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Taylor DJ, Barnhart MH. Genomic transfers help to decipher the ancient evolution of filoviruses and interactions with vertebrate hosts. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011864. [PMID: 39226335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Although several filoviruses are dangerous human pathogens, there is conflicting evidence regarding their origins and interactions with animal hosts. Here we attempt to improve this understanding using the paleoviral record over a geological time scale, protein structure predictions, tests for evolutionary maintenance, and phylogenetic methods that alleviate sources of bias and error. We found evidence for long branch attraction bias in the L gene tree for filoviruses, and that using codon-specific models and protein structural comparisons of paleoviruses ameliorated conflict and bias. We found evidence for four ancient filoviral groups, each with extant viruses and paleoviruses with open reading frames. Furthermore, we found evidence of repeated transfers of filovirus-like elements to mouse-like rodents. A filovirus-like nucleoprotein ortholog with an open reading frame was detected in three subfamilies of spalacid rodents (present since the Miocene). We provide evidence that purifying selection is acting to maintain amino acids, protein structure and open reading frames in these elements. Our finding of extant viruses nested within phylogenetic clades of paleoviruses informs virus discovery methods and reveals the existence of Lazarus taxa among RNA viruses. Our results resolve a deep conflict in the evolutionary framework for filoviruses and reveal that genomic transfers to vertebrate hosts with potentially functional co-options have been more widespread than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Max H Barnhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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2
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Pawęska JT, Storm N, Jansen van Vuren P, Markotter W, Kemp A. Attempted Transmission of Marburg Virus by Bat-Associated Fleas Thaumapsylla breviceps breviceps (Ischnopsyllidae: Thaumapsyllinae) to the Egyptian Rousette Bat ( Rousettus aegyptiacus). Viruses 2024; 16:1197. [PMID: 39205171 PMCID: PMC11360628 DOI: 10.3390/v16081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs) are implicated as reservoir hosts for Marburg virus (MARV), but natural mechanisms involved in maintenance of MARV in ERB populations remain undefined. A number of hematophagous ectoparasites, including fleas, parasitize bats. Subcutaneous (SC) inoculation of ERBs with MARV consistently results in viremia, suggesting that infectious MARV could be ingested by blood-sucking ectoparasites during feeding. In our study, MARV RNA was detected in fleas that took a blood meal during feeding on viremic bats on days 3, 7, and 11 after SC inoculation. Virus concentration in individual ectoparasites was consistent with detectable levels of viremia in the blood of infected host bats. There was neither seroconversion nor viremia in control bats kept in close contact with MARV-infected bats infested with fleas for up to 40 days post-exposure. In fleas inoculated intracoelomically, MARV was detected up to 14 days after intracoelomic (IC) inoculation, but the virus concentration was lower than that delivered in the inoculum. All bats that had been infested with inoculated, viremic fleas remained virologically and serologically negative up to 38 days after infestation. Of 493 fleas collected from a wild ERB colony in Matlapitsi Cave, South Africa, where the enzootic transmission of MARV occurs, all tested negative for MARV RNA. While our findings seem to demonstrate that bat fleas lack vectorial capacity to transmit MARV biologically, their role in mechanical transmission should not be discounted. Regular blood-feeds, intra- and interhost mobility, direct feeding on blood vessels resulting in venous damage, and roosting behaviour of ERBs provide a potential physical bridge for MARV dissemination in densely populated cave-dwelling bats by fleas. The virus transfer might take place through inoculation of skin, mucosal membranes, and wounds when contaminated fleas are squashed during auto- and allogrooming, eating, biting, or fighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz T. Pawęska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (N.S.); (P.J.v.V.); (A.K.)
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Nadia Storm
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (N.S.); (P.J.v.V.); (A.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (N.S.); (P.J.v.V.); (A.K.)
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Alan Kemp
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa; (N.S.); (P.J.v.V.); (A.K.)
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3
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Sizikova TE, Lebedev VN, Borisevich SV. [Comparative analysis of the taxonomic classification criteria for a number of groups of pathogenic DNA and RNA viruses based on genomic data]. Vopr Virusol 2024; 69:203-218. [PMID: 38996370 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The basis for criteria of the taxonomic classification of DNA and RNA viruses based on data of the genomic sequencing are viewed in this review. The genomic sequences of viruses, which have genome represented by double-stranded DNA (orthopoxviruses as example), positive-sense single-stranded RNA (alphaviruses and flaviviruses as example), non-segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA (filoviruses as example), segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA (arenaviruses and phleboviruses as example) are analyzed. The levels of genetic variability that determine the assignment of compared viruses to taxa of various orders are established for each group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Sizikova
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
| | - V N Lebedev
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
| | - S V Borisevich
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
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He B, Hu T, Yan X, Pa Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li N, Yu J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chai J, Sun Y, Mi S, Liu Y, Yi L, Tu Z, Wang Y, Sun S, Feng Y, Zhang W, Zhao H, Duan B, Gong W, Zhang F, Tu C. Isolation, characterization, and circulation sphere of a filovirus in fruit bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313789121. [PMID: 38335257 PMCID: PMC10873641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313789121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are associated with the circulation of most mammalian filoviruses (FiVs), with pathogenic ones frequently causing deadly hemorrhagic fevers in Africa. Divergent FiVs have been uncovered in Chinese bats, raising concerns about their threat to public health. Here, we describe a long-term surveillance to track bat FiVs at orchards, eventually resulting in the identification and isolation of a FiV, Dehong virus (DEHV), from Rousettus leschenaultii bats. DEHV has a typical filovirus-like morphology with a wide spectrum of cell tropism. Its entry into cells depends on the engagement of Niemann-Pick C1, and its replication is inhibited by remdesivir. DEHV has the largest genome size of filoviruses, with phylogenetic analysis placing it between the genera Dianlovirus and Orthomarburgvirus, suggesting its classification as the prototype of a new genus within the family Filoviridae. The continuous detection of viral RNA in the serological survey, together with the wide host distribution, has revealed that the region covering southern Yunnan, China, and bordering areas is a natural circulation sphere for bat FiVs. These emphasize the need for a better understanding of the pathogenicity and potential risk of FiVs in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Tingsong Hu
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Xiaomin Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yanhui Pa
- Ruili Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan Province678600, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province671000, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Ruili Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Ruili, Yunnan Province678600, China
| | - Jun Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province650201, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Le Yi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Yiyin Wang
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province650051, China
| | - Huanyun Zhao
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province650051, China
| | - Bofang Duan
- Center for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province650051, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province130062, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Southern Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province510630, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province130122, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province225009, China
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Goletic S, Goletic T, Omeragic J, Supic J, Kapo N, Nicevic M, Skapur V, Rukavina D, Maksimovic Z, Softic A, Alic A. Metagenomic Sequencing of Lloviu Virus from Dead Schreiber's Bats in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2892. [PMID: 38138036 PMCID: PMC10745292 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are a natural host for a number of viruses, many of which are zoonotic and thus present a threat to human health. RNA viruses of the family Filoviridae, many of which cause disease in humans, have been associated with specific bat hosts. Lloviu virus is a Filovirus which has been connected to mass mortality events in Miniopterus schreibersii colonies in Spain and Hungary, and some studies have indicated its immense zoonotic potential. A die-off has been recorded among Miniopterus schreibersii in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina for the first time, prompting the investigation to determine the causative agent. Bat carcasses were collected and subjected to pathological examination, after which the lung samples with notable histopathological changes, lung samples with no changes and guano were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing and RT-PCR. A partial Lloviu virus genome was sequenced from lung samples with histopathological changes and found to be closely related to Hungarian and Italian virus sequences. Further accumulation of mutations on the GP gene, coding the glycoprotein responsible for cell tropism and host preference, enhances the need for further characterization and monitoring of this virus to prevent spillover events and protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejla Goletic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Teufik Goletic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Jasmin Omeragic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Jovana Supic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Naida Kapo
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Melisa Nicevic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Vedad Skapur
- University of Sarajevo—Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Dunja Rukavina
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Zinka Maksimovic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Adis Softic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Amer Alic
- University of Sarajevo—Veterinary Faculty, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (S.G.); (J.O.); (J.S.); (N.K.); (M.N.); (D.R.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
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6
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Sinnott JT, Kim K, Somboonwit C, Cosnett C, Segal D, Shapshak P. Emergent Risk Group-4 (RG-4) Filoviruses: A paradox in progress. Bioinformation 2023; 19:829-832. [PMID: 37908613 PMCID: PMC10613816 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, categorized as World Health Organization (WHO) Risk Group 4 (RG-4) pathogens, represent significant global health risks due to their extraordinary virulence. The Filoviridae family encompasses Ebola strains such as Sudan, Zaire, Bundibugyo, Tai Forest (formerly known as Ivory Coast), Reston, and Bombali, in addition to the closely related Marburg and Ravn virus strains. Filoviruses originated from a common ancestor about 10,000 years ago and displayed remarkable consistency in genetic heterogeneity until the 20th century. However, they overcame a genetic bottleneck by mid-century. Paradoxically, this resulted in the emergence of boosted virulent strains from the 1970's onward. Filovirus research is included in the NIAID Biodefense Program and utilizes the highest level specialized protective laboratories, Biosafety Laboratory (BSL)-4. The spread of Filoviruses as well as other RG-4 pathogens within Africa poses a significant health threat increasingly both in Africa and out of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Sinnott
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33606. USA
| | - Kami Kim
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33606. USA
| | - Charurut Somboonwit
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33606. USA
| | - Conor Cosnett
- />Wolfram Research Inc., Champaigne, Illinois 61820 USA
| | - David Segal
- />College of Health Sciences and Public Policy, Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 USA
| | - Paul Shapshak
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33606. USA
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Makenov MT, Le LAT, Stukolova OA, Radyuk EV, Morozkin ES, Bui NTT, Zhurenkova OB, Dao MN, Nguyen CV, Luong MT, Nguyen DT, Fedorova MV, Valdokhina AV, Bulanenko VP, Akimkin VG, Karan LS. Detection of Filoviruses in Bats in Vietnam. Viruses 2023; 15:1785. [PMID: 37766193 PMCID: PMC10534609 DOI: 10.3390/v15091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new filovirus named Měnglà virus was found in bats in southern China in 2015. This species has been assigned to the new genus Dianlovirus and has only been detected in China. In this article, we report the detection of filoviruses in bats captured in Vietnam. We studied 248 bats of 15 species caught in the provinces of Lai Chau and Son La in northern Vietnam and in the province of Dong Thap in the southern part of the country. Filovirus RNA was found in four Rousettus leschenaultii and one Rousettus amplexicaudatus from Lai Chau Province. Phylogenetic analysis of the polymerase gene fragment showed that three positive samples belong to Dianlovirus, and two samples form a separate clade closer to Orthomarburgvirus. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that 9% of Rousettus, 13% of Eonycteris, and 10% of Cynopterus bats had antibodies to the glycoprotein of marburgviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat T. Makenov
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Lan Anh T. Le
- Biomedicine Institute, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam; (L.A.T.L.); (N.T.T.B.); (M.N.D.)
