the minimal essential requirements to establish new HMBs. This article covers all the aspects of human milk donation and human milk banking, including general recommendations, donor recruitment and screening, expression, handling and storage of donor human milk, milk screening, and milk treatment (pasteurization). A pragmatic approach was taken to drafting the recommendations. Items for which there was consensus or robust published evidence on which to base recommendations were included. When there were differences that could not be resolved by reference to published research, a statement of explanation based on the expert opinion of the authors (all members of the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks) was included. Implementation of these recommendations can contribute to promotion of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertac Arslanoglu
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy.,is with the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Guido E Moro
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy.,are with the Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Nisi
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy
| | - Amalia Maria Ambruzzi
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Biasini
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Profeti
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Gagliardi
- is with the Woman and Child Health Department, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Lucca, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Salvatori
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy.,is with the Donor Human Milk Bank, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- are with the Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato), Milan, Italy.,are with the Neonatal Care Unit of the University, City of Health and Science Hospital, Turin, Italy
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3
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Gopal J, Muthu M. The COVID-19 pandemic redefining the mundane food packaging material industry? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160463. [PMID: 36503651 PMCID: PMC9701582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has been the talk of the globe, as it swept across the world population, changing enumerable aspects. The pandemic affected all sectors directly or indirectly. The food sector took a direct hit. The food packaging sector rose to the occasion to serve and feed the pandemic affected, but there were interactions, reactions, and consequences that evolved through the course of the journey through the pandemic. The aim of this perspective is to address the importance of the food packaging industry (from the COVID-19 point of view) and to highlight the unpreparedness of the food packaging materials, for times as these. As the world has been asked to learn to live with Corona, improvisations are definitely necessary, the lapses in the system need to be rectified, and the entire packaging industry has to go through fortification to co-exist with Corona or confront something worse than Corona. This discussion is set out to understand the gravity of the actual situation, assimilating information available from the scattered shreds of reports. Food packaging materials were used, and plastic wastes were generated in bulks, single-use plastics for fear of contamination gained prominence, leading to an enormous turnover of wastes. Fear of Corona, sprayed overloads of sanitizers and disinfectants on food package material surfaces for surface sterilization. The food packages were tailored for food containment needs, never were they planned for sanitizer sprays. The consequences of these sanitization procedures are unprecedented, neglected and in the post-COVID-19 phase no action appears to have been taken. Corona took us by surprise this time, but next time atleast the food packaging industry needs to be fully equipped. Speculated consequences have been reviewed and plausible suggestions have been proposed. The need for extensive research focus in this direction in exploring the ground-reality has been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhao Y, Yu H, Li H, Qiu Y, Xia S, Zhang J, Zhu J. Effect of E-beam irradiation on the qualitative attributes of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee EJ, Han S, Hyun SW, Song GB, Ha SD. Survival of human coronavirus 229E at different temperatures on various food-contact surfaces and food and under simulated digestive conditions. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112014. [PMID: 36461303 PMCID: PMC9526873 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had a major impact on human health and the global economy. Various transmission possibilities of SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed, such as the surface of food in the cold chain and food packaging, as well as the fecal-oral route, although person-to-person contact via droplets and aerosols has been confirmed as the main route of transmission. This study evaluated the survivability of HCoV-229E, a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, in suspension, on food-contact surfaces and on food at various temperatures, and in simulated digestive fluids by TCID50 assay. In suspension, HCoV-229E survived after 5 days at 20 °C with a 3.69 log reduction, after 28 days at 4 °C with a 3.07 log reduction, and after 12 weeks at -20 °C with a 1.18 log reduction. On food-contact surfaces, HCoV-229E was not detected on day 3 on stainless steel (SS), plastic (LDPE), and silicone rubber (SR) at 20 °C with a 3.28, 3.24 and 3.28 log reduction, respectively, and survived after 28 days on SS and LDPE at 4 °C with a 3.13 and 2.88 log reduction, respectively, and survived after 12 weeks on SS, LDPE, and SR at -20 °C with a 1.92, 1.32 and 1.99 log reduction, respectively. On food, HCoV-229E was not detected on day 3 on lettuce and day 4 on chicken breast and salmon at 20 °C with a 3.61, 3.26 and 3.08 log reduction, respectively, and on day 14 on lettuce and day 21 on chicken breast and salmon at 4 °C with a 3.88, 3.44 and 3.56 log reduction, respectively. The virus remained viable for 12 weeks in all foods at -20 °C with 2-2.47 log reduction. In addition, in simulated digestive fluid experiments, HCoV-229E was relatively resistant in simulated salivary fluid (SSF; pH 7, 5), fed state simulated gastric fluid (FeSSGF; pH 3, 5, 7), and fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF; pH 7). However, the virus was less tolerant in fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF; pH 1.6) and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF; pH 5). Therefore, this study suggested that HCoV-229E remained infectious on various food-contact surfaces and foods; in particular, it survived longer at lower temperatures and survived depending on the pH of the simulated digestive fluid.
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The Multifaceted Relationship between the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Food System. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182816. [PMID: 36140944 PMCID: PMC9497833 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is being questioned for its possible food transmission, due to several reports of the virus on food, outbreaks developed in food companies, as well as its origins linked to the wet market of Wuhan, China. The purpose of this review is to analyze the scientific evidence gathered so far on the relationship between food and the pandemic, considering all aspects of the food system that can be involved. The collected data indicate that there is no evidence that foods represent a risk for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In fact, even if the virus can persist on food surfaces, there are currently no proven cases of infection from food. Moreover, the pandemic showed to have deeply influenced the eating habits of consumers and their purchasing methods, but also to have enhanced food waste and poverty. Another important finding is the role of meat processing plants as suitable environments for the onset of outbreaks. Lessons learned from the pandemic include the correct management of spaces, food hygiene education for both food workers and common people, the enhancement of alternative commercial channels, the reorganization of food activities, in particular wet markets, and intensive farming, following correct hygiene practices. All these outcomes lead to another crucial lesson, which is the importance of the resilience of the food system. These lessons should be assimilated to deal with the present pandemic and possible future emergencies. Future research directions include further investigation of the factors linked to the food system that can favor the emergence of viruses, and of innovative technologies that can reduce viral transmission.
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Rahimi P, Islam MS, Duarte PM, Tazerji SS, Sobur MA, El Zowalaty ME, Ashour HM, Rahman MT. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 121:105-113. [PMID: 34898853 PMCID: PMC8647343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory coronavirus syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in Wuhan, China and spread to other countries and continents causing a variety of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms which led to death in severe cases. SCOPE AND APPROACH In this review, we discuss and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal production systems and food production of meat, dairy, eggs, and processed food, in addition to assessing the impact of the pandemic on animal healthcare systems, animal healthcare quality, animal welfare, food chain sustainability, and the global economy. We also provide effective recommendations to animal producers, veterinary healthcare professionals, workers in animal products industries, and governments to alleviate the effects of the pandemic on livestock farming and production systems. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Port restrictions, border restrictions, curfews, and social distancing limitations led to reduced quality, productivity, and competitiveness of key productive sectors. The restrictions have hit the livestock sector hard by disrupting the animal feed supply chain, reducing animal farming services, limiting animal health services including delays in diagnosis and treatment of diseases, limiting access to markets and consumers, and reducing labor-force participation. The inhumane culling of animals jeopardized animal welfare. Egg smashing, milk dumping, and other animal product disruptions negatively impacted food production, consumption, and access to food originating from animals. In summary, COVID-19 triggered lockdowns and limitations on local and international trade have taken their toll on food production, animal production, and animal health and welfare. COVID-19 reverberations could exacerbate food insecurity, hunger, and global poverty. The effects could be massive on the most vulnerable populations and the poorest nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Rahimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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Dankittipong N, Fischer EAJ, Swanenburg M, Wagenaar JA, Stegeman AJ, de Vos CJ. Quantitative Risk Assessment for the Introduction of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) into Dutch Livestock Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020281. [PMID: 35203883 PMCID: PMC8868399 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of emerging carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in food-producing animals is essential to control the spread of CPE. We assessed the risk of CPE introduction from imported livestock, livestock feed, companion animals, hospital patients, and returning travelers into livestock farms in The Netherlands, including (1) broiler, (2) broiler breeder, (3) fattening pig, (4) breeding pig, (5) farrow-to-finish pig, and (6) veal calf farms. The expected annual number of introductions was calculated from the number of farms exposed to each CPE source and the probability that at least one animal in an exposed farm is colonized. The total number of farms with CPE colonization was estimated to be the highest for fattening pig farms, whereas the probability of introduction for an individual farm was the highest for broiler farms. Livestock feed and imported livestock are the most likely sources of CPE introduction into Dutch livestock farms. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the number of fattening pig farms determined the number of high introductions in fattening pigs from feed, and that uncertainty on CPE prevalence impacted the absolute risk estimate for all farm types. The results of this study can be used to inform risk-based surveillance for CPE in livestock farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natcha Dankittipong
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Martinus G. de Bruingebouw, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.J.F.); (A.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Egil A. J. Fischer
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Martinus G. de Bruingebouw, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.J.F.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Manon Swanenburg
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (C.J.d.V.)