| | - Olga A. Stukolova
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Radyuk
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Evgeny S. Morozkin
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Nga T. T. Bui
- Biomedicine Institute, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam; (L.A.T.L.); (N.T.T.B.); (M.N.D.)
| | - Olga B. Zhurenkova
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Manh N. Dao
- Biomedicine Institute, Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, Hanoi 122000, Vietnam; (L.A.T.L.); (N.T.T.B.); (M.N.D.)
| | - Chau V. Nguyen
- National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Hanoi 110000, Vietnam;
| | - Mo T. Luong
- Southern Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, Ho Chi Minh City 740500, Vietnam; (M.T.L.); (D.T.N.)
| | - Dung T. Nguyen
- Southern Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, Ho Chi Minh City 740500, Vietnam; (M.T.L.); (D.T.N.)
| | - Marina V. Fedorova
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Anna V. Valdokhina
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Victoria P. Bulanenko
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Vasiliy G. Akimkin
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Lyudmila S. Karan
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Epidemiology, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (M.T.M.); (O.A.S.); (E.V.R.); (O.B.Z.); (M.V.F.); (A.V.V.); (V.P.B.); (V.G.A.); (L.S.K.)
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Ramanantsalama RV, Goodman SM, Dietrich M, Lebarbenchon C. Interaction between Old World fruit bats and humans: From large scale ecosystem services to zoonotic diseases. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106462. [PMID: 35421381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Old World tropical and subtropical frugivorous bat genus Rousettus (Pteropodidae) contains species with broad distributions, as well as those occurring in restricted geographical areas, particularly islands. Herein we review the role of Rousettus as a keystone species from a global "One Health" approach and related to ecosystem functioning, zoonotic disease and public health. Rousettus are efficient at dispersing seeds and pollinating flowers; their role in forest regeneration is related to their ability to fly considerable distances during nightly foraging bouts and their relatively small body size, which allows them to access fruits in forested areas with closed vegetation. Rousettus are also reservoirs for various groups of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), which, by definition, are infectious agents causing disease. The study of day roosts of different species of Rousettus and the successful establishment of captive breeding colonies have provided important details related to the infection dynamics of their associated pathogens. Large-scale conversion of forested areas into agricultural landscapes has increased contact between humans and Rousettus, therefore augmenting the chances of infectious agent spillover. Many crucial scientific details are still lacking related to members of this genus, which have direct bearing on the prevention of emerging disease outbreaks, as well as the conservation of these bats. The public should be better informed on the capacity of fruit bats as keystone species for large scale forest regeneration and in spreading pathogens. Precise details on the transmission of zoonotic diseases of public health importance associated with Rousettus should be given high priority.
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Foo R, Hey YY, Ng JHJ, Chionh YT, Chia WN, Kong PS, Lee BPYH, Kang AEZ, Borthwick SA, Low DHW, Mendenhall IH, Pena EM, Yroy RE, Ng BS, Wang LF. Establishment of a Captive Cave Nectar Bat ( Eonycteris spelaea) Breeding Colony in Singapore. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:344-352. [PMID: 35688608 PMCID: PMC9674015 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bats are known natural reservoirs of several highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, including Hendra virus, Nipah virus, rabies virus, SARS-like coronaviruses, and suspected ancestral reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The capacity to survive infections of highly pathogenic agents without severe disease, together with many other unique features, makes bats an ideal animal model for studying the regulation of infection, cancer, and longevity, which is likely to translate into human health outcomes. A key factor that limits bat research is lack of breeding bat colonies. To address this need, a captive bat colony was established in Singapore from 19 wild-caught local cave nectar bats. The bats were screened for specific pathogens before the start of captive breeding. Custom-made cages and an optimized diet inclusive of Wombaroo dietary formula, liquid diet, and supplement of fruits enabled the bats to breed prolifically in our facility. Cages are washed daily and disinfected once every fortnight. Bats are observed daily to detect any sick bat or abnormal behavior. In addition, bats undergo a thorough health check once every 3 to 4 mo to check on their overall wellbeing, perform sampling, and document any potential pregnancy. The current colony houses over 80 bats that are successfully breeding, providing a valuable resource for research in Singapore and overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Han Jia Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yok Teng Chionh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui San Kong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Adrian Eng Zheng Kang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dolyce Hong Wen Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Hewitt Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edgar Macabe Pena
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre and National Large Animal Research Facility, Singapore
| | - Rommel E Yroy
- SingHealth Experimental Medicine Centre and National Large Animal Research Facility, Singapore
| | - Beng Sern Ng
- Research Operations, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore,,Corresponding author.
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10
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Kemenesi G, Tóth GE, Mayora-Neto M, Scott S, Temperton N, Wright E, Mühlberger E, Hume AJ, Suder EL, Zana B, Boldogh SA, Görföl T, Estók P, Szentiványi T, Lanszki Z, Somogyi BA, Nagy Á, Pereszlényi CI, Dudás G, Földes F, Kurucz K, Madai M, Zeghbib S, Maes P, Vanmechelen B, Jakab F. Isolation of infectious Lloviu virus from Schreiber's bats in Hungary. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1706. [PMID: 35361761 PMCID: PMC8971391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Some filoviruses can be transmitted to humans by zoonotic spillover events from their natural host and filovirus outbreaks have occured with increasing frequency in the last years. The filovirus Lloviu virus (LLOV), was identified in 2002 in Schreiber's bats (Miniopterus schreibersii) in Spain and was subsequently detected in bats in Hungary. Here we isolate infectious LLOV from the blood of a live sampled Schreiber's bat in Hungary. The isolate is subsequently sequenced and cultured in the Miniopterus sp. kidney cell line SuBK12-08. It is furthermore able to infect monkey and human cells, suggesting that LLOV might have spillover potential. A multi-year surveillance of LLOV in bats in Hungary detects LLOV RNA in both deceased and live animals as well as in coupled ectoparasites from the families Nycteribiidae and Ixodidae. This correlates with LLOV seropositivity in sampled Schreiber's bats. Our data support the role of bats, specifically Miniopterus schreibersii as hosts for LLOV in Europe. We suggest that bat-associated parasites might play a role in the natural ecology of filoviruses in temperate climate regions compared to filoviruses in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kemenesi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Gábor E Tóth
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Chatham Maritime, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Chatham Maritime, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Chatham Maritime, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Sussex, UK
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen L Suder
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brigitta Zana
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Görföl
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Estók
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, Eger, Hungary
| | - Tamara Szentiványi
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, ÖK Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Lanszki
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs A Somogyi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Nagy
- Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gábor Dudás
- Medical Centre, Hungarian Defence Forces, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Földes
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Kurucz
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mónika Madai
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Safia Zeghbib
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Piet Maes
- Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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11
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Bokelmann M, Vogel U, Debeljak F, Düx A, Riesle-Sbarbaro S, Lander A, Wahlbrink A, Kromarek N, Neil S, Couacy-Hymann E, Prescott J, Kurth A. Tolerance and Persistence of Ebola Virus in Primary Cells from Mops condylurus, a Potential Ebola Virus Reservoir. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112186. [PMID: 34834992 PMCID: PMC8622823 DOI: 10.3390/v13112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been documented Ebola virus disease outbreaks for more than 40 years, the natural reservoir host has not been identified. Recent studies provide evidence that the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus), an insectivorous microbat, is a possible ebolavirus reservoir. To investigate the potential role of this bat species in the ecology of ebolaviruses, replication, tolerance, and persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) were investigated in 10 different primary bat cell isolates from M. condylurus. Varying EBOV replication kinetics corresponded to the expression levels of the integral membrane protein NPC1. All primary cells were highly tolerant to EBOV infection without cytopathic effects. The observed persistent EBOV infection for 150 days in lung primary cells, without resultant selective pressure leading to virus mutation, indicate the intrinsic ability of EBOV to persist in this bat species. These results provide further evidence for this bat species to be a likely reservoir of ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokelmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Uwe Vogel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Franka Debeljak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (F.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Ariane Düx
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Silke Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Angelika Lander
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Annette Wahlbrink
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Nicole Kromarek
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (F.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville BP 206, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Di Petrillo A, Orrù G, Fais A, Fantini MC. Quercetin and its derivates as antiviral potentials: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2021; 36:266-278. [PMID: 34709675 PMCID: PMC8662201 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, is a flavonoid known for its antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antiinflammatory properties. Several studies highlight the potential use of quercetin as an antiviral, due to its ability to inhibit the initial stages of virus infection, to be able to interact with proteases important for viral replication, and to reduce inflammation caused by infection. Quercetin could also be useful in combination with other drugs to potentially enhance the effects or synergistically interact with them, in order to reduce their side effects and related toxicity. Since there is no comprehensive compilation about antiviral activities of quercetin and derivates, the aim of this review is providing a summary of their antiviral activities on a set of human viral infections along with mechanisms of action. Thus, the following family of viruses are examined: Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, and Filoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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13
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Gryseels S, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Akonda I, Angoyo R, Ayouba A, Baelo P, Mukadi DB, Bugentho E, Bushmaker T, Butel C, Calvignac-Spencer S, Delaporte E, De Smet B, Düx A, Edidi-Atani F, Fischer R, Kahandi C, Kapetshi J, Sumba SK, Kouadio L, Bendeke AM, Mande C, Sepolo GM, Moudindo J, Ngole EM, Musaba P, Mutombo P, Bass IN, Nebesse C, Ngoy S, Kumogo SPN, Seifert SN, Tanzito J, Akaibe D, Amundala N, Ariën KK, Gembu GC, Leendertz FH, Leirs H, Mukinzi JC, Munster V, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Peeters M, Verheyen E, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Role of Wildlife in Emergence of Ebola Virus in Kaigbono (Likati), Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2205-2209. [PMID: 32818404 PMCID: PMC7454093 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.191552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After the 2017 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in Likati, a district in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, we sampled small mammals from the location where the primary case-patient presumably acquired the infection. None tested positive for EBOV RNA or antibodies against EBOV, highlighting the ongoing challenge in detecting animal reservoirs for EBOV.
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14
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Schulz JE, Seifert SN, Thompson JT, Avanzato V, Sterling SL, Yan L, Letko MC, Matson MJ, Fischer RJ, Tremeau-Bravard A, Seetahal JFR, Ramkissoon V, Foster J, Goldstein T, Anthony SJ, Epstein JH, Laing ED, Broder CC, Carrington CVF, Schountz T, Munster VJ. Serological Evidence for Henipa-like and Filo-like Viruses in Trinidad Bats. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S375-S382. [PMID: 32034942 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat-borne zoonotic pathogens belonging to the family Paramxyoviridae, including Nipah and Hendra viruses, and the family Filoviridae, including Ebola and Marburg viruses, can cause severe disease and high mortality rates on spillover into human populations. Surveillance efforts for henipaviruses and filoviruses have been largely restricted to the Old World; however, recent studies suggest a potentially broader distribution for henipaviruses and filoviruses than previously recognized. In the current study, we screened for henipaviruses and filoviruses in New World bats collected across 4 locations in Trinidad near the coast of Venezuela. Bat tissue samples were screened using previously established reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Serum were screened using a multiplex immunoassay to detect antibodies reactive with the envelope glycoprotein of viruses in the genus Henipavirus and the family Filoviridae. Serum samples were also screened by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies reactive with Nipah G and F glycoproteins. Of 84 serum samples, 28 were reactive with ≥1 henipavirus glycoprotein by ≥1 serological method, and 6 serum samples were reactive against ≥1 filovirus glycoproteins. These data provide evidence of potential circulation of viruses related to the henipaviruses and filoviruses in New World bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Schulz
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - John T Thompson
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Victoria Avanzato
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | | | - Lianying Yan
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Letko
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - M Jeremiah Matson
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA.,Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Janine F R Seetahal
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vernie Ramkissoon
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jerome Foster
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Eric D Laing
- Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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15
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Kimprasit T, Nunome M, Iida K, Murakami Y, Wong ML, Wu CH, Kobayashi R, Hengjan Y, Takemae H, Yonemitsu K, Kuwata R, Shimoda H, Si L, Sohn JH, Asakawa S, Ichiyanagi K, Maeda K, Oh HS, Mizutani T, Kimura J, Iida A, Hondo E. Dispersal history of Miniopterus fuliginosus bats and their associated viruses in east Asia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244006. [PMID: 33444317 PMCID: PMC7808576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the role of the eastern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) in the dispersion of bat adenovirus and bat alphacoronavirus in east Asia, considering their gene flows and divergence times (based on deep-sequencing data), using bat fecal guano samples. Bats in China moved to Jeju Island and/or Taiwan in the last 20,000 years via the Korean Peninsula and/or Japan. The phylogenies of host mitochondrial D-loop DNA was not significantly congruent with those of bat adenovirus (m2XY = 0.07, p = 0.08), and bat alphacoronavirus (m2XY = 0.48, p = 0.20). We estimate that the first divergence time of bats carrying bat adenovirus in five caves studied (designated as K1, K2, JJ, N2, and F3) occurred approximately 3.17 million years ago. In contrast, the first divergence time of bat adenovirus among bats in the 5 caves was estimated to be approximately 224.32 years ago. The first divergence time of bats in caves CH, JJ, WY, N2, F1, F2, and F3 harboring bat alphacoronavirus was estimated to be 1.59 million years ago. The first divergence time of bat alphacoronavirus among the 7 caves was estimated to be approximately 2,596.92 years ago. The origin of bat adenovirus remains unclear, whereas our findings suggest that bat alphacoronavirus originated in Japan. Surprisingly, bat adenovirus and bat alphacoronavirus appeared to diverge substantially over the last 100 years, even though our gene-flow data indicate that the eastern bent-winged bat serves as an important natural reservoir of both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thachawech Kimprasit
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Nunome
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Min-Liang Wong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yupadee Hengjan
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Lifan Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Joon-Hyuk Sohn
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Susumu Asakawa
- Laboratory of Soil Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Ichiyanagi
- Laboratory of Genome and Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hong-Shik Oh
- Institute of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Kimura
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hondo
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Di Paola N, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Zeng X, Kuhn JH, Palacios G. Viral genomics in Ebola virus research. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:365-378. [PMID: 32367066 PMCID: PMC7223634 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses such as Ebola virus continue to pose a substantial health risk to humans. Advances in the sequencing and functional characterization of both pathogen and host genomes have provided a wealth of knowledge to clinicians, epidemiologists and public health responders during outbreaks of high-consequence viral disease. Here, we describe how genomics has been historically used to investigate Ebola virus disease outbreaks and how new technologies allow for rapid, large-scale data generation at the point of care. We highlight how genomics extends beyond consensus-level sequencing of the virus to include intra-host viral transcriptomics and the characterization of host responses in acute and persistently infected patients. Similar genomics techniques can also be applied to the characterization of non-human primate animal models and to known natural reservoirs of filoviruses, and metagenomic sequencing can be the key to the discovery of novel filoviruses. Finally, we outline the importance of reverse genetics systems that can swiftly characterize filoviruses as soon as their genome sequences are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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17
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Seroreactive Profiling of Filoviruses in Chinese Bats Reveals Extensive Infection of Diverse Viruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02042-19. [PMID: 31941778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern China is a hot spot of emerging infectious diseases, in which diverse species of bats dwell, a large group of flying mammals considered natural reservoirs for zoonotic viruses. Recently, divergent filoviruses (FiVs) have been identified in bats within this region, which pose a potential risk to public health, but the true infection situation in bats remains largely unclear. Here, 689 archived bat serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and neutralization assay to investigate the seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of four divergent FiVs and two other viruses (rabies virus and Tuhoko pararubulavirus 1) of different families within the order Mononegavirales Results showed no cross-antigenicity between FiVs and other mononegaviruses but different cross-reactivity among the FiVs themselves. The total FiV seroreactive rate was 36.3% (250/689), with infection by the indigenous Chinese FiV DH04 or an antigenically related one being the most widely and the most highly prevalent. Further viral metagenomic analysis of fruit bat tissues also identified the gene sequence of a novel FiV. These results indicate the likely prevalence of other so far unidentified FiVs within the Chinese bat population, with frugivorous Rousettus leschenaultii and Eonycteris spelaea bats and insectivorous Myotis horsfieldii and Miniopterus schreibersii bats being their major reservoirs.IMPORTANCE Bats are natural hosts of many FiVs, from which diverse FiVs were serologically or virologically detected in Africa, Europe, and East Asia. Recently, very divergent FiVs were identified in the Chinese bat population, but their antigenic relationship with other known FiVs remains unknown. Here, we conducted serological characterization and investigation of Chinese indigenous FiVs and prototypes of other viruses in bats. Results indicated that Chinese indigenous FiVs are antigenically distant to other FiVs, and infection of novel or multiple FiVs occurred in Chinese bats, with FiV DH04 or an antigenically related one being the most widely and the most highly prevalent. Additionally, besides Rousettus leschenaultii and Eonycteris spelaea bats, the insectivorous Myotis horsfieldii and M. schreibersii bats are highly preferential hosts of FiVs. Seroreactive and viral metagenomic results indicated that more as yet unknown bat-borne FiVs circulate in Southern China, and to uncover them further, investigation and timely surveillance is needed.