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department Biomolecular Health Science, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Androclusgebouw, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Arjan J. Stegeman
- Department Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Martinus G. de Bruingebouw, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.J.F.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Clazien J. de Vos
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (C.J.d.V.)
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Krishnamoorthy S, Moses J, Anandharamakrishnan C. COVID-19, Food Safety, and Consumer Preferences: Changing Trends and the Way Forward. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2021.2016526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Krishnamoorthy
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management - Thanjavur (NIFTEM - T), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur, 613005, India
| | - J.A. Moses
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management - Thanjavur (NIFTEM - T), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur, 613005, India
| | - C. Anandharamakrishnan
- Computational Modeling and Nanoscale Processing Unit, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management - Thanjavur (NIFTEM - T), Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India, Thanjavur, 613005, India
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Li D, Zhao MY, Tan THM. What makes a foodborne virus: comparing coronaviruses with human noroviruses. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [PMID: 32373478 DOI: 10.1016/2fj.cofs.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to answer the question whether coronaviruses (CoVs) can be transmitted via foods, this review made a comparison between CoVs with the most recognized foodborne virus, human noroviruses (NoVs). As a result, although CoVs indeed have shown the possibilities to remain infectious on foods and/or food packaging materials long enough (from several days to several weeks) to potentially cause transmission, they seem to be less persistent than NoVs towards common disinfection practices with alcohols, chlorine and ultraviolet (UV). More importantly, the chance of foodborne transmission of CoVs is considered low as CoVs mainly spread through the respiratory tract and there is no clear evidence showing CoVs can follow fecal-oral routes like human NoVs and other foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchie Y Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Turk Hsern Malcolm Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Florea RM, Sultana CM. COVID-19 and breastfeeding: can SARS-CoV-2 be spread through lactation? Discoveries (Craiova) 2021; 9:e132. [PMID: 34754901 PMCID: PMC8570917 DOI: 10.15190/d.2021.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a new betacoronavirus that was first reported in the Hubei province, China, in December 2019. The virus is likely transmitted through air droplets. However, there are reported cases where SARS-CoV-2-RNA was found in other samples, such as blood or stool. Nonetheless, there is limited information concerning the presence of viral RNA in pregnancy-related samples, specifically breast milk. However unlikely, there is still uncertainty regarding the possibility of vertical transmission from mother to infant through breastfeeding. This review aims to synthetize the literature written so far on this topic.
Despite not being extensively researched, vertical transmission through breast milk seems unlikely. Case series showed that milk samples from mothers with COVID-19 were almost entirely negative. So far, there have been only 9 recorded cases of viral shedding in milk samples, uncertain however of the viability of the particles. Furthermore, WHO and UNICEF strongly encourage commencing breastfeeding after parturition, underlining the benefits of lactation. Moreover, some studies have proven the existence of IgG and IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2-antibodies in the maternal milk that could possibly play an important part in the neonate’s protection against the virus.
Vertical transmission through lactation seems unlikely, most studies pointing towards the safety of breastfeeding. However, further larger-scale studies need to be performed in order to clarify a yet uncertain matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camelia Madalina Sultana
- Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Stefan S. Nicolau Virology Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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Bobrinetskiy I, Radovic M, Rizzotto F, Vizzini P, Jaric S, Pavlovic Z, Radonic V, Nikolic MV, Vidic J. Advances in Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogen Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2700. [PMID: 34685143 PMCID: PMC8538910 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors utilizing nanomaterials have received widespread attention in pathogen detection and monitoring. Here, the potential of different nanomaterials and electrochemical technologies is reviewed for the development of novel diagnostic devices for the detection of foodborne pathogens and their biomarkers. The overview covers basic electrochemical methods and means for electrode functionalization, utilization of nanomaterials that include quantum dots, gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (carbon and graphene quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene and reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoplatelets, laser-induced graphene), metal oxides (nanoparticles, 2D and 3D nanostructures) and other 2D nanomaterials. Moreover, the current and future landscape of synergic effects of nanocomposites combining different nanomaterials is provided to illustrate how the limitations of traditional technologies can be overcome to design rapid, ultrasensitive, specific and affordable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bobrinetskiy
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.R.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Marko Radovic
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.R.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Francesco Rizzotto
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Priya Vizzini
- Department of Agriculture Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Stefan Jaric
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.R.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Zoran Pavlovic
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.R.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Vasa Radonic
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21102 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.B.); (M.R.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (V.R.)
| | - Maria Vesna Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
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13
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Adelodun B, Ajibade FO, Tiamiyu AO, Nwogwu NA, Ibrahim RG, Kumar P, Kumar V, Odey G, Yadav KK, Khan AH, Cabral-Pinto MMS, Kareem KY, Bakare HO, Ajibade TF, Naveed QN, Islam S, Fadare OO, Choi KS. Monitoring the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments: State of the knowledge and research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111373. [PMID: 34033834 PMCID: PMC8142028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2) and the accompanied coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued ceaselessly despite the implementations of popular measures, which include social distancing and outdoor face masking as recommended by the World Health Organization. Due to the unstable nature of the virus, leading to the emergence of new variants that are claimed to be more and rapidly transmissible, there is a need for further consideration of the alternative potential pathways of the virus transmissions to provide the needed and effective control measures. This review aims to address this important issue by examining the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 via indirect contacts such as fomites and aerosols, extending to water, food, and other environmental compartments. This is essentially required to shed more light regarding the speculation of the virus spread through these media as the available information regarding this is fragmented in the literature. The existing state of the information on the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments is essential for cause-and-effect relationships of human interactions and environmental samples to safeguard the possible transmission and associated risks through these media. Furthermore, the integration of effective remedial measures previously used to tackle the viral outbreaks and pandemics, and the development of new sustainable measures targeting at monitoring and curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were emphasized. This study concluded that alternative transmission pathways via human interactions with environmental samples should not be ignored due to the evolving of more infectious and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria.