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18
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Mbala-Kingebeni P, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Vidal N, Likofata J, Nsio-Mbeta J, Makiala-Mandanda S, Mukadi D, Mukadi P, Kumakamba C, Djokolo B, Ayouba A, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Rapid Confirmation of the Zaire Ebola Virus in the Outbreak of the Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Implications for Public Health Interventions. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:330-333. [PMID: 29961823 PMCID: PMC6321851 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten days after the declaration of the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo, rapid identification of the species Zaire Ebola virus using partial gene amplification and nanopore sequencing backed up the use of the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus vaccine in the recommended ring vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | - Christian-Julian Villabona-Arenas
- Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | - Nicole Vidal
- Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | | | | | - Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Daniel Mukadi
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Charles Kumakamba
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,6Metabiota Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- Recherches translationelles sur le virus de l'immunodéficience et les maladies infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.,Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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19
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Takadate Y, Kondoh T, Igarashi M, Maruyama J, Manzoor R, Ogawa H, Kajihara M, Furuyama W, Sato M, Miyamoto H, Yoshida R, Hill TE, Freiberg AN, Feldmann H, Marzi A, Takada A. Niemann-Pick C1 Heterogeneity of Bat Cells Controls Filovirus Tropism. Cell Rep 2020; 30:308-319.e5. [PMID: 31940478 PMCID: PMC11075117 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit bats are suspected to be natural hosts of filoviruses, including Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV). Interestingly, however, previous studies suggest that these viruses have different tropisms depending on the bat species. Here, we show a molecular basis underlying the host-range restriction of filoviruses. We find that bat-derived cell lines FBKT1 and ZFBK13-76E show preferential susceptibility to EBOV and MARV, respectively, whereas the other bat cell lines tested are similarly infected with both viruses. In FBKT1 and ZFBK13-76E, unique amino acid (aa) sequences are found in the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein, one of the cellular receptors interacting with the filovirus glycoprotein (GP). These aa residues, as well as a few aa differences between EBOV and MARV GPs, are crucial for the differential susceptibility to filoviruses. Taken together, our findings indicate that the heterogeneity of bat NPC1 orthologs is an important factor controlling filovirus species-specific host tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Takadate
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Kondoh
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Rashid Manzoor
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ogawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Terence E Hill
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia.
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20
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Fischer K, Camara A, Troupin C, Fehling SK, Strecker T, Groschup MH, Tordo N, Diederich S. Serological evidence of exposure to ebolaviruses in domestic pigs from Guinea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:724-732. [PMID: 31627257 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ebolavirus comprises several virus species with zoonotic potential and varying pathogenicity for humans. Ebolaviruses are considered to circulate in wildlife with occasional spillover events into the human population which then often leads to severe disease outbreaks. Several studies indicate a significant role of bats as reservoir hosts in the ebolavirus ecology. However, pigs from the Philippines have been found to be naturally infected with Reston virus (RESTV), an ebolavirus that is thought to only cause asymptomatic infections in humans. The recent report of ebolavirus-specific antibodies in pigs from Sierra Leone further supports natural infection of pigs with ebolaviruses. However, susceptibility of pigs to highly pathogenic Ebola virus (EBOV) was only shown under experimental settings and evidence for natural infection of pigs with EBOV is currently lacking. Between October and December 2017, we collected 308 serum samples from pigs in Guinea, West Africa, and tested for the presence of ebolavirus-specific antibodies with different serological assays. Besides reactivity to EBOV nucleoproteins in ELISA and Western blot for 19 (6.2%) and 13 (4.2%) samples, respectively, four sera recognized Sudan virus (SUDV) NP in Western blot. Furthermore, four samples specifically detected EBOV or SUDV glycoprotein (GP) in an indirect immunofluorescence assay under native conditions. Virus neutralization assay based on EBOV (Mayinga isolate) revealed five weakly neutralizing sera. The finding of (cross-) reactive and weakly neutralizing antibodies suggests the exposure of pigs from Guinea to ebolaviruses or ebola-like viruses with their pathogenicity as well as their zoonotic potential remaining unknown. Future studies should investigate whether pigs can act as an amplifying host for ebolaviruses and whether there is a risk for spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Sarah K Fehling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Noel Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guineé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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21
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Dovih P, Laing ED, Chen Y, Low DHW, Ansil BR, Yang X, Shi Z, Broder CC, Smith GJD, Linster M, Ramakrishnan U, Mendenhall IH. Filovirus-reactive antibodies in humans and bats in Northeast India imply zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007733. [PMID: 31671094 PMCID: PMC6822707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, including filoviruses. Recent work highlights the diversity of bat borne filoviruses in Asia. High risk activities at the bat-human interface pose the threat of zoonotic virus transmission. We present evidence for prior exposure of bat harvesters and two resident fruit bat species to filovirus surface glycoproteins by screening sera in a multiplexed serological assay. Antibodies reactive to two antigenically distinct filoviruses were detected in human sera and to three individual filoviruses in bats in remote Northeast India. Sera obtained from Eonycteris spelaea bats showed similar patterns of cross-reactivity as human samples, suggesting them as the species responsible for the spillover. In contrast, sera from Rousettus leschenaultii bats reacted to two different virus glycoproteins. Our results indicate circulation of several filoviruses in bats and the possibility for filovirus transmission from bats to humans. Focused virus surveillance at human-wildlife interfaces enables proactive detection of potentially epidemic pathogens. Filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are pathogens with epidemic potential. They were previously detected in bats and have caused disease outbreaks in humans with a high case fatality rate. Here, we tested sera obtained from bats and humans at a high-risk interface for the presence of filovirus reactive antibodies. Human participants were engaged in annual bat hunts, possibly exposing them to bat-borne viruses. We report the exposure of humans to filoviruses that were likely derived from the two sampled bat species. The bats contain antibodies raised to presumably three distinct filoviruses. Our findings suggest bats in South Asia act as a reservoir host of a diverse range of filoviruses and filovirus spillover occurs through human exposure to these bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilot Dovih
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Sastra University, School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Eric D. Laing
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihui Chen
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore
| | - B. R. Ansil
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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22
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Karan LS, Makenov MT, Korneev MG, Sacko N, Boumbaly S, Yakovlev SA, Kourouma K, Bayandin RB, Gladysheva AV, Shipovalov AV, Yurganova IA, Grigorieva YE, Fedorova MV, Scherbakova SA, Kutyrev VV, Agafonov AP, Maksyutov RA, Shipulin GA, Maleev VV, Boiro M, Akimkin VG, Popova AY. Bombali Virus in Mops condylurus Bats, Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25. [PMID: 31310231 PMCID: PMC6711222 DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.190581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, a previously unknown Ebola virus, Bombali virus, was discovered in Sierra Leone. We describe detection of Bombali virus in Guinea. We found viral RNA in internal organs of 3 Angolan free-tailed bats (Mops condylurus) trapped in the city of N’Zerekore and in a nearby village.