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | | | - Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, PMB 1526, Nigeria; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | | | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar, 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Golden Odey
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India
| | - Afzal Husain Khan
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Jazan University, 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marina M S Cabral-Pinto
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kola Yusuff Kareem
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, 240103, Nigeria
| | | | - Temitope Fausat Ajibade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | | | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Oluniyi Olatunji Fadare
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Division of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, 220001, Nigeria
| | - Kyung Sook Choi
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook, National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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14
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De Rijcke M, Shaikh HM, Mees J, Nauwynck H, Vandegehuchte MB. Environmental stability of porcine respiratory coronavirus in aquatic environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254540. [PMID: 34260643 PMCID: PMC8279332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of viruses that are best known as the causative agents of human diseases like the common cold, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19. CoVs spread by human-to-human transmission via droplets or direct contact. There is, however, concern about potential waterborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, as it has been found in wastewater facilities and rivers. To date, little is known about the stability of SARS-CoV-2 or any other free coronavirus in aquatic environments. The inactivation of terrestrial CoVs in seawater is rarely studied. Here, we use a porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) that is commonly found in animal husbandry as a surrogate to study the stability of CoVs in natural water. A series of experiments were conducted in which PRCV (strain 91V44) was added to filtered and unfiltered fresh- and saltwater taken from the river Scheldt and the North Sea. Virus titres were then measured by TCID50-assays using swine testicle cell cultures after various incubation times. The results show that viral inactivation of PRCV in filtered seawater can be rapid, with an observed 99% decline in the viral load after just two days, which may depend on temperature and the total suspended matter concentration. PRCV degraded much slower in filtered water from the river Scheldt, taking over 15 days to decline by 99%, which was somewhat faster than the PBS control treatment (T99 = 19.2 days). Overall, the results suggest that terrestrial CoVs are not likely to accumulate in marine environments. Studies into potential interactions with exudates (proteases, nucleases) from the microbial food web are, however, recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Site, Oostende, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Mees
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Site, Oostende, Belgium
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Shenker N, Staff M, Vickers A, Aprigio J, Tiwari S, Nangia S, Sachdeva RC, Clifford V, Coutsoudis A, Reimers P, Israel‐Ballard K, Mansen K, Mileusnic‐Milenovic R, Wesolowska A, van Goudoever JB, Hosseini M, Klotz D, Grøvslien AH, Weaver G. Maintaining human milk bank services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: A global response. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13131. [PMID: 33403779 PMCID: PMC7883204 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
If maternal milk is unavailable, the World Health Organization recommends that the first alternative should be pasteurised donor human milk (DHM). Human milk banks (HMBs) screen and recruit milk donors, and DHM principally feeds very low birth weight babies, reducing the risk of complications and supporting maternal breastfeeding where used alongside optimal lactation support. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a range of challenges to HMBs worldwide. This study aimed to understand the impacts of the pandemic on HMB services and develop initial guidance regarding risk limitation. A Virtual Collaborative Network (VCN) comprising over 80 HMB leaders from 36 countries was formed in March 2020 and included academics and nongovernmental organisations. Individual milk banks, national networks and regional associations submitted data regarding the number of HMBs, volume of DHM produced and number of recipients in each global region. Estimates were calculated in the context of missing or incomplete data. Through open-ended questioning, the experiences of milk banks from each country in the first 2 months of the pandemic were collected and major themes identified. According to data collected from 446 individual HMBs, more than 800,000 infants receive DHM worldwide each year. Seven pandemic-related specific vulnerabilities to service provision were identified, including sufficient donors, prescreening disruption, DHM availability, logistics, communication, safe handling and contingency planning, which were highly context-dependent. The VCN now plans a formal consensus approach to the optimal response of HMBs to new pathogens using crowdsourced data, enabling the benchmarking of future strategies to support DHM access and neonatal health in future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Shenker
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Human Milk FoundationRothamsted InstituteHertfordshireUK
| | - Marta Staff
- The Centre for Simulation, Analytics and Modelling (CSAM)University of Exeter Business SchoolExeterUK
| | - Amy Vickers
- Mothers' Milk Bank of North Texas; Human Milk Bank Association of North AmericaFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Joao Aprigio
- Ibero‐American Human Milk Bank Program, National Milk Bank Service of Brazil, Fernandes Figueira Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation – FIOCRUZMinistry of Health – BrazilBrasíliaBrazil
| | - Satish Tiwari
- Human Milk Banking Association of IndiaDr Punjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical CollegeAmravatiIndia
| | - Sushma Nangia
- National Human Milk Bank, Department of NeonatologyLady Hardinge Medical College & Kalawati Saran Children's HospitalNew DelhiIndia
- Vatsalya Maatri Amrit Kosh ‐ the National Comprehensive Lactation Management Centre, Department of NeonatologyLady Hardinge Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's HospitalNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Vanessa Clifford
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood MilkWest MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anna Coutsoudis
- HMBASA (Human Milk Banking Association of South Africa)South Africa
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Penny Reimers
- HMBASA, iThembu Lethu Community Milk BankRossburghSouth Africa
| | | | - Kimberly Mansen
- Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and NutritionPATHSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical BiologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Johannes B. van Goudoever
- Dutch National Human Milk Bank, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam, Emma Children's HospitalAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mohammadbagher Hosseini
- Department of NeonatologyTabriz University of Medical Sciences, Neonatal and Perinatal Department, Alzahra Teaching HospitalTabrizIran
- Full Professor of Neonatology, Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Daniel Klotz
- Center for Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Anne Hagen Grøvslien
- Milk Bank Manager, Norwegian Accredited Breastfeeding Consultant, Multi‐cultural Healthcare Consultant, Department of PediatricsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Gillian Weaver
- Human Milk FoundationRothamsted InstituteHertfordshireUK
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16
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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection profile in Qatar: An 8-year experience. IDCases 2021; 24:e01161. [PMID: 34026547 PMCID: PMC8127614 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012. The objective of the study was to describe the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of MERS-CoV in Qatar. A total of 28 cases of MERS-CoV were identified, corresponding to an incidence of 1.7 per 1,000,000 population. Most patients had a history of contact with camels 15, travel to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 7 or known contact with individuals with confirmed MERS-CoV infection 7. Majority of patients had acute kidney injury (AKI) 17 and 9 needed renal replacement therapy. All patients were hospitalized, 14 required critical care support. Overall, total of 10 died. The immediate cause of death was multiorgan failure with acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS) 9. MERS-CoV is a rare infection in the State of Qatar. There was no hospital outbreaks or healthcare worker reported infection. The infection causes severe respiratory failure and acute renal failure. Patients with AKI and on ventilator support carry higher risk of mortality.
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17
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Fukuta M, Mao ZQ, Morita K, Moi ML. Stability and Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and Viral RNA in Water, Commercial Beverages, and Bodily Fluids. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667956. [PMID: 34025624 PMCID: PMC8131666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in liquid samples are of great concern to virus transmission via common beverages and sewage water. Here, we investigated the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in 32 liquids including common beverages, bodily fluids, and commonly used viral transport media. Our results showed that the infectious virus could be recovered up to 77-days from common beverages including milk and water. Viral RNA could be detected at high levels in all samples up to 28-days, indicating that while viral RNA demonstrates higher stability than infectivity, viral RNA levels do not reflect the infectious capability of SARS-CoV-2. These results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is highly stable in optimal conditions and a sufficient control measure is needed in reducing the risk of exposure and controlling and preventing future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Fukuta
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Zhan Qiu Mao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,WHO Global Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Tropical and Emerging Virus Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,WHO Global Reference Laboratory for COVID-19, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Tropical and Emerging Virus Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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18
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O'Brien B, Goodridge L, Ronholm J, Nasheri N. Exploring the potential of foodborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103709. [PMID: 33397626 PMCID: PMC8035669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the question whether this virus, which is known to be spread primarily though respiratory droplets, could be spread through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature exploring the potential foodborne transmission of several respiratory viruses including human coronaviruses, avian influenza virus (AVI), parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and Nipah virus. Multiple lines of evidence, including documented expression of receptor proteins on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vivo viral replication in gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines, extended fecal shedding of respiratory viruses, and the ability to remain infectious in food environments for extended periods of time raises the theoretical ability of some human respiratory viruses, particularly human coronaviruses and AVI, to spread via food. However, to date, neither epidemiological data nor case reports of clear foodborne transmission of either viruses exist. Thus, foodborne transmission of human respiratory viruses remains only a theoretical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Food Virology Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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19
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Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that range from asymptomatic to mild or severe illness including death. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and is transmitted via the oral–nasal route through droplets and aerosols, or through contact with contaminated fomites. House flies are known to transmit bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases to humans and animals as mechanical vectors. Previous studies have shown that house flies can mechanically transmit coronaviruses, such as turkey coronavirus; however, the house fly’s role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has not yet been explored. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential of house flies to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, it was determined whether house flies can acquire SARS-CoV-2, harbor live virus and mechanically transmit the virus to naive substrates and surfaces. Methods Two independent studies were performed to address the study objectives. In the first study, house flies were tested for infectivity after exposure to SARS-CoV-2-spiked medium or milk. In the second study, environmental samples were tested for infectivity after contact with SARS-CoV-2-exposed flies. During both studies, samples were collected at various time points post-exposure and evaluated by SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-qPCR and virus isolation. Results All flies exposed to SARS-CoV-2-spiked media or milk substrates were positive for viral RNA at 4 h and 24 h post-exposure. Infectious virus was isolated only from the flies exposed to virus-spiked milk but not from those exposed to virus-spiked medium. Moreover, viral RNA was detected in environmental samples after contact with SARS-CoV-2 exposed flies, although no infectious virus was recovered from these samples. Conclusions Under laboratory conditions, house flies acquired and harbored infectious SARS-CoV-2 for up to 24 h post-exposure. In addition, house flies were able to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA to the surrounding environment up to 24 h post-exposure. Further studies are warranted to determine if house fly transmission occurs naturally and the potential public health implications of such events. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04703-8.
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20
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González N, Marquès M, Domingo JL. Respiratory viruses in foods and their potential transmission through the diet: A review of the literature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110826. [PMID: 33529649 PMCID: PMC7963685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are the main agents causing respiratory tract diseases. Nowadays, coronaviruses - and specifically, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 - are the principal responsible for the major epidemic outbreaks of the 21st century. The major routes of transmission for respiratory viruses - including coronaviruses - are via direct and indirect contacts. However, transmission through contaminated foods has not been extensively assessed. The present paper was aimed at reviewing scientific data on the transmission of respiratory viruses through potentially contaminated foods. While the current data seem to suggest that this route of transmission is not likely to occur, in order to increase the knowledge on this issue further investigations are still clearly necessary for a more complete prevention of the risks. Studies should include fresh produce and cooked foods. Anyway, prevention measures and good hygienic practices for both consumers and workers are mandatory when handling and cooking foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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21
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Zhang Y, Gargan S, Lu Y, Stevenson NJ. An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:560. [PMID: 33810391 PMCID: PMC8066579 DOI: 10.3390/v13040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 774 deaths. In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries, with a mortality rate of ~34%. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged and has spread to 220 countries, infecting over 100,000,000 people and causing more than 2,000,000 deaths to date. These three human coronaviruses cause diseases of varying severity. Most people develop mild, common cold-like symptoms, while some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The success of all viruses, including coronaviruses, relies on their evolved abilities to evade and modulate the host anti-viral and pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, we still do not fully understand the transmission, phylogeny, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Despite the rapid application of a range of therapies for SARS-CoV-2, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and type I interferon, no fully effective treatment has been determined. Remarkably, COVID-19 vaccine research and development have produced several offerings that are now been administered worldwide. Here, we summarise an up-to-date understanding of epidemiology, immunomodulation and ongoing anti-viral and immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Indeed, understanding the interplay between coronaviruses and the anti-viral immune response is crucial to identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention, which may even prove invaluable for the control of future emerging coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhang
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (Y.Z.); (S.G.)
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland—Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain
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22
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Maske BL, de Melo Pereira GV, da Silva Vale A, Marques Souza DS, De Dea Lindner J, Soccol CR. Viruses in fermented foods: are they good or bad? Two sides of the same coin. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103794. [PMID: 33875222 PMCID: PMC7992106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 as a global pandemic has increased popular concerns about diseases caused by viruses. Fermented foods containing high loads of viable fungi and bacteria are potential sources for virus contamination. The most common include viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophage) and yeasts reported in fermented milks, sausages, vegetables, wine, sourdough, and cocoa beans. Recent molecular studies have also associated fermented foods as vehicles for pathogenic human viruses. Human noroviruses, rotavirus, and hepatitis virus have been identified in different fermented foods through multiple routes. No severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus or close members were found in fermented foods to date. However, the occurrence/persistence of other pathogenic viruses reveals a potential vulnerability of fermented foods to SARS-CoV-2 contamination. On the other side of the coin, some bacteriophages are being suggested for improving the fermentation process and food safety, as well as owing potential probiotic properties in modern fermented foods. This review will address the diversity and characteristics of viruses associated with fermented foods and what has been changed after a short introduction to the most common next-generation sequencing platforms. Also, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fermented foods and preventive measures will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leal Maske
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander da Silva Vale
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Applied Virology Laboratory, UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Juliano De Dea Lindner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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23
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Okumus B. Norovirus and Coronavirus Risks in Food Service Settings: A Systematic Review for Future Research. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2021.1888835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bendegul Okumus
- Food Service and Lodging Management Department, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
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24
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Akinyemi MO, Ayeni KI, Ogunremi OR, Adeleke RA, Oguntoyinbo FA, Warth B, Ezekiel CN. A review of microbes and chemical contaminants in dairy products in sub-Saharan Africa. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1188-1220. [PMID: 33506591 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal milk types in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are processed into varieties of products using different traditional methods and are widely consumed by households to support nutritional intake and diet. Dairy products contain several microorganisms, their metabolites, and other chemical compounds, some with health benefits and many others considered as potential health hazards. Consumption of contaminated milk products could have serious health implications for consumers. To access the safety of milk products across SSA, studies in the region investigating the occurrences of pathogens as well as chemical compounds such as heat stable toxins and veterinary drug residues in animal milk and its products were reviewed. This is done with a holistic view in light of the emerging exposome paradigm for improving food safety and consumer health in the region. Herein, we showed that several published studies in SSA applied conventional and/or less sensitive methods in detecting microbial species and chemical contaminants. This has serious implications in food safety because the correct identity of a microbial species and accurate screening for chemical contaminants is crucial for predicting the potential human health effects that undermine the benefits from consumption of these foods. Furthermore, we highlighted gaps in determining the extent of viral and parasitic contamination of milk products across SSA as well as investigating multiple classes of chemical contaminants. Consequently, robust studies should be conducted in this regard. Also, efforts such as development cooperation projects should be initiated by all stakeholders including scientists, regulatory agencies, and policy makers to improve the dairy product chain in SSA in view of safeguarding consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muiz O Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
| | - Omotade R Ogunremi
- Department of Biological Sciences, First Technical University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed A Adeleke
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Folarin A Oguntoyinbo
- A.R. Smith Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, 28608, USA
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ogun State, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria
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25
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Han S, Roy PK, Hossain MI, Byun KH, Choi C, Ha SD. COVID-19 pandemic crisis and food safety: Implications and inactivation strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021; 109:25-36. [PMID: 33456205 PMCID: PMC7794057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic that emerged in 2019 has imposed huge consequences, including economic losses and threats to human health, which are still affecting many aspects throughout the world. Scope and approach This review provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the cause of COVID-19, and explores its impact on the food supply system and food safety. This review examines the potential risk of transmission through food and environmental surfaces before discussing an effective inactivation strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the aspect of food safety. This article also suggests effective food safety management post-COVID-19. Key findings and conclusions Respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 are responsible for huge impacts on the global economy and human health. Although food and water are not currently considered priority transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, infection through contaminated food and environmental surfaces where the virus can persist for several days cannot be ignored, particularly when the surrounding environment is unhygienic. This approach could help determine the exact transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 and prepare for the post-COVID-19 era in the food safety sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Pantu Kumar Roy
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Iqbal Hossain
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye-Hwan Byun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, 17546, Republic of Korea
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26
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Ceylan Z, Ocak E, Uçar Y, Karakus K, Cetinkaya T. An overview of food safety and COVID-19 infection. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237532 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenzas, Ebola, Nipah, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is an RNA virus covered by a lipid bilayer, are directly affecting people worldwide. On the other hand, in addition to the main spread source (human contact) of SARS-CoV-2, consumers have started to think about whether foods are dangerous in terms of SARS-CoV-2 spread. The consumption of wild animals as well as the possible contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in fresh and frozen foods have caused concern and increased awareness among consumers. A heating process >70°C is being suggested to eliminate viral contamination risk. Cutting tools, slicing machines, and food-contact surfaces including stainless steel, aluminum, or glass must be regularly sanitized. The sous vide cooking method, which is based on cooking under vacuum and with pH treatments in the range of 3 and 10, could be advised in this risky period for decreasing contamination risk in food. Also, recent studies have shown that nanotechnology applications such as nanoparticles could be used to combat the SARS-CoV-2 spread, which is 50–200 nm in size. Another suggested technique is cold plasma technology that could damage the protein structure of the virus. Besides these techniques, it is important to boost the immune system. In this regard, recent researches have revealed the importance of honey consumption (1 g/kg per person/day), intake of vitamins, minerals like selenium, and ω-3 fatty acids.