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23
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Fischer K, Jabaty J, Suluku R, Strecker T, Groseth A, Fehling SK, Balkema-Buschmann A, Koroma B, Schmidt KM, Atherstone C, Weingartl HM, Mettenleiter TC, Groschup MH, Hoenen T, Diederich S. Serological Evidence for the Circulation of Ebolaviruses in Pigs From Sierra Leone. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S305-S311. [PMID: 29982580 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human ebolavirus outbreaks have been linked to contact with wildlife including nonhuman primates and bats, which are assumed to serve as host species. However, it is largely unknown to what extent other animal species, particularly livestock, are involved in the transmission cycle or act as additional hosts for filoviruses. Pigs were identified as a susceptible host for Reston virus with subsequent transmission to humans reported in the Philippines. To date, there is no evidence of natural Ebola virus (EBOV) infection in pigs, although pigs were shown to be susceptible to EBOV infection under experimental settings. To investigate the potential role of pigs in the ecology of EBOV, we analyzed 400 porcine serum samples from Sierra Leone for the presence of ebolavirus-specific antibodies. Three samples reacted with ebolavirus nucleoproteins but had no neutralizing antibodies. Our results (1) suggest the circulation of ebolaviruses in swine in Sierra Leone that are antigenically related but not identical to EBOV and (2) could represent undiscovered ebolaviruses with unknown pathogenic and/or zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Juliet Jabaty
- Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute, Teko Livestock Research Centre, Sierra Leone
| | - Roland Suluku
- Njala University, Animal Science, Serology and Molecular Laboratory, Sierra Leone
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Allison Groseth
- Junior Research Group Arenavirus Biology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sarah K Fehling
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bashiru Koroma
- Njala University, Animal Science, Serology and Molecular Laboratory, Sierra Leone
| | - Kristina M Schmidt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Atherstone
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Australia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hana M Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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24
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Mbala-Kingebeni P, Aziza A, Di Paola N, Wiley MR, Makiala-Mandanda S, Caviness K, Pratt CB, Ladner JT, Kugelman JR, Prieto K, Chitty JA, Larson PA, Beitzel B, Ayouba A, Vidal N, Karhemere S, Diop M, Diagne MM, Faye M, Faye O, Aruna A, Nsio J, Mulangu F, Mukadi D, Mukadi P, Kombe J, Mulumba A, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Pukuta E, Gonzalez J, Bartlett ML, Sozhamannan S, Gross SM, Schroth GP, Tim R, Zhao JJ, Kuhn JH, Diallo B, Yao M, Fall IS, Ndjoloko B, Mossoko M, Lacroix A, Delaporte E, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Sall AA, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Peeters M, Palacios G, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Medical countermeasures during the 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak in the North Kivu and Ituri Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a rapid genomic assessment. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:648-657. [PMID: 31000464 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The real-time generation of information about pathogen genomes has become a vital goal for transmission analysis and characterisation in rapid outbreak responses. In response to the recently established genomic capacity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we explored the real-time generation of genomic information at the start of the 2018 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in North Kivu Province. METHODS We used targeted-enrichment sequencing to produce two coding-complete Ebola virus genomes 5 days after declaration of the EVD outbreak in North Kivu. Subsequent sequencing efforts yielded an additional 46 genomes. Genomic information was used to assess early transmission, medical countermeasures, and evolution of Ebola virus. FINDINGS The genomic information demonstrated that the EVD outbreak in the North Kivu and Ituri Provinces was distinct from the 2018 EVD outbreak in Équateur Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primer and probe mismatches to Ebola virus were identified in silico for all deployed diagnostic PCR assays, with the exception of the Cepheid GeneXpert GP assay. INTERPRETATION The first two coding-complete genomes provided actionable information in real-time for the deployment of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein vaccine, available therapeutics, and sequence-based diagnostic assays. Based on the mutations identified in the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein (GP12) observed in all 48 genomes, deployed monoclonal antibody therapeutics (mAb114 and ZMapp) should be efficacious against the circulating Ebola virus variant. Rapid Ebola virus genomic characterisation should be included in routine EVD outbreak response procedures to ascertain efficacy of medical countermeasures. FUNDING Defense Biological Product Assurance Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Amuri Aziza
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; College of Public Health, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Katie Caviness
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Catherine B Pratt
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; College of Public Health, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jason T Ladner
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | - Karla Prieto
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; College of Public Health, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph A Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Larson
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brett Beitzel
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Vidal
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stomy Karhemere
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | | | | | - Aaron Aruna
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Justus Nsio
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Felix Mulangu
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Daniel Mukadi
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Kombe
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Anastasie Mulumba
- l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Elisabeth Pukuta
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jeanette Gonzalez
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Maggie L Bartlett
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Shanmuga Sozhamannan
- Defense Biological Product Assurance Office, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense-Joint Project Management Office for Guardian, Frederick, MA, USA; The Tauri Group, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Michel Yao
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Bathe Ndjoloko
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mathias Mossoko
- Direction Générale de Lutte contre la Maladie, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Audrey Lacroix
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Sironen T, Diagne CT, Diagne MM, Faye M, Faye O, Faye O, Hewson R, Mölsä M, Weidmann MW, Watson R, Sall AA, Vapalahti O. Development, validation and clinical evaluation of a broad-range pan-filovirus RT-qPCR. J Clin Virol 2019; 114:26-31. [PMID: 30904708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the five decades since their discovery, filoviruses of four species have caused human hemorrhagic fever outbreaks: Marburg (MARV) marburgvirus, and Zaire (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV) and Bundybugyo (BDBV) ebolaviruses. The largest, devastating EBOV epidemic in West Africa in 2014-16, has been followed by outbreaks of MARV in Uganda, 2017, and EBOV in Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018, emphasizing the need to develop preparedness to diagnose all filoviruses. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to optimize a new filovirus RT-qPCR to detect all filoviruses, define its limits of detection (LOD) and perform a field evaluation with outbreak samples. STUDY DESIGN A pan-filovirus RT-qPCR targeting the L gene was developed and evaluated within the EbolaMoDRAD (Ebola virus: modern approaches for developing bedside rapid diagnostics) project. Specificity and sensitivity were determined and the effect of inactivation and PCR reagents (liquid and lyophilized format) were tested. RESULTS The LODs for the lyophilized pan-filovirus L-RT-qPCR assay were 9.4 copies per PCR reaction for EBOV, 9.9 for MARV, 1151 for SUDV, 65 for BDBV and 289 for Taï Forest virus. The test was set at the Pasteur Institute, Dakar, Senegal, and 83 Ebola patient samples, with viral load ranging from 5 to 5 million copies of EBOV per reaction, were screened. The results for the patient samples were in 100% concordance with the reference EBOV-specific assay. DISCUSSION Overall, the assay showed good sensitivity and specificity, covered all filoviruses known to be human pathogens, performed well both in lyophilized and liquid-phase formats and with EBOV outbreak clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB), Department of Virology, Finland.
| | - Tarja Sironen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Martin Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Pôle de virologie, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Pôle de virologie, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Pôle de virologie, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Markos Mölsä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biothreat unit, Centre for Military Medicine, Helsinki, Finland Centres for Biothreat Preparedness and for Military Medicine, Finnish Defence Forces, Finland
| | - Manfred W Weidmann
- University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olli Vapalahti
- Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB), Department of Virology, Finland; University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats ( Eonycteris spelaea). Viruses 2019; 11:v11030250. [PMID: 30871070 PMCID: PMC6466414 DOI: 10.3390/v11030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are unique mammals, exhibit distinctive life history traits and have unique immunological approaches to suppression of viral diseases upon infection. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has been used in characterizing the virome of different bat species. The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, has a broad geographical range across Southeast Asia, India and southern China, however, little is known about their involvement in virus transmission. Here we investigate the diversity and abundance of viral communities from a colony of Eonycteris spelaea residing in Singapore. Our results detected 47 and 22 different virus families from bat fecal and urine samples, respectively. Among these, we identify a large number of virus families including Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Polyomaviridae. In most cases, viral sequences from Eonycteris spelaea are genetically related to a group of bat viruses from other bat genera (e.g., Eidolon, Miniopterus, Rhinolophus and Rousettus). The results of this study improve our knowledge of the host range, spread and evolution of several important viral pathogens. More significantly, our findings provide a baseline to study the temporal patterns of virus shedding and how they correlate with bat phenological trends.