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27
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Han J, Zhang X, He S, Jia P. Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food? A review of evidence, risks, policies and knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:5-16. [PMID: 33024427 PMCID: PMC7529092 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought speculations on possible transmission routes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of the pandemic. Air pollution has been linked to increased risks of COVID-19 infection and mortality rates in regions with poor air quality, yet no retrospective study has been reported on foodborne transmission of COVID-19. While studies have shown that low temperature could dramatically prolong the persistence on SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, frozen and refrigerated foods have been widely overlooked as potential vectors in policy frameworks and risk mitigation strategies. Food transmission evidence has been disclosed in China early July 2020 by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on frozen foods, including their packaging materials and storage environments, with two re-emergent outbreaks linked to contaminated food sources. The contamination risk is augmented by a complex farm-to-table process, which favors exposure to food workers and ambient environments. Moreover, the food cold-chain also promotes contamination because laboratory studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 remained highly stable under refrigerated, at 4 °C, and freezing conditions, from - 10 to - 80 °C, on fish, meat, poultry, and swine skin, during 14-21 days. While data are lacking on long-term survival and infectivity under these conditions, ample evidence has been shown on other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1. We therefore hypothesize that contaminated cold-storage foods may present a systematic risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission between countries and regions. Here, we review the evidence, risk factors, current policy and knowledge gaps, on food contamination and foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Puqi Jia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
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28
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Walker GJ, Clifford V, Bansal N, Stella AO, Turville S, Stelzer‐Braid S, Klein LD, Rawlinson W. SARS-CoV-2 in human milk is inactivated by Holder pasteurisation but not cold storage. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1872-1874. [PMID: 32767639 PMCID: PMC7436299 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM As the COVID-19 pandemic evolves, human milk banks world-wide continue to provide donor human milk to vulnerable infants who lack access to mother's own milk. Under these circumstances, ensuring the safety of donor human milk is paramount, as the risk of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is not fully understood. Here, we investigate the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in human milk by pasteurisation and the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in human milk under cold storage. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 was experimentally inoculated into human milk samples from healthy donors or into a control medium. Triplicates of each sample were layered onto uninfected cells after Holder pasteurisation (63°C for 30 min), heating to 56°C for 30 min, or after 48 h of storage at 4°C or -30°C. Infectious titres of virus were determined at 72 h post-infection by endpoint titration. RESULTS Following heating to 63°C or 56°C for 30 min, replication competent (i.e. live) SARS-CoV-2 was undetected in both human milk and the control medium. Cold storage of SARS-CoV-2 in human milk (either at 4°C or -30°C) did not significantly impact infectious viral load over a 48 h period. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 is effectively inactivated by Holder pasteurisation, suggesting that existing milk bank processes will effectively mitigate the risk of transmission of SARS-COV-2 to vulnerable infants through pasteurised donor human milk. The demonstrated stability of SARS-CoV-2 in refrigerated or frozen human milk may assist in the development of guidelines around safe expressing and storing of milk from COVID-19 infected mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Walker
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Prince of Wales HospitalUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Schools of Medical Sciences and of Women's and Childrens Health, Faculty of Medicine, School and Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Vanessa Clifford
- Clinical Services and ResearchAustralian Red Cross LifebloodMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Department of Microbiology, Laboratory ServicesRoyal Children's HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- Department of Medicine, Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,School of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,School of PharmacyUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alberto O Stella
- Kirby InstituteUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Stuart Turville
- Kirby InstituteUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Sacha Stelzer‐Braid
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Prince of Wales HospitalUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Schools of Medical Sciences and of Women's and Childrens Health, Faculty of Medicine, School and Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Laura D Klein
- Clinical Services and ResearchAustralian Red Cross LifebloodMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), Prince of Wales HospitalUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Schools of Medical Sciences and of Women's and Childrens Health, Faculty of Medicine, School and Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of ScienceUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Adney DR, Clancy CS, Bowen RA, Munster VJ. Camelid Inoculation With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Experimental Models of Reservoir Host Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121370. [PMID: 33266124 PMCID: PMC7759921 DOI: 10.3390/v12121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past two decades, three zoonotic betacoronaviruses have been associated with outbreaks causing severe respiratory disease in humans. Of these, Middle East respiratory s yndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the only zoonotic coronavirus that is known to consistently result in frequent zoonotic spillover events from the proximate reservoir host—the dromedary camel. A comprehensive understanding of infection in dromedaries is critical to informing public health recommendations and implementing intervention strategies to mitigate spillover events. Experimental models of reservoir disease are absolutely critical in understanding the pathogenesis and transmission, and are key to testing potential dromedary vaccines against MERS-CoV. In this review, we describe experimental infections of dromedary camels as well as additional camelid models used to further understand the camel’s role in MERS-CoV spillover to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R. Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA;
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +406-375-7489
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30
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Duda-Chodak A, Lukasiewicz M, Zięć G, Florkiewicz A, Filipiak-Florkiewicz A. Covid-19 pandemic and food: Present knowledge, risks, consumers fears and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 105:145-160. [PMID: 32921922 PMCID: PMC7480472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that has paralyzed social life and the economy around the world since the end of 2019, and which has so far killed nearly 600,000 people. The rapidity of its spread and the lack of detailed research on the course and methods of transmission significantly impede both its eradication and prevention. SCOPE AND APPROACH Due to the high transmission rate and fatality resulting from COVID-19 disease, the paper focuses on analyzing the current state of knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 as well as its potential connection with food as a source of pathogen and infection. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence (scientific publications, WHO, EFSA etc.) that COVID-19 disease can spread directly through food and the human digestive system. However, according to the hypothesis regarding the primary transmission of the virus, the source of which was food of animal origin (meat of wild animals), as well as the fact that food is a basic necessity for humans, it is worth emphasizing that food can, if not directly, be a carrier of the virus. Particular attention should be paid to this indirect pathway when considering the potential for the spread of an epidemic and the development of prevention principles.