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Xu L, Wu J, Li Q, Wei Y, Tan Z, Cai J, Guo H, Yang L, Huang X, Chen J, Zhang F, He B, Tu C. Seroprevalence, cross antigenicity and circulation sphere of bat-borne hantaviruses revealed by serological and antigenic analyses. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007545. [PMID: 30668611 PMCID: PMC6358112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are newly identified reservoirs of hantaviruses (HVs) among which very divergent HVs have been discovered in recent years. However, their significance for public health remains unclear since their seroprevalence as well as antigenic relationship with human-infecting HVs have not been investigated. In the present study archived tissues of 1,419 bats of 22 species from 6 families collected in 5 south and southwest provinces in China were screened by pan-HV RT-PCR following viral metagenomic analysis. As a result nine HVs have been identified in two bat species in two provinces and phylogenetically classified into two species, Laibin virus (LAIV, ICTV approved species, 1 strain) and Xuan son virus (XSV, proposed species, 8 strains). Additionally, 709 serum samples of these bats were also analyzed by ELISA to investigate the seroprevalence and cross-reactivity between different HVs using expressed recombinant nucleocapsid proteins (rNPs) of LAIV, XSV and Seoul virus (SEOV). The cross-reactivity of some bat sera were further confirmed by western blot (WB) using three rNPs followed by fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVNT) against live SEOV. Results showed that the total HV seropositive rate of bat sera was 18.5% (131/709) with many cross reacting with two or all three rNPs and several able to neutralize SEOV. WB analysis using the three rNPs and their specific hyperimmune sera demonstrated cross-reactivity between XSV/SEOV and LAIV/XSV, but not LAIV/SEOV, indicating that XSV is antigenically closer to human-infecting HVs. In addition a study of the distribution of the viruses identified an area covering the region between Chinese Guangxi and North Vietnam, in which XSV and LAIV circulate within different bat colonies with a high seroprevalence. A circulation sphere of bat-borne HVs has therefore been proposed. Some HVs are life-threatening pathogens predominantly carried and transmitted by rodents. In recent years bat-borne HVs have been identified in a broad range of bat species. To understand their significance to public health the present study conducted extensive investigations on genetic diversity, seroprevalence, distribution and cross antigenicity of bat-borne HVs in south and southwest China. The results provide the first profiling of cross-reactivity between bat-borne and human-infecting HVs, demonstrating that some bat sera can neutralize SEOV in cell culture. They also revealed that divergent bat-borne HVs co-exist and are widely distributed in Chinese Guangxi/Yunnan as well as in north Vietnam, resulting in identification of an area between China and Vietnam in which natural circulation of bat-borne HVs is maintained. Given the existence of bat-borne HVs genetically and antigenically close to human-infecting HVs, the need for extensive future studies is emphasized in order to assess the potential risk of these viruses to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control, Hebei Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yamei Wei
- Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control, Hebei Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhizhou Tan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianqiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huancheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ling’en Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Southern Theater Command, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (FZ); (BH); (CT)
| | - Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (FZ); (BH); (CT)
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (FZ); (BH); (CT)
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Yang XL, Tan CW, Anderson DE, Jiang RD, Li B, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Lim XF, Zhou P, Liu XL, Guan W, Zhang L, Li SY, Zhang YZ, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Characterization of a filovirus (Měnglà virus) from Rousettus bats in China. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:390-395. [PMID: 30617348 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Filoviruses, especially Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), are notoriously pathogenic and capable of causing severe haemorrhagic fever diseases in humans with high lethality1,2. The risk of future outbreaks is exacerbated by the discovery of other bat-borne filoviruses of wide genetic diversity globally3-5. Here we report the characterization of a phylogenetically distinct bat filovirus, named Měnglà virus (MLAV). The coding-complete genome of MLAV shares 32-54% nucleotide sequence identity with known filoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis places this new virus between EBOV and MARV, suggesting the need for a new genus taxon. Importantly, despite the low amino acid sequence identity (22-39%) of the glycoprotein with other filoviruses, MLAV is capable of using the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) as entry receptor. MLAV is also replication-competent with chimeric MLAV mini-genomes containing EBOV or MARV leader and trailer sequences, indicating that these viruses are evolutionally and functionally closely related. Finally, MLAV glycoprotein-typed pseudo-types transduced cell lines derived from humans, monkeys, dogs, hamsters and bats, implying a broad species cell tropism with a high risk of interspecies spillover transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wuxiang Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Libiao Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yun-Zhi Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China.,Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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29
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De Nys HM, Kingebeni PM, Keita AK, Butel C, Thaurignac G, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Lemarcis T, Geraerts M, Vidal N, Esteban A, Bourgarel M, Roger F, Leendertz F, Diallo R, Ndimbo-Kumugo SP, Nsio-Mbeta J, Tagg N, Koivogui L, Toure A, Delaporte E, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Tamfum JJM, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Ayouba A, Peeters M. Survey of Ebola Viruses in Frugivorous and Insectivorous Bats in Guinea, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2015-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:2228-2240. [PMID: 30307845 PMCID: PMC6256401 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of bats in the ecology of Ebola viruses, we assessed the prevalence of Ebola virus antibodies in a large-scale sample of bats collected during 2015–2017 from countries in Africa that have had previous Ebola outbreaks (Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo) or are at high risk for outbreaks (Cameroon). We analyzed 4,022 blood samples of bats from >12 frugivorous and 27 insectivorous species; 2–37 (0.05%–0.92%) bats were seropositive for Zaire and 0–30 (0%–0.75%) bats for Sudan Ebola viruses. We observed Ebola virus antibodies in 1 insectivorous bat genus and 6 frugivorous bat species. Certain bat species widespread across Africa had serologic evidence of Zaire and Sudan Ebola viruses. No viral RNA was detected in the subset of samples tested (n = 665). Ongoing surveillance of bats and other potential animal reservoirs are required to predict and prepare for future outbreaks.
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Abstract
The West African Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic has fast-tracked countermeasures for this rare, emerging zoonotic pathogen. Until 2013-2014, most EBOV vaccine candidates were stalled between the preclinical and clinical milestones on the path to licensure, because of funding problems, lack of interest from pharmaceutical companies, and competing priorities in public health. The unprecedented and devastating epidemic propelled vaccine candidates toward clinical trials that were initiated near the end of the active response to the outbreak. Those trials did not have a major impact on the epidemic but provided invaluable data on vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and, to a limited degree, even efficacy in humans. There are plenty of lessons to learn from these trials, some of which are addressed in this review. Better preparation is essential to executing an effective response to EBOV in the future; yet, the first indications of waning interest are already noticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba 93E 0J9, Canada
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA;
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31
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Laing ED, Mendenhall IH, Linster M, Low DHW, Chen Y, Yan L, Sterling SL, Borthwick S, Neves ES, Lim JSL, Skiles M, Lee BPYH, Wang LF, Broder CC, Smith GJD. Serologic Evidence of Fruit Bat Exposure to Filoviruses, Singapore, 2011-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:114-117. [PMID: 29260678 PMCID: PMC5749470 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether fruit bats in Singapore have been exposed to filoviruses, we screened 409 serum samples from bats of 3 species by using a multiplex assay that detects antibodies against filoviruses. Positive samples reacted with glycoproteins from Bundibugyo, Ebola, and Sudan viruses, indicating filovirus circulation among bats in Southeast Asia.
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32
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Kemenesi G, Kurucz K, Dallos B, Zana B, Földes F, Boldogh S, Görföl T, Carroll MW, Jakab F. Re-emergence of Lloviu virus in Miniopterus schreibersii bats, Hungary, 2016. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:66. [PMID: 29670087 PMCID: PMC5906664 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fanni Földes
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Sándor Boldogh
- Aggtelek National Park Directorate, Jósvafő, H-3758, Hungary
| | - Tamás Görföl
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | | | - Ferenc Jakab
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
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33
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Luo Y, Li B, Jiang RD, Hu BJ, Luo DS, Zhu GJ, Hu B, Liu HZ, Zhang YZ, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Longitudinal Surveillance of Betacoronaviruses in Fruit Bats in Yunnan Province, China During 2009-2016. Virol Sin 2018; 33:87-95. [PMID: 29500692 PMCID: PMC6178081 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that fruit bats carry two betacoronaviruses, BatCoV HKU9 and BatCoV GCCDC1. To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of these coronaviruses, we conducted a longitudinal surveillance in fruit bats in Yunnan province, China during 2009–2016. A total of 59 (10.63%) bat samples were positive for the two betacorona-viruses, 46 (8.29%) for HKU9 and 13 (2.34%) for GCCDC1, or closely related viruses. We identified a novel HKU9 strain, tentatively designated as BatCoV HKU9-2202, by sequencing the full-length genome. The BatCoV HKU9-2202 shared 83% nucleotide identity with other BatCoV HKU9 stains based on whole genome sequences. The most divergent region is in the spike protein, which only shares 68% amino acid identity with BatCoV HKU9. Quantitative PCR revealed that the intestine was the primary infection organ of BatCoV HKU9 and GCCDC1, but some HKU9 was also detected in the heart, kidney, and lung tissues of bats. This study highlights the importance of virus surveillance in natural reservoirs and emphasizes the need for preparedness against the potential spill-over of these viruses to local residents living near bat caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bing-Jie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | | | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, China
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Yang XL, Zhang YZ, Jiang RD, Guo H, Zhang W, Li B, Wang N, Wang L, Waruhiu C, Zhou JH, Li SY, Daszak P, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:482-486. [PMID: 28221123 PMCID: PMC5382765 DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically divergent filoviruses detected in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. bats in China exhibited 61%–99% nt identity with reported filoviruses, based on partial replicase sequences, and they demonstrated lung tropism. Co-infection with 4 different filoviruses was found in 1 bat. These results demonstrate that fruit bats are key reservoirs of filoviruses.
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Abstract
The Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus are well-known filoviruses which cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. In addition to severe pathogenesis, filoviruses also exhibit a propensity for human-to-human transmission by close contact, posing challenges to containment and crisis management. Past outbreaks, in particular the recent West African EBOV epidemic, have been responsible for thousands of deaths and vaulted the filoviruses into public consciousness. Both national and international health agencies continue to regard potential filovirus outbreaks as critical threats to global public health. To develop effective countermeasures, a basic understanding of filovirus biology is needed. This review encompasses the epidemiology, ecology, molecular biology, and evolution of the filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Emanuel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States.
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36
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Bào Y, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Bavari S, Bukreyev A, Chandran K, Dolnik O, Dye JM, Ebihara H, Formenty P, Hewson R, Kobinger GP, Leroy EM, Mühlberger E, Netesov SV, Patterson JL, Paweska JT, Smither SJ, Takada A, Towner JS, Volchkov VE, Wahl-Jensen V, Kuhn JH. Implementation of Objective PASC-Derived Taxon Demarcation Criteria for Official Classification of Filoviruses. Viruses 2017; 9:E106. [PMID: 28492506 PMCID: PMC5454419 DOI: 10.3390/v9050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononegaviral family Filoviridae has eight members assigned to three genera and seven species. Until now, genus and species demarcation were based on arbitrarily chosen filovirus genome sequence divergence values (≈50% for genera, ≈30% for species) and arbitrarily chosen phenotypic virus or virion characteristics. Here we report filovirus genome sequence-based taxon demarcation criteria using the publicly accessible PAirwise Sequencing Comparison (PASC) tool of the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, MD, USA). Comparison of all available filovirus genomes in GenBank using PASC revealed optimal genus demarcation at the 55-58% sequence diversity threshold range for genera and at the 23-36% sequence diversity threshold range for species. Because these thresholds do not change the current official filovirus classification, these values are now implemented as filovirus taxon demarcation criteria that may solely be used for filovirus classification in case additional data are absent. A near-complete, coding-complete, or complete filovirus genome sequence will now be required to allow official classification of any novel "filovirus." Classification of filoviruses into existing taxa or determining the need for novel taxa is now straightforward and could even become automated using a presented algorithm/flowchart rooted in RefSeq (type) sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yīmíng Bào
- BIG Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0144, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia 630090.
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
| | - Janusz T Paweska
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg 2131, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Sophie J Smither
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA.
| | - Viktor E Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, CIRI, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.
| | - Victoria Wahl-Jensen
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Yang XL, Zhang YZ, Jiang RD, Guo H, Zhang W, Li B, Wang N, Wang L, Waruhiu C, Zhou JH, Li SY, Daszak P, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
While Reston and Lloviu viruses have never been associated with human disease, the other filoviruses cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever characterised by person-to-person transmission and high case fatality ratios. Cumulative evidence suggests that bats are the most likely reservoir hosts of the filoviruses. Ecological investigations following Marburg virus disease outbreaks associated with entry into caves inhabited by Rousettus aegyptiacus bats led to the identification of this bat species as the natural reservoir host of the marburgviruses. Experimental infection of R. aegyptiacus with Marburg virus has provided insight into the natural history of filovirus infection in bats that may help guide the search for the reservoir hosts of the ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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39
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Modelling filovirus maintenance in nature by experimental transmission of Marburg virus between Egyptian rousette bats. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14446. [PMID: 28194016 PMCID: PMC5316840 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is a natural reservoir host for Marburg virus (MARV); however, the mechanisms by which MARV is transmitted bat-to-bat and to other animals are unclear. Here we co-house MARV-inoculated donor ERBs with naive contact ERBs. MARV shedding is detected in oral, rectal and urine specimens from inoculated bats from 5–19 days post infection. Simultaneously, MARV is detected in oral specimens from contact bats, indicating oral exposure to the virus. In the late study phase, we provide evidence that MARV can be horizontally transmitted from inoculated to contact ERBs by finding MARV RNA in blood and oral specimens from contact bats, followed by MARV IgG antibodies in these same bats. This study demonstrates that MARV can be horizontally transmitted from inoculated to contact ERBs, thereby providing a model for filovirus maintenance in its natural reservoir host and a potential mechanism for virus spillover to other animals. Bats are natural hosts for Marburg virus (MARV), but the mechanism of bat-to-bat transmission is unclear. Here, Schuh et al. monitor MARV infection in a cohort of 38 bats over nine months, find ‘supershedders' and show that MARV can horizontally transmit between bats.
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40
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Amman BR, Swanepoel R, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Ecology of Filoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:23-61. [PMID: 28710694 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses can cause severe and often fatal disease in humans. To date, there have been 47 outbreaks resulting in more than 31,500 cases of human illness and over 13,200 reported deaths. Since their discovery, researchers from many scientific disciplines have worked to better understand the natural history of these deadly viruses. Citing original research wherever possible, this chapter reviews laboratory and field-based studies on filovirus ecology and summarizes efforts to identify where filoviruses persist in nature, how virus is transmitted to other animals and ultimately, what drivers cause spillover to human beings. Furthermore, this chapter discusses concepts on what constitutes a reservoir host and highlights challenges encountered while conducting research on filovirus ecology, particularly field-based investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Ne, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, RSA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Ne, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Ne, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks, Athens, GA, USA.