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31
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Jayagobi PA, Mei Chien C. Maintaining a Viable Donor Milk Supply During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic. J Hum Lact 2020; 36:622-623. [PMID: 32479207 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420931828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chua Mei Chien
- 37579 Department of Neonatology, KK Human Milk Bank, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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32
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Moro GE, Bertino E. Breastfeeding, Human Milk Collection and Containers, and Human Milk Banking: Hot Topics During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Hum Lact 2020; 36:604-608. [PMID: 32510263 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420934391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- 9314 Neonatal Unit of the University, City of Health and Science, Turin, Italy
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33
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Zuber S, Brüssow H. COVID 19: challenges for virologists in the food industry. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1689-1701. [PMID: 32700430 PMCID: PMC7404336 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a challenge for public health and hospitals, but affects many aspects of our societies. This Lilliput minireview deals with problems that the pandemic causes for the food industry, addressing the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the food environment, methods of virus inactivation and the protection of the food worker and the consumer. So far food has not been implicated in the transmission of the infection, but social disruptions caused by the pandemic could cause problems with food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zuber
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical ScienceNestlé ResearchLausanne 261000Switzerland
| | - Harald Brüssow
- Department of BiosystemsLaboratory of Gene TechnologyKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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34
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Fenizia C, Biasin M, Cetin I, Vergani P, Mileto D, Spinillo A, Gismondo MR, Perotti F, Callegari C, Mancon A, Cammarata S, Beretta I, Nebuloni M, Trabattoni D, Clerici M, Savasi V. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5128. [PMID: 33046695 PMCID: PMC7552412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during gestation remains unclear. Here, we analyse the viral genome on maternal and newborns nasopharyngeal swabs, vaginal swabs, maternal and umbilical cord plasma, placenta and umbilical cord biopsies, amniotic fluids and milk from 31 mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we also test specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses in placentas, and in maternal and umbilical cord plasma. We detect SARS-CoV-2 genome in one umbilical cord blood and in two at-term placentas, in one vaginal mucosa and in one milk specimen. Furthermore, we report the presence of specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in one umbilical cord blood and in one milk specimen. Finally, in the three documented cases of vertical transmission, SARS-CoV-2 infection was accompanied by a strong inflammatory response. Together, these data support the hypothesis that in utero SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission, while low, is possible. These results might help defining proper obstetric management of COVID-19 pregnant women, or putative indications for mode and timing of delivery.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Inflammation
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vergani
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Fondazione MBBM, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bio-emergence Diagnosis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bio-emergence Diagnosis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Perotti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clelia Callegari
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Fondazione MBBM, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mancon
- Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bio-emergence Diagnosis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Selene Cammarata
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Beretta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Manuela Nebuloni
- Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenfretalli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Savasi
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Lackey KA, Pace RM, Williams JE, Bode L, Donovan SM, Järvinen KM, Seppo AE, Raiten DJ, Meehan CL, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. SARS-CoV-2 and human milk: What is the evidence? MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e13032. [PMID: 32472745 PMCID: PMC7300480 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as one of the most compelling and concerning public health challenges of our time. To address the myriad issues generated by this pandemic, an interdisciplinary breadth of research, clinical and public health communities has rapidly engaged to collectively find answers and solutions. One area of active inquiry is understanding the mode(s) of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Although respiratory droplets are a known mechanism of transmission, other mechanisms are likely. Of particular importance to global health is the possibility of vertical transmission from infected mothers to infants through breastfeeding or consumption of human milk. However, there is limited published literature related to vertical transmission of any human coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2) via human milk and/or breastfeeding. Results of the literature search reported here (finalized on 17 April 2020) revealed a single study providing some evidence of vertical transmission of human coronavirus 229E; a single study evaluating presence of SARS-CoV in human milk (it was negative); and no published data on MERS-CoV and human milk. We identified 13 studies reporting human milk tested for SARS-CoV-2; one study (a non-peer-reviewed preprint) detected the virus in one milk sample, and another study detected SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG in milk. Importantly, none of the studies on coronaviruses and human milk report validation of their collection and analytical methods for use in human milk. These reports are evaluated here, and their implications related to the possibility of vertical transmission of coronaviruses (in particular, SARS-CoV-2) during breastfeeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Ryan M. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson‐Rosenquist Foundation Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE)University of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Institute of Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Antti E. Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and DentistryRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Daniel J. Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Courtney L. Meehan
- Department of AnthropologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer SciencesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
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Killerby ME, Biggs HM, Midgley CM, Gerber SI, Watson JT. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:191-198. [PMID: 31961300 PMCID: PMC6986839 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.190697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection causes a spectrum of respiratory illness, from asymptomatic to mild to fatal. MERS-CoV is transmitted sporadically from dromedary camels to humans and occasionally through human-to-human contact. Current epidemiologic evidence supports a major role in transmission for direct contact with live camels or humans with symptomatic MERS, but little evidence suggests the possibility of transmission from camel products or asymptomatic MERS cases. Because a proportion of case-patients do not report direct contact with camels or with persons who have symptomatic MERS, further research is needed to conclusively determine additional mechanisms of transmission, to inform public health practice, and to refine current precautionary recommendations.
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Hadi J, Dunowska M, Wu S, Brightwell G. Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2: A Review on Light-Based Inactivation of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E737. [PMID: 32911671 PMCID: PMC7558314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Coronaviridae. In this review, we summarize the literature on light-based (UV, blue, and red lights) sanitization methods for the inactivation of ssRNA viruses in different matrixes (air, liquid, and solid). The rate of inactivation of ssRNA viruses in liquid was higher than in air, whereas inactivation on solid surfaces varied with the type of surface. The efficacy of light-based inactivation was reduced by the presence of absorptive materials. Several technologies can be used to deliver light, including mercury lamp (conventional UV), excimer lamp (UV), pulsed-light, and light-emitting diode (LED). Pulsed-light technologies could inactivate viruses more quickly than conventional UV-C lamps. Large-scale use of germicidal LED is dependent on future improvements in their energy efficiency. Blue light possesses virucidal potential in the presence of exogenous photosensitizers, although femtosecond laser (ultrashort pulses) can be used to circumvent the need for photosensitizers. Red light can be combined with methylene blue for application in medical settings, especially for sanitization of blood products. Future modelling studies are required to establish clearer parameters for assessing susceptibility of viruses to light-based inactivation. There is considerable scope for improvement in the current germicidal light-based technologies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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Swelum AA, Shafi ME, Albaqami NM, El-Saadony MT, Elsify A, Abdo M, Taha AE, Abdel-Moneim AME, Al-Gabri NA, Almaiman AA, Saleh Al-wajeeh A, Tufarelli V, Staffa VN, Abd El-Hack ME. COVID-19 in Human, Animal, and Environment: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:578. [PMID: 33102545 PMCID: PMC7498845 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The medical authority in China, especially in Wuhan city, reported on December 2019 a large number of highly fatal, rapidly spreading viral pneumonia caused by an unknown coronavirus. The common history of all the patients was their visiting a Wuhan's whole food store, where live animals and seafood are sold. Irrespective of the efforts of the Chinese authorities, the virus spread rapidly all over the world by travelers, provoking widespread attention by the media and panic. Many previous coronavirus epidemics had been recorded, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recently newly discovered epidemic is named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). This disease is caused by SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and this virus is antigenically related to the SARS virus (SARS-CoV), which had been detected in 2002, depending on clinical, serological, and molecular findings. There is rapid competition among the researchers to discover the source of the virus, understand the mechanism of the disease development, establish treatment strategies, and determine the factors affecting the incidence of infection and severity of the disease, and focus on the production of a vaccine. Coronaviruses are a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome viruses; its genome length varies from 26 to 32 kb. Coronavirus causes mild to severe respiratory disorders. In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown causes were found in Wuhan city, which is located in the Hubei province in China. Chinese health authorities investigated the problem and found that a new virus caused such infection and, using next-generation sequencing, found the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It has been transferred from humans to humans and animals to humans (zoonotic). Coronaviruses cause multiple respiratory problems, varying from common cold to severe infections such as SARS. General symptoms of infection include fatigue, cough, and breathing problems such as shortness of breath, as described by World Health Organization. Serious cases may result in pneumonia, renal failure, and even death. We address current information about the new SARS Coronavirus-2 as well as the COVID-19 disease caused by it in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal E. Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najah M. Albaqami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Rasheed, Egypt
| | | | - Naif A. Al-Gabri
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
- Laboratory of Regional Djibouti Livestock Quarantine, Abu Yasar International Est. 1999, Arta, Djibouti
| | - Amer A. Almaiman
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, Community College of Unaizah, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- DETO—Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito N. Staffa
- DETO—Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Sachdeva RC, Jain S, Mukherjee S, Singh J. Ensuring Exclusive Human Milk Diet for All Babies in COVID-19 Times. Indian Pediatr 2020; 57:730-733. [PMID: 32525496 PMCID: PMC7444185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ramifications for the delivery of newborn nutrition and care services. World Health Organization recommends continuation of breastfeeding in these difficult times, with due precautions. If direct breastfeeding is not possible, milk expression should be explored. Pasteurized donor human milk from milk banks may be fed if mother's own milk is not available. To universalize access to human milk, the Indian government has proposed the establishment of comprehensive lactation management centers/milk banks, lactation management units, and lactation support units at all levels of the public health system. Due to COVID-19, these centers are encountering additional challenges cutting across interventions of rooming in, breastfeeding, milk expression, and provision of donor milk and kangaroo mother care. We discuss issues faced and alleviation measures taken by these centres in relation to provision of an exclusive human milk diet for infants during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Chugh Sachdeva
- Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Nutrition, PATH, New Delhi, India. Correspondence to: Ruchika Chugh Sachdeva, Deputy Director, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Nutrition, PATH 15th Floor, Gopal Das Bhawan, Barakhamba Road New Delhi- 110001, India.
| | - Suksham Jain
- Department of Neonatology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suchandra Mukherjee
- Department of Neonatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jai Singh
- Department of Neonatology, District Hospital Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
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40
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Olaimat AN, Shahbaz HM, Fatima N, Munir S, Holley RA. Food Safety During and After the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1854. [PMID: 32849446 PMCID: PMC7417330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020 due to its rapid and extensive spread among many countries through its very contagious nature and its high mortality among the elderly and infirm. Recently, data on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on contact surfaces has been reported, but there is none on the survival of COVID-19 on food surfaces and packages. The potential survival and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on/via food and packages are discussed based on data available for other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. However, studies are needed to explore its transmission via food and survival on food packaging materials. The implementation of food safety management systems such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are important to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection. Cleaning, sanitation, good hygienic practices, and active packaging are also needed from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Hafiz M. Shahbaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Fatima
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Munir
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Richard A. Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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41
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Pitino MA, O'Connor DL, McGeer AJ, Unger S. The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:10-26. [PMID: 32650645 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk is thought to reduce the risk of transmitting viruses to an infant. Some viruses may be secreted into milk - others may be contaminants. The effect of thermal pasteurization on viruses in human milk has yet to be rigorously reviewed. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of common pasteurization techniques on viruses in human milk and non-human milk matrices. Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) were searched from inception to April 20th, 2020, for primary research articles assessing the impact of pasteurization on viral load or detection of live virus. Reviews were excluded, as were studies lacking quantitative measurements or those assessing pasteurization as a component of a larger process. Overall, of 65 131 reports identified, 109 studies were included. Pasteurization of human milk at a minimum temperature of 56-60 °C is effective at reducing detectable live virus. In cell culture media or plasma, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) are highly susceptible to heating at ≥56 °C. Although pasteurization parameters and matrices reported vary, all viruses studied, except parvoviruses, were susceptible to thermal killing. Future research important for the study of novel viruses should standardize pasteurization protocols and should test inactivation in human milk. Novelty In all matrices, including human milk, pasteurization at 62.5 °C was generally sufficient to reduce surviving viral load by several logs or to below the limit of detection. Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk should be sufficient to inactivate nonheat resistant viruses, including coronaviruses, if present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pitino
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Allison J McGeer
- Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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42
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Unger S, Christie-Holmes N, Guvenc F, Budylowski P, Mubareka S, Gray-Owen SD, O'Connor DL. Holder pasteurization of donated human milk is effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2. CMAJ 2020; 192:E871-E874. [PMID: 32646870 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Provision of pasteurized donor human milk, as a bridge to mother's own milk, is the standard of care for very low-birth-weight infants in hospital. The aim of this research was to confirm that Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 min) would be sufficient to inactivate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in donated human milk samples. METHODS We spiked frozen milk samples from 10 donors to the Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank with SARS-CoV-2 to achieve a final concentration of 1 × 107 TCID50/mL (50% of the tissue culture infectivity dose per mL). We pasteurized samples using the Holder method or held them at room temperature for 30 minutes and plated serial dilutions on Vero E6 cells for 5 days. We included comparative controls in the study using milk samples from the same donors without addition of virus (pasteurized and unpasteurized) as well as replicates of Vero E6 cells directly inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. We reported cytopathic effects as TCID50/mL. RESULTS We detected no cytopathic activity in any of the SARS-CoV-2-spiked milk samples that had been pasteurized using the Holder method. In the SARS-CoV-2-spiked milk samples that were not pasteurized but were kept at room temperature for 30 minutes, we observed a reduction in infectious viral titre of about 1 log. INTERPRETATION Pasteurization of human milk by the Holder method (62.5°C for 30 min) inactivates SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in the event that donated human milk contains SARS-CoV-2 by transmission through the mammary gland or by contamination, this method of pasteurization renders milk safe for consumption and handling by care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Unger
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont.
| | - Natasha Christie-Holmes
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank (Unger, O'Connor); Department of Paediatrics, Sinai Health (Unger); Combined Containment Level 3 Unit (Christie-Holmes, Guvenc, Budylowski, Gray-Owen), Departments of Molecular Genetics (Guvenc, Gray-Owen), Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (Mubareka), and Nutritional Sciences (O'Connor), and the Institute of Medical Sciences (Budylowski), University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Mubareka), Toronto, Ont
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Amatya S, Corr TE, Gandhi CK, Glass KM, Kresch MJ, Mujsce DJ, Oji-Mmuo CN, Mola SJ, Murray YL, Palmer TW, Singh M, Fricchione A, Arnold J, Prentice D, Bridgeman CR, Smith BM, Gavigan PJ, Ericson JE, Miller JR, Pauli JM, Williams DC, McSherry GD, Legro RS, Iriana SM, Kaiser JR. Management of newborns exposed to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. J Perinatol 2020; 40:987-996. [PMID: 32439956 PMCID: PMC7241067 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information about newborns with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Particularly in the hospital after delivery, clinicians have refined practices in order to prevent secondary infection. While guidance from international associations is continuously being updated, all facets of care of neonates born to women with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 are center-specific, given local customs, building infrastructure constraints, and availability of protective equipment. Based on anecdotal reports from institutions in the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic close to our hospital, together with our limited experience, in anticipation of increasing numbers of exposed newborns, we have developed a triage algorithm at the Penn State Hospital at Milton S. Hershey Medical Center that may be useful for other centers anticipating a similar surge. We discuss several care practices that have changed in the COVID-19 era including the use of antenatal steroids, delayed cord clamping (DCC), mother-newborn separation, and breastfeeding. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive guidance on the most suitable respiratory support for newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also present detailed recommendations about the discharge process and beyond, including providing scales and home phototherapy to families, parental teaching via telehealth and in-person education at the doors of the hospital, and telehealth newborn follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaili Amatya
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Tammy E Corr
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Chintan K Gandhi
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kristen M Glass
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mitchell J Kresch
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dennis J Mujsce
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christiana N Oji-Mmuo
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sara J Mola
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yuanyi L Murray
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Timothy W Palmer
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Fricchione
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Nursing, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jill Arnold
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Nursing, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Danielle Prentice
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Colin R Bridgeman
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Brandon M Smith
- Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Gavigan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jessica E Ericson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Miller
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jaimey M Pauli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Duane C Williams
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - George D McSherry
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sarah M Iriana
- Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kaiser
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ramifications for the delivery of newborn nutrition and care services. World Health Organization recommends continuation of breastfeeding in these difficult times, with due precautions. If direct breastfeeding is not possible, milk expression should be explored. Pasteurized donor human milk from milk banks may be fed if mother’s own milk is not available. To universalize access to human milk, the Indian government has proposed the establishment of comprehensive lactation management centers/milk banks, lactation management units, and lactation support units at all levels of the public health system. Due to COVID-19, these centers are encountering additional challenges cutting across interventions of rooming in, breastfeeding, milk expression, and provision of donor milk and kangaroo mother care. We discuss issues faced and alleviation measures taken by these centres in relation to provision of an exclusive human milk diet for infants during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Chugh Sachdeva
- Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Nutrition, PATH, New Delhi, India. Correspondence to: Ruchika Chugh Sachdeva, Deputy Director, Maternal, Newborn, Child Health and Nutrition, PATH 15th Floor, Gopal Das Bhawan, Barakhamba Road New Delhi- 110001, India.