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41
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Judson SD, Fischer R, Judson A, Munster VJ. Ecological Contexts of Index Cases and Spillover Events of Different Ebolaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005780. [PMID: 27494600 PMCID: PMC4975397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease afflicts both human and animal populations and is caused by four ebolaviruses. These different ebolaviruses may have distinct reservoir hosts and ecological contexts that determine how, where, and when different ebolavirus spillover events occur. Understanding these virus-specific relationships is important for preventing transmission of ebolaviruses from wildlife to humans. We examine the ecological contexts surrounding 34 human index case infections of ebolaviruses from 1976-2014. Determining possible sources of spillover from wildlife, characterizing the environment of each event, and creating ecological niche models to estimate habitats suitable for spillover, we find that index case infections of two ebolaviruses, Ebola virus and Sudan virus, have occurred under different ecological contexts. The index cases of Ebola virus infection are more associated with tropical evergreen broadleaf forests and consuming bushmeat than the cases of Sudan virus. Given these differences, we emphasize caution when generalizing across different ebolaviruses and that location and virus-specific ecological knowledge will be essential to unravelling how human and animal behavior lead to the emergence of Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D. Judson
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Fischer
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew Judson
- Square Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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42
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Wacharapluesadee S, Olival KJ, Kanchanasaka B, Duengkae P, Kaewchot S, Srongmongkol P, Ieamsaard G, Maneeorn P, Sittidetboripat N, Kaewpom T, Petcharat S, Yingsakmongkon S, Rollin PE, Towner JS, Hemachudha T. Surveillance for Ebola Virus in Wildlife, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2271-3. [PMID: 26584224 PMCID: PMC4672430 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.150860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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43
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Han BA, Schmidt JP, Alexander LW, Bowden SE, Hayman DTS, Drake JM. Undiscovered Bat Hosts of Filoviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004815. [PMID: 27414412 PMCID: PMC4945033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola and other filoviruses pose significant public health and conservation threats by causing high mortality in primates, including humans. Preventing future outbreaks of ebolavirus depends on identifying wildlife reservoirs, but extraordinarily high biodiversity of potential hosts in temporally dynamic environments of equatorial Africa contributes to sporadic, unpredictable outbreaks that have hampered efforts to identify wild reservoirs for nearly 40 years. Using a machine learning algorithm, generalized boosted regression, we characterize potential filovirus-positive bat species with estimated 87% accuracy. Our model produces two specific outputs with immediate utility for guiding filovirus surveillance in the wild. First, we report a profile of intrinsic traits that discriminates hosts from non-hosts, providing a biological caricature of a filovirus-positive bat species. This profile emphasizes traits describing adult and neonate body sizes and rates of reproductive fitness, as well as species’ geographic range overlap with regions of high mammalian diversity. Second, we identify several bat species ranked most likely to be filovirus-positive on the basis of intrinsic trait similarity with known filovirus-positive bats. New bat species predicted to be positive for filoviruses are widely distributed outside of equatorial Africa, with a majority of species overlapping in Southeast Asia. Taken together, these results spotlight several potential host species and geographical regions as high-probability targets for future filovirus surveillance. Preventing future outbreaks of ebolaviruses in humans and other vulnerable animal populations will require identifying the natural reservoirs of filoviruses. Accumulating indirect evidence points to certain bat species as prime suspects. To guide the search for natural filovirus reservoirs, we mined intrinsic biological data on the world’s bat species to determine what features best predict filovirus hosts compared to bats at large. We report a suite of traits that distinguishes seropositive bat species from all others with an estimated 87% accuracy. We also identify several bat species not currently known to be filovirus hosts whose trait profiles indicate should be surveillance targets. Geographic regions where numerous potential filovirus hosts co-occur (potential filovirus hotspots) suggest that filovirus distribution and diversity may be greater than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John Paul Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Laura W. Alexander
- University of California, Integrative Biology, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Bowden
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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44
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Burk R, Bollinger L, Johnson JC, Wada J, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, Bavari S, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH. Neglected filoviruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:494-519. [PMID: 27268907 PMCID: PMC4931228 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight viruses are currently assigned to the family Filoviridae Marburg virus, Sudan virus and, in particular, Ebola virus have received the most attention both by researchers and the public from 1967 to 2013. During this period, natural human filovirus disease outbreaks occurred sporadically in Equatorial Africa and, despite high case-fatality rates, never included more than several dozen to a few hundred infections per outbreak. Research emphasis shifted almost exclusively to Ebola virus in 2014, when this virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak that has thus far involved more than 28 646 people and caused more than 11 323 deaths in Western Africa. Consequently, major efforts are currently underway to develop licensed medical countermeasures against Ebola virus infection. However, the ecology of and mechanisms behind Ebola virus emergence are as little understood as they are for all other filoviruses. Consequently, the possibility of the future occurrence of a large disease outbreak caused by other less characterized filoviruses (i.e. Bundibugyo virus, Lloviu virus, Ravn virus, Reston virus and Taï Forest virus) is impossible to rule out. Yet, for many of these viruses, not even rudimentary research tools are available, let alone medical countermeasures. This review summarizes the current knowledge on these less well-characterized filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Burk
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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45
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Hoffmann M, González Hernández M, Berger E, Marzi A, Pöhlmann S. The Glycoproteins of All Filovirus Species Use the Same Host Factors for Entry into Bat and Human Cells but Entry Efficiency Is Species Dependent. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149651. [PMID: 26901159 PMCID: PMC4762945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola and marburgviruses, members of the family Filoviridae, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. The ongoing Ebola virus (EBOV) disease epidemic in Western Africa claimed more than 11,300 lives and was associated with secondary cases outside Africa, demonstrating that filoviruses pose a global health threat. Bats constitute an important natural reservoir of filoviruses, including viruses of the recently identified Cuevavirus genus within the Filoviridae family. However, the interactions of filoviruses with bat cells are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether filoviruses employ different strategies to enter human and bat cells. For this, we examined host cell entry driven by glycoproteins (GP) from all filovirus species into cell lines of human and fruit bat origin. We show that all GPs were able to mediate entry into human and most fruit bat cell lines with roughly comparable efficiency. In contrast, the efficiency of entry into the cell line EidNi/41 derived from a straw-colored fruit bat varied markedly between the GPs of different filovirus species. Furthermore, inhibition studies demonstrated that filoviruses employ the same host cell factors for entry into human, non-human primate and fruit bat cell lines, including cysteine proteases, two pore channels and NPC1 (Niemann-Pick C1 molecule). Finally, processing of GP by furin and the presence of the mucin-like domain in GP were dispensable for entry into both human and bat cell lines. Collectively, these results show that filoviruses rely on the same host cell factors for entry into human and fruit bat cells, although the efficiency of the usage of these factors might differ between filovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SP); (MH)
| | | | - Elisabeth Berger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SP); (MH)
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46
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Ng M, Ndungo E, Kaczmarek ME, Herbert AS, Binger T, Kuehne AI, Jangra RK, Hawkins JA, Gifford RJ, Biswas R, Demogines A, James RM, Yu M, Brummelkamp TR, Drosten C, Wang LF, Kuhn JH, Müller MA, Dye JM, Sawyer SL, Chandran K. Filovirus receptor NPC1 contributes to species-specific patterns of ebolavirus susceptibility in bats. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26698106 PMCID: PMC4709267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological factors that influence the host range and spillover of Ebola virus (EBOV) and other filoviruses remain enigmatic. While filoviruses infect diverse mammalian cell lines, we report that cells from African straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) are refractory to EBOV infection. This could be explained by a single amino acid change in the filovirus receptor, NPC1, which greatly reduces the affinity of EBOV-NPC1 interaction. We found signatures of positive selection in bat NPC1 concentrated at the virus-receptor interface, with the strongest signal at the same residue that controls EBOV infection in Eidolon helvum cells. Our work identifies NPC1 as a genetic determinant of filovirus susceptibility in bats, and suggests that some NPC1 variations reflect host adaptations to reduce filovirus replication and virulence. A single viral mutation afforded escape from receptor control, revealing a pathway for compensatory viral evolution and a potential avenue for expansion of filovirus host range in nature. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11785.001 Ebola virus and other filoviruses can cause devastating diseases in humans and other apes. Numerous small outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred in Africa over the past 40 years. However, in 2013–2015, the largest outbreak on record took place in three Western African nations with no previous history of the disease. Human outbreaks of Ebola virus disease likely begin when a person encounters an infected wild animal. Though it remains unclear precisely which animals harbor Ebola virus between outbreaks, and how they transmit the virus to humans or other primates, recent work showed that some filoviruses do infect specific types of bats in nature. Ng, Ndungo, Kaczmarek et al. sought to identify the genes that influence whether or not a type of bat is susceptible to infection by Ebola virus and other filoviruses. Several filoviruses, including Ebola virus, were tested to see if they could infect cells that had been collected from four types of African fruit bats. These bats are all found in areas where outbreaks have occurred in the past. The tests revealed that a small change in the sequence of the NPC1 gene in some bat cells greatly reduced their susceptibility to Ebola virus. NPC1 encodes a protein that mammals need in order to move cholesterol within their cells. In humans, the loss of the protein encoded by NPC1 causes a rare but very severe disease called Niemann-Pick type C disease. This protein also turns out to be a receptor that the filoviruses must bind to before they can infect the cells. Further analysis then revealed that NPC1 has evolved rapidly in bats, with changes concentrated in the parts of the receptor that interact with Ebola virus. Ng, Ndungo, Kaczmarek et al. went on to discover some changes in the genome sequence of Ebola virus that could compensate for the changes in the bat’s NPC1 gene. These findings hint at one way that a filovirus could evolve to better infect a host with receptors that were less than optimal. Following on from this work, the next challenges will be to expand the investigation to include additional types of bats, other types of mammals, and other host genes that could influence filovirus infection and disease. Further studies could also examine the other side of the arms race – that is, the evolution of viral genes in bats. However, such studies would be complicated by the lack of viral sequences that have been collected from bats, because to date most have been isolated from humans and other primates instead. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11785.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Esther Ndungo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Maria E Kaczmarek
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Tabea Binger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - John A Hawkins
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Robert J Gifford
- University of Glasgow MRC Virology Unit, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
| | - Ann Demogines
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Rebekah M James
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Meng Yu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, , Singapore
| | | | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, United States
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, United States
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Wacharapluesadee S, Olival KJ, Kanchanasaka B, Duengkae P, Kaewchot S, Srongmongkol P, Ieamsaard G, Maneeorn P, Sittidetboripat N, Kaewpom T, Petcharat S, Yingsakmongkon S, Rollin PE, Towner JS, Hemachudha T. Surveillance for Ebola Virus in Wildlife, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.150869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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