| | - Suksham Jain
- Department of Neonatology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suchandra Mukherjee
- Department of Neonatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Jai Singh
- Department of Neonatology, District Hospital Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
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45
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Hemida MG, Waheed M, Ali AM, Alnaeem A. Detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camel's seminal plasma in Saudi Arabia 2015-2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2609-2614. [PMID: 32374945 PMCID: PMC7267522 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is an emergent respiratory virus. Dromedary camels are currently the only known reservoir of MERS‐CoV and are capable of transmitting the virus within a herd. The role of semen in the transmission of MERS‐CoV has never been investigated as yet, to the best of our knowledge. Our goal was to test semen collected from dromedary camels for MERS‐CoV. A total of 67 seminal plasma samples from infertile and 13 from fertile dromedary camels were collected. The RNA was extracted from the samples and tested using commercial real‐time PCR. Nine out of sixty‐seven infertile animals (13.4%) were positive. The obtained PCR products were sequenced using the conserved MERS‐CoV‐N gene primers. MERS‐CoV‐RNA detected in seminal plasma was closely related to the lineage B. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the detection of MERS‐CoV‐RNA in camel's seminal plasma. Regular testing of semen of common male camels' used for insemination should be considered to avoid a possible spread of the virus through semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Magdi Waheed
- Department of clinical sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali M Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El Minia, Egypt.,Department of Biological Science, College of Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmohsen Alnaeem
- Department of clinical sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
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Li D, Zhao MY, Tan THM. What makes a foodborne virus: comparing coronaviruses with human noroviruses. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020; 42:1-7. [PMID: 32373478 PMCID: PMC7198165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to answer the question whether coronaviruses (CoVs) can be transmitted via foods, this review made a comparison between CoVs with the most recognized foodborne virus, human noroviruses (NoVs). As a result, although CoVs indeed have shown the possibilities to remain infectious on foods and/or food packaging materials long enough (from several days to several weeks) to potentially cause transmission, they seem to be less persistent than NoVs towards common disinfection practices with alcohols, chlorine and ultraviolet (UV). More importantly, the chance of foodborne transmission of CoVs is considered low as CoVs mainly spread through the respiratory tract and there is no clear evidence showing CoVs can follow fecal-oral routes like human NoVs and other foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mitchie Y Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Turk Hsern Malcolm Tan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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47
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Lackey KA, Pace RM, Williams JE, Bode L, Donovan SM, Järvinen KM, Seppo AE, Raiten DJ, Meehan CL, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. SARS-CoV-2 and human milk: what is the evidence? MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.07.20056812. [PMID: 32511431 PMCID: PMC7217082 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.20056812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as one of the most compelling public health challenges of our time. To address the myriad issues generated by this pandemic, an interdisciplinary breadth of research, clinical, and public health communities have rapidly engaged to find answers and solutions. One area of active inquiry is understanding the mode(s) of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. While respiratory droplets are a known mechanism of transmission, other mechanisms are possible. Of particular importance to global health is the possibility of vertical transmission from infected mothers to infants through breastfeeding or consumption of human milk. However, there is limited published literature related to vertical transmission of any human coronavirus (including SARS-CoV-2) via human milk and/or breastfeeding. There is a single study providing some evidence of vertical transmission of human coronavirus 229E, a single study evaluating presence of SARS-CoV in human milk (it was negative), and no published data on MERS-CoV and human milk. There are 9 case studies of human milk tested for SARS-CoV-2; none detected the virus. Importantly, none of the published studies on coronaviruses and human milk report validation of their analytical methods for use in human milk. These reports are evaluated here, and their implications related to the possibility of vertical transmission of coronaviruses (in particular, SARS-CoV-2) during breastfeeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ryan M. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Antti E. Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J. Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Courtney L. Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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48
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Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM, Al-Nasser AD. SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far. Pathogens 2020; 9:E231. [PMID: 32245083 PMCID: PMC7157541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases presented in Wuhan, China. They were caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. All patients had been associated with the Wuhan Wholefood market, where seafood and live animals are sold. The virus spread rapidly and public health authorities in China initiated a containment effort. However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and panic. Based on clinical criteria and available serological and molecular information, the new disease was called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the novel coronavirus was called SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emphasizing its close relationship to the 2002 SARS virus (SARS-CoV). The scientific community raced to uncover the origin of the virus, understand the pathogenesis of the disease, develop treatment options, define the risk factors, and work on vaccine development. Here we present a summary of current knowledge regarding the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas A. Rabi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Mazhar S. Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Ghena A. Kasasbeh
- School of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (G.A.K.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Dunia M. Salameh
- School of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (G.A.K.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Amjad D. Al-Nasser
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
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The EPICENTRE (ESPNIC Covid pEdiatric Neonatal Registry) initiative: background and protocol for the international SARS-CoV-2 infections registry. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1271-1278. [PMID: 32440887 PMCID: PMC7242019 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 is the worst healthcare emergency of this century, and its impact on pediatrics and neonatology is still largely unknown. The European Society for Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC) launched the EPICENTRE (ESPNIC Covid pEdiatric Neonatal Registry) international, multicenter, and multidisciplinary initiative to study the epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of pediatric and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. EPICENTRE background and aims are presented together with protocol details. EPICENTRE is open to centers all over the world, and this will allow to provide a pragmatic picture of the epidemic, with a particular attention to pediatric and neonatal critical care issues.Conclusions: EPICENTRE will allow researchers to clarify the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of pediatric and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection, refining its clinical management and hopefully providing new insights for clinicians. What is Known: • COVID19 is the new disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and is spreading around the globe. • Majority of data available about SARS-CoV-2 infections originates from adult patients. What is New: • EPICENTRE is the first international, multicenter, multidisciplinary, meta-data driven, hospital-based, online, prospective cohort registry dedicated to neonatal and pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections. • EPICENTRE will allow to understand epidemiology and physiopathology of COVID19.
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50
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Hemida MG. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and the One Health concept. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7556. [PMID: 31497405 PMCID: PMC6708572 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries, especially in the Arabian Peninsula. MERS-CoV is considered an ideal example of the One Health concept. This is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. However, there is some debate regarding the origin of MERS-CoV either from bats or other unknown reservoirs. The dromedary camel is the only identified animal reservoir to date. These animals play important roles in sustaining the virus in certain communities and may act as an amplifier of the virus by secreting it in their body fluids, especially in nasal and rectal discharges. MERS-CoV has been detected in the nasal and rectal secretions of infected camels, and MERS-CoV of this origin has full capacity to infect human airway epithelium in both in vitro and in vivo models. Other evidence confirms the direct transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans, though the role of camel meat and milk products has yet to be well studied. Human-to-human transmission is well documented through contact with an active infected patient or some silently infected persons. Furthermore, there are some significant risk factors of individuals in close contact with a positive MERS-CoV patient, including sleeping in the same patient room, removing patient waste (urine, stool, and sputum), and touching respiratory secretions from the index case. Outbreaks within family clusters have been reported, whereby some blood relative patients were infected through their wives in the same house were not infected. Some predisposing genetic factors favor MERS-CoV infection in some patients, which is worth investigating in the near future. The presence of other comorbidities may be another factor. Overall, there are many unknown/confirmed aspects of the virus/human/animal network. Here, the most recent advances in this context are discussed, and the possible reasons behind the emergence and sustainability of MERS-CoV in certain regions are presented. Identification of the exact mechanism of transmission of MERS-CoV from camels to humans and searching for new reservoir/s are of high priority. This will reduce the shedding of the virus into the environment, and thus the risk of human infection can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hufuf, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Virology, faculty of veterinary medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